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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dallas_Accord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dallas Accord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dallas_Accord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mises_takeover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mises_takeover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mises takeover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mises_takeover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Name and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure and composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure and composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>National committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>State chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Size and influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Size_and_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Size and influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Size_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_candidate_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_candidate_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Presidential candidate performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_candidate_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>House of Representatives results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Senate results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earning_ballot_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earning_ballot_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Earning ballot status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earning_ballot_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_supporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_supporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Party supporters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_supporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_voters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_voters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Registered voters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_voters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarians_in_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarians_in_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Libertarians in office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarians_in_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Best_major_race_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Best_major_race_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Best major race results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Best_major_race_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Senate_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Senate_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>United States Senate elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Senate_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2</span> <span>United States House of Representatives elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gubernatorial_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gubernatorial_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.3</span> <span>Gubernatorial elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gubernatorial_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_statewide_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_statewide_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.4</span> <span>Other statewide elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_statewide_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Senate_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Senate_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.5</span> <span>State Senate elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Senate_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_House_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_House_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.6</span> <span>State House elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_House_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>2016 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defections_from_other_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defections_from_other_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Defections from other parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defections_from_other_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_ballot_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_ballot_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidential ballot access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_ballot_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Fiscal policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_trade_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_trade_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>Immigration and trade agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_trade_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.6</span> <span>Labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_and_Social_Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_and_Social_Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.7</span> <span>Retirement and Social Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_and_Social_Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_and_capital_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_capital_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Crime and capital punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_capital_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_speech_and_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_speech_and_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Freedom of speech and censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_speech_and_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Government reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.5</span> <span>LGBT rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pornography_and_prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornography_and_prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.6</span> <span>Pornography and prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pornography_and_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_and_Fourth_Amendment_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_and_Fourth_Amendment_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.7</span> <span>Second and Fourth Amendment rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_and_Fourth_Amendment_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Internal debates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_debates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal debates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radicalism_versus_pragmatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radicalism_versus_pragmatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Radicalism versus pragmatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radicalism_versus_pragmatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_revision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_revision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Platform revision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_revision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_State_Project_versus_Mises_Caucus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_State_Project_versus_Mises_Caucus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Free State Project versus Mises Caucus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_State_Project_versus_Mises_Caucus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_territorial_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_territorial_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>State and territorial parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_and_territorial_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle State and territorial parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State_and_territorial_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_affiliates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_affiliates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Current affiliates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_affiliates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_affiliates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_affiliates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Former affiliates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_affiliates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="الحزب الليبرتاري الأمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الليبرتاري الأمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Partiyas%C4%B1_(AB%C5%9E)" title="Libertarian Partiyası (ABŞ) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Libertarian Partiyası (ABŞ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Лібертарыянская партыя ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лібертарыянская партыя ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9)" title="Либертарианска партия (САЩ) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Либертарианска партия (САЩ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party" title="Libertarian Party – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Libertarian Party" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(SUA)" title="Libertarian Party (SUA) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Libertarian Party (SUA)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Llibertari_(Estats_Units)" title="Partit Llibertari (Estats Units) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Llibertari (Estats Units)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertari%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_strana_(USA)" title="Libertariánská strana (USA) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Libertariánská strana (USA)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianske_Parti_(USA)" title="Libertarianske Parti (USA) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Libertarianske Parti (USA)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party" title="Libertarian Party – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Libertarian Party" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertaarne_Partei" title="Libertaarne Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Libertaarne Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91)" title="Ελευθεριακό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελευθεριακό Κόμμα (ΗΠΑ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Libertario_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Libertario (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Libertario (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertariana_Partio_(Usono)" title="Libertariana Partio (Usono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libertariana Partio (Usono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Alderdi_Libertarioa" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Alderdi Libertarioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Alderdi Libertarioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حزب لیبرترین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب لیبرترین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertanski_Flokkurin" title="Libertanski Flokkurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Libertanski Flokkurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_libertarien_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Parti libertarien (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti libertarien (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_Liobra%C3%ADoch_(St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe)" title="Páirtí Liobraíoch (Stáit Aontaithe) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páirtí Liobraíoch (Stáit Aontaithe)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%B9_(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" title="자유당 (미국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유당 (미국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarijanska_stranka_(SAD)" title="Libertarijanska stranka (SAD) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Libertarijanska stranka (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Libertarian" title="Partai Libertarian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Libertarian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frj%C3%A1lshyggjuflokkurinn_(Bandar%C3%ADkin)" title="Frjálshyggjuflokkurinn (Bandaríkin) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frjálshyggjuflokkurinn (Bandaríkin)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Libertario_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Partito Libertario (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Libertario (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="המפלגה הליברטריאנית (ארצות הברית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הליברטריאנית (ארצות הברית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_Libertariana_(CFA)" title="Factio Libertariana (CFA) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio Libertariana (CFA)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Libert%C4%81rie%C5%A1u_partija" title="ASV Libertāriešu partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV Libertāriešu partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partid_Libertarian_(Stat_Unid)" title="Partid Libertarian (Stat Unid) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partid Libertarian (Stat Unid)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A1rius_P%C3%A1rt_(Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok)" title="Libertárius Párt (Amerikai Egyesült Államok) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Libertárius Párt (Amerikai Egyesült Államok)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%89" title="الحزب الليبرتارى الامريكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحزب الليبرتارى الامريكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Libertarian_(Amerika_Syarikat)" title="Parti Libertarian (Amerika Syarikat) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Libertarian (Amerika Syarikat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarische_Partij_(Verenigde_Staten)" title="Libertarische Partij (Verenigde Staten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Libertarische Partij (Verenigde Staten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD)" title="リバタリアン党 (アメリカ合衆国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リバタリアン党 (アメリカ合衆国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Libertarian_Party" title="United States Libertarian Party – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="United States Libertarian Party" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Libertarian_Party" title="United States Libertarian Party – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="United States Libertarian Party" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87)" title="آزادي غوښتونکی ګوند (متحده ایالتونه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آزادي غوښتونکی ګوند (متحده ایالتونه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Libertaria%C5%84ska_(Stany_Zjednoczone)" title="Partia Libertariańska (Stany Zjednoczone) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Libertariańska (Stany Zjednoczone)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Libert%C3%A1rio_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Libertário (Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Libertário (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Libertarian_(Statele_Unite)" title="Partidul Libertarian (Statele Unite) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Libertarian (Statele Unite)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Либертарианская партия (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Либертарианская партия (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Libertarian Party (United States)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="پارتی ئازادیخواز (ئەمریکا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارتی ئازادیخواز (ئەمریکا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Либертаријанска странка (САД) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Либертаријанска странка (САД)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertaaripuolue_(Yhdysvallat)" title="Libertaaripuolue (Yhdysvallat) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libertaaripuolue (Yhdysvallat)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party" title="Libertarian Party – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Libertarian Party" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)" title="சுதந்திரவாதக் கட்சி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுதந்திரவாதக் கட்சி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8)" title="Либертариан партия (АКШ) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Либертариан партия (АКШ)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90)" title="พรรคลิเบอร์เทเรียน (สหรัฐ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคลิเบอร์เทเรียน (สหรัฐ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%90" title="Ҳизби либертарии ИМА – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби либертарии ИМА" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberteryen_Parti_(Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri)" title="Liberteryen Parti (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liberteryen Parti (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Лібертаріанська партія (США) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лібертаріанська партія (США)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81)" title="لبرٹیرین پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لبرٹیرین پارٹی (ریاستہائے متحدہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Libertarian+Party%22+United+States">"Libertarian Party" United States</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Libertarian+Party%22+United+States+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Libertarian+Party%22+United+States&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Libertarian+Party%22+United+States+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Libertarian+Party%22+United+States">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FED105; border-bottom:2px solid #FED105; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Libertarian Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertarian_Party_(United_States)_Banner_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29_Banner_Logo.svg/250px-Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29_Banner_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29_Banner_Logo.svg/375px-Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29_Banner_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29_Banner_Logo.svg/500px-Libertarian_Party_%28United_States%29_Banner_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Chairperson</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Angela_McArdle" title="Angela McArdle">Angela McArdle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Committee" title="Libertarian National Committee">Libertarian National Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Presidential nominee</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Chase Oliver</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Vice Presidential nominee</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mike_ter_Maat" title="Mike ter Maat">Mike ter Maat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">David Nolan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">December 11, 1971<span class="noprint">; 52 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1971-12-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">1444 Duke St.<br /><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a> 22314</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2023)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 741,930<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><b>Majority:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">American</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-MJ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological libertarianism">Deontological libertarianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-fiscal_con_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiscal_con-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Social liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-fiscal_con_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiscal_con-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)">Factions</a>:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-MJ_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozickian</a> <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">minarchism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FED105; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour">Gold-yellow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"The Party of Principle"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Seats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FED105; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Seats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 435</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FED105; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#State_governors" title="List of current United States governors">State governorships</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 50</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FED105; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_senators" title="List of U.S. state senators">Seats</a> in <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state upper chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 1,972</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FED105; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state representatives">Seats</a> in <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state lower chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 5,411<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FED105; width: 0.02%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#Territory_governors" title="List of current United States governors">Territorial governorships</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 5</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FED105; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Governments_and_legislatures" title="Territories of the United States">territorial upper chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 97</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FED105; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seats in <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Governments_and_legislatures" title="Territories of the United States">territorial lower chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 91</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FED105; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Other elected officials</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">177 (May 2024)<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elected_Officials_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elected_Officials-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Election symbol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertarian_Disc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Libertarian_Disc.svg/100px-Libertarian_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Libertarian_Disc.svg/150px-Libertarian_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Libertarian_Disc.svg/200px-Libertarian_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5620" data-file-height="5620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lp.org/">www<wbr />.lp<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558334#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FED105;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Libertarianism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-politics-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States"><small>Politics of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties" title="List of the United States treaties">Treaties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/49px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/74px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/98px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/54px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/82px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/108px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional district">Congressional districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Inferior Courts of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade"> Court of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court" title="United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court">Alien Terrorist Removal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation">Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b> National elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primary</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b> Elections by state and territory</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arkansas" title="Elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado" title="Elections in Colorado"> Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Connecticut" title="Elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware" title="Elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Florida" title="Elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii" title="Elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho" title="Elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Illinois" title="Elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas" title="Elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kentucky" title="Elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maine" title="Elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maryland" title="Elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="List of elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Michigan" title="Elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Minnesota" title="Elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mississippi" title="Elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Missouri" title="Elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montana" title="Elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nebraska" title="Elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nevada" title="Elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oregon" title="Elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee"> Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Texas" title="Elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Utah" title="Elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia" title="Elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="Elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wyoming" title="Elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guam" title="Elections in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Elections in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Elections in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Elections in the District of Columbia">Elections in the District of Columbia</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States" title="List of elections in the United States">List of elections</a>)</b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a 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width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p>The <b>Libertarian Party</b> (<b>LP</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">neoclassical liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political party in the United States</a> that promotes <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism"><i>laissez-faire</i> capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limiting the size and scope of government</a>. The party was conceived in August 1971 at meetings in the home of <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David