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aria-controls="toc-Current_strategies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current strategies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government-controlled_funds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government-controlled_funds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Government-controlled funds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-controlled_funds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_funds_and_ETFs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_funds_and_ETFs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mutual funds and ETFs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_funds_and_ETFs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separately_managed_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separately_managed_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Separately managed accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separately_managed_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shareholder_advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shareholder_advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Shareholder advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shareholder_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_investing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_investing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Community investing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_investing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investing_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investing_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Investing strategies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Investing_strategies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Investing strategies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Investing_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Investing_in_capital_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investing_in_capital_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Investing in capital markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investing_in_capital_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ESG_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ESG_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>ESG integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ESG_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Negative screening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divestment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divestment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Divestment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divestment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shareholder_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shareholder_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Shareholder activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shareholder_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shareholder_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shareholder_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Shareholder engagement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shareholder_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_investing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_investing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Positive investing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_investing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_investing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_investing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Impact investing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_investing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Community investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Global context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ESG_ratings_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ESG_ratings_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>ESG ratings agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ESG_ratings_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsible,_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsible,_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Responsible, ethical and impact investing in Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsible,_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsible,_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsible,_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Responsible, ethical and impact investing in New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsible,_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_investment_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_investment_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ethical investment in the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_investment_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_conventional_investing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_conventional_investing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Comparison with conventional investing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_conventional_investing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with conventional investing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_conventional_investing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparing_portfolio_and_fund_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparing_portfolio_and_fund_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Comparing portfolio and fund performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparing_portfolio_and_fund_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparing_stock_market_index_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparing_stock_market_index_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Comparing stock market index performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparing_stock_market_index_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Socially responsible investing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الاستثمار المسؤول اجتماعيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاستثمار المسؤول اجتماعيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversi%C3%B3_Socialment_Responsable" title="Inversió Socialment Responsable – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inversió Socialment Responsable" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udr%C5%BEiteln%C3%A9_investov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Udržitelné investování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Udržitelné investování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethisches_Investment" title="Ethisches Investment – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethisches Investment" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eetiline_investeering" title="Eetiline investeering – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eetiline investeering" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversi%C3%B3n_Socialmente_Responsable" title="Inversión Socialmente Responsable – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inversión Socialmente Responsable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investissement_socialement_responsable" title="Investissement socialement responsable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Investissement socialement responsable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investasi_bertanggung_jawab_sosial" title="Investasi bertanggung jawab sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Investasi bertanggung jawab sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finanza_sostenibile" title="Finanza sostenibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Finanza sostenibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השקעה אחראית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השקעה אחראית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duurzaam_beleggen" title="Duurzaam