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<span>Toggle Volume I: The Will to Knowledge subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Volume_I:_The_Will_to_Knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Part_I:_We_"Other_Victorians"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_I:_We_"Other_Victorians""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Part I: We "Other Victorians"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_I:_We_"Other_Victorians"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_II:_The_Repressive_Hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_II:_The_Repressive_Hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Part II: The Repressive Hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_II:_The_Repressive_Hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_III:_Scientia_Sexualis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_III:_Scientia_Sexualis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Part III: <i>Scientia Sexualis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_III:_Scientia_Sexualis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_IV:_The_Deployment_of_Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_IV:_The_Deployment_of_Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Part IV: The Deployment of Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_IV:_The_Deployment_of_Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_V:_Right_of_Death_and_Power_over_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_V:_Right_of_Death_and_Power_over_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Part V: Right of Death and Power over Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_V:_Right_of_Death_and_Power_over_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_II:_The_Use_of_Pleasure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_II:_The_Use_of_Pleasure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Volume II: The Use of Pleasure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_II:_The_Use_of_Pleasure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_III:_The_Care_of_the_Self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_III:_The_Care_of_the_Self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Volume III: The Care of the Self</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_III:_The_Care_of_the_Self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_IV:_Confessions_of_the_Flesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_IV:_Confessions_of_the_Flesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Volume IV: Confessions of the Flesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_IV:_Confessions_of_the_Flesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publication history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_and_academic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_and_academic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Scientific and academic journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_and_academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluations_in_books,_1976–1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluations_in_books,_1976–1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Evaluations in books, 1976–1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluations_in_books,_1976–1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluations_in_books,_1990–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluations_in_books,_1990–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Evaluations in books, 1990–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluations_in_books,_1990–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng_%C3%AA_Le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%BA" title="Sèng ê Le̍k-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng ê Le̍k-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_sexualit%C3%A9" title="Histoire de la sexualité – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Histoire de la sexualité" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexualit%C3%A4t_und_Wahrheit" title="Sexualität und Wahrheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sexualität und Wahrheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_sexualidad" title="Historia de la sexualidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de la sexualidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_sexualit%C3%A9" title="Histoire de la sexualité – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Histoire de la sexualité" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87" title="تاریخ سکسوالیته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ سکسوالیته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_sexualit%C3%A9" title="Histoire de la sexualité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la sexualité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="성의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_sexualit%C3%A9" title="Histoire de la sexualité – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Histoire de la sexualité" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_sessualit%C3%A0" title="Storia della sessualità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della sessualità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תולדות המיניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תולדות המיניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27histoire_de_la_sexualit%C3%A9" title="L'histoire de la sexualité – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="L'histoire de la sexualité" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="性の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="性の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_seksualno%C5%9Bci" title="Historia seksualności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia seksualności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Sexualidade" title="História da Sexualidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Sexualidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Историја сексуалности – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја сексуалности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksuaalisuuden_historia" title="Seksuaalisuuden historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seksuaalisuuden historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexualitetens_historia" title="Sexualitetens historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sexualitetens historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Історія сексуальності – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія сексуальності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%B2_(%E7%A6%8F%E6%9F%AF%E8%91%97)" title="性史 (福柯著) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="性史 (福柯著)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Four-volume book by Michel Foucault</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the history article, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History of human sexuality</a>. For the documentary TV series, see <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sex" title="The History of Sex">The History of Sex</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The History of Sexuality <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality&rft.author=%5B%5BMichel+Foucault%5D%5D&rft.date=1976+%28vol.+1%29%3Cbr%3E1984+%28vol.+2%29%3Cbr%3E1984+%28vol.+3%29%3Cbr%3E2018+%28vol.+4%29&rft.pub=%5B%5B%C3%89ditions+Gallimard%5D%5D&rft.place=France&rft.pages=168+%28English+ed.%2C+vol.+1%29%3Cbr%3E293+%28English+ed.%2C+vol.+2%29%3Cbr%3E+279+%28English+ed.%2C+vol.+3%29%3Cbr%3E416+%28English+ed.%2C+vol.+4%29"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Sexuality,_French_edition,_volume_one.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/History_of_Sexuality%2C_French_edition%2C_volume_one.jpg/220px-History_of_Sexuality%2C_French_edition%2C_volume_one.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/History_of_Sexuality%2C_French_edition%2C_volume_one.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="378" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition of volume 1</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Histoire de la sexualité</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hurley_(translator)" title="Robert Hurley (translator)">Robert Hurley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History of human sexuality</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Éditions Gallimard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1976 (vol. 1)<br />1984 (vol. 2)<br />1984 (vol. 3)<br />2018 (vol. 4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1978 (vol. 1)<br />1985 (vol. 2)<br />1986 (vol. 3)<br />2021 (vol. 4)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a>), Audio (Vol 1-3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">168 (English ed., vol. 1)<br />293 (English ed., vol. 2)<br /> 279 (English ed., vol. 3)<br />416 (English ed., vol. 4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-012474-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-012474-8">0-14-012474-8</a> (vol. 1)<br />0-14-013734-5 (vol. 2)<br />0-14-013735-1 (vol. 3)<br />978-1-52-474803-6 (vol. 4)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The History of Sexuality</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">L'Histoire de la sexualité</i>) is a four-volume study of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> by the French historian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, in which the author examines the emergence of "sexuality" as a discursive object and separate sphere of life and argues that the notion that every individual has a sexuality is a relatively recent development in Western societies. The first volume, <i>The Will to Knowledge</i> (<i>La volonté de savoir</i>), was first published in 1976; an English translation appeared in 1978. <i>The Use of Pleasure</i> (<i>L'usage des plaisirs</i>) and <i>The Care of the Self</i> (<i>Le souci de soi</i>) were published in 1984. The fourth volume, <i>Confessions of the Flesh</i> (<i>Les aveux de la chair</i>), was published posthumously in 2018. </p><p>In Volume 1, Foucault criticizes the "repressive hypothesis": the idea that western society suppressed sexuality from the 17th to the mid-20th century due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois society</a>. Foucault argues that discourse on sexuality in fact proliferated during this period, during which experts began to examine sexuality in a scientific manner, encouraging people to confess their sexual feelings and actions. According to Foucault, in the 18th and 19th centuries society took an increasing interest in sexualities that did not fit within the marital bond: the "world of perversion" that includes the sexuality of children, the mentally ill, the criminal and the homosexual, while by the 19th century, sexuality was being readily explored both through confession and scientific enquiry. In Volume 2 and Volume 3, Foucault addresses the role of sex in Greek and Roman antiquity. </p><p>The book received a mixed reception, with some reviewers praising it and others criticizing Foucault's scholarship. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volume_I:_The_Will_to_Knowledge">Volume I: The Will to Knowledge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Volume I: The Will to Knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_I:_We_"Other_Victorians""><span id="Part_I:_We_.22Other_Victorians.22"></span>Part I: We "Other Victorians"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Part I: We "Other Victorians""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Part One, Foucault discusses the "repressive hypothesis", the widespread belief among late 20th-century westerners that sexuality, and the open discussion of sex, was socially repressed during the late 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, a by-product of the rise of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> society, before the partial liberation of sexuality in modern times. Arguing that sexuality was never truly repressed, Foucault asks why modern westerners believe the hypothesis, noting that in portraying past sexuality as repressed, it provides a basis for the idea that in rejecting past moral systems, future sexuality can be free and uninhibited, a "garden of earthly delights".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title of the section is inspired by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Marcus" title="Steven Marcus">Steven Marcus</a>'s book <i>The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_II:_The_Repressive_Hypothesis">Part II: The Repressive Hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Part II: The Repressive Hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>We must ... abandon the hypothesis that modern industrial societies ushered in an age of increased <a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">sexual repression</a>. We have not only witnessed a visible explosion of unorthodox sexualities; but – and this is the important point – a deployment quite different from the law, even if it is locally dependent on procedures of prohibition, has ensured, through a network of interconnecting mechanisms, the proliferation of specific pleasures and the multiplication of disparate sexualities.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Foucault, 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Part Two, Foucault notes that from the 17th century to the 1970s, there had actually been a "veritable discursive explosion" in the discussion of sex, albeit using an "authorized vocabulary" that codified where one could talk about it, when one could talk about it, and with whom. He argues that this desire to talk so enthusiastically about sex in the western world stems from the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> called for its followers to <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confess</a> their sinful desires as well as their actions. As evidence for the obsession of talking about sex, he highlights the publication of the book <i><a href="/wiki/My_Secret_Life_(memoir)" title="My Secret Life (memoir)">My Secret Life</a></i>, anonymously written in the late 19th century and detailing the sex life of a Victorian gentleman. Indeed, Foucault states that at the start of the 18th century, there was an emergence of "a political, economic, and technical incitement to talk about sex", with self-appointed experts speaking both moralistically and rationally on sex, the latter sort trying to categorize it. He notes that in that century, governments became increasingly aware that they were not merely having to manage "subjects" or "a people" but a "<a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>", and that because of this they had to concern themselves with such topics as birth and death rates, marriage, and contraception, thereby increasing their interest and changing their discourse on sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foucault argues that prior to the 18th century, discourse on sexuality focuses on the productive role of the <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married</a> couple, which is monitored by both <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canonical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law</a>. In the 18th and 19th centuries, he argues, society ceases discussing the sex lives of married couples, instead taking an increasing interest in sexualities that did not fit within this union; the "world of perversion" that includes the sexuality of children, the mentally ill, the criminal and the homosexual. He notes that this had three major effects on society. Firstly, there was increasing categorization of these "perverts"; where previously a man who engaged in same-sex activities would be labeled as an individual who succumbed to the sin of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, now they would be categorised into a new "species," that of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a>. Secondly, Foucault argues that the labeling of perverts conveyed a sense of "pleasure and power" on to both those studying sexuality and the perverts themselves. Thirdly, he argues that bourgeois society exhibited "blatant and fragmented perversion," readily engaging in perversity but regulating where it could take place.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_III:_Scientia_Sexualis">Part III: <i>Scientia Sexualis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Part III: Scientia Sexualis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In part three, Foucault explores the development of the scientific study of sex, the attempt to unearth the "truth" of sex, a phenomenon which Foucault argues is peculiar to the West. In contrast to the West's sexual science, Foucault introduces the <i>ars erotica</i>, which he states has only existed in Ancient and Eastern societies. Furthermore, he argues that this <i>scientia sexualis</i> has repeatedly been used for political purposes, being utilized in the name of "public hygiene" to support state racism. Returning to the influence of Catholic confession, he looks at the relationship between the one confessing and the authoritarian figure that he confesses to, arguing that as Roman Catholicism was eclipsed in much of Western and Northern Europe following the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the concept of confession survived and became more widespread, entering into the relationship between parent and child, patient and psychiatrist and student and educator. By the 19th century, he maintains, the "truth" of sexuality was being readily explored both through confession and scientific enquiry. Foucault proceeds to examine how the confession of sexuality then comes to be "constituted in scientific terms," arguing that scientists begin to trace the cause of all aspects of human psychology and society to sexual factors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_IV:_The_Deployment_of_Sexuality">Part IV: The Deployment of Sexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Part IV: The Deployment of Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In part four, Foucault explores the question as to <i>why</i> western society wishes to seek for the "truth" of sex. Foucault argues for the need to develop an "analytics" of power through which to understand sex. Highlighting that power controls sex by laying down rules for others to follow, he discusses how power demands obedience through domination, submission, and subjugation, and also how power masks its true intentions by disguising itself as beneficial. As an example, he highlights the manner in which the feudal <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a> of historical Europe, themselves a form of <i>power</i>, disguised their intentions by claiming that they were necessary to maintain law, order, and peace. As a leftover concept from the days of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, Foucault argues that westerners still view power as emanating from law, but he rejects this, stressing the need to "construct an analytics of power that no longer takes law as a model and a code," and announcing that a different form of power governs sexuality. "We must," Foucault states, "at the same time conceive of sex without the law, and power without the king."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foucault explains that he does not mean <i>power</i> as the domination or subjugation exerted on society by the government or the state. Rather, power should be understood "as the multiplicity of force relations immanent in the sphere in which they operate." In this way, he argues, "Power is everywhere ... because it comes from everywhere," emanating from all social relationships and being imposed throughout society bottom-up rather than top-down. Foucault criticizes <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a>, writing that while an important "historico-political" critique of sexual repression formed around Reich, "the very possibility of its success was tied to the fact that it always unfolded within the deployment of sexuality, and not outside or against it." According to Foucault, that sexual behavior in western societies was able to change in many ways "without any of the promises or political conditions predicted by Reich being realized" demonstrates that the "antirepressive" struggle is "a tactical shift and reversal in the great deployment of sexuality."