F. Nolan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster,_Colorado" title="Westminster, Colorado">Westminster, Colorado</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was officially formed on December 11, 1971, in <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organizers of the party drew inspiration from the works and ideas of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian school</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding of the party was prompted in part due to concerns about the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#Vietnam_War" title="Conscription in the United States">conscription</a>, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party generally supports a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> platform, much different to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressivism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>, the party's <a href="/wiki/Presidential_nominee" title="Presidential nominee">presidential nominee</a> in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>, claims that the Libertarian Party is more <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">socially liberal</a> than Democrats, and more <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscally conservative</a> than Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Political_positions">Its fiscal policy positions</a> include <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">lowering taxes</a>, abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> (IRS), decreasing the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a>, allowing people to opt out of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, in part by utilizing <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">private charities</a>. Its social policy positions include <a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">ending the prohibition of illegal drugs</a>, advocating <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform" title="Criminal justice reform">criminal justice reform</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, ending <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, and supporting <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">gun ownership rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political party in the United States</a> by voter registration. In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Wyoming_House_of_Representatives_election" title="2020 Wyoming House of Representatives election">2020 election</a>, the Libertarians gained a state legislative seat in the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_House_of_Representatives" title="Wyoming House of Representatives">Wyoming House of Representatives</a>, the first such win for the party since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first and only Libertarian in the United States Congress was <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a>, who joined the Libertarian Party in 2020 and left the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> in 2021 after choosing not to seek <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections">re-election</a>. </p><p>In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Caucus" title="Mises Caucus">Mises Caucus</a> (LPMC) became the dominant faction on the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Committee" title="Libertarian National Committee">Libertarian National Committee</a>, leading to internal conflicts and significant policy changes, such as regarding <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration#Libertarian_proponents_of_restricted_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion#Opposition_to_legal_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reason-1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>-minded dissidents split from the Libertarian party to form the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Liberty_State_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Liberty State Parties">Association of Liberty State Parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reason-1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Libertarian Party (United States)">History of the Libertarian Party (United States)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Electoral history of the Libertarian Party (United States)">Electoral history of the Libertarian Party (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg/220px-NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg/330px-NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg/440px-NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a>, founder of the Libertarian Party, with the <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GaryJohnsonLPConvention2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GaryJohnsonLPConvention2012.jpg/220px-GaryJohnsonLPConvention2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GaryJohnsonLPConvention2012.jpg/330px-GaryJohnsonLPConvention2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GaryJohnsonLPConvention2012.jpg/440px-GaryJohnsonLPConvention2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Former Governor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention" title="Libertarian National Convention">Libertarian National Convention</a> was held in June 1972. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Randolph" title="Dick Randolph">Dick Randolph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> became the first elected Libertarian <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislator</a>. Following the 1980 federal elections, the Libertarian Party assumed the title of being the third-largest party for the first time after the <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of New York">Conservative Party of New York</a> (the other largest minor parties at the time) continued to decline. In 1994, over 40 Libertarians were elected or appointed which was a record for the party at that time. 1995 saw a soaring membership and voter registration for the party. In 1996, the Libertarian Party became the first <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a> to earn ballot status in all 50 states two <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">elections</a> in a row. By the end of 2009, 146 Libertarians were holding elected offices.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a>, running as the Libertarian Party's vice presidential candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a> as the presidential candidate,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first female candidate in the United States to receive an electoral vote.<sup id="cite_ref-history_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 election</a> Libertarian Party presidential candidate, former New Mexico Governor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> and his running mate, former judge <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a>, received the highest number of votes—more than 1.2 million—of any Libertarian presidential candidate at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was renominated for president in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>, this time choosing former Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="William Weld">William Weld</a> as his running mate. Johnson/Weld shattered the Libertarian record for a presidential ticket, earning over 4.4 million votes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green Party</a> presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> received significantly more news coverage in 2016 than third-party candidates usually get, with polls showing both candidates potentially increasing their support over the last election, especially among younger voters.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Libertarian Party has had significant electoral success in the context of <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">state legislatures</a> and other local offices. Libertarians won four elections to the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives" title="Alaska House of Representatives">Alaska House of Representatives</a> between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_General_Court" title="New Hampshire General Court">New Hampshire General Court</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neil Randall, a Libertarian, won the election to the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">Vermont House of Representatives</a> in 1998 running on both the Libertarian and Republican lines.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Vaillancourt" title="Steve Vaillancourt">Steve Vaillancourt</a> won election to the New Hampshire General Court running on the Libertarian ballot line.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_House_of_Representatives" title="Rhode Island House of Representatives">Rhode Island State Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._Gordon" title="Daniel P. Gordon">Daniel P. Gordon</a> was expelled from the Republicans and joined the Libertarian Party in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2016 and June 2017, the Libertarians tied their 1992 peak of four legislators when four state legislators from four different states left the Republican Party to join the Libertarian Party: <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Assembly" title="Nevada Assembly">Nevada Assemblyman</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(Nevada_politician)" title="John Moore (Nevada politician)">John Moore</a> in January,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature" title="Nebraska Legislature">Nebraska Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ebke" title="Laura Ebke">Laura Ebke</a> (although the Nebraska Legislature is officially non-partisan) and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives" title="New Hampshire House of Representatives">New Hampshire Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a> in May<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Senate" title="Utah State Senate">Utah Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_B._Madsen" title="Mark B. Madsen">Mark B. Madsen</a> in July.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2016 election cycle, Madsen<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Abramson did not run for re-election to their respective offices while Moore lost his race after the Libertarian Party officially censured him over his support of taxpayer stadium funding.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ebke was not up for re-election in 2016. New Hampshire Representative <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Q._Dyer" title="Caleb Q. Dyer">Caleb Q. Dyer</a> changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in February 2017. New Hampshire Representative <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stallcop" title="Joseph Stallcop">Joseph Stallcop</a> changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Democratic Party in May 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Hampshire State Legislator <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Phinney" title="Brandon Phinney">Brandon Phinney</a> joined with the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in June 2017, the third to do so in 2017 and matching their 1992 and 2016 peaks of sitting Libertarian state legislators. </p><p>In January 2018, sitting <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Commissioner_of_Public_Lands" title="New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands">New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands</a> <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Dunn_Jr." title="Aubrey Dunn Jr.">Aubrey Dunn Jr.</a> changed party affiliation from Republican to the Libertarian Party, becoming the first Libertarian statewide officeholder in history.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2020, Representative <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a> of Michigan became the first Libertarian member of Congress after leaving the Republican Party and spending time as an independent. In June 2020, Amash, with <a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Ayanna Pressley</a> of the Democratic Party, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Ending_Qualified_Immunity_Act" title="Ending Qualified Immunity Act">Ending Qualified Immunity Act</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> by a Minneapolis police officer. The bill was the first to gain support of members from the Democratic, Republican and Libertarian parties in the history of the United States Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dallas_Accord">Dallas Accord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dallas Accord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dallas Accord is an implicit agreement that was made at the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention" title="Libertarian National Convention">Libertarian National Convention</a> as a compromise between the larger <a href="/wiki/Minarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchist">minarchist</a> and smaller <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalist">anarcho-capitalist</a> factions by adopting a platform that explicitly did not say whether it was desirable for the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antman_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of this agreement was to make the Libertarian Party a "<a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent</a>" that would welcome more ideologically diverse groups of people interested in reducing the size and scope of government. Consequently, the 1974 platform included a "Statement of Principles" which focused on statements arguing for getting government out of various activities, and used phrases such as "where governments exist they must not violate the rights of any individual." The previous version of the Statement of Principles adopted at the party's first convention in 1972, in contrast, affirmatively endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Minarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchist">minarchist</a> perspective with statements such as "Since government has only one legitimate function, the protection of individual rights...."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was agreed that the topic of anarchism would not even be on the table for discussion until a limited government was achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-Antman_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#2006" title="Libertarian National Convention">2006 Libertarian National Convention</a> delegates deleted a large portion of the very detailed platform. The phrase "Government exists to protect the rights of every individual including life, liberty and property" was added.<sup id="cite_ref-LPPlatform_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPPlatform-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This development was described as the "Portland Massacre" by its opponents. Some took this as meaning the Dallas Accord was dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Antman_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether the Dallas Accord remains in effect, and if so whether it should, or what limits it places on the party's public statements or candidates, all remain disputed within the party.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mises_takeover">Mises takeover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mises takeover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/2022_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Libertarian National Convention">2022 Libertarian National Convention</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Caucus" title="Mises Caucus">Mises Caucus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolibertarian">paleolibertarian</a> group affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">beliefs of</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> successfully staged a takeover of the Party, with over two-thirds of delegates becoming members of the Caucus, shifting the party in a right-ward direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caucus successfully swept leadership positions, including electing <a href="/wiki/Angela_McArdle" title="Angela McArdle">Angela McArdle</a> as chairwomen and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Smith_(Libertarian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Smith (Libertarian politician) (page does not exist)">Joshua Smith</a> as vice-chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2022 convention had an unusually high number of delegates, with the last recorded number for an off-election year convention in 2006 being just 300 delegates. The 2022 convention by contrast saw over 1,000 delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-1_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the takeover, non-Mises affiliated members <a href="/wiki/Walkout_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkout (politics)">walked out</a>, criticizing the group for lacking in libertarian orthodoxy, as well as condemning several racist statements that members of the Caucus had made in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-1_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More ardent members of the party started to splinter, with Pennsylvania, that state with the most elected Libertarian officeholders, seeing a hardliner Mises-affiliated member, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rob_Cowburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rob Cowburn (page does not exist)">Rob Cowburn</a> being named chairman, resulting in dissidents splitting to form the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Party_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone Party of Pennsylvania">Keystone Party of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-1_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Mises-dominated Party adopted a so called <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">"national divorce"</a> as part of the party's official core platform,<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of the state-level affiliated parties began to disassociate from the national Party or dissolve themselves altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-2_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Mexico state party also argued that according to LP bylaws, there can never be more than two executive positions overturned in a single convention, making the Mises sweep illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-2_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mises-dominated Party quickly changed the bylaws after their sweep to amend this.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-2_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Mises-affiliated libertarians in Virginia reformed their branch of the party, seeking backing from the national party, the dissidents then formed a splinter group, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Classical_Liberal_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Classical Liberal Party (page does not exist)">Virginia Classical Liberal Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-2_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Libertarian Association of Massachusetts disaffiliated, however Mises hardliners formed the Libertarian Party of Massachusetts, which the national party recognized as the official branch party in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-2_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mises Caucus also blocked the disaffiliation of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_Hampshire" title="Libertarian Party of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason-2_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason-2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Liberty_State_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Liberty State Parties">Association of Liberty State Parties</a> was officially formed on December 3, 2022 as a national party committee between the Massachusetts and New Mexico parties, and the Virginian splinters.<sup id="cite_ref-formation_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formation-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's first goal was to organize a national convention for the nomination of candidates for President and Vice President of the United States, and to expand into more states.<sup id="cite_ref-formation_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formation-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_symbols">Name and symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Name and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that mascots be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Political_parties_in_the_United_States#Article_on_party_mascots" title="Talk:Political parties in the United States">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(August 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libersign_-_TANSTAAFL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Libersign_-_TANSTAAFL.jpg/150px-Libersign_-_TANSTAAFL.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Libersign_-_TANSTAAFL.jpg/225px-Libersign_-_TANSTAAFL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Libersign_-_TANSTAAFL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Original TANSTAAFL logo</figcaption></figure></div><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertarian_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Libertarian_Party.svg/150px-Libertarian_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Libertarian_Party.svg/225px-Libertarian_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Libertarian_Party.svg/300px-Libertarian_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>A recent logo of the Libertarian Party</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>In 1972, "Libertarian Party" was chosen as the party's name, selected over "New Liberty Party".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first official slogan of the Libertarian Party was "<a href="/wiki/There_ain%27t_no_such_thing_as_a_free_lunch" class="mw-redirect" title="There ain't no such thing as a free lunch">There ain't no such thing as a free lunch</a>" (abbreviated "TANSTAAFL"), a phrase popularized by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> in his 1966 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a></i>, sometimes dubbed "a manifesto for a libertarian revolution". The slogan of the party has since become "The Party of Principle".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1972, the "Libersign"—an arrow angling upward through the abbreviation "TANSTAAFL"—was adopted as a party symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the decade, this was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Lady Liberty</a> until 2015, with the adoption of the "Torch Eagle" logo.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, several state Libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin ("LP") as their official mascot.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another mascot is the Libertarian porcupine, an icon that was originally designed by Kevin Breen in March 2006 and inspired by the logo of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a> (FSP).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_composition">Structure and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_McArdle_in_May_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Angela_McArdle_in_May_2022.png/150px-Angela_McArdle_in_May_2022.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Angela_McArdle_in_May_2022.png/225px-Angela_McArdle_in_May_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Angela_McArdle_in_May_2022.png/300px-Angela_McArdle_in_May_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>LNC Chair <a href="/wiki/Angela_McArdle" title="Angela McArdle">Angela McArdle</a> (2022–present)</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The Libertarian Party is democratically governed by its members, with state affiliate parties each holding annual or biennial conventions at which delegates are elected to attend the party's biennial national convention. National convention delegates vote on changes to the party's national platform and bylaws and elect officers and "at-large" representatives to the party's National Committee. The National Committee also has "Regional Representatives", some of whom are appointed by delegate caucuses at the national convention whereas others are appointed by the chairpersons of LP state affiliate chapters within a region.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_committee">National committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Committee" title="Libertarian National Committee">Libertarian National Committee</a> (LNC) is a 27-member body including alternates, or 17 voting members.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/2022_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Libertarian National Convention">2022 Libertarian National Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">chair</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Angela_McArdle" title="Angela McArdle">Angela McArdle</a> of California.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_chapters">State chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party is organized in <a href="#State_and_territorial_parties">48 states and the District of Columbia</a>. Each state affiliate has a governing committee, usually consisting of statewide officers elected by state party members and regional representation of one kind or another. Similarly, county, town, city and ward committees, where organized, generally consist of members elected at the local level. State and local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction, oversee local conventions and in some cases primaries or caucuses and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Libertarian Party's inception, individuals have been able to join the party as voting members by signing their agreement with the organization's membership pledge, which states that the signer does not advocate the initiation of force to achieve political or social goals. During the mid-1980s and into the early 1990s, this membership category was called an "instant" membership, but these are referred to as "signature members". People joining the party are also asked to pay dues, which are on a sliding scale starting at $25 per year. Lifetime membership is granted with a $1,500 donation in one calendar year. Dues-paying members receive a subscription to the party's national newspaper, <i>LP News</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2006, membership in the party's state affiliates has been separate from membership in the national party,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with each state chapter maintaining its own membership rolls. </p><p>Most rights to participate in the governance of the party are limited to "bylaws-sustaining members" who have either purchased a lifetime membership or donated at least $25 within the past year. Most state parties maintain separate membership, which may be tied to either payment of dues to the state party, or voter registration as a Libertarian, depending on the state's election laws.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platform">Platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The preamble outlines the party's goals: "As Libertarians, we seek a world of liberty; a world in which all individuals are sovereign over their own lives and no one is forced to sacrifice his or her values for the benefit of others. [...] Our goal is nothing more nor less than a world set free in our lifetime, and it is to this end that we take these stands". Its Statement of Principles begins: "We, the members of the Libertarian Party, challenge the cult of the omnipotent state and defend the rights of the individual". The Statement of Principles is foundational to the ideology of the party and was created specifically to bind the party to certain core principles with a high parliamentary burden for any amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The platform emphasizes individual liberty in personal and economic affairs, avoidance of "foreign entanglements" and military and economic <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">intervention</a> in other nations' affairs, and free trade and migration. The party opposes <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a>. It calls for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitutional</a> limitations on government as well as the elimination of most state functions. It includes a "Self-determination" section which quotes from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> and reads: "Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of individual liberty, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to agree to such new governance as to them shall seem most likely to protect their liberty". It also includes an "Omissions" section which reads: "Our silence about any other particular government law, regulation, ordinance, directive, edict, control, regulatory agency, activity, or machination should not be construed to imply approval".