beleggen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duurzaam beleggen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="社会的責任投資 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会的責任投資" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwestowanie_odpowiedzialne_spo%C5%82ecznie" title="Inwestowanie odpowiedzialne społecznie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inwestowanie odpowiedzialne społecznie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investimento_%C3%A9tico" title="Investimento ético – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Investimento ético" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Социальное инвестирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальное инвестирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Түмэт инвестицията – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түмэт инвестицията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_investment" title="Social investment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social investment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastuullinen_sijoittaminen" title="Vastuullinen sijoittaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vastuullinen sijoittaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialinvestering" title="Socialinvestering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialinvestering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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financial performance and social/ethical impact.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Social investment" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Social_investment_theory" title="Social investment theory">Social investment theory</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbine_aalborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/170px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/255px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/340px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a> is one of many forms of sustainable investing.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Socially responsible investing</b> (<b>SRI</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is any <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a> which seeks to consider <a href="/wiki/Financial_return" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial return">financial return</a> alongside ethical, social or environmental goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The areas of concern recognized by SRI practitioners are often linked to <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social_and_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social and governance">environmental, social and governance</a> (ESG) topics. <i><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></i> can be considered a subset of SRI that is generally more proactive and focused on the conscious creation of social or environmental impact through investment. <i><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></i> (or <i>green investing</i>) is SRI with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>. </p><p>In general, socially responsible investors encourage <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporate</a> practices that they believe promote <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental stewardship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and racial or <a href="/wiki/Gender_diversity" title="Gender diversity">gender diversity</a>. Some SRIs avoid investing in businesses perceived to have negative social effects such as <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> production or the <a href="/wiki/Military_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Military industry">military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socially responsible investing is one of several related concepts and approaches that influence and, in some cases, govern how asset managers invest portfolios.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "socially responsible investing" sometimes narrowly refers to practices that seek to avoid harm by screening companies for ESG risks before deciding whether or not they should be included in an investment portfolio.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term is also used more broadly to include more proactive practices such as impact investing, shareholder advocacy and community investing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to investor <a href="/wiki/Amy_Domini" title="Amy Domini">Amy Domini</a>, shareholder advocacy and community investing are pillars of socially responsible investing, while doing only negative <a href="/wiki/Screening_(economics)" title="Screening (economics)">screening</a> is inadequate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measuring social, environmental and ethical issues is nuanced and complex and depends on needs and context.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rating companies have developed ESG risk ratings and screens as a tool for asset managers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ratings firms evaluate companies and projects on several risk factors and typically assign an aggregate score to each company or project being rated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of socially responsible investing (SRI) may date back to the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> (Quakers). In 1758, the Quaker <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a> <a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a> prohibited members from participating in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>—buying and/or selling humans. </p><p>One of the most articulate early adopters of SRI was <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (1703–1791), one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>. Wesley's <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> "The Use of Money" outlined his basic tenets of social investing: not to harm your neighbor through your business practices and to avoid industries like <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical production</a>, which can <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">harm the health of workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the best-known applications of socially responsible investing were religiously motivated. Investors would avoid "sinful" companies, such as those associated with products such as <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. </p><p>The modern era of socially responsible investing evolved during the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">socio-political climate of the 1960s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, socially concerned investors increasingly sought to address <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">equality for women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor issues</a>. Economic development projects started or managed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a> Project in Chicago, established the early model for socially responsible investing efforts. King combined ongoing dialog with boycotts and direct action targeting specific corporations. <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">Concerns about the Vietnam War</a> were further incorporated by some social investors.