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_V:_Right_of_Death_and_Power_over_Life">Part V: Right of Death and Power over Life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Part V: Right of Death and Power over Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In part five, Foucault asserts that the motivations for power over life and death have changed. As in feudal times the "right to life" was more or less a "right to death" because sovereign powers were able to decide when a person died. This has changed to a "right to live," as sovereign states are more concerned about the power of how people live. Power becomes about how to foster life. For example, a state decides to execute someone as a safe guard to society not as justified, as it once was, as vengeful justice. This new emphasis on power over life is called Biopower and comes in two forms. First, Foucault says it is "centered on the body as a machine: its disciplining, the optimization of its capabilities, the extortion of its forces, the parallel increase of its usefulness and its docility, its integration into systems of efficient and economic controls."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second form, Foucault argues, emerged later and focuses on the "species body, the body imbued with the mechanics of life and serving as the basis of the biological processes: propagation, births and mortality, the level of health, life expectancy and longevity, with all the conditions that cause these to vary."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biopower, it is argued, is the source of the rise of capitalism, as states became interested in regulating and normalizing power over life and not as concerned about punishing and condemning actions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volume_II:_The_Use_of_Pleasure">Volume II: The Use of Pleasure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Volume II: The Use of Pleasure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this volume, Foucault discusses "the manner in which sexual activity was problematized by philosophers and doctors in classical Greek culture of the fourth century B. C.".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploring works of Greek philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and many more, Foucault explains the aim of this volume to unravel the process of the structuralization of sexuality as an ethical practice in Greek culture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To do so, the book inspects four Greek practices: <a href="/wiki/Dietetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietetics">dietetics</a> to understand the relation of the self with the body, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> as the management of marriage and households, <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">erotics</a> to explore the codes of conduct between men and boys, and finally, the understanding of true love in philosophy. For Foucault, this exploration of Greek practices illustrates an "history of the desiring subject", which is crucial for understanding the modern construction of sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volume_III:_The_Care_of_the_Self">Volume III: The Care of the Self</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Volume III: The Care of the Self"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this volume, Foucault discusses texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Oneirocritica" title="Oneirocritica">Oneirocritica</a>, (<i>The Interpretation of Dreams</i>), of <a href="/wiki/Artemidorus" title="Artemidorus">Artemidorus</a>. Other authors whose work is discussed include <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucian#Pseudo-Lucian" title="Lucian">Pseudo-Lucian</a>. Foucault describes the Oneirocritica as a "point of reference" for his work, one that exemplifies a common way of thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volume_IV:_Confessions_of_the_Flesh">Volume IV: Confessions of the Flesh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Volume IV: Confessions of the Flesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this draft version of the fourth volume, published and translated after his death, Foucault traces the adoption and adaptation by early Christian societies of earlier pre-Christian ideas of pleasure. He discusses <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine of Hippo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three volumes of <i>The History of Sexuality</i> were published before Foucault's death in 1984. The first volume, <i>The Will to Knowledge</i> (previously known as <i>An Introduction</i> in English—<i>Histoire de la sexualité, 1: la volonté de savoir</i> in French) was published in France in 1976, and translated in 1977, focusing primarily on the last two centuries, and the functioning of sexuality as an analytics of power related to the emergence of a science of sexuality, and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Biopower" title="Biopower">biopower</a> in the West. The work was a further development of the account of the "interaction of knowledge" and power Foucault provided in <i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i> (1975).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Davidson" title="Arnold Davidson">Arnold Davidson</a>, the back cover of the first volume announced that there would be five forthcoming volumes: Volume 2, <i>The Flesh and the Body</i>, would "concern the prehistory of our modern experience of sexuality, concentrating on the problematization of sex in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>"; Volume 3, <i>The Children's Crusade</i>, would discuss "the sexuality of children, especially the problem of childhood <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>"; Volume 4, <i>Woman, Mother, Hysteric</i>, would discuss "the specific ways in which sexuality had been invested in the female body"; Volume 5, <i>Perverts</i>, was "planned to investigate exactly what the title named"; and Volume 6, <i>Population and Races</i>, was to examine "the way in which treatises, both theoretical and practical, on the topics of population and race were linked to the history" of "<a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a>." Foucault subsequently abandoned this plan, with only the second volume of this original plan emerging as posthumous volume four.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second two volumes, <i>The Use of Pleasure</i> (<i>Histoire de la sexualité, II: l'usage des plaisirs</i>) and <i>The Care of the Self</i> (<i>Histoire de la sexualité, III: le souci de soi</i>) dealt with the role of sex in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> antiquity. The latter volume deals considerably with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Technological" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological">technological</a> development of the <a href="/wiki/Hypomnema" title="Hypomnema">hypomnema</a> which was used to establish a permanent relationship to oneself. Both were published in 1984, the year of Foucault's death, the second volume being translated in 1985, and the third in 1986. </p><p>The fourth volume, <i>Confessions of the Flesh</i> was published posthumously in 2018. Emerging from the planned second volume of his original scheme for the Histoire, the theme of the book were developed in his lecture series from 1979 to 1980 where Foucault extended his analysis of government and biopolitics to its "wider sense of techniques and procedures designed to direct the behaviour of men", which involved a new consideration of the "examination of <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a>" and confession in early <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a>. These themes of early Christian literature seemed to dominate Foucault's work, alongside his study of Greek and Roman literature, until the end of his life. The planned fourth volume of <i>The History of Sexuality</i> was accordingly entitled <i>Confessions of the Flesh</i> (<i>Les aveux de la chair</i>), addressing <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. </p><p>Foucault's death in 1984 left the work incomplete, and the publication was delayed due to the restrictions of Foucault's estate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volume was almost finished at the time of his death, and a copy was held in the Foucault archive. The work first became available to researchers when both handwritten and typed manuscripts of <i>Confessions of the Flesh</i> were sold by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defert" title="Daniel Defert">Daniel Defert</a>, Foucault's partner, to the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of France">National Library of France</a> in 2013 as part of the Foucault archive. Foucault's family decided that as the material was already partially accessible, it should be published for everyone to read.