<sup id="cite_ref-platform_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party favors minimally regulated markets, a less powerful <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal government</a>, strong <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> (including <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a>, with the party supporting <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">liberalization of drug laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Open immigration">open immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> in diplomatic relations, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">free movement</a> to all foreign countries and a more representative republic.<sup id="cite_ref-platform_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Libertarian Party became the first in the United States to call for the <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">decriminalization of sex work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party since 2022 has no official stance on abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-LP_Platform_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP_Platform-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this, the party's stance was ambiguous, supporting the prerogative of individual politicians and voters to vote their conscience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Statement of Principles was written by <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Libertarian Party's bylaws specify that a 7/8ths supermajority of delegates is required to change the Statement of Principles.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any proposed platform plank found by the Judicial Committee to conflict with the Statement requires approval by a three-fourths supermajority of delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early platform debates included at the second convention whether to support <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a> and at the 1974 convention whether to support <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>. In both cases, a compromise was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_and_influence">Size and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Size and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Libertarian Party (United States)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party has attracted influential politicians who attempt to sway the party's voting base. In May 2024, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> spoke at the Libertarian Party Convention with his speech focusing on libertarian issues such as his stances on <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> policies, <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> rights.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first time a current or former president has spoken at the Libertarian Party Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_candidate_performance">Presidential candidate performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidential candidate performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertarian_party_1972_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Libertarian_party_1972_2016.png/220px-Libertarian_party_1972_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Libertarian_party_1972_2016.png/330px-Libertarian_party_1972_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Libertarian_party_1972_2016.png/440px-Libertarian_party_1972_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential election</a> results for all Libertarian Party candidates</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The first Libertarian presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a>, received one electoral vote in 1972 when <a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">Roger MacBride</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a> pledged to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, cast his ballot for the Libertarian ticket. His vote for <a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Theodora ("Tonie") Nathan</a> as vice president was the first electoral college vote ever to be cast for a woman in a United States presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacBride became the Libertarian presidential nominee himself in 1976. This was the last time that the Libertarian Party won an electoral vote until 44 years later, in the 2016 presidential election, when <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> Republican faithless elector Bill Greene, who was pledged to cast his vote for <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, instead cast his vote for Libertarian Party member, 1988 presidential nominee, and former Republican representative <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> for president.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> and vice presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> received a record percentage of 3.3% of the popular vote (4,489,233 votes),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> getting 9.3% in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico" title="2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, where Johnson had previously been elected governor. In the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, Johnson and running mate <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a> received 1,275,821 votes (1.0%).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Libertarian_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets">List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidential</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidential</a> candidate </th> <th>Popular votes </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral votes</a> </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,674</td> <td>0.005% (#7)</td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hospers,_1972_presidential_candidate_of_the_fledgling_Libertarian_Party._(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Hospers%2C_1972_presidential_candidate_of_the_fledgling_Libertarian_Party._%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-John_Hospers%2C_1972_presidential_candidate_of_the_fledgling_Libertarian_Party._%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Hospers%2C_1972_presidential_candidate_of_the_fledgling_Libertarian_Party._%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-John_Hospers%2C_1972_presidential_candidate_of_the_fledgling_Libertarian_Party._%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/John_Hospers%2C_1972_presidential_candidate_of_the_fledgling_Libertarian_Party._%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-John_Hospers%2C_1972_presidential_candidate_of_the_fledgling_Libertarian_Party._%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="247" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TonieNathan1993-LPConvention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TonieNathan1993-LPConvention.jpg/96px-TonieNathan1993-LPConvention.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TonieNathan1993-LPConvention.jpg/144px-TonieNathan1993-LPConvention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TonieNathan1993-LPConvention.jpg/192px-TonieNathan1993-LPConvention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">Roger MacBride</a>/<a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">172,553</td> <td>0.2% (#4)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_MacBride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roger_MacBride.jpg/85px-Roger_MacBride.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roger_MacBride.jpg/128px-Roger_MacBride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Roger_MacBride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="211" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bergland_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1093" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Ed Clark</a>/<a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">921,128</td> <td>1.1% (#4)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Clark_(cropped,_3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ed_Clark_%28cropped%2C_3x4%29.jpg/100px-Ed_Clark_%28cropped%2C_3x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ed_Clark_%28cropped%2C_3x4%29.jpg/150px-Ed_Clark_%28cropped%2C_3x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ed_Clark_%28cropped%2C_3x4%29.jpg/200px-Ed_Clark_%28cropped%2C_3x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="676" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Koch_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/David_Koch_1980.jpg/88px-David_Koch_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/David_Koch_1980.jpg/132px-David_Koch_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/David_Koch_1980.jpg/176px-David_Koch_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="880" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">James A. Lewis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">228,111</td> <td>0.3% (#3)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bergland_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-David_Bergland_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1093" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Lewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jim_Lewis.jpg/71px-Jim_Lewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jim_Lewis.jpg/107px-Jim_Lewis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jim_Lewis.jpg/142px-Jim_Lewis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="666" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">431,750</td> <td>0.5% (#3)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_paul_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ron_paul_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Ron_paul_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ron_paul_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Ron_paul_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ron_paul_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Ron_paul_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1014" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andre_Marrou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Andre_Marrou.jpg/93px-Andre_Marrou.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Andre_Marrou.jpg/140px-Andre_Marrou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Andre_Marrou.jpg/186px-Andre_Marrou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="359" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lord" title="Nancy Lord">Nancy Lord</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">290,087</td> <td>0.3% (#4)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andre_Marrou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Andre_Marrou.jpg/100px-Andre_Marrou.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Andre_Marrou.jpg/150px-Andre_Marrou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Andre_Marrou.jpg/200px-Andre_Marrou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="359" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">485,759</td> <td>0.5% (#5)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HarryBrowneLPCon1998_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg/100px-HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg/150px-HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg/200px-HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="278" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/96px-Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/144px-Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/192px-Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="3481" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a>/<a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Art Olivier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Harry Browne 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">384,431</td> <td>0.4% (#5)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HarryBrowneLPCon1998_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg/100px-HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg/150px-HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg/200px-HarryBrowneLPCon1998_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="278" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Olivier_(105415391)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Art_Olivier_%28105415391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/95px-Art_Olivier_%28105415391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Art_Olivier_%28105415391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Art_Olivier_%28105415391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Art_Olivier_%28105415391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Art_Olivier_%28105415391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="361" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik" title="Michael Badnarik">Michael Badnarik</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Campagna" title="Richard Campagna">Richard Campagna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Badnarik 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">397,265</td> <td>0.3% (#4)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SI-MichaelBadnarik1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SI-MichaelBadnarik1.JPG/100px-SI-MichaelBadnarik1.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SI-MichaelBadnarik1.JPG/150px-SI-MichaelBadnarik1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SI-MichaelBadnarik1.JPG/200px-SI-MichaelBadnarik1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="430" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardCampagna_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RichardCampagna_%28cropped%29.jpg/96px-RichardCampagna_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/RichardCampagna_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="151" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Barr 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">523,713</td> <td>0.4% (#4)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Barr-2008_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bob_Barr-2008_cropped.jpg/100px-Bob_Barr-2008_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bob_Barr-2008_cropped.jpg/150px-Bob_Barr-2008_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bob_Barr-2008_cropped.jpg/200px-Bob_Barr-2008_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1189" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayne_Allen_Root_(2533899967)_(a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wayne_Allen_Root_%282533899967%29_%28a%29.jpg/97px-Wayne_Allen_Root_%282533899967%29_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wayne_Allen_Root_%282533899967%29_%28a%29.jpg/145px-Wayne_Allen_Root_%282533899967%29_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wayne_Allen_Root_%282533899967%29_%28a%29.jpg/193px-Wayne_Allen_Root_%282533899967%29_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,275,923</td> <td>1.0% (#3)</td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GJ_Head_Shot_1_(10483995115)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GJ_Head_Shot_1_%2810483995115%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-GJ_Head_Shot_1_%2810483995115%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GJ_Head_Shot_1_%2810483995115%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-GJ_Head_Shot_1_%2810483995115%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GJ_Head_Shot_1_%2810483995115%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-GJ_Head_Shot_1_%2810483995115%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3598" data-file-height="4794" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Gray_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jim_Gray_%28cropped2%29.jpg/93px-Jim_Gray_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jim_Gray_%28cropped2%29.jpg/140px-Jim_Gray_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jim_Gray_%28cropped2%29.jpg/187px-Jim_Gray_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="4985" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,489,359</td> <td>3.3% (#3)</td> <td>0<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gary_Johnson_campaign_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gary_Johnson_campaign_portrait.jpg/100px-Gary_Johnson_campaign_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gary_Johnson_campaign_portrait.jpg/150px-Gary_Johnson_campaign_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gary_Johnson_campaign_portrait.jpg/200px-Gary_Johnson_campaign_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait_(3x4a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/95px-Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/143px-Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/190px-Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="2641" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spike_Cohen" title="Spike Cohen">Spike Cohen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,865,917<sup id="cite_ref-FEC_2020_presidential_results_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC_2020_presidential_results-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.2% (#3)<sup id="cite_ref-FEC_2020_presidential_results_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC_2020_presidential_results-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Jo_Jorgensen_portrait_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="3481" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike_Cohen_and_Larry_Sharpe_Libertarian_Party_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spike_Cohen_and_Larry_Sharpe_Libertarian_Party_%28cropped%29.jpg/101px-Spike_Cohen_and_Larry_Sharpe_Libertarian_Party_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spike_Cohen_and_Larry_Sharpe_Libertarian_Party_%28cropped%29.jpg/152px-Spike_Cohen_and_Larry_Sharpe_Libertarian_Party_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spike_Cohen_and_Larry_Sharpe_Libertarian_Party_%28cropped%29.jpg/202px-Spike_Cohen_and_Larry_Sharpe_Libertarian_Party_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Chase Oliver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_ter_Maat" title="Mike ter Maat">Mike ter Maat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Chase Oliver 2024 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td> <td>635,551 </td> <td>0.42% (#5) </td> <td>0 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chase_Oliver_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chase_Oliver_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/100px-Chase_Oliver_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chase_Oliver_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/150px-Chase_Oliver_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chase_Oliver_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/199px-Chase_Oliver_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mike_Ter_Maat_on_the_%22LibertyDad%22_Podcast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mike_Ter_Maat_on_the_%22LibertyDad%22_Podcast.jpg/100px-Mike_Ter_Maat_on_the_%22LibertyDad%22_Podcast.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mike_Ter_Maat_on_the_%22LibertyDad%22_Podcast.jpg/150px-Mike_Ter_Maat_on_the_%22LibertyDad%22_Podcast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mike_Ter_Maat_on_the_%22LibertyDad%22_Podcast.jpg/200px-Mike_Ter_Maat_on_the_%22LibertyDad%22_Podcast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Detailed presidential performance</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>47,168,710 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>60.7 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right">29,173,222 </td> <td style="text-align:right">37.5 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#800080;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,100,896 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1.4 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#AA0000;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Workers Party (US)">Socialist Workers</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Jenness" title="Linda Jenness">Linda Jenness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right">83,380 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="width:2px;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hobson" title="Julius Hobson">Julius Hobson</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,759 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#DD051D;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fisher" title="Louis Fisher">Louis Fisher</a></li><li>Genevieve Gunderson</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right">53,814 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#D50000;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right">25,598 </td> <td style="text-align:right">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#AA0000;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Workers Party (US)">Socialist Workers</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Evelyn Reed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry" title="Clifton DeBerry">Clifton DeBerry</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right">13,878 </td> <td style="text-align:right">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FF00FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></li><li>Marshall Uncapher</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right">13,497 </td> <td style="text-align:right">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FED105;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,674 </td> <td style="text-align:right">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="width:2px;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px">America First </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>John Mahalchik</li><li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Homer" title="Irv Homer">Irv Homer</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,743 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="width:2px;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,859 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">nil </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">17,995,488 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">23.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>77,744,030 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F6F6F6"> <td style="background-color:#E81B23"> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> <b>hold</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>40,831,881 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>50.1 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>+12.6 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">39,148,634 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">48.0 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–12.7 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DDDDBB; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (US)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li><li><i>Various</i></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">744,763 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">Roger MacBride</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">172,557 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.2 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #800080; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Dyke" title="William Dyke">William Dyke</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">170,373 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–1.2 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">472,572 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,683,247 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–21.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>81,540,780 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #3333FF;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>43,903,230 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>50.8 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>+2.7 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">35,480,115 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">41.0 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–9.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DDDDBB; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (US)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lucey" title="Patrick Lucey">Patrick Lucey</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">5,719,850 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">6.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Ed Clark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">921,128 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.9 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #00FF90; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/LaDonna_Harris" title="LaDonna Harris">LaDonna Harris</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">233,052 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">252,303 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">8,423,115 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">9.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+7.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>86,509,678 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>55,455,075 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>58.8 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>+8.0 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">37,577,185 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">40.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.5 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">James A. Lewis</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">227,204 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.8 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DDDDBB; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (US)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Davis_(Mississippi_politician)" title="Billy Davis (Mississippi politician)">Billy Davis</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">78,773 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">314,605 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">16,877,890 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">18.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>92,652,842 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> <b>hold</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>48,886,097 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>53.4 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>–5.4 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Dukakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Dukakis">Mike Dukakis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">41,809,074 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">45.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+5.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">432,179 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.2 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FF00FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenora_Fulani" title="Lenora Fulani">Lenora Fulani</a></li><li><i>Various</i></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">217,219 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,240 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">7,077,023 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">7.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>91,594,809 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">–1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> <b>hold</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>44,909,889 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>43.0 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>–2.6 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">39,104,545 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">37.