<sup id="cite_ref-srivwa_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srivwa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-srivwb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srivwb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An iconomic image from the era was a picture in June 1972 of a naked nine-year-old girl, <a href="/wiki/Phan_Th%E1%BB%8B_Kim_Ph%C3%BAc" class="mw-redirect" title="Phan Thị Kim Phúc">Phan Thị Kim Phúc</a>, screaming and running towards a photographer, her back burning from the <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a> dropped on her village. That photograph channeled particular outrage against <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Chemical">Dow Chemical</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the manufacturer of napalm, and prompted protests across the country against Dow Chemical and other companies seen as profiting from the Vietnam War. </p><p>During the 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> deployed multi-employer <a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">pension fund</a> monies for targeted investments. For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">United Mine Workers</a> fund invested in medical facilities, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies%27_Garment_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union">International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union</a> (ILGWU) and <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers</a> (IBEW) financed union-built housing projects.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labor unions also sought to leverage pension stocks for shareholder activism on <a href="/wiki/Proxy_fight" title="Proxy fight">proxy fights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shareholder_resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Shareholder resolutions">shareholder resolutions</a>. In 1978, SRI efforts by pension funds was spurred by <i>The North will Rise Again: Pensions, Politics, and Power in the 1980s</i> and the subsequent organizing efforts of authors <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a> and Randy Barber. By 1980, presidential candidates <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> advocated some type of social orientation for pension investments.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SRI had an important role in ending the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">apartheid government in South Africa</a>. International opposition to apartheid strengthened after the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a>. In 1971, Reverend <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a> (at the time a board member for <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>) drafted a code of conduct for practicing business in South Africa which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Principles">Sullivan Principles</a>. However, reports documenting the application of the Sullivan Principles said that US companies were not trying to lessen discrimination in South Africa. Due to these reports and mounting political pressure, cities, states, colleges, faith-based groups and pension funds throughout the US began divesting from companies operating in South Africa. In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> imposed a mandatory arms <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> against South Africa. From the 1970s to the early 1990s, large institutions avoided investment in South Africa under apartheid. The subsequent negative flow of investment eventually forced a group of businesses, representing 75% of South African employers, to draft a charter calling for an end to apartheid. While the SRI efforts alone did not bring an end to apartheid, it did focus persuasive international pressure on the South African business community. </p><p>The mid and late 1990s saw the rise of SRI's focus on a diverse range of other issues, including tobacco stocks, mutual fund proxy disclosure, and other issues. </p><p>Since the late 1990s, SRI has become increasingly defined as a means to promote environmentally sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many investors consider effects of <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate change">global climate change</a> a significant business and investment risk. <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(organization)" title="Ceres (organization)">CERES</a> was founded in 1989 by Joan Bavaria and Dennis Hayes, coordinator of the first Earth Day, as a network for investors, environmental organizations, and other public interest groups interested in working with companies to address environmental concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, representatives from the SRI industry gathered at the first <a href="/wiki/SRI_in_the_Rockies_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="SRI in the Rockies Conference">SRI in the Rockies Conference</a> to exchange ideas and gain momentum for new initiatives. The name has since changed to The SRI Conference which meets annually at Green Building certified establishments and has attracted over 550 persons annually since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conference is produced by First Affirmative Financial Network, an investment advisory firm that works with advisors nationwide providing portfolios specialized in sustainable and responsible investing. </p><p>The first sell-side brokerage in the world to offer SRI research was the Brazilian bank <a href="/wiki/Unibanco" title="Unibanco">Unibanco</a>. The service was launched in January 2001 by <a href="/wiki/Unibanco" title="Unibanco">Unibanco</a> SRI analyst Christopher Wells from the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> headquarters of the bank. It was targeted at SRI funds in Europe and the US, although it was sent to non-SRI funds both in and out of Brazil. The research was about environmental and social issues (but not governance issues) regarding companies listed in Brazil. It was sent for free to Unibanco's clients. The service lasted until mid-2002. </p><p>Drawing on the industry's experience using divestment as a tool against apartheid, the Sudan Divestment Task Force was established in 2006 in response to the genocide occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> region of the Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support from the US government followed with the Sudan Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007. </p><p>More recently, some social investors have sought to address the rights of indigenous peoples around the world who are affected by the business practices of various companies. The 2007, <a href="/wiki/SRI_in_the_Rockies_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="SRI in the Rockies Conference">SRI in the Rockies Conference</a> held a special pre-conference specifically to address the concerns of indigenous peoples. Healthy working conditions, fair wages, product safety, and <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity_employment" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal opportunity employment">equal opportunity employment</a> also remain headline concerns for many social investors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-2010s, some funds developed <a href="/wiki/Gender_lens_investing" title="Gender lens investing">gender lens investing</a> strategies to promote workplace equity and general welfare of women and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_strategies">Current strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socially responsible investing is a growing market in both the US and Europe. In particular, it has become an important principle guiding the investment strategies of various funds and accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government-controlled_funds">Government-controlled funds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government-controlled funds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government-controlled funds such as <a href="/wiki/Pension_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pension funds">pension funds</a> are often very large players in the investment field, and are being pressured by the citizenry and by activist groups to adopt investment policies which encourage ethical corporate behavior, respect the rights of workers, consider environmental concerns, and avoid violations of human rights. One outstanding endorsement of such policies is <a href="/wiki/The_Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="The Government Pension Fund of Norway">The Government Pension Fund of Norway</a>, which is mandated to avoid "investments which constitute an unacceptable risk that the Fund may contribute to unethical acts or omissions, such as violations of fundamental humanitarian principles, serious violations of human rights, gross corruption or severe environmental damages".