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was edited and finally published in February 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite Foucault explicitly disallowing posthumous publication of his works,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was published in English for the first time by Penguin in Feb 2021, translated by Robert Hurley who had translated Penguin's earlier volumes in the series, and was released straight into their <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> imprint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reception of <i>The History of Sexuality</i> among scholars and academics has been mixed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_and_academic_journals">Scientific and academic journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientific and academic journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a> wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Sexual_Behavior" title="Archives of Sexual Behavior">Archives of Sexual Behavior</a></i> that a passage of <i>The History of Sexuality</i> in which Foucault discussed how European medical discourse of the late 19th century had classified homosexuals had "clouded the minds" of many social historical theorists and researchers, who had produced a "voluminous discourse" that ignored how homosexuals had been classified before the late 19th century or non-European cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alan_Soble" title="Alan Soble">Alan Soble</a> wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Sex_Research" title="Journal of Sex Research">Journal of Sex Research</a></i> that <i>The History of Sexuality</i> "caused a thunderstorm among philosophers, historians, and other theorists of sex". He credited Foucault with inspiring "genealogical" studies "informed by the heuristic idea that not only are patterns of sexual desire and behavior socially engineered ... but also that the concepts of our sexual discourse are equally socially constructed" and with influencing "gender studies, feminism, Queer Theory, and the debate about the resemblance and continuity, or lack of it, between ancient and contemporary homoeroticism". He credited <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> with anticipating Foucault's view that patterns of sexual desire and behavior are socially determined.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluations_in_books,_1976–1989"><span id="Evaluations_in_books.2C_1976.E2.80.931989"></span>Evaluations in books, 1976–1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evaluations in books, 1976–1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian Jane Caplan called <i>The History of Sexuality</i> "certainly the most ambitious and interesting recent attempt to analyse the relations between the production of concepts and the history of society in the field of sexuality", but criticized Foucault for using an "undifferentiated concept" of speech and an imprecise notion of "power".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gay rights activist <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Altman" title="Dennis Altman">Dennis Altman</a> described Foucault's work as representative of the position that homosexuals emerged as a social category in 18th and 19th century western Europe in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Homosexualization_of_America" title="The Homosexualization of America">The Homosexualization of America</a></i> (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feminist <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> wrote that Foucault rightly argues that, "what we have all along taken as the breaking-through of a silence and the long delayed giving of due attention to human sexuality was in fact the promotion of human sexuality, indeed, the creation of an internal focus for the individual's preoccupations."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a> wrote that Foucault is right to raise questions about the "repressive hypothesis", but that "his procedure is anecdotal and almost wholly unencumbered by facts; using his accustomed technique (reminiscent of the principle underlying <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s humor) of turning accepted ideas upside down, he turns out to be right in part for his private reasons."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior" title="José Guilherme Merquior">José Guilherme Merquior</a> suggested in <i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_(Merquior_book)" title="Foucault (Merquior book)">Foucault</a></i> (1985) that Foucault's views about sexual repression are preferable to those of Reich, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, and their followers in that they have provided more accurate descriptions and that Foucault is supported by "the latest historiographic research on bourgeois sex". Merquior considered the second two volumes of <i>The History of Sexuality</i> to be of higher scholarly quality than the first, and found Foucault to be "original and insightful" in his discussion of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and other Stoics in <i>The Care of the Self</i>. However, he found the details of Foucault's views open to question, and suggested that Foucault's discussion of Greek pederasty is less illuminating than that of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dover" title="Kenneth Dover">Kenneth Dover</a>, despite Foucault's references to Dover's <i><a href="/wiki/Greek_Homosexuality_(book)" title="Greek Homosexuality (book)">Greek Homosexuality</a></i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a> rejected Foucault's claim that sexual morality is culturally relative in <i>Sexual Desire</i> (1986). He also criticized Foucault for assuming that there could be societies in which a "problematisation" of the sexual did not occur. Scruton concluded that, "No history of thought could show the 'problematisation' of sexual experience to be peculiar to certain specific social formations: it is characteristic of personal experience generally, and therefore of every genuine social order."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenneth_Dews" title="Peter Kenneth Dews">Peter Dews</a> argued in <i>Logics of Disintegration</i> that Foucault's rejection of the repressive hypothesis is more apparent than real, and that the hypothesis is not "abolished, but simply displaced" in <i>The History of Sexuality</i>, as shown for example by Foucault's persistent references to "the body and its pleasures" and to <i>ars erotica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classicist Page duBois called <i>The Use of Pleasure</i> "one of the most exciting new books" in classical studies and "an important contribution to the history of sexuality", but added that Foucault "takes for granted, and thus 'authorizes,' exactly what needs to be explained: the philosophical establishment of the autonomous male subject".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Patricia O'Brien wrote that Foucault was "without expertise" in dealing with antiquity, and that <i>The History of Sexuality</i> lacks the "methodological rigor" of Foucault's earlier works, especially <i>Discipline and Punish</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluations_in_books,_1990–present"><span id="Evaluations_in_books.2C_1990.E2.80.93present"></span>Evaluations in books, 1990–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Evaluations in books, 1990–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> argued in <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> (1990) that the theory of power Foucault expounds in the first volume of <i>The History of Sexuality</i> is to some extent contradicted by Foucault's subsequent discussion of the journals of <a href="/wiki/Herculine_Barbin" title="Herculine Barbin">Herculine Barbin</a>, a 19th-century French intersex person: whereas in the former work Foucault asserts that sexuality is coextensive with power, in <i><a href="/wiki/Herculine_Barbin_(memoir)" title="Herculine Barbin (memoir)">Herculine Barbin</a></i> he "fails to recognize the concrete relations of power that both construct and condemn Herculine's sexuality", instead romanticizing Barbin's world of pleasure as the "happy limbo of a non-identity", and expressing views akin to those of Marcuse. Butler further argued that this conflict is evident within <i>The History of Sexuality</i>, noting that Foucault refers there to "bucolic" and "innocent" sexual pleasures that exist prior to the imposition of "regulative strategies".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classicist <a href="/wiki/David_M._Halperin" title="David M. Halperin">David M. Halperin</a> claimed in <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Homosexuality" title="One Hundred Years of Homosexuality">One Hundred Years of Homosexuality</a></i> (1990) that the appearance of the English translation of the first volume of Foucault's work in 1978, together with the publication of Dover's <i><a href="/wiki/Greek_Homosexuality_(book)" title="Greek Homosexuality (book)">Greek Homosexuality</a></i> the same year, marked the beginning of a "new era in the study of the history of sexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that <i>The History of Sexuality</i> may be "the most important contribution to the history of Western morality" since <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a></i> (1887).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a> rejected Halperin's views, calling <i>The History of Sexuality</i> a "disaster". Paglia wrote that much of <i>The History of Sexuality</i> is "fantasy, unsupported by the ancient or modern historical record", and that it "is acknowledged even by Foucault's admirers to be his weakest work".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> described <i>The History of Sexuality</i> as, "a remarkable fusion of philosophy and intellectual history" in <i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Reason" title="Sex and Reason">Sex and Reason</a></i> (1992), adding that the book is lucidly written.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diana Hamer wrote in the anthology <i>The Sexual Imagination From Acker to Zola</i> (1993) that <i>The History of Sexuality</i> is Foucault's best-known work on sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Michael Mason wrote that in <i>The History of Sexuality</i>, Foucault presents what amounts to an argument "against the possibility of making historical connections between beliefs about sex and sexual practices", but that the argument is only acceptable if one accepts the need to shift attention from "sexuality" to "sex" in thinking about the sexual culture of the last three centuries, and that Foucault does not make a case for such a need.