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–15.9 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DDDDBB; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (US)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Stockdale" title="James Stockdale">James Stockdale</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">19,742,267 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">18.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lord" title="Nancy Lord">Nancy Lord</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">291,628 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.2 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FF7575; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gritz" title="Bo Gritz">Bo Gritz</a></li><li>Cyril Minett</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">107,002 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">271,328 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>Plurality</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">5,805,344 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">5.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>104,426,659 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+14.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #3333FF;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>47,402,357 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>49.2 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>+6.2 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">39,198,755 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">40.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+3.3 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #6A287E; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (US)">Reform</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Choate" title="Pat Choate">Pat Choate</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">8,085,402 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">8.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (US)">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li><li><i>Various</i></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">684,902 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">485,798 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.2 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/US_Taxpayers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="US Taxpayers Party">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Titus" title="Herbert Titus">Herbert Titus</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">184,658 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.2 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">235,351 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>Plurality</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">8,203,602 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">8.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>96,277,223 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">–8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #3333FF;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> <b>hold</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">50,455,156</span> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">47.9</span> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>'"`UNIQ−−templatestyles−000000DF−QINU`"'<span class="nobold">+7.2</span> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>50,992,335</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>48.4</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>–0.9</b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (US)">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,882,897 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+2.0 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #6A287E; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (US)">Reform</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ezola_Foster" title="Ezola Foster">Ezola Foster</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">448,892 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–8.0 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Art Olivier</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">384,429 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution Party (US)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></li><li>Curtis Frazier</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">98,020 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,912 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>Plurality</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">537,179 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>105,396,641 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+9.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>62,040,610 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>50.7 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>+2.9 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">59,028,444 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">48.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #6A287E; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (US)">Reform</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Peter Camejo</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">465,650 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik" title="Michael Badnarik">Michael Badnarik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Campagna" title="Richard Campagna">Richard Campagna</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">397,265 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution Party (US)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Peroutka" title="Michael Peroutka">Michael Peroutka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">143,630 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">219,746 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3,012,166 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>122,295,345 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+16.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> <b>hold</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>69,498,516 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>52.9 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>+4.7 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">59,948,323 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">45.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–5.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #DDDDBB; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (US)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Gonzalez" title="Matt Gonzalez">Matt Gonzalez</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">739,034 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">N/A </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">523,715 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #A356DE; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution Party (US)">Constitution</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a></li><li>Darrell Castle</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">199,750 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">nil </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">404,482 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">9,550,193 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">7.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>131,313,820 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #3333FF;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>65,915,795 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>51.1 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>–1.9 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">60,933,504 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">47.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+1.6 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,275,971 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.0 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.6 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (US)">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cheri_Honkala" title="Cheri Honkala">Cheri Honkala</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">469,627 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.2 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">490,513 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,982,291 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>129,085,410 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">–1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #3333FF;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> <b>hold</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">62,984,828</span> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">46.1</span> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>'"`UNIQ−−templatestyles−00000102−QINU`"'<span class="nobold">−1.1</span> </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #3333FF; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>65,853,514</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>48.2</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>–2.9</b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,489,341 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">3.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+2.3 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,457,218 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.7 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,884,375 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><b>Plurality</b> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,868,686 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.1 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>136,669,276 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #E81B23;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-FEC_2020_presidential_results_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEC_2020_presidential_results-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li></ul></div> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>81,268,924 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>51.3 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>+3.1 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">74,216,154 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">46.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.8 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #FED105; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Cohen" title="Spike Cohen">Spike Cohen</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1,865,724 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">1.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–2.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #17aa5c; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (US)">Green</a> </td> <td class="fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Howie Hawkins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Angela Nicole Walker</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">405,035 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">–0.8 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E9E9E9"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px">Others </td> <td class="fn"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">627,566 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">7,052,770 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;">Total votes </th> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>158,383,403 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100% </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+15.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #3333FF;"> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (US)">Democratic</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party (US)">Republican</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives_results">House of Representatives results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: House of Representatives results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Popular votes </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1972</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,028</td> <td>nil</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,099</td> <td>nil</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections">1976</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">71,791</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">64,310</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections">1980</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">568,131</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1982 United States House of Representatives elections">1982</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">462,767</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections">1984</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">275,865</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1986 United States House of Representatives elections">1986</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">121,076</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections">1988</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">445,708</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1990 United States House of Representatives elections">1990</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">374,500</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 United States House of Representatives elections">1992</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">848,614</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1994 United States House of Representatives elections">1994</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">415,944</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1996 United States House of Representatives elections">1996</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">651,448</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 United States House of Representatives elections">1998</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">880,024</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2000 United States House of Representatives elections">2000</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,610,292</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2002 United States House of Representatives elections">2002</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,030,171</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2004 United States House of Representatives elections">2004</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,040,465</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2006 United States House of Representatives elections">2006</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">657,435</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections">2008</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,083,096</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">2010</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,002,511</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">2012</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,350,712</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2014 United States House of Representatives elections">2014</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">954,077</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections">2016</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,660,923</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2018 United States House of Representatives elections">2018</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">758,492</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections">2020</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,093,908</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections">2022</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">724,264</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_results">Senate results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Senate results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Popular votes </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1972 United States Senate elections">1972</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">N/A</td> <td>nil</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1974 United States Senate elections">1974</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">N/A</td> <td>nil</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1976 United States Senate elections">1976</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004785880000000000♠">78,588</span></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1978 United States Senate elections">1978</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7004250710000000000♠">25,071</span></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">1980</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005401077000000000♠">401,077</span></td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1982 United States Senate elections">1982</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005314955000000000♠">314,955</span></td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1984 United States Senate elections">1984</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005160798000000000♠">160,798</span></td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1986 United States Senate elections">1986</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005104338000000000♠">104,338</span></td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1988 United States Senate elections">1988</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005268053000000000♠">268,053</span></td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1990 United States Senate elections">1990</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005142003000000000♠">142,003</span></td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1992 United States Senate elections">1992</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005986617000000000♠">986,617</span></td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1994 United States Senate elections">1994</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005666183000000000♠">666,183</span></td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1996 United States Senate elections">1996</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005362208000000000♠">362,208</span></td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1998 United States Senate elections">1998</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005419452000000000♠">419,452</span></td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2000 United States Senate elections">2000</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006103668400000000♠">1,036,684</span></td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2002 United States Senate elections">2002</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005724969000000000♠">724,969</span></td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2004 United States Senate elections">2004</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005754861000000000♠">754,861</span></td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2006 United States Senate elections">2006</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005612732000000000♠">612,732</span></td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2008 United States Senate elections">2008</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005798154000000000♠">798,154</span></td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2010 United States Senate elections">2010</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005755812000000000♠">755,812</span></td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">2012</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005956745000000000♠">956,745</span></td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2014 United States Senate elections">2014</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005870781000000000♠">870,781</span></td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2016 United States Senate elections">2016</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006178811200000000♠">1,788,112</span></td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2018 United States Senate elections">2018</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005570045000000000♠">570,045</span></td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2020 United States Senate elections">2020</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7006133946800000000♠">1,339,468</span></td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2022 United States Senate elections">2022</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><span data-sort-value="7005711078000000000♠">711,078</span></td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earning_ballot_status">Earning ballot status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Earning ballot status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, Libertarians have achieved 50-state <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a> for their presidential candidate five times: in 1980, 1992, 1996, (in 2000, <a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a> was on the Arizona ballot instead of the nominee, Harry Browne)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have reached 50-state ballot access for the 2020 election.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2012, the Libertarian Party of Nebraska successfully lobbied for a reform in ballot access with the new law requiring parties to requalify every four years instead of two.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 2012 election, the party gained automatic ballot status in 30 states.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 2016 election, the party announced that it had achieved automatic ballot status in 37 or 38 states and the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_supporters">Party supporters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Party supporters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Libertarian Party, some donors are not necessarily "members" because the party since its founding in 1972 has defined a "member" as being someone who agrees with the party's membership statement. The precise language of this statement is found in the party Bylaws.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the end of 2017, there were 138,815 Americans who were on record as having signed the membership statement.<sup id="cite_ref-hq.lp.org_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hq.lp.org-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey by David Kirby and <a href="/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz">David Boaz</a> found a minimum of 14 percent of American voters to have libertarian-leaning views.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is another measure the party uses internally as well. Since its founding, the party has apportioned delegate seats to its national convention based on the number of members in each state who have paid minimum dues (with additional delegates given to state affiliates for good performance in winning more votes than normal for the party's presidential candidate). This is the most-used number by party activists. As of December 2017, the Libertarian Party reported that there were 14,445 donating members.<sup id="cite_ref-hq.lp.org_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hq.lp.org-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, dues were $15 throughout the 1980s; in 1991, they were increased to $25. Between February 1, 2006, and the close of the 2006 Libertarian party convention on May 31, 2006, dues were set to $0.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter was controversial and <i>de facto</i> reversed by the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention" title="Libertarian National Convention">Libertarian National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, at which the members re-established a basic $25 dues category (now called Sustaining membership) and further added a requirement that all National Committee officers must henceforth be at least sustaining members (which was not required prior to the convention). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registered_voters">Registered voters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Registered voters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ballot access expert and editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Ballot_Access_News" title="Ballot Access News">Ballot Access News</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Winger" title="Richard Winger">Richard Winger</a> periodically compiles and analyzes voter registration statistics as reported by state voter agencies and he reports that as of early 2020 the party ranked third in voter registration nationally with 693,634 .<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarians_in_office">Libertarians in office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Libertarians in office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Libertarian_Party_politicians_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Libertarian Party politicians who have held office in the United States">List of Libertarian Party politicians who have held office in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Burt_(51704066534)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Marshall_Burt_%2851704066534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Marshall_Burt_%2851704066534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Marshall_Burt_%2851704066534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Marshall_Burt_%2851704066534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Marshall_Burt_%2851704066534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Marshall_Burt_%2851704066534%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_State_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyoming State Representative">Wyoming State Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Marshall Burt</a> (L–<a href="/wiki/Green_River,_Wyoming" title="Green River, Wyoming">Green River</a>)</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Libertarians have had limited success in electing candidates at the state and local level. Since the party's creation, 10 Libertarians have been elected to <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislatures</a> and some other state legislators have switched parties after being originally elected as Republicans or Democrats. The most recent Libertarian candidate elected to a state legislature was <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Marshall Burt</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_House_of_Representatives" title="Wyoming House of Representatives">Wyoming House of Representatives</a> in 2020. The party elected multiple legislators in New Hampshire during the 1990s as well as in Alaska during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the party's Alaska state legislators, <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a> was nominated for vice president in 1988 and for president in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, there were 168 Libertarians holding elected office: 58 of them partisan offices and 110 of them non-partisan offices.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some party members, who were elected to public office on other party lines, explicitly retained their Libertarian Party membership and these include former Representative Ron Paul, who has repeatedly stated that he remains a life member of the Libertarian Party. </p><p>Previously, the party has had four sitting members of state legislatures. <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ebke" title="Laura Ebke">Laura Ebke</a> served in the nonpartisan <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature" title="Nebraska Legislature">Nebraska Legislature</a> and announced her switch from being a Republican to a Libertarian in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three members of the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives" title="New Hampshire House of Representatives">New Hampshire House of Representatives</a> who were elected as either Republicans or Democrats in the 2016 election announced their switch to the Libertarian Party in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State Senator <a href="/wiki/Mark_B._Madsen" title="Mark B. Madsen">Mark B. Madsen</a> of Utah announced his switch from Republican to Libertarian in 2016, but also did not seek re-election that year.