<sup id="cite_ref-srivwc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srivwc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s and 2010s, pension funds were<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (November 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> under pressure to disinvest from the arms company <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, partially due to a campaign run by the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a> (CAAT).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council" title="Liverpool City Council">Liverpool City Council</a> passed a successful resolution to disinvest from the company,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a similar attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Green Party">Scottish Green Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh City Council">Edinburgh City Council</a> was blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_funds_and_ETFs">Mutual funds and ETFs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mutual funds and ETFs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socially responsible mutual funds counted by the 2014 Trends Report increased in number to 415 in 2014, up from 333 in 2012, 250 in 2010, 173 in 2005 and 2007, 189 in 2003, and 167 in 2001. The overall number of mutual funds incorporating <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social and corporate governance">environmental, social and corporate governance</a> (ESG) has increased four-fold since 2012. Additionally, 20 exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that incorporate ESG criteria were identified with $3.5 billion in assets at the end of 2011, an increase from the eight ETFs with $2.25 billion in net assets identified in its 2007 report—the first Trends report to track ETFs [11]. Unlike the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), which severely limits the extent to which socially responsible goals can be considered in managing corporate and Taft-Hartley pension assets (due to ERISA's overriding goal of protecting employees' pensions),<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> registered investment companies can take these factors into account so long as the disclosure and other requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940 are met.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/US_SIF" title="US SIF">US SIF</a> maintains charts describing the socially responsible mutual funds offered by its member firms. </p> <dl><dd><i>Key: X = No investment; P = Positive investment; R = Restricted investment; NS = No screens.</i></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align: center; width: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Fund</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Alcohol</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Tobacco</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Gambling</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Defense/ Weapons</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Animal Testing</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Products/ Services</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Environment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Human Rights</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Labor Relations</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Employment/ Equality</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Community Investment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Proxy Voting</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Access_Capital_Strategies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Access Capital Strategies (page does not exist)">Access Capital Strategies</a> Community Investment Fund<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>X </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/American_Hospital_Association" title="American Hospital Association">AHA</a> Balanced Fund – Institutional Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">AHA Diversified Equity Fund – Institutional Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">AHA Diversified Equity Fund – N Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">AHA Full Maturity Fixed Income Fund – Institutional Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">AHA Full Maturity Fixed Income Fund – N Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">AHA Limited Maturity Fixed Income Fund – Institutional Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">AHA Limited Maturity Fixed Income Fund – N Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/American_Hospital_Association" title="American Hospital Association">AHA</a> Socially Responsible Equity I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">AHA Socially Responsible Equity N</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appleseed_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appleseed Fund (page does not exist)">Appleseed Fund</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.appleseedfund.com/">[1]</a></td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Investments" title="Ariel Investments">Ariel</a> Appreciation Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.arielinvestments.com/">[2]</a></td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Ariel Focus Fund</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Ariel Fund</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azzad_Asset_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azzad Asset Management (page does not exist)">Azzad</a> Ethical Income Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://azzad.net/">[3]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Azzad Ethical Mid Cap Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Brighter Student Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brighterinvestment.com">[4]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>X</td> <td>X </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;">'<i><b>Fund'</b></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Alcohol</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Tobacco</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Gambling</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Defense/ Weapons</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Animal Testing</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Products/ Services</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Environment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Human Rights</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Labor Relations</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Employment/ Equality</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Community Investment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Proxy Voting</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Investments" title="Calvert Investments">Calvert</a> Aggressive Allocation Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.calvert.com/">[5]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Capital Accumulation A <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.calvert.com/">[6]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Capital Accumulation B <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.calvert.com/">[7]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Capital Accumulation C <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.calvert.com/">[8]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Conservative Allocation Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.calvert.com/">[9]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Investments" title="Calvert Investments">Calvert</a> Global Alternative Energy Fund A <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.calvert.com/">[10]</a></td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Investments" title="Calvert Investments">Calvert</a> Global Water Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.calvert.com/">[11]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Investments" title="Calvert