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Welsh" title="Alexander Welsh">Alexander Welsh</a> criticized Foucault for failing to place <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> in the context of 19th century thought and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classicist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> called Foucault's work the leading example of the position that sexuality takes different forms in different civilizations and is therefore a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_construct" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural construct">cultural construct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Roy Porter</a> called <i>The History of Sexuality</i>, "a brilliant enterprise, astonishingly bold, shocking even, in its subversion of conventional explanatory frameworks, chronologies, and evaluations, and in its proposed alternatives." Porter credited Foucault with discrediting the view, proposed for example by Marcuse in <i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></i> (1955), that "industrialization demanded erotic austerity."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> wrote that the claim that homosexuality is a cultural construction is associated more with Foucault's <i>The History of Sexuality</i> than with any other work.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classicist <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Thornton_(classicist)" title="Bruce Thornton (classicist)">Bruce Thornton</a> wrote that <i>The Use of Pleasure</i> was, "usually quite readable, surveying the ancient evidence to make some good observations about the various techniques developed to control passion", but faulted Foucault for limiting his scope to "fourth-century medical and philosophical works".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher Arnold Davidson wrote that while "Foucault's interpretation of the culture of the self in late antiquity is sometimes too narrow and therefore misleading", this is a defect of "interpretation" rather than of "conceptualization." Davidson argued that "Foucault's conceptualization of ethics as the self's relationship to itself provides us with a framework of enormous depth and subtlety" and "allows us to grasp aspects of ancient thought that would otherwise remain occluded."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychoanalyst Joel Whitebook argued that while Foucault proposes that "bodies and pleasures" should be the rallying point against "the deployment of sexuality", "bodies and pleasures", like other Foucauldian terms, is a notion with "little content." Whitebook, who endorsed Dews's assessment of Foucault's work, found Foucault's views to be comparable to those of Marcuse and suggested that Foucault was indebted to Marcuse.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Scruton dismissed <i>The History of Sexuality</i> as "mendacious", and called his book <i>Sexual Desire</i> (1986) an answer to Foucault's work.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romana Byrne criticized Foucault's argument that the <i>scientia sexualis</i> belongs to modern Western culture while the <i>ars erotica</i> belongs only to Eastern and Ancient societies, arguing that a form of <i>ars erotica</i> has been evident in Western society since at least the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scruton wrote in 2015 that, contrary to Foucault's claims, the ancient texts Foucault examines in <i>The Use of Pleasure</i> are not primarily about sexual pleasure. Nevertheless, he found the second two volumes of <i>The History of Sexuality</i> more scholarly than Foucault's previous work. Scruton concluded, of the work in general, that it creates an impression of a "normalized" Foucault: "His command of the French language, his fascination with ancient texts and the by-ways of history, his flamboyant imagination and beautiful style – all have been put, at last, to a proper use, in order to describe the human condition respectfully, and to cease to look for the secret 'structures' beneath its smile."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foucauldian_discourse_analysis" title="Foucauldian discourse analysis">Foucauldian discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsexualism_(Michel_Foucault)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postsexualism (Michel Foucault)">Postsexualism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/601928/confessions-of-the-flesh-by-michel-foucault/">"Confessions of the Flesh by Michel Foucault"</a>. <i>Penguin Random House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penguin+Random+House&rft.atitle=Confessions+of+the+Flesh+by+Michel+Foucault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F601928%2Fconfessions-of-the-flesh-by-michel-foucault%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou76">Foucault 1976</a>. pp. 1–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou76">Foucault 1976</a>. p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou76">Foucault 1976</a>. pp. 15–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou76">Foucault 1976</a>. pp. 37–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou76">Foucault 1976</a>. pp. 53–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou76">Foucault 1976</a>. p. 77–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou76">Foucault 1976</a>. pp. 92–102, 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou76">Foucault 1976</a>. p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou84">Foucault 1984</a>. p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1988–1990" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1988–1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5102034"><i>The history of sexuality</i></a>. Robert Hurley (Vintage books ed.). New York. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72469-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72469-9"><bdi>0-679-72469-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5102034">5102034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+sexuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245&rft.edition=Vintage+books&rft.date=1988%2F1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5102034&rft.isbn=0-679-72469-9&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F5102034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1988–1990" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1988–1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5102034"><i>The history of sexuality</i></a>. Robert Hurley (Vintage books ed.). New York. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72469-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72469-9"><bdi>0-679-72469-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5102034">5102034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+sexuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=Vintage+books&rft.date=1988%2F1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5102034&rft.isbn=0-679-72469-9&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F5102034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou84">Foucault 1984</a>. pp. 3-240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ber05">Bernasconi 2005</a>. p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dav03">Davidson 2003</a>. p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fou99">Foucault 1999</a>. pp. 34, 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibbey2018" class="citation news cs1">Libbey, Peter (8 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/08/books/michel-foucault-new-book.html">"Michel Foucault's Unfinished Book Published in France"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Michel+Foucault%27s+Unfinished+Book+Published+in+France&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.aulast=Libbey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F08%2Fbooks%2Fmichel-foucault-new-book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Bibliotheque-des-Histoires/Les-aveux-de-la-chair">"Les aveux de la chair - Bibliothèque des Histoires - GALLIMARD - Site Gallimard"</a>. <i>www.gallimard.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gallimard.fr&rft.atitle=Les+aveux+de+la+chair+-+Biblioth%C3%A8que+des+Histoires+-+GALLIMARD+-+Site+Gallimard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallimard.fr%2FCatalogue%2FGALLIMARD%2FBibliotheque-des-Histoires%2FLes-aveux-de-la-chair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (12 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/12/key-fourth-book-of-foucaults-history-of-sexuality-published-in-france">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Key' fourth book of Foucault's History of Sexuality published in France"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Key%27+fourth+book+of+Foucault%27s+History+of+Sexuality+published+in+France&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F12%2Fkey-fourth-book-of-foucaults-history-of-sexuality-published-in-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sob09">Murray 1995</a>. pp. 623-624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sob09">Soble 2009</a>. p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cap81">Caplan 1981</a>. p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Alt82">Altman 1982</a>. p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gre85">Greer 1985</a>. p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gay85">Gay 1985</a>. pp. 468-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mer91">Merquior 1991</a>. pp. 121-2, 132, 135-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Scr94">Scruton 1994</a>. pp. 34, 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dew07">Dews 2007</a>. p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#duB88">duBois 1988</a>. p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#O'B89">O'Brien 1989</a>. p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#But07">Butler 2007</a>. pp. 127-8, 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hal90">Halperin 1990</a>. p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hal90">Halperin 1990</a>. p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pag93">Paglia 1993</a>. p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pos23">Posner 1992</a>. p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ham93">Hamer 1993</a>. p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mas95">Mason 1995</a>. pp. 172-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wel94">Welsh 1994</a>. p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bur96">Burkert 1996</a>. pp. 17, 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Por96">Porter 1996</a>. pp. 248, 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nus97">Nussbaum 1997</a>. pp. 27, 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tho97">Thornton 1997</a>. p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dav03">Davidson 2003</a>. p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Whi03">Whitebook 2003</a>. pp. 335, 337-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Scr05">Scruton 2005</a>. p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Byr13">Byrne 2013</a>. pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Scr15">Scruton 2015</a>. pp. 112–3.