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State Representative Max Abramson of New Hampshire switched from Republican to Libertarian before running as the party's gubernatorial candidate in 2016 instead of seeking re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State Representative John Moore of Nevada briefly switched parties, but he was defeated for re-election in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Dunn_Jr." title="Aubrey Dunn Jr.">Aubrey Dunn Jr.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Commissioner_of_Public_Lands" title="New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands">New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands</a>, switched his voter registration from Republican to Libertarian in January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, Dunn became the first official elected to a statewide partisan office to have Libertarian voter registration.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Best_major_race_results">Best major race results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Best major race results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Libertarian Party (United States)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Bold</b> indicates race where Libertarian candidate was elected to office</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Office </th> <th>Percent </th> <th>District </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">President </td> <td align="right">11.7% </td> <td>Alaska </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alaska" title="1980 United States presidential election in Alaska">1980</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Ed Clark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9.3% </td> <td>New Mexico </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico" title="2016 United States presidential election in New Mexico">2016</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6.2% </td> <td>North Dakota </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota" title="2016 United States presidential election in North Dakota">2016</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3.3%<sup id="cite_ref-atlas2016_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas2016-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">US Senate </td> <td align="right">33.5% </td> <td>Arkansas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="2020 United States Senate election in Arkansas">2020</a> </td> <td>Ricky Dale Harrington Jr. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">29.2% </td> <td>Alaska </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2016 United States Senate election in Alaska">2016</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Miller_(Alaska_politician)" title="Joe Miller (Alaska politician)">Joe Miller</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">18.4% </td> <td>Massachusetts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2002 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2002</a> </td> <td>Michael Cloud </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">US House </td> <td align="right">31.6% </td> <td>Kansas District 3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kansas#District_3" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas">2012</a> </td> <td>Joel Balam </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">30.7% </td> <td>Texas District 26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas#District_26" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas">2022</a> </td> <td>Mike Kolls </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">28.8% </td> <td>Mississippi District 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Mississippi" title="1998 United States House of Representatives elections">1998</a> </td> <td>William Chipman </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Governor </td> <td align="right">14.9% </td> <td>Alaska </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1982_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alaska gubernatorial election">1982</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dick_Randolph" title="Dick Randolph">Dick Randolph</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">11.4% </td> <td>Indiana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="2020 Indiana gubernatorial election">2020</a> </td> <td>Donald Rainwater </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10.5% </td> <td>Wisconsin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">2002</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_Thompson_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Ed Thompson (Wisconsin politician)">Ed Thompson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Other statewide </td> <td align="right">43.1% </td> <td>Montana Clerk Of The Supreme Court </td> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Fellows_(politician)" title="Mike Fellows (politician)">Mike Fellows</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">34.2% </td> <td>Georgia Public Service Commission 5 </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>David Staples </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">33.4% </td> <td>Georgia Public Service Commission 2 </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Eric Hoskins </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">State Senate </td> <td align="right">44.4% </td> <td>Nevada District 2 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>Tamara Clark </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">43.6% </td> <td>Nebraska District 32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Nebraska_State_Legislature_election#District_32" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Nebraska State Legislature election">2018</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ebke" title="Laura Ebke">Laura Ebke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">37.6% </td> <td>Arkansas District 10 </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>Bobbi Hicks </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">State Representative </td> <td align="right"><b>53.6%</b> </td> <td>Wyoming District 39 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2020_Wyoming_House_of_Representatives_election" title="2020 Wyoming House of Representatives election">2020</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Marshall Burt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">49.4% </td> <td rowspan="2">Wyoming District 55 </td> <td rowspan="2">Bethany Baldes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">49.0% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Wyoming_House_of_Representatives_election" title="2018 Wyoming House of Representatives election">2018</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_Senate_elections">United States Senate elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States Senate elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="2020 United States Senate election in Arkansas">2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Dale_Harrington_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ricky Dale Harrington Jr.">Ricky Dale Harrington Jr.</a> received 33% of the vote in a two-way race in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, the highest percentage ever for a Libertarian candidate in a Senate election. In <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2016 United States Senate election in Alaska">2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Miller_(Alaska_politician)" title="Joe Miller (Alaska politician)">Joe Miller</a> received 29% of the vote in a four-way race in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2002 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cloud_(Massachusetts_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Cloud (Massachusetts politician)">Michael Cloud</a> received 18% of the vote in a three-way race in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" title="2018 United States Senate election in New Mexico">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> received 15% of the vote in a three-way race in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections">United States House of Representatives elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States House of Representatives elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Kansas" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas">2012</a>, Joel Balam received 32% of the vote in a two-way race in <a href="/wiki/Kansas%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Kansas's 3rd congressional district">Kansas's 3rd congressional district</a>, the best ever for a Libertarian candidate in a House election. In <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas">2022</a>, Mike Kolls received 31% of the vote in a two-way race in <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_26th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 26th congressional district">Texas's 26th congressional district</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#Mississippi" title="1998 United States House of Representatives elections">1998</a>, William Chipman received 28% of the vote in a two-way race in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Mississippi's 2nd congressional district">Mississippi's 2nd congressional district</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gubernatorial_elections">Gubernatorial elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gubernatorial elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1982_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alaska gubernatorial election">1982</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Randolph" title="Dick Randolph">Dick Randolph</a> received 15% of the vote in a four-way race in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, the best ever for a Libertarian candidate in a gubernatorial election. In <a href="/wiki/2020_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="2020 Indiana gubernatorial election">2020</a>, Donald Rainwater received 12% of the vote in a three-way race in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2002_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Thompson_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Ed Thompson (Wisconsin politician)">Ed Thompson</a> received 10% of the vote in a three-way race in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_statewide_elections">Other statewide elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other statewide elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Montana_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Montana elections (page does not exist)">2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Fellows_(politician)" title="Mike Fellows (politician)">Mike Fellows</a> received 43% of the vote in a two-way race in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> for clerk of the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">Montana Supreme Court</a>, the best ever for a Libertarian candidate in a statewide election. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_Georgia_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 Georgia elections (page does not exist)">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Monds" title="John Monds">John Monds</a> received 33% of the vote in a race in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Public_Service_Commission" title="Georgia Public Service Commission">Georgia Public Service Commission</a>, joining William Strange (running for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals) that same year as the first Libertarians to ever to receive more than one million votes. Two later candidates for the same position, David Staples in <a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Georgia_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Georgia elections (page does not exist)">2012</a> and Eric Hoskins in <a href="/wiki/2016_Georgia_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Georgia elections">2016</a>, received 34% and 33% of the vote, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_Senate_elections">State Senate elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: State Senate elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/2018_Nebraska_State_Legislature_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Nebraska State Legislature election">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ebke" title="Laura Ebke">Laura Ebke</a> received 44% of the vote in a non-partisan race in Nebraska's 32nd Legislative district in the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature" title="Nebraska Legislature">Nebraska Legislature</a>, the best ever for a Libertarian candidate in a state senate election. Also in <a href="/wiki/2018_Arkansas_elections" title="2018 Arkansas elections">2018</a>, Bobbi Hicks received 38% of the vote in a race in Arkansas's 10th Senate district in the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Senate" title="Arkansas Senate">Arkansas Senate</a>, the best ever for a Libertarian candidate in a partisan state senate election. There have been 14 candidates elected to state senate who had a Libertarian and major party cross endorsement: 1 in New Hampshire in 1992, 6 in New Hampshire in 1994, 3 in New Hampshire in 1996, 1 in Oregon in 2014, 1 in Oregon in 2018, 1 in New York in 2019, and 1 in New York in 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_House_elections">State House elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: State House elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Libertarians have been elected as state representatives without a major party cross-endorsement six times: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Randolph" title="Dick Randolph">Dick Randolph</a> in Alaska in 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Fanning" title="Ken Fanning">Ken Fanning</a> and Randolph again in Alaska in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a> in Alaska in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Vaillancourt" title="Steve Vaillancourt">Steve Vaillancourt</a> in New Hampshire in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/2020_Wyoming_House_of_Representatives_election" title="2020 Wyoming House of Representatives election">2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Marshall Burt</a> received 54% of the vote in a two-way race in Wyoming's 39th House district in the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_House_of_Representatives" title="Wyoming House of Representatives">Wyoming House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the end of 2020, there have also been 67 candidates elected with a Libertarian and a major party cross endorsement: 37 in New Hampshire in 1992, 5 in New Hampshire in 1994, 4 in New Hampshire in 1996, 1 in Vermont in 1998, 5 in Oregon in 2014, 4 in Oregon in 2018, 4 in Oregon in 2020, and 7 in New York in 2020.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="2020 United States Senate election in Arkansas">2020 United States Senate election in Arkansas</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Tom Cotton</a> (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>793,871 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>66.5% </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FED105;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Ricky Dale Harrington Jr. </td> <td style="text-align:right">399,390 </td> <td style="text-align:right">33.5% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2016 United States Senate election in Alaska">2016 United States Senate election in Alaska</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>138,149 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>44.4% </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FED105;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Miller_(Alaska_politician)" title="Joe Miller (Alaska politician)">Joe Miller</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">90,825 </td> <td style="text-align:right">29.2% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#DDDDBB;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (United States)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stock" title="Margaret Stock">Margaret Stock</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">41,194 </td> <td style="text-align:right">13.2% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Metcalfe" title="Ray Metcalfe">Ray Metcalfe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">36,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right">11.6% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2002 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2002 United States Senate election in Massachusetts</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>1,605,976 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>80.0% </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FED105;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party (US)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td class="fn">Michael Cloud </td> <td style="text-align:right">369,807 </td> <td style="text-align:right">18.4% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_election">2016 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2016 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_United_States_presidential_election_-_Percentage_of_votes_cast_for_Gary_Johnson_by_county.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2016_United_States_presidential_election_-_Percentage_of_votes_cast_for_Gary_Johnson_by_county.svg/300px-2016_United_States_presidential_election_-_Percentage_of_votes_cast_for_Gary_Johnson_by_county.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2016_United_States_presidential_election_-_Percentage_of_votes_cast_for_Gary_Johnson_by_county.svg/450px-2016_United_States_presidential_election_-_Percentage_of_votes_cast_for_Gary_Johnson_by_county.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2016_United_States_presidential_election_-_Percentage_of_votes_cast_for_Gary_Johnson_by_county.svg/600px-2016_United_States_presidential_election_-_Percentage_of_votes_cast_for_Gary_Johnson_by_county.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Gary Johnson's performance in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election</a> shown by county, with darker shades indicating stronger support</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_University" title="Monmouth University">Monmouth University</a> opinion poll conducted on March 24, 2016, found Libertarian candidate <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> polling in double digits with 11% in a three-way race against <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (34%) and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (42%).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, a <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> poll from July 16, 2016, found Johnson with a personal best 13% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be included in any of the three main presidential debates, a candidate must be polling at least 15% in national polls. </p><p>Following Trump's win in the Indiana Republican primary, making him the presumptive Republican nominee, the Libertarian Party received a rise in attention. Between 7 pm on May 3 and 12 pm on May 4, the Libertarian Party received 99 new memberships and an increase in donors as well as a rise in <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> searches of "Libertarian Party" and "Gary Johnson".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 5, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Matalin" title="Mary Matalin">Mary Matalin</a>, a longtime Republican political strategist, switched parties to become a registered Libertarian, expressing her dislike of Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Republican elected officials publicly stated that were considering voting for the Libertarian Party ticket in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That included 2012 Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been a common question and concern that the Libertarian ticket would exclusively draw away votes from <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and not the Democratic ticket. In response, Libertarian 2016 nominee <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> noted that analysis of national polls shows more votes drawn from <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson would go on to receive <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election#Results_by_state" title="2016 United States presidential election">3.3%</a> of the nationwide popular vote, with his best performance (9.3%) coming in New Mexico, where he previously served as a two-term governor. </p><p>After the conclusion of the Electoral College in 2016, the Libertarian Party received one electoral college vote from a faithless elector in Texas. The party's 2016 nominee <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> did not receive the vote. The single faithless vote went instead to former Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, who had rejoined the Libertarian Party in 2015. He is the first Libertarian to receive an electoral vote since <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defections_from_other_parties">Defections from other parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Defections from other parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Amash_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Justin_Amash_official_photo.jpg/150px-Justin_Amash_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Justin_Amash_official_photo.jpg/225px-Justin_Amash_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Justin_Amash_official_photo.jpg/300px-Justin_Amash_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Representative <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a>, the first Libertarian member of Congress</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>After presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> won Indiana's 2016 Republican primary, several Republican officeholders left the Party and changed their affiliation to the Libertarian Party. The first to do so was <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(Nevada_politician)" title="John Moore (Nevada politician)">John Moore</a>, a then-sitting Assemblyman in Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 2016 Nebraska State Legislative Session, state Senator <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ebke" title="Laura Ebke">Laura Ebke</a> announced her displeasure with the Republican Party and announced she was registering as a Libertarian. After that, <a href="/wiki/Mark_B._Madsen" title="Mark B. Madsen">Mark B. Madsen</a>, a Utah State Senator, switched from the Republican Party to the Libertarian Party. From February to June 2017, three New Hampshire State Representatives (<a href="/wiki/Caleb_Q._Dyer" title="Caleb Q. Dyer">Caleb Q. Dyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stallcop" title="Joseph Stallcop">Joseph Stallcop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Phinney" title="Brandon Phinney">Brandon Phinney</a>) left the Republican and Democratic Parties and joined the Libertarian Party. </p><p>In January 2018, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Commissioner_of_Public_Lands" title="New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands">New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands</a> <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Dunn_Jr." title="Aubrey Dunn Jr.">Aubrey Dunn Jr.</a> switched his party registration from Republican to Libertarian and subsequently announced he would run as the Libertarian nominee for the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" title="2018 United States Senate election in New Mexico">Senate election in New Mexico</a>. Dunn was the first Libertarian in a partisan statewide office and was the highest ever official from the Libertarian Party until US Representative <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a> switched his party registration from independent to Libertarian on April 29, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2020, <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a> member <a href="/wiki/John_Andrews_(Maine_politician)" title="John Andrews (Maine politician)">John Andrews</a> changed his party registration to Libertarian after winning re-election as a Republican.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several politicians joined the Libertarian Party, sometimes only briefly, after having left office, including former New Mexico Governor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>, former Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="William Weld">William Weld</a>, former Rhode Island Governor <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a>, former Alaska United States Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a>, former Georgia Congressman <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a>, and former Texas Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Office </th> <th>Date of switch </th> <th>Date of election </th> <th>Elected party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Sammis" title="Jarrod Sammis">Jarrod Sammis</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Vermont State Representative </td> <td>April 28, 2023 </td> <td>November 2022 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Andrews_(Maine_politician)" title="John Andrews (Maine politician)">John Andrews</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Maine State Representative </td> <td>December 14, 2020 </td> <td>November 2020 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Michigan U.S. Congressman </td> <td>April 28, 2020 </td> <td>November 2010 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New Hampshire State Representative </td> <td>June 28, 2019 </td> <td>November 2018 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Dunn_Jr." title="Aubrey Dunn Jr.">Aubrey Dunn Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Commissioner_of_Public_Lands" title="New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands">New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands</a> </td> <td>January 27, 2018 </td> <td>November 2014 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Phinney" title="Brandon Phinney">Brandon Phinney</a><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New Hampshire State Representative </td> <td>June 27, 2017 </td> <td>November 2016 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stallcop" title="Joseph Stallcop">Joseph Stallcop</a><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New Hampshire State Representative </td> <td>May 10, 2017 </td> <td>November 2016 </td> <td>Democrat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Q._Dyer" title="Caleb Q. Dyer">Caleb Dyer</a><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New Hampshire State Representative </td> <td>February 9, 2017 </td> <td>November 2016 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_B._Madsen" title="Mark B. Madsen">Mark Madsen</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Utah State Senator </td> <td>July 28, 2016 </td> <td>November 2005 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ebke" title="Laura Ebke">Laura Ebke</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nebraska State Senator </td> <td>May 12, 2016 </td> <td>November 2014 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New Hampshire State Representative </td> <td>May 7, 2016 </td> <td>November 2014 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(Nevada_politician)" title="John Moore (Nevada politician)">John Moore</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nevada State Representative </td> <td>January 8, 2016 </td> <td>November 2014 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._Gordon" title="Daniel P. Gordon">Daniel P. Gordon</a><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Rhode Island State Representative </td> <td>September 2011 </td> <td>November 2010 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finlay_Rothhaus" title="Finlay Rothhaus">Finlay Rothhaus</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New Hampshire State Representative </td> <td>December 12, 1991 </td> <td>November 1990 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Warburton" title="Calvin Warburton">Calvin Warburton</a><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New Hampshire State Representative </td> <td>July 16, 1991 </td> <td>November 1990 </td> <td>Republican </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_ballot_access">Presidential ballot access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Presidential ballot access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party has placed a presidential candidate on the ballot in all 50 states, as well as D.C., six times: 1980, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2016, and 2020. That level of ballot access has only been achieved by a third-party candidate four other times (<a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John Anderson</a> in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Lenora_Fulani" title="Lenora Fulani">Lenora Fulani</a> in 1988, and <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in 1992 and 1996.) Although the territory of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> has no electoral votes, it began holding presidential preference elections in 1980. The Libertarian Party presidential candidate has appeared on the ballot in Guam in every election from 1980 through 2020, except for 2016. Anderson and Fulani were also on the ballot in Guam.