Investments">Calvert</a> International Opportunities Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.calvert.com/">[12]</a></td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Large Cap Growth A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Large Cap Growth B</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Large Cap Growth C</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Large Cap Growth I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Mid Cap Value Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Moderate Allocation Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert New Vision Small Cap A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert New Vision Small Cap B</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert New Vision Small Cap C</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;">'<i><b>Fund'</b></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Alcohol</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Tobacco</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Gambling</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Defense/ Weapons</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Animal Testing</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Products/ Services</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Environment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Human Rights</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Labor Relations</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Employment/ Equality</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Community Investment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Proxy Voting</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Small Cap Value Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Index A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Index B</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Index C</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Index I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Balanced A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Balanced C</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Bond A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Enhanced Equity A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Enhanced Equity B</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Enhanced Equity C</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Equity A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Equity C</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert Social Investment Equity I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert World Values International A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Calvert World Values International C</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">CRA</a> Qualified Investment <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ccmfixedincome.com/">[13]</a></td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>X </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;">'<i><b>Fund'</b></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Alcohol</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Tobacco</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Gambling</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Defense/ Weapons</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Animal Testing</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Products/ Services</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Environment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Human Rights</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Labor Relations</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Employment/ Equality</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Community Investment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Proxy Voting</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domini_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domini (company) (page does not exist)">Domini</a> European PacAsia Social Equity A <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.domini.com">[14]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domini_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domini (company) (page does not exist)">Domini</a> European PacAsia Social Equity I <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.domini.com">[15]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Domini European Social Equity A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Domini European Social Equity I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Domini Institutional Social Equity</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Domini PacAsia Social Equity A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Domini PacAsia Social Equity I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domini_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domini (company) (page does not exist)">Domini</a> Social Bond <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.domini.com">[16]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Domini Social Equity A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Domini Social Equity I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphany_Funds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epiphany Funds (page does not exist)">Epiphany</a> Faith and Family Values 100 Fund – A Class <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.investcatholic.com/">[17]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.epiphanyfund.com/">[18]</a></td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Epiphany Faith and Family Values 100 Fund – C Class</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Epiphany Faith and Family Values 100 Fund – N Class</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/GAMCO_Investors" title="GAMCO Investors">Gabelli</a> SRI Green Fund Inc A<sup id="cite_ref-gabelli1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabelli1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Gabelli SRI Green Fund Inc AAA <sup id="cite_ref-gabelli1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gabelli1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Gabelli SRI Green Fund Inc C</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Gabelli SRI Green Fund Inc I</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_Century_Funds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Century Funds (page does not exist)">Green Century</a> Balanced <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.greencentury.com">[19]</a></td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Green Century Equity</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrity_Funds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrity Funds (page does not exist)">Integrity</a> Growth and Income Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.integrityfunds.com/">[20]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;">'<i><b>Fund'</b></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Alcohol</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Tobacco</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Gambling</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Defense/ Weapons</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Animal Testing</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Products/ Services</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Environment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Human Rights</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Labor Relations</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Employment/ Equality</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Community Investment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Proxy Voting</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Legg_Mason" title="Legg Mason">Legg Mason</a> Prt Social Awareness Fund A</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Legg Mason Prt Social Awareness Fund B</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Merrion Stockbrokers Social Awareness Fund C</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Everence" class="mw-redirect" title="Everence">Praxis</a> Growth