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman,_Dennis1982" class="citation book cs1">Altman, Dennis (1982). <i>The Homosexualization of America</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4143-7"><bdi>978-0-8070-4143-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homosexualization+of+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4143-7&rft.au=Altman%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernasconi,_Robert2005" class="citation book cs1">Bernasconi, Robert (2005). Honderich, Ted (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.au=Bernasconi%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert,_Walter1996" class="citation book cs1">Burkert, Walter (1996). <i>Creation of the Sacred: Tracks of Biology in Early Religions</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17569-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17569-3"><bdi>978-0-674-17569-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+of+the+Sacred%3A+Tracks+of+Biology+in+Early+Religions&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-17569-3&rft.au=Burkert%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler,_Judith2007" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Judith (2007). <i>Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-38955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-38955-6"><bdi>978-0-415-38955-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Trouble%3A+Feminism+and+the+Subversion+of+Identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-38955-6&rft.au=Butler%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne,_Romana2013" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Romana (2013). <i>Aesthetic Sexuality: A Literary History of Sadomasochism</i>. New York: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0081-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0081-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-0081-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+Sexuality%3A+A+Literary+History+of+Sadomasochism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0081-8&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Romana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan,_Jane1981" class="citation book cs1">Caplan, Jane (1981). The Cambridge Women's Studies Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninsocietyin00camb"><i>Women in Society: Interdisciplinary Essays</i></a>. London: Virago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86068-083-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86068-083-3"><bdi>978-0-86068-083-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Society%3A+Interdisciplinary+Essays&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Virago&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86068-083-3&rft.au=Caplan%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomeninsocietyin00camb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_Arnold2003" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Arnold (2003). Gutting, Gary (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Foucault, Second Edition</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60053-8"><bdi>978-0-521-60053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Foucault%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60053-8&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDews,_Peter2007" class="citation book cs1">Dews, Peter (2007). <i>Logics of Disintegration: Post-Structuralist Thought and the Claims of Critical Theory</i>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-574-6"><bdi>978-1-84467-574-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logics+of+Disintegration%3A+Post-Structuralist+Thought+and+the+Claims+of+Critical+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-574-6&rft.au=Dews%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFduBois,_Page1988" class="citation book cs1">duBois, Page (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sowingbodypsycho00dubo"><i>Sowing the Body: Psychoanalysis and Ancient Representations of Women</i></a>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16757-2"><bdi>978-0-226-16757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowing+the+Body%3A+Psychoanalysis+and+Ancient+Representations+of+Women&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-16757-2&rft.au=duBois%2C+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsowingbodypsycho00dubo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault,_Michel1979" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1979) [1976]. <i>The History of Sexuality Volume 1: An Introduction</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-1094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-1094-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-1094-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality+Volume+1%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-1094-0&rft.au=Foucault%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault,_Michel1992" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1992) [1984]. <i>The History of Sexuality Volume 2: The Use of Pleasure</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013734-7"><bdi>978-0-14-013734-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality+Volume+2%3A+The+Use+of+Pleasure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013734-7&rft.au=Foucault%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault,_Michel1990" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1990) [1984]. <i>The History of Sexuality Volume 3: The Care of the Self</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013735-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013735-4"><bdi>978-0-14-013735-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality+Volume+3%3A+The+Care+of+the+Self&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013735-4&rft.au=Foucault%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault,_Michel2021" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2021) [2021]. <i>The History of Sexuality Volume 4: Confessions of the Flesh</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-24-138958-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-24-138958-4"><bdi>978-0-24-138958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality+Volume+4%3A+Confessions+of+the+Flesh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-24-138958-4&rft.au=Foucault%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault,_Michel1999" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1999). <i>Religion and culture: Michel Foucault</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92362-0"><bdi>978-0-415-92362-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+culture%3A+Michel+Foucault&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92362-0&rft.au=Foucault%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay,_Peter1985" class="citation book cs1">Gay, Peter (1985). <i>The Bourgeois Experience, Victoria to Freud, Volume I: Education of the Senses</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503728-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503728-9"><bdi>978-0-19-503728-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bourgeois+Experience%2C+Victoria+to+Freud%2C+Volume+I%3A+Education+of+the+Senses&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503728-9&rft.au=Gay%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer,_Germaine1985" class="citation book cs1">Greer, Germaine (1985). <i>Sex and Destiny: The Politics of Human Fertility</i>. London: Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-28551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-28551-3"><bdi>978-0-330-28551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Destiny%3A+The+Politics+of+Human+Fertility&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-330-28551-3&rft.au=Greer%2C+Germaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin,_David_M.1990" class="citation book cs1">Halperin, David M. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onehundredyearso0000halp"><i>One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90097-3"><bdi>978-0-415-90097-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Homosexuality%3A+And+Other+Essays+on+Greek+Love&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90097-3&rft.au=Halperin%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonehundredyearso0000halp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamer,_Diana1993" class="citation book cs1">Hamer, Diana (1993). Gilbert, Harriett (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexualimaginatio0000unse"><i>The Sexual Imagination From Acker to Zola: A Feminist Companion</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-03535-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-03535-5"><bdi>0-224-03535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexual+Imagination+From+Acker+to+Zola%3A+A+Feminist+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-224-03535-5&rft.au=Hamer%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexualimaginatio0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacey,_David1993" class="citation book cs1">Macey, David (1993). <i>The Lives of Michel Foucault</i>. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0091753443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0091753443"><bdi>978-0091753443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+Michel+Foucault&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0091753443&rft.au=Macey%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason,_Michael1995" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Michael (1995). <i>The Making of Victorian Sexuality</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285312-7"><bdi>978-0-19-285312-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Victorian+Sexuality&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285312-7&rft.au=Mason%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee,_R._JonWarms,_Richard_L.2011" class="citation book cs1">McGee, R. Jon; Warms, Richard L. (2011). <i>Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History</i>. New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0078034886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0078034886"><bdi>978-0078034886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropological+Theory%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0078034886&rft.au=McGee%2C+R.+Jon&rft.au=Warms%2C+Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerquior,_J._G.1991" class="citation book cs1">Merquior, J. G. (1991). <i>Foucault</i>. London: FontanaPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686226-0"><bdi>978-0-00-686226-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foucault&rft.place=London&rft.pub=FontanaPress&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-00-686226-0&rft.au=Merquior%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_James1993" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passionofmichelf00mill"><i>The Passion of Michel Foucault</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671695507" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671695507"><bdi>978-0671695507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+Michel+Foucault&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0671695507&rft.au=Miller%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpassionofmichelf00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills,_Sara2004" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Sara (2004). <i>Michel Foucault</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415245692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415245692"><bdi>978-0415245692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michel+Foucault&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415245692&rft.au=Mills%2C+Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum,_Martha1997" class="citation book cs1">Nussbaum, Martha (1997). Estlund, David M.; Nussbaum, Martha C. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexpreferencefam0000unse"><i>Sex, Preference, and Family: Essays on Law and Nature</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998spf..book.....E">1998spf..book.....E</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509894-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509894-5"><bdi>978-0-19-509894-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Preference%2C+and+Family%3A+Essays+on+Law+and+Nature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998spf..book.....E&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509894-5&rft.au=Nussbaum%2C+Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexpreferencefam0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien,_Patricia1989" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Patricia (1989). Hunt, Lynn (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newculturalhisto00bier"><i>The New Cultural History</i></a></span>. London: University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06429-4"><bdi>978-0-520-06429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cultural+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06429-4&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewculturalhisto00bier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaglia,_Camille1993" class="citation book cs1">Paglia, Camille (1993). <i>Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017209-6"><bdi>978-0-14-017209-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Art%2C+and+American+Culture%3A+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-017209-6&rft.au=Paglia%2C+Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner,_Richard1992" class="citation book cs1">Posner, Richard (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexandr_pos_1992_00_7803"><i>Sex and Reason</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80279-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80279-7"><bdi>978-0-674-80279-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Reason&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-80279-7&rft.au=Posner%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexandr_pos_1992_00_7803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter,_Roy1996" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Roy (1996). Keddie, Nikki R. (ed.). <i>Debating Gender, Debating Sexuality</i>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4655-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4655-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-4655-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+Gender%2C+Debating+Sexuality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4655-4&rft.au=Porter%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton,_Roger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (2015). <i>Fools, Frauds and Firebrands</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8733-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8733-3"><bdi>978-1-4081-8733-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fools%2C+Frauds+and+Firebrands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-8733-3&rft.au=Scruton%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton,_Roger2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (2005). <i>Gentle Regrets: Thoughts from a Life</i>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8033-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-8033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentle+Regrets%3A+Thoughts+from+a+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8033-0&rft.au=Scruton%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton,_Roger1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (1994). <i>Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation</i>. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-100-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-100-0"><bdi>978-1-85799-100-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Desire%3A+A+Philosophical+Investigation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85799-100-0&rft.au=Scruton%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart,_Barry2002" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Barry (2002). <i>Michel Foucault</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415285339" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415285339"><bdi>978-0415285339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michel+Foucault&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415285339&rft.au=Smart%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton,_Bruce_S.1997" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Bruce S. (1997). <i>Eros: The Myth of Ancient Greek Sexuality</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3226-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-3226-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eros%3A+The+Myth+of+Ancient+Greek+Sexuality&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3226-0&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Bruce+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh,_Alexander1994" class="citation book cs1">Welsh, Alexander (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freudswishfuldre00wels"><i>Freud's Wishful Dream Book</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03718-9"><bdi>978-0-691-03718-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%27s+Wishful+Dream+Book&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03718-9&rft.au=Welsh%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreudswishfuldre00wels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitebook,_Joel2003" class="citation book cs1">Whitebook, Joel (2003). Gutting, Gary (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Foucault, Second Edition</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60053-8"><bdi>978-0-521-60053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Foucault%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60053-8&rft.au=Whitebook%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault,_Michel1982" class="citation journal cs1">Foucault, Michel (1982). "The Subject and Power". <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">777–</span>795. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448181">10.1086/448181</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55355645">55355645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=The+Subject+and+Power&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E777-%3C%2Fspan%3E795&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F448181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55355645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Foucault%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray,_Stephen_O.