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following is a table comparison of ballot status for the Libertarian Party presidential nominee from 1972 to 2020. In some instances the candidate appeared on the ballot as an independent. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>States </th> <td align="center"><b>2</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>32</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>50</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>38</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>46</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>50</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>50</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>50</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>48</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>45</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>48</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>50</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td> <td align="center"><b>50</b> <small>(and D.C.)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Electoral votes </th> <td align="center"><b>16</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>341</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>538</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>403</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>496</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>538</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>538</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>538</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>527</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>503</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>514</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>538</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>538</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>% of population (EVs) </th> <td align="center"><b>-</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>-</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>100%</b> (100%) </td> <td align="center"><b>-</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>-</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>100%</b> (100%) </td> <td align="center"><b>100%</b> (100%) </td> <td align="center"><b>100%</b> (100%) </td> <td align="center"><b>-</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>95%</b> (93%) </td> <td align="center"><b>95%</b> (96%) </td> <td align="center"><b>100%</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>100%</b> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:2px solid #a9a9a9;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="13" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="10" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="13" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="10" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="10" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Write-in </td> <td colspan="12" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Not on ballot </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">On ballot </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Political positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertarian_Party_Porcupine_(USA).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Libertarian_Party_Porcupine_%28USA%29.svg/220px-Libertarian_Party_Porcupine_%28USA%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Libertarian_Party_Porcupine_%28USA%29.svg/330px-Libertarian_Party_Porcupine_%28USA%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Libertarian_Party_Porcupine_%28USA%29.svg/440px-Libertarian_Party_Porcupine_%28USA%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3194" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>Libertarian Party Porcupine</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The Libertarian Party supports <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and the abolition of the modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. It adopts pro-<a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">cultural liberal</a> approaches to cultural and social issues. Paul H. Rubin, professor of law and economics at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>, believes that while <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> generally seek to control economic activities and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> generally seek to control consumption activities such as sexual behavior, abortion and so on, the Libertarian Party is the largest political party in the United States that advocates few or no regulations in what it deems "social" and "economic" issues.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The "poverty and welfare" issues page of the Libertarian Party's website says that it opposes <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">regulation</a> of capitalist <a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">economic institutions</a> and advocates dismantling the entirety of the welfare state: </p><blockquote><p>We should eliminate the entire social welfare system. This includes eliminating food stamps, subsidized housing, and all the rest. Individuals who are unable to fully support themselves and their families through the job market must, once again, learn to rely on supportive family, church, community, or private charity to bridge the gap.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>According to the party platform: "The only proper role of government in the economic realm is to protect property rights, adjudicate disputes, and provide a legal framework in which voluntary trade is protected" (adopted May 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Libertarian Party believes <a href="/wiki/Economic_regulation#Criticism_of_economic_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regulation">government regulations</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_law" title="Minimum wage law">minimum wage laws</a> drive up the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage#Debate_over_consequences" title="Minimum wage">cost of employing additional workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is why Libertarians favor loosening minimum wage laws so that overall <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States#Employment" title="Economy of the United States">unemployment rate</a> can be reduced and low-wage workers, unskilled workers, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">visa immigrants</a> and those with limited education or job experience can find employment.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party supports ending the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">public school system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's official platform states that education is best provided by the free market, achieving greater quality, accountability and efficiency with more diversity of <a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">school choice</a>. Seeing the education of children as a parental responsibility, the party would give authority to parents to determine the education of their children at their expense without interference from government. This includes ending <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">corporal punishment</a> within <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a>. Libertarians have expressed that parents should have control of and responsibility for all funds expended for their children's education.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environment">Environment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></div> <p>The Libertarian Party supports a clean and healthy environment and sensible use of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>, believing that private landowners and conservation groups have a vested interest in maintaining such natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-platform_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platform-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party has also expressed that "governments, unlike private businesses, are unaccountable for such damage done to the environment and have a terrible track record when it comes to environmental protection".<sup id="cite_ref-Platform_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platform-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party contends that the environment is best protected when individual rights pertaining to natural resources are clearly defined and enforced. The party also contends that <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a> (implicitly without government intervention) will stimulate the technological innovations and behavioral changes required to protect the environment and ecosystem because environmental advocates and <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressure</a> are the most effective means of changing public behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Platform_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platform-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiscal_policies">Fiscal policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Fiscal policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertarian_at_the_Tea_Party_tax_day_protest_2010_(4526050598).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Libertarian_at_the_Tea_Party_tax_day_protest_2010_%284526050598%29.jpg/220px-Libertarian_at_the_Tea_Party_tax_day_protest_2010_%284526050598%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Libertarian_at_the_Tea_Party_tax_day_protest_2010_%284526050598%29.jpg/330px-Libertarian_at_the_Tea_Party_tax_day_protest_2010_%284526050598%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Libertarian_at_the_Tea_Party_tax_day_protest_2010_%284526050598%29.jpg/440px-Libertarian_at_the_Tea_Party_tax_day_protest_2010_%284526050598%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Libertarian protester at the 2010 Tea Party tax day, St. Paul, Minnesota</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The Libertarian Party opposes all government intervention and regulation on wages, <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profits</a>, production and <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> and advocates the repeal of all laws banning or restricting the advertising of <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a>, products, or services. The party's recent platform calls for the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>, the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> and all federal programs and services, such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>. The party supports the passage of a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced Budget Amendment">Balanced Budget Amendment</a> to the Constitution which they believe will significantly lower the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a>, provided that the budget is balanced preferably by cutting expenditures and not by raising taxes. Libertarians favor free-market banking, with unrestricted competition among banks and depository institutions of all types. The party also wants a halt to <a href="/wiki/Inflationary" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflationary">inflationary</a> monetary policies and legal tender laws. While the party defends the right of individuals to form corporations, cooperatives and other types of companies, it opposes government <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a> to business, labor, or any other <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/special_interest" class="extiw" title="wikt:special interest">special interest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platform_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platform-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party favors a <a href="/wiki/Free-market_healthcare" title="Free-market healthcare">free market health care</a> system without government oversight, approval, regulation, or licensing. The party states that it "recognizes the freedom of individuals to determine the level of health insurance they want, the level of health care they want, the care providers they want, the medicines and treatments they will use and all other aspects of their medical care, including end-of-life decisions." They support the repeal of all social insurance policies such as <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> and favor "consumer-driven health care".<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Libertarian Party has been advocating for Americans' ability to purchase health insurance across state lines and medicine across international borders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_and_trade_agreements">Immigration and trade agreements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Immigration and trade agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party consistently lobbies for the removal of governmental impediments to <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. This is because their platform states that "political freedom and escape from tyranny demand that individuals not be unreasonably constrained by government in the crossing of political boundaries."<sup id="cite_ref-lp.org_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lp.org-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promote economic freedom, they demand the unrestricted movement of humans as well as financial capital across national borders. The party encourages blocking immigration of those with violent backgrounds or violent intents.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labor">Labor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party supports the repeal of all laws which impede the ability of any person to find employment while opposing government-fostered/forced retirement and heavy interference in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">bargaining process</a>. The party supports the right of free persons to associate or not associate in <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor unions</a> and believes that employers should have the right to recognize or refuse to recognize a union.<sup id="cite_ref-Platform_165-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platform-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retirement_and_Social_Security">Retirement and Social Security</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Retirement and Social Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party believes that retirement planning is the responsibility of the individual, not the government. Libertarians would phase out the government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> system and transition to a <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">private</a> voluntary system. The Libertarians feel that the proper and most effective source of help for the poor is the voluntary efforts of <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">private groups</a> and individuals, believing members of society will become more charitable and civil society will be strengthened as government reduces its activity in that realm.<sup id="cite_ref-Platform_165-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platform-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party supports the legalization of all <a href="/wiki/Victimless_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Victimless crimes">victimless crimes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">drugs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eagles_Johnston_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagles_Johnston-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Libertarian_struggle_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_struggle-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Co-founder_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-founder-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GALLOWAY_Libertarian_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GALLOWAY_Libertarian-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Pornography_and_prostitution">pornography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eagles_Johnston_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagles_Johnston-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Prostitution">prostitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eagles_Johnston_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagles_Johnston-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Libertarian_struggle_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_struggle-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Co-founder_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-founder-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GALLOWAY_Libertarian_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GALLOWAY_Libertarian-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has always supported the removal of restrictions on <a href="#LGBT_issues">homosexuality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Co-founder_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-founder-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposes any kind of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and supports <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Freedom_of_Speech_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedom_of_Speech-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supports the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to keep and bear arms</a><sup id="cite_ref-Libertarian_struggle_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_struggle-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while opposing Federal capital punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-ontheissues.org_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontheissues.org-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Libertarian Party's platform states: "Government does not have the authority to define, license or restrict <a href="/wiki/Personal_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal relationship">personal relationships</a>. Consenting adults should be free to choose their own sexual practices and personal relationships."<sup id="cite_ref-Platform_165-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platform-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion">Abortion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LP-Prochoice-Rally-DC-11-12-1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LP-Prochoice-Rally-DC-11-12-1989.jpg/220px-LP-Prochoice-Rally-DC-11-12-1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LP-Prochoice-Rally-DC-11-12-1989.jpg/330px-LP-Prochoice-Rally-DC-11-12-1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LP-Prochoice-Rally-DC-11-12-1989.jpg/440px-LP-Prochoice-Rally-DC-11-12-1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3358" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption>A Libertarian banner at an abortion rights rally</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Libertarians have differing opinions on the issue. Some, like the group <a href="/wiki/Libertarians_for_Life" title="Libertarians for Life">Libertarians for Life</a>, consider abortion to be an act of aggression against a child, therefore necessitating government intervention to prevent it. Others, like the group Pro-Choice Libertarians, consider denying a woman the right to choose abortion to be an act of aggression from the government against her.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party has nominated both <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion rights</a> candidates. Their <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> and their <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a>, as were past presidential nominees other than <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a>. The platform had been <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a> from 1972<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until May 2022<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the abortion plank was deleted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crime_and_capital_punishment">Crime and capital punishment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Crime and capital punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment</a></div> <p>Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 elections</a>, the party released a "Libertarian Party Program on Crime" in which they criticize the failures of a recently proposed Omnibus Crime Bill, especially detailing how it expands the list of <a href="/wiki/Capital_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital crime">capital crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ontheissues.org_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontheissues.org-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denouncing Federal executions, they also describe how the party would increase and safeguard the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">rights of the accused</a> in legal settings as well as limit the use of <a href="/wiki/Excessive_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Excessive force">excessive force</a> by police. Instead, criminal laws would be reduced to violations of the rights of others through either force or fraud with maximum <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a> given to victims of the criminals or negligent persons.<sup id="cite_ref-lp.org_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lp.org-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the party expanded their platform to officially support the repeal of capital punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_of_speech_and_censorship">Freedom of speech and censorship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Freedom of speech and censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party supports unrestricted freedom of speech and is opposed to any kind of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, as the party has full support for the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>. The party describes the issue in its website: "We defend the rights of individuals to unrestricted freedom of speech, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and the right of individuals to <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">dissent</a> from government itself. [...] We oppose any abridgment of the freedom of speech through government censorship, regulation or control of communications media." The party claims it is the only political party in the United States "with an explicit stand against censorship of computer communications in its platform".<sup id="cite_ref-Freedom_of_Speech_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedom_of_Speech-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_reform">Government reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Government reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party favors election systems that are more representative of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electorate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">federal</a>, state and <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local</a> levels. The party platform calls for an end to any tax-financed subsidies to candidates or parties and the repeal of all laws which restrict voluntary financing of election campaigns. As a <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">minor party</a>, it opposes laws that effectively exclude alternative candidates and parties, deny <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerrymander" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymander">gerrymander</a> districts, or deny the voters their right to consider all legitimate alternatives. Libertarians also promote the use of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a> processes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: LGBT rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party advocates repealing all laws that control or prohibit homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Libertarian Party's platform: "Sexual orientation, preference, gender, or gender identity should have no impact on the government's treatment of individuals, such as in marriage, child custody, adoption, immigration or military service laws."<sup id="cite_ref-Platform_165-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platform-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gay activist Richard Sincere has pointed to the longstanding support of gay rights by the party, which has supported <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> since its first platform was drafted in 1972 (40 years before the Democratic Party adopted same-sex marriage into their platform in 2012). Many LGBT political candidates have run for office on the Libertarian Party ticket<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there have been numerous LGBT caucuses in the party, with the most active in recent years being the Outright Libertarians. With regard to <a href="/wiki/Non-discrimination_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-discrimination law">non-discrimination laws</a> protecting LGBT people, the party is more divided, with some Libertarians supporting such laws, and others opposing them on the grounds that they violate <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington" title="Libertarian Party of Washington">Libertarian Party of Washington</a> encouraged voters to approve <a href="/wiki/Washington_Referendum_71_(2009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Referendum 71 (2009)">Washington Referendum 71</a> that extended <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT relationship rights</a>. According to the party, withholding <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic partnership in the United States">domestic partnership</a> rights from <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_couple" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex couple">same-sex couples</a> is a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2010, in the light of the failure to repeal the "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell">Don't Ask, Don't Tell</a>" policy (which banned openly gay people from serving in the military) during the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>, the Libertarian Party urged gay voters to stop supporting the Democratic Party and vote Libertarian instead.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy was repealed at the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pornography_and_prostitution">Pornography and prostitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Pornography and prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party views attempts by government to control <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> as "an abridgment of liberty of expression"<sup id="cite_ref-Freedom_of_Speech_176-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedom_of_Speech-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposes any government intervention to regulate it. According to former Libertarian National Committee chairman Mark Hinkle, "Federal anti-<a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> laws are unconstitutional in two ways. First, because the Constitution does not grant Congress any power to regulate or criminalize obscenity, and second, because the First Amendment guarantees the right of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also means that the party supports the legalization of prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagles_Johnston_170-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagles_Johnston-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Libertarian_struggle_171-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libertarian_struggle-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Co-founder_172-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-founder-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GALLOWAY_Libertarian_173-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GALLOWAY_Libertarian-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many men and women<sup id="cite_ref-Ex_call-girl_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ex_call-girl-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Minor_Party_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minor_Party-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salon_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Candidate_fights_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Candidate_fights-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with backgrounds in prostitution and activists for <a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">sex workers' rights</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Norma_Jean_Almodovar" title="Norma Jean Almodovar">Norma Jean Almodovar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ex_call-girl_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ex_call-girl-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Minor_Party_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minor_Party-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Starchild_(activist)" title="Starchild (activist)">Starchild</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Candidate_fights_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Candidate_fights-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have run for office on the Libertarian Party ticket or are active members of the party. Norma Jean Almodovar, a former officer with the Los Angeles Police Department and former <a href="/wiki/Call_girl" title="Call girl">call girl</a> who authored the book <i>From Cop to Call Girl</i> about her experiences, ran on the Libertarian Party ticket for California lieutenant governor in 1986 and was actively supported by the party. Mark Hinkle described her as being the most able "of any Libertarian" "to generate publicity".<sup id="cite_ref-Ex_call-girl_190-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ex_call-girl-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Libertarian_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Libertarian Party">Massachusetts Libertarian Party</a> was one of the few organizations to support a 1980s campaign to repeal prostitution laws.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_and_Fourth_Amendment_rights">Second and Fourth Amendment rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Second and Fourth Amendment rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Libertarian Party affirms an individual's right recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> to keep and bear arms and opposes the prosecution of individuals for exercising their rights of <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a>. The party opposes laws at any level of government requiring registration of or restricting the ownership, manufacture, or transfer or sale of <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platform_165-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platform-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Libertarian Party has also shown support in the past for the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_carry" title="Constitutional carry">Constitutional carry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party also affirms an individual's right to privacy through reforms that would give back rights of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> of the United States of America's Bill of Rights to the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often this coincides with a citizen's right against covert surveillance by the government of their privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Libertarians generally prefer an attitude of mutual respect between all nations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Libertarians believe that free trade engenders positive international relationships. Libertarian candidates have promised to cut <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> and withdraw American troops from the Middle East and other areas throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Libertarian Party opposed the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> and LP Chair Mark Hinkle in a statement described the position of the Libertarian Party: "President Obama's decision to order military attacks on Libya is only surprising to those who actually think <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">he deserved the Nobel Peace Prize</a>. He has now ordered bombing strikes in six different countries, adding Libya to Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen."<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also called for withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement on February 7, 2023, the party came out in support of the Rage Against the War Machine rally in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and denounced American aid to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_debates">Internal debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Internal debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)">Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)</a></div> <p>As of 2024, notable <a href="/wiki/Party_caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Party caucus">caucuses</a> within the party include the hard-line and <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolibertarian">paleolibertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mises_Caucus" title="Mises Caucus">Mises Caucus</a>, the traditionalist and more left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Classical_Liberal_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Liberal Caucus">Classical Liberal Caucus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/LPRadicals" title="LPRadicals">Radical Caucus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-w394_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w394-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radicalism_versus_pragmatism">Radicalism versus pragmatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Radicalism versus pragmatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A longstanding debate within the party is one referred to by libertarians as the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">anarchist–minarchist debate</a>. In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">minarchists</a> within the party agreed to officially take no position on whether or not government should exist at all and to not advocate either particular view. This agreement has become known as the Dallas Accord, having taken place at the party's convention that year in <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Libertarian members often cite the departure of <a href="/wiki/Ed_Crane_(political_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Crane (political activist)">Ed Crane</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, a libertarian <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>) as a key turning point in the early party history.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crane (who in the 1970s had been the party's first executive director) and some of his allies resigned from the party in 1983 when their preferred candidates for national committee seats lost in the elections at the national convention. Others like <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a> say that despite this apparent victory of those favoring radicalism, the party has for decades been slowly moving away from those ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-2000s, groups such as the Libertarian Party Reform Caucus generally advocated revising the party's platform, eliminating or altering the membership statement and focusing on a politics-oriented approach aimed at presenting libertarianism to voters in what they deemed a "less threatening" manner.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LPRadicals" title="LPRadicals">LPRadicals</a> emerged in response and was active at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2010 Libertarian National Convention">2010</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention" title="Libertarian National Convention">Libertarian National Conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its most recent incarnation, the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus was founded with the stated goal to "support the re-radicalization of the LP."<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">2016 Libertarian National Convention</a>, the Radical Caucus endorsed Darryl W. Perry for President and Will Coley for Vice President, who respectively won 7% and 10% of the vote on the first ballot, both taking fourth place.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not explicitly organized as such, most self-identified pragmatists or moderates supported the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> for president and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson and Weld were both nominated on the second ballot with a narrow majority after having both placed just shy of the required 50% on the first ballots. After the convention, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Pragmatist_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Pragmatist Caucus">Libertarian Pragmatist Caucus</a> ("LPC") was founded and organized with the goal "[t]o promote realistic, pragmatic, and practical libertarian candidates and solutions."<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LPC supported Nicholas Sarwark in his successful bid for re-election as Chair of the party's national committee at the 2018 convention in New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_revision">Platform revision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Platform revision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, a working group of leading Libertarian Party activists proposed to reformat and retire the platform to serve as a guide for legislative projects (its main purpose to that point) and create a series of custom platforms on issues for different purposes, including the needs of the growing number of Libertarians in office. The proposal was incorporated in a new party-wide strategic plan and a joint platform-program committee proposed a reformatted project platform that isolated talking points on issues, principles and solutions as well as an array of projects for adaptation. This platform, along with a short Summary for talking points, was approved in 2004. Confusion arose when prior to the 2006 convention there was a push to repeal or substantially rewrite the Platform, at the center of which were groups such as the Libertarian Reform Caucus.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their agenda was partially successful in that the platform was much shortened (going from 61 to 15 planks—11 new planks and 4 retained from the old platform) over the previous one.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members differ as to the reasons why the changes were relatively more drastic than any platform actions at previous conventions. Some delegates voted for changes so the party could appeal to a wider audience, while others simply thought the entire document needed an overhaul. It was also pointed out that the text of the existing platform was not provided to the delegates, making many reluctant to vote to retain the planks when the existing language was not provided for review.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2009)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Not all party members approved of the changes, some believing them to be a setback to libertarianism<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an abandonment of what they see as the foremost purpose of the Libertarian Party.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 2008 Libertarian National Convention, the changes went even further with the approval of an entirely revamped platform.<sup id="cite_ref-lp-platform2008_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lp-platform2008-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the new platform recycles language from pre-millennial platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the planks were renamed, most address ideas are found in earlier platforms and run no longer than three to four sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-lp-platform2008_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lp-platform2008-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_State_Project_versus_Mises_Caucus">Free State Project versus Mises Caucus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Free State Project versus Mises Caucus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a>, a movement dedicated to concentrating libertarians in the state of <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, argue that the Libertarian Party strategy of a national victory has been proven ineffective in stark contrast to libertarian concentration and focus on local races in New Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-reason.com_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason.com-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founder of the Free State movement, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Sorens" title="Jason Sorens">Jason Sorens</a>, stated in the movement's announcement, "Partisan politics has clearly failed: Libertarian presidential candidates consistently fail to break the one per cent barrier, while no Libertarian candidate has ever won election to a federal office."<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Porcfest" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcfest">Porcfest</a> 2021, an annual libertarian festival held in New Hampshire, Executive Director of the Free State Project (<a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Jeremy Kauffman</a>) and chair of the Libertarian Party (<a href="/wiki/Angela_McArdle" title="Angela McArdle">Angela McArdle</a>) debated which strategy is more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-reason.com_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason.com-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kauffman argued that, "There are more people in this room that are elected members to the NH House of Representatives and former members of the Libertarian Party than there are Libertarian Party members nationwide."<sup id="cite_ref-reason.com_223-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason.com-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Angela McArdle argued that while she wants to see the Free State Project succeed, she argues that the Free State Project could not have existed without the political infrastructure provided by the LP developed over the course of five decades.<sup id="cite_ref-reason.com_223-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason.com-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_and_territorial_parties">State and territorial parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: State and territorial parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_affiliates">Current affiliates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Current affiliates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Libertarian Party (United States)">List of state parties of the Libertarian Party (United States)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Alabama" title="Libertarian Party of Alabama">Libertarian Party of Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Alaska">Libertarian Party of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Arizona">Libertarian Party of Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Libertarian Party of Arkansas">Libertarian Party of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_California" title="Libertarian Party of California">Libertarian Party of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Colorado" title="Libertarian Party of Colorado">Libertarian Party of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Libertarian Party of Connecticut">Libertarian Party of Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Delaware" title="Libertarian Party of Delaware">Libertarian Party of Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Florida" title="Libertarian Party of Florida">Libertarian Party of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Georgia" title="Libertarian Party of Georgia">Libertarian Party of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Hawaii">Libertarian Party of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Idaho" title="Libertarian Party of Idaho">Libertarian Party of Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Illinois" title="Libertarian Party of Illinois">Libertarian Party of Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Indiana" title="Libertarian Party of Indiana">Libertarian Party of Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Iowa" title="Libertarian Party of Iowa">Libertarian Party of Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Kansas" title="Libertarian Party of Kansas">Libertarian Party of Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Libertarian Party of Kentucky">Libertarian Party of Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Libertarian Party of Louisiana">Libertarian Party of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Maine" title="Libertarian Party of Maine">Libertarian Party of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Maryland" title="Libertarian Party of Maryland">Libertarian Party of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Libertarians_of_Massachusetts" title="Unified Libertarians of Massachusetts">Unified Libertarians of Massachusetts</a><sup id="cite_ref-MA_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Michigan" title="Libertarian Party of Michigan">Libertarian Party of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Minnesota">Libertarian Party of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Mississippi" title="Libertarian Party of Mississippi">Libertarian Party of Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Missouri" title="Libertarian Party of Missouri">Libertarian Party of Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Libertarian_Party" title="Montana Libertarian Party">Montana Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Nebraska" title="Libertarian Party of Nebraska">Libertarian Party of Nebraska</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Nevada" title="Libertarian Party of Nevada">Libertarian Party of Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_Hampshire" title="Libertarian Party of New Hampshire">Libertarian Party of New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_New_Mexico_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Free New Mexico Party">Free New Mexico Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of New Jersey">Libertarian Party of New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_York" title="Libertarian Party of New York">Libertarian Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_North_Carolina" title="Libertarian Party of North Carolina">Libertarian Party of North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_North_Dakota" title="Libertarian Party of North Dakota">Libertarian Party of North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Ohio" title="Libertarian Party of Ohio">Libertarian Party of Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Oklahoma" title="Libertarian Party of Oklahoma">Libertarian Party of Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Oregon" title="Libertarian Party of Oregon">Libertarian Party of Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Pennsylvania" title="Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania">Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Rhode Island">Libertarian Party of Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_South_Carolina" title="Libertarian Party of South Carolina">Libertarian Party of South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_South_Dakota" title="Libertarian Party of South Dakota">Libertarian Party of South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Tennessee" title="Libertarian Party of Tennessee">Libertarian Party of Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Texas" title="Libertarian Party of Texas">Libertarian Party of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Utah" title="Libertarian Party of Utah">Libertarian Party of Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Vermont" title="Libertarian Party of Vermont">Libertarian Party of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Virginia" title="Libertarian Party of Virginia">Libertarian Party of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington" title="Libertarian Party of Washington">Libertarian Party of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of West Virginia">Libertarian Party of West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Libertarian Party of Wisconsin">Libertarian Party of Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Wyoming" title="Libertarian Party of Wyoming">Libertarian Party of Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Libertarian Party of the District of Columbia">Libertarian Party of the District of Columbia</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_affiliates">Former affiliates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Former affiliates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Association_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Association of Massachusetts">Libertarian Association of Massachusetts</a><sup id="cite_ref-MA_226-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Libertarian Party of New Mexico">Libertarian Party of New Mexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reason_9/15/22_225-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason_9/15/22-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_organizations" title="List of libertarian organizations">List of libertarian organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">List of libertarian political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libertarians in the United States">List of libertarians in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_U.S._states" title="Political party strength in U.S. states">Political party strength in U.S. states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">Third parties in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">Vote splitting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Sammis" title="Jarrod Sammis">Jarrod Sammis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">VT</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now Liberal Party USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Texas <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a> Bill Greene cast his vote for Ron Paul, a member of the Libertarian Party.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MA-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MA_226-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MA_226-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Unified Libertarians are a pro-Mises splinter of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Association_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Association of Massachusetts">Libertarian Association of Massachusetts</a>, which formed when the former affiliate, the Libertarian Association, separated from the national party to form the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal Party USA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason_9/15/22_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason_9/15/22-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballot-access.org/2023/12/29/december-2023-ballot-access-news-print-edition">"Voter Registration Totals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ballot_Access_News" title="Ballot Access News">Ballot Access News</a></i>. December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballot+Access+News&rft.atitle=Voter+Registration+Totals&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballot-access.org%2F2023%2F12%2F29%2Fdecember-2023-ballot-access-news-print-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJ_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2024" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Tim (May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/04/the-spectacular-implosion-of-the-libertarian-party/">"The spectacular implosion of the Libertarian Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=The+spectacular+implosion+of+the+Libertarian+Party&rft.date=2024-05&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F04%2Fthe-spectacular-implosion-of-the-libertarian-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeager, Leland B. (2001). Ethics As Social Science: The Moral Philosophy of Social Cooperation. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigsby2011" class="citation book cs1">Grigsby, Ellen (2011). "Neoclassical Liberals". In Ishiyama, John T.; Breuning, Marijke (eds.). <i>21st Century Political Science A Reference Handbook</i>. SAGE Publications. p. 603. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483305462" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483305462"><bdi>978-1483305462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoclassical+Liberals&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Political+Science+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=603&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1483305462&rft.aulast=Grigsby&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiscal_con-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fiscal_con_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fiscal_con_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="The_Libertarian_Party_supports_laissez-faire_policies,_small_government,_and_is_characterized_by_being_socially_liberal_on_some_things,_but_in_truth_they_are_conservative_socially_because_they_do_not_support_tax_payer_programs_to_help_one_another_through_government_run_programs_and_they_are_fiscally_conservative._Source:_Boundless._"Ideological_Third_Parties_and_Splinter_Parties"._Boundless_Political_Science._Boundless,_January_6,_2015._Retrieved_January_16,_2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116140223/https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/minor-political-parties-58/ideological-third-parties-and-splinter-parties-335-8403/">"Ideological Third Parties and Splinter Parties"</a>. June 3, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/minor-political-parties-58/ideological-third-parties-and-splinter-parties-335-8403/">the original</a> on January 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ideological+Third+Parties+and+Splinter+Parties&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boundless.com%2Fpolitical-science%2Ftextbooks%2Fboundless-political-science-textbook%2Finterest-groups-7%2Fminor-political-parties-58%2Fideological-third-parties-and-splinter-parties-335-8403%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2013" class="citation book cs1">Franks, Benjamin (2013). "Anarchism". In Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc; Freeden, Michael (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies</i> (1st ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958597-7"><bdi>978-0-19-958597-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2013938773">2013938773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=389&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2013938773&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958597-7&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elected_Officials-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elected_Officials_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.lp.org/elected-officials/">"Elected Officials"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platform+%26%23124%3B+Libertarian+Party&rft.pub=Libertarian+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lp.org%2Fplatform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eagles_Johnston-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eagles_Johnston_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eagles_Johnston_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eagles_Johnston_170-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eagles_Johnston_170-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaglesJohnston2008" class="citation book cs1">Eagles, Munroe; Johnston, Larry (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uw9BHYRdtsAC&pg=PA110"><i>Politics: An Introduction to Modern Democratic Government</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-858-1"><bdi>978-1-55111-858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%3A+An+Introduction+to+Modern+Democratic+Government&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-858-1&rft.aulast=Eagles&rft.aufirst=Munroe&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duw9BHYRdtsAC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libertarian_struggle-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_struggle_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_struggle_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_struggle_171-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Libertarian_struggle_171-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Karin (September 12–13, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uOwjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6583,6407110&dq=prostitution+libertarian-party&hl=en">"Libertarian struggle to be taken seriously in presidential race"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Libertarian+struggle+to+be+taken+seriously+in+presidential+race&rft.date=1996-09-12%2F1996-09-13&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DuOwjAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6583%2C6407110%26dq%3Dprostitution%2Blibertarian-party%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Co-founder-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Co-founder_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Co-founder_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Co-founder_172-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Co-founder_172-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Emma (November 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/23/AR2010112306604.html">"Co-founder of national Libertarian Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Co-founder+of+national+Libertarian+Party&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F11%2F23%2FAR2010112306604.