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Stephen O. (1995). "Southwest Asian and North African Terms for Homosexual Roles". <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>24</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">623–</span>629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01542184">10.1007/bf01542184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8572911">8572911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26194957">26194957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Southwest+Asian+and+North+African+Terms+for+Homosexual+Roles&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E629&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26194957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8572911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01542184&rft.au=Murray%2C+Stephen+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoble,_Alan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Soble, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/SOBAHO">"A History of Erotic Philosophy"</a>. <i>Journal of Sex Research</i>. <b>46</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">104–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224490902747750">10.1080/00224490902747750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19308838">19308838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22332883">22332883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Erotic+Philosophy&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22332883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19308838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00224490902747750&rft.au=Soble%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FSOBAHO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+History+of+Sexuality" class="Z3988"></span>  – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebsco.com">EBSCO</a>'s Academic Search Complete <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_Sexuality&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summaries of the book: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ssr1.uchicago.edu//PRELIMS/Culture/cumisc1.html#FOUCAULT">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.comm.umn.edu/Foucault/hos.html">[2]</a></li> <li>Previews of the original French editions: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lavolontedesavoi00mich"><i>La volonté de savoir</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JS8bAAAAYAAJ"><i>La volonté de savoir</i></a> (Google Books)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michel_Foucault111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michel_Foucault" title="Template talk:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michel_Foucault111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Illness_and_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental Illness and Psychology">Mental Illness and Psychology</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Clinic" title="The Birth of the Clinic">The Birth of the Clinic</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Death and the Labyrinth</i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Things" title="The Order of Things">The Order of Things</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i>This Is Not a Pipe</i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Archaeology_of_Knowledge" title="The Archaeology of Knowledge">The Archaeology of Knowledge</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The History of Sexuality</a></i> (1976–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays, lectures,<br /> dialogues and<br />anthologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Kant%27s_Anthropology" title="Introduction to Kant's Anthropology">Introduction to Kant's Anthropology</a></i> (1964)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_an_Author%3F" title="What Is an Author?">What Is an Author?</a>" (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_lectures_at_the_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France">Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France</a></li> <li><i>I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother</i> (1973)</li> <li><i>Language, Counter-Memory, Practice</i> (1977)</li> <li><i>Herculine Barbin</i> (1978)</li> <li><i>Power/Knowledge</i> (1980)</li> <li><i>Remarks on Marx</i> (1980)</li> <li><i>Le Désordre des familles</i> (1982)</li> <li><i>The Foucault Reader</i> (1984)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Enlightenment%3F_(Foucault)" title="What Is Enlightenment? (Foucault)">What Is Enlightenment?</a>" (1984)</li> <li><i>Politics, Philosophy, Culture</i> (1988)</li> <li><i>Foucault Live</i> (1996)</li> <li><i>The Politics of Truth</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>Society Must Be Defended</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)</i> (1998)</li> <li><i>Abnormal</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Power (Essential Works Volume 3)</i> (2000)</li> <li><i>Fearless Speech</i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermeneutics_of_the_Subject" title="The Hermeneutics of the Subject">The Hermeneutics of the Subject</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i>The Essential Foucault</i> (2003)</li> <li><i>Psychiatric Power</i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Security,_Territory,_Population" title="Security, Territory, Population">Security, Territory, Population</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Biopolitics" title="The Birth of Biopolitics">The Birth of Biopolitics</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i>The Government of Self and Others</i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courage_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courage of Truth">The Courage of Truth</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i>Lectures on the Will to Know</i> (2011)</li> <li><i>On the Government of the Living</i> (2012)</li> <li><i>Subjectivity and Truth</i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wrong-Doing,_Truth-Telling" title="Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling">Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i>On the Punitive Society</i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_function" title="Author function">Author function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">Biopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopower" title="Biopower">Biopower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_archipelago" title="Carceral archipelago">Carceral archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_institution" title="Disciplinary institution">Disciplinary institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discontinuity_(Postmodernism)" title="Discontinuity (Postmodernism)">Discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispositif" title="Dispositif">Dispositif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">Governmentality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecogovernmentality" title="Ecogovernmentality">Ecogovernmentality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiscourse" title="Interdiscourse">Interdiscourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit-experience" title="Limit-experience">Limit-experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrhesia" title="Parrhesia">Parrhesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power (social and political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsexualism" title="Postsexualism">Postsexualism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness" title="Cogito and the History of Madness">Cogito and the History of Madness</a>" (Derrida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucauldian_discourse_analysis" title="Foucauldian discourse analysis">Foucauldian discourse analysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_(Deleuze_book)" title="Foucault (Deleuze book)">Foucault</a></i> (Deleuze)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Michel_Foucault" title="The Passion of Michel Foucault">The Passion of Michel Foucault</a></i> (Miller)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gutting" title="Gary Gutting">Gary Gutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemke_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Lemke (sociologist)">Thomas Lemke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Miller_(academic)" title="James Miller (academic)">James Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rabinow" title="Paul Rabinow">Paul Rabinow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Raffestin" title="Claude Raffestin">Claude Raffestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Rose" title="Nikolas Rose">Nikolas Rose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_in_Iran" title="Foucault in Iran">Foucault in Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault_bibliography" title="Michel Foucault bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate" title="Foucault–Habermas debate">Foucault–Habermas debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate" title="Chomsky–Foucault debate">Chomsky–Foucault debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defert" title="Daniel Defert">Daniel Defert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ewald" title="François Ewald">François Ewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sheridan" title="Alan Sheridan">Alan Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox493" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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91.554 1 Template:Langx"," 11.71% 84.884 3 Template:Navbox"," 11.31% 81.966 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.01% 72.531 1 Template:Michel_Foucault"," 7.39% 53.558 2 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.442","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20128882,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-k7gxm","timestamp":"20250211200847","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The History of Sexuality","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_History_of_Sexuality","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2704365","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2704365","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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