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GALLOWAY_Libertarian-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GALLOWAY_Libertarian_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GALLOWAY_Libertarian_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GALLOWAY_Libertarian_173-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2004" class="citation news cs1">Galloway, Angela (October 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/For-Libertarians-winning-is-a-work-in-progress-1155744.php">"For Libertarians, winning is a work in progress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=For+Libertarians%2C+winning+is+a+work+in+progress&rft.date=2004-10-03&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fdefault%2Farticle%2FFor-Libertarians-winning-is-a-work-in-progress-1155744.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503140844/http://www.azlp.org/platform.php">"Home"</a>. Arizona Libertarian Party. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azlp.org/platform.php">the original</a> on May 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Arizona+Libertarian+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azlp.org%2Fplatform.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2006" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Duncan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIeIARfRc1AC&pg=RA2-PT124"><i>Understanding American Government and Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7327-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7327-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-7327-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+American+Government+and+Politics&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7327-4&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIeIARfRc1AC%26pg%3DRA2-PT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedom_of_Speech-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freedom_of_Speech_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freedom_of_Speech_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freedom_of_Speech_176-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110414/http://www.lp.org/issues/freedom-of-speech">"Freedom of Speech"</a>. Libertarian Party. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pro-Choice+Libertarians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpro-choicelibertarians.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpedia.org/wiki/Document:National_Platform_1972">"National Platform 1972"</a>. <i>lpedia.org</i>. 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223121653/http://www.lpedia.org/wiki/Document:National_Platform_1972">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Domestic Ills section part 3. Overpopulation: "... We further support the repeal of all laws restricting voluntary birth control or voluntary termination of pregnancies during their first hundred days. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lpedia.org&rft.atitle=National+Platform+1972&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flpedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDocument%3ANational_Platform_1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531025929/https://www.lp.org/platform/">"2020 Platform | Libertarian Party"</a>. <i>lp.org</i>. May 31, 2022. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Plank 1.5 Abortion: Recognizing that abortion is a sensitive issue and that people can hold good-faith views on all sides, we believe that government should be kept out of the matter, leaving the question to each person for their conscientious consideration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lp.org&rft.atitle=2020+Platform+%7C+Libertarian+Party&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lp.org%2Fplatform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lp.org/platform#1.8">"2016 platform"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403014848/http://ca.lp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Platform-of-the-Libertarian-Party-of-California-as-amended-in-Convention-March-3-2012.pdf">"Platform of the Libertarian Party of California as amended in Convention March 3, 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Libertarian Party<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ridiculous+pornography+trial+violates+Constitution&rft.pub=Libertarian+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lp.org%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fridiculous-pornography-trial-violates-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ex_call-girl-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ex_call-girl_190-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ex_call-girl_190-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ex_call-girl_190-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2JFdAAAAIBAJ&pg=6766,3289732&dq=prostitution+libertarian-party&hl=en">"Ex-call girl seeks 'legal prostitution' job"</a>. <i>The Telegraph-Herald</i>. July 20, 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph-Herald&rft.atitle=Ex-call+girl+seeks+%27legal+prostitution%27+job&rft.date=1986-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D2JFdAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6766%2C3289732%26dq%3Dprostitution%2Blibertarian-party%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minor_Party-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minor_Party_191-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minor_Party_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStall1986" class="citation news cs1">Stall, Bill (October 13, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107224927/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1084251322.html?dids=1084251322:1084251322&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+13%2C+1986&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Bully+for+Minor+Party+Candidates&pqatl=google">"Bully for Minor Party Candidates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. p. B5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1084251322.html?dids=1084251322:1084251322&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+13%2C+1986&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Bully+for+Minor+Party+Candidates&pqatl=google">the original</a> on November 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span>. <q>There is Norma Jean Almodovar, the former Los Angeles prostitute running on the Libertarian Party ticket.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Bully+for+Minor+Party+Candidates&rft.pages=B5&rft.date=1986-10-13&rft.aulast=Stall&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F1084251322.html%3Fdids%3D1084251322%3A1084251322%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DOct%2B13%252C%2B1986%26author%3D%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%26desc%3DBully%2Bfor%2BMinor%2BParty%2BCandidates%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salon-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/feature/2008/10/31/prop_k">"Prostitutes before pimps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></i>. <q>After the meeting, Liu got into a friendly debate with Starchild—this is the Bay Area, folks!—a well-known sex worker and outreach director for the local Libertarian Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Prostitutes+before+pimps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Flife%2Fbroadsheet%2Ffeature%2F2008%2F10%2F31%2Fprop_k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Candidate_fights-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Candidate_fights_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Candidate_fights_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1120">"Candidate fights solicitation charge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter" title="Bay Area Reporter">Bay Area Reporter</a></i>. <q>A member of the Libertarian Party and an activist for sex worker rights, Starchild has lashed out at the Fremont Police Department…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bay+Area+Reporter&rft.atitle=Candidate+fights+solicitation+charge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebar.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.php%3Fsec%3Dnews%26article%3D1120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jWE0AAAAIBAJ&pg=4871,3000823&dq=prostitution+libertarian-party&hl=en">"Group begins campaign to repeal prostitution laws"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a></i>. 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Retrieved on July 25, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertyforall.net/?p=6">Portland and the LP Platform: The Perfect Storm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312201243/http://www.libertyforall.net/?p=6">Archived</a> March 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", a review by George Squyres, Platform Committee chairman. Retrieved on November 2, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rockwell/lp-turkish-delight.html">The LP's Turkish Delight</a> by <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_H._Rockwell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Llewellyn H. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lp.org/platform/">the original</a> on October 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1996+National+Platform+of+the+Libertarian+Party&rft.pub=Libertarian+Party&rft.date=1996-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lp.org%2Fplatform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reason.com-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reason.com_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reason.com_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reason.com_223-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reason.com_223-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/podcast/2021/07/30/is-the-free-state-project-a-better-idea-than-the-libertarian-party/">"Is the Free State Project a Better Idea than the Libertarian Party?"</a>. July 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+the+Free+State+Project+a+Better+Idea+than+the+Libertarian+Party%3F&rft.date=2021-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fpodcast%2F2021%2F07%2F30%2Fis-the-free-state-project-a-better-idea-than-the-libertarian-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220013532/https://ncc-1776.org/tle2001/libe131-20010723-03.html">"Announcement:The Free State Project"</a>. July 23, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncc-1776.org/tle2001/libe131-20010723-03.html">the original</a> on February 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcement%3AThe+Free+State+Project&rft.date=2001-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncc-1776.org%2Ftle2001%2Flibe131-20010723-03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reason_9/15/22-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reason_9/15/22_225-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reason_9/15/22_225-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2022" class="citation news cs1">Doherty, Brian (September 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2022/09/15/libertarian-party-faces-state-rebellions/">"Libertarian Party Faces State Rebellions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Party+Faces+State+Rebellions&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2022%2F09%2F15%2Flibertarian-party-faces-state-rebellions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/05/28/what-are-americas-libertarians-for">"What are America's Libertarians for?: They are grappling with whether to go for national influence or local wins"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. May 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=What+are+America%27s+Libertarians+for%3F%3A+They+are+grappling+with+whether+to+go+for+national+influence+or+local+wins&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F2024%2F05%2F28%2Fwhat-are-americas-libertarians-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2012" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, David A. (2012). <i>Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America</i>. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-10654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-10654-0"><bdi>978-0-578-10654-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Left%2C+Right%2C+Out%3A+The+History+of+Third+Parties+in+America&rft.pub=Arts+and+Letters+Imperium+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-578-10654-0&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoazKirby2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz">Boaz, David</a>; Kirby, David (October 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa580.pdf">"The Libertarian Vote"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Analysis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Analysis&rft.atitle=The+Libertarian+Vote&rft.date=2006-10-18&rft.aulast=Boaz&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kirby%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fpas%2Fpa580.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyBoaz2010" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, David; Boaz, David (January 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa658.pdf">"The Libertarian Vote in the Age of Obama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cato Institute</i>. Policy Analysis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Libertarian+Vote+in+the+Age+of+Obama&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Boaz%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fpas%2Fpa658.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarian+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Libertarian Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Libertarian Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarian_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#fff;">Libertarian Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairpersons<br />of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Committee" title="Libertarian National Committee">LNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">D. Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Nolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Nolan">S. Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Crane_(political_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Crane (political activist)">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">Bergland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Clark_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicia Clark (politician)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grant_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Grant (politician)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_VerHagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Randy VerHagen">VerHagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Turney_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Turney (politician)">Turney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Walter_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Walter (politician)">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Gingell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Gingell">Gingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Dasbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Dasbach">Dasbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">Bergland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lark" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Lark">Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Neale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoff Neale">Neale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dixon_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dixon (politician)">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Redpath" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Redpath">Redpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Neale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoff Neale">Neale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bishop-Henchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Bishop-Henchman">Bishop-Henchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Bilyeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Bilyeu">Bilyeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_McArdle" title="Angela McArdle">McArdle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Libertarian_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">MacBride</a>/<a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">Bergland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Clark</a>/<a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">Bergland</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Marrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Marrou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lord" title="Nancy Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Browne</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Browne</a>/<a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik" title="Michael Badnarik">Badnarik</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Campagna" title="Richard Campagna">Campagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Barr</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spike_Cohen" title="Spike Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a> <a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_ter_Maat" title="Mike ter Maat">ter Maat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Libertarian Party (United States)">Parties by state<br />and territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Alabama" title="Libertarian Party of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Libertarian_Party" title="Arizona Libertarian Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Libertarian Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_California" title="Libertarian Party of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Colorado" title="Libertarian Party of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Libertarian Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Delaware" title="Libertarian Party of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Florida" title="Libertarian Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Georgia" title="Libertarian Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Idaho" title="Libertarian Party of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Illinois" title="Libertarian Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Indiana" title="Libertarian Party of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Iowa" title="Libertarian Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Kansas" title="Libertarian Party of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Libertarian Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Libertarian Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Maine" title="Libertarian Party of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Maryland" title="Libertarian Party of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Libertarians_of_Massachusetts" title="Unified Libertarians of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Michigan" title="Libertarian Party of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Mississippi" title="Libertarian Party of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Missouri" title="Libertarian Party of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Libertarian_Party" title="Montana Libertarian Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Nebraska" title="Libertarian Party of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Nevada" title="Libertarian Party of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_Hampshire" title="Libertarian Party of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Libertarian_Party" title="New Jersey Libertarian Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_New_Mexico_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Free New Mexico Party">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_York" title="Libertarian Party of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_North_Carolina" title="Libertarian Party of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_North_Dakota" title="Libertarian Party of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Ohio" title="Libertarian Party of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Oklahoma" title="Libertarian Party of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Oregon" title="Libertarian Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Pennsylvania" title="Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_South_Carolina" title="Libertarian Party of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_South_Dakota" title="Libertarian Party of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Tennessee" title="Libertarian Party of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Texas" title="Libertarian Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Utah" title="Libertarian Party of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Vermont" title="Libertarian Party of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Virginia" title="Libertarian Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington" title="Libertarian Party of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Libertarian Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Wyoming" title="Libertarian Party of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Libertarian Party of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention" title="Libertarian National Convention">Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#1972" title="Libertarian National Convention">1972 (Denver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Libertarian National Convention">1973 (Strongsville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#1974" title="Libertarian National Convention">1974 (Irving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Libertarian National Convention">1975 (New York City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#1976" title="Libertarian National Convention">1976 (Washington, D.C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1977 Libertarian National Convention">1977 (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#1978" title="Libertarian National Convention">1978 (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Libertarian National Convention">1979 (Los Angeles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#Alternative_'80" title="Libertarian National Convention">1980 (Los Angeles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Libertarian National Convention">1981 (Denver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1983 Libertarian National Convention">1983 (New York City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Libertarian National Convention">1985 (Phoenix)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1987 Libertarian National Convention">1987 (Seattle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Libertarian National Convention">1989 (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1991 Libertarian National Convention">1991 (Chicago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Libertarian National Convention">1993 (Salt Lake City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1996 Libertarian National Convention">1996 (Washington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Libertarian National Convention">1998 (Washington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2000 Libertarian National Convention">2000 (Anaheim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#2002" title="Libertarian National Convention">2002 (Indianapolis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2004 Libertarian National Convention">2004 (Atlanta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#2006" title="Libertarian National Convention">2006 (Portland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2010 Libertarian National Convention">2010 (St. Louis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">2012 (Las Vegas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2014 Libertarian National Convention">2014 (Columbus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">2016 (Orlando)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2018 Libertarian National Convention">2018 (New Orleans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2020 Libertarian National Convention">2020 (Orlando)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2021_Libertarian_National_Committee_chair_special_election" title="2021 Libertarian National Committee chair special election">2021 chair election</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Libertarian National Convention">2022 (Reno)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2024 Libertarian National Convention">2024 (Washington)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Committee" title="Libertarian National Committee">Libertarian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Caucus" title="Mises Caucus">Mises Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPRadicals" title="LPRadicals">Radical Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarians_for_Life" title="Libertarians for Life">Libertarians for Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Form_a_Libertarian_Party" title="Committee to Form a Libertarian Party">Committee to Form a Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)">Party factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Accord">Dallas Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Electoral history of the Libertarian Party (United States)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Libertarian Party (United States)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian pledge">Libertarian pledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558334#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558334#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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