Index Fund A <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.praxismutualfunds.com/">[21]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis Growth Index Fund I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis Impact Bond Fund A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis Impact Bond Fund I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis International Index Fund A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis International Index Fund I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis Small Cap Index Fund A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis Small Cap Index Fund I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis Value Index Fund A</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Praxis Value Index Fund I</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Neuberger_Berman" title="Neuberger Berman">Neuberger Berman</a> Socially Resp Inv <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520042611/http://www.mma-online.org/">[22]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Alternatives_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Alternatives Fund (page does not exist)">New Alternatives Fund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newalternativesfund.com/">[23]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>X </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;">'<i><b>Fund'</b></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Alcohol</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Tobacco</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Gambling</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Defense/ Weapons</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0aa93; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Animal Testing</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Products/ Services</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Environment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Human Rights</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Labor Relations</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Employment/ Equality</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3f393; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Community Investment</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:90%; line-height:95%;"><b>Proxy Voting</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parnassus_Investments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parnassus Investments (page does not exist)">Parnassus</a> Core Equity Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.parnassus.com/">[24]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parnassus_Investments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parnassus Investments (page does not exist)">Parnassus</a> Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.parnassus.com/">[25]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parnassus_Investments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parnassus Investments (page does not exist)">Parnassus</a> Income Fixed Income <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.parnassus.com/">[26]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parnassus_Investments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parnassus Investments (page does not exist)">Parnassus</a> Mid Cap Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.parnassus.com/">[27]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Parnassus Small Cap Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Parnassus Endeavor Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pax_World_Funds" title="Pax World Funds">Pax World</a> Balanced</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pax_World_Funds" title="Pax World Funds">Pax World</a> Growth</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Pax World High Yield</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pax_World_Funds" title="Pax World Funds">Pax World</a> Value Fund – Individual Investor</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Pax World Value Fund – Institutional Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pax_World_Funds" title="Pax World Funds">Pax World</a> Women's Equity Fund – Individual Investor</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Pax_World_Funds" title="Pax World Funds">Pax World</a> Women's Equity Fund – Institutional Class</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portfolio_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portfolio 21 (page does not exist)">Portfolio 21</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.portfolio21.com">[28]</a></td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portfolio_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portfolio 21 (page does not exist)">Portfolio 21</a> Institutional <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.portfolio21.com">[29]</a></td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel_Investments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel Investments (page does not exist)">Sentinel</a> Sustainable Core Opportunities Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sentinelinvestments.com/">[30]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Sentinel Sustainable Emerging Companies Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">SPDR Gender Diversity Index ETF (SHE)</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/TIAA-CREF" class="mw-redirect" title="TIAA-CREF">TIAA-CREF</a></td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flex-Funds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flex-Funds (page does not exist)">Flex</a> Total Return Utilities Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106230426/http://meederfinancial.com/">[31]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">Vanguard FTSE Social Index Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/profile/VFTSX">[32]</a></td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>NS</td> <td>NS</td> <td>NS</td> <td>NS </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">WVH Ethical Inc. Social Balanced Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">WVH Ethical Inc. Social Equity Fund</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>X</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>X</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">WVH Ethical Inc. Green Growth Fund <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060825130908/http%3A//www.winslowgreen.com/">[33]</a></td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>R</td> <td>P</td> <td>P</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%;line-height:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XRussell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XRussell (page does not exist)">xRussell</a> 3000<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td style="background:#c3c3c3;">NS</td> <td>X </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separately_managed_accounts">Separately managed accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Separately managed accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2014 Report on US Sustainable, Responsible and Impact Investing Trends, among separate account managers, 214 distinctive separate account vehicles or strategies, with $433 billion in assets, incorporated ESG factors into investment analysis. Where a separate account is subject to ERISA, there are legal limitations on the extent to which investment decisions can be based on factors other than maximizing plan participants' economic returns.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shareholder_advocacy">Shareholder advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shareholder advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shareholder resolutions are filed by a wide variety of institutional investors, including public pension funds, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faith-based_investing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faith-based investing (page does not exist)">faith-based investors</a>, socially responsible mutual funds, and labor unions. In 2004, faith-based organizations filed 129 resolutions, while socially responsible funds filed 56 resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regulations governing shareholder resolutions vary from country to country. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, they are determined primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a>, which regulates mutual funds and applies the 1940 Act<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the Department of Labor, which regulates certain plans and applies ERISA.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These regulatory regimes require pension plans and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual funds">mutual funds</a> to disclose how they voted on behalf of their investors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. shareholders have organized various groups to facilitate jointly filing resolutions. These include the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Institutional_Investors" title="Council of Institutional Investors">Council of Institutional Investors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Center_on_Corporate_Responsibility" title="Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility">Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_SIF" title="US SIF">US SIF</a>. </p><p>From 2012 to 2014, more than 200 US institutions and investment management firms filed or co-filed proposals. These institutions and money managers collectively controlled $1.72 trillion in assets at the end of 2013. The top categories of environmental and social issues from 2012 to 2014 were political contributions and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and environmental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_investing">Community investing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Community investing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Community investing, a subset of socially responsible investing, allows for investment directly into community-based organizations. Community investing institutions use investor capital to finance or guarantee loans to individuals and organizations that have historically been denied access to capital by traditional financial institutions. These loans are used for housing, small business creation, and education or personal development in the US and UK,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or are made available to local financial institutions abroad to finance international community development. The community investing institution typically provides training and other types of support and expertise to ensure the success of the loan and its returns for investors.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Community investing grew almost 5% from 2012 to 2014. Assets held and invested locally by <a href="/wiki/Community_development_financial_institution" title="Community development financial institution">community development financial institutions</a> (CDFIs) based in the US totaled $64.3 billion at the start of 2014, up from $61.4 billion in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investing_strategies">Investing strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Investing strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investing_in_capital_markets">Investing in capital markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Investing in capital markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social investors use several strategies to maximize financial return and attempt to maximize social good. These strategies seek to create change by shifting the cost of capital down for sustainable firms and up for the non-sustainable ones. The proponents argue that access to capital is what drives the future direction of development. A growing number of rating agencies collects both raw data the ESG behaviour of firms as well as aggregates this data in indices.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several years of growth, the rating agency industry has recently been subject to a consolidation phase that has reduced the number of genesis through mergers and acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ESG_integration">ESG integration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ESG integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ESG integration is one of the most common responsible investment strategies and entails the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social and corporate governance">environmental, social and governance</a> ("ESG") criteria into the fundamental analysis of equity investments. According to the non-profit Investor Responsibility Research Center institute (IRRCi), approaches to ESG integration vary greatly among asset managers depending on:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Management: Who is responsible for ESG integration within the organization?</li> <li>Research: What ESG criteria and factors are being considered in the analysis?</li> <li>Application: How are the ESG criteria being applied in practice?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_screening">Negative screening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Negative screening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Screening_(economics)" title="Screening (economics)">Negative screening</a> excludes certain securities from investment consideration based on social or environmental criteria. For example, many socially responsible investors screen out tobacco company investments.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The longest-running SRI index, the Domini 400—now the <a href="/wiki/MSCI_KLD_400" class="mw-redirect" title="MSCI KLD 400">MSCI KLD 400</a>—was started in May 1990. It has continued to perform competitively —with average annualized total returns of 9.51% through December 2009 compared with 8.66% for the S&P 500.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various academic studies have found positive, negative, and neutral associations between SRI fund orientation and financial performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divestment">Divestment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Divestment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Divesting</a> is the act of removing stocks from a portfolio based on mainly ethical, non-financial objections to certain business activities of a corporation. Recently, CalSTRS (California State Teachers' Retirement System) announced the removal of more than $237 million in tobacco holdings from its investment portfolio after six months of financial analysis and deliberations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shareholder_activism">Shareholder activism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shareholder activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Activist_shareholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist shareholder">Shareholder activism</a> efforts attempt to positively influence corporate behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts include initiating conversations with corporate management on issues of concern, and submitting and voting proxy resolutions. These activities are undertaken with the belief that social investors, working cooperatively, can steer management on a course that will improve financial performance over time and enhance the well-being of the stockholders, customers, employees, vendors, and communities. According to a meta-analysis approximately 90% of studies on ESG show a non-negative relationship between ESG and financial performance, with a majority indicating positive correlations. This evidence suggests that ESG considerations can lead to improved risk management, cost savings, and access to capital, thus enhancing overall financial health.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent movements have also been reported of "investor relations activism", in which investor relations firms assist groups of shareholder activists in an organized push for change within a corporation. This is done typically by leveraging their enhanced knowledge of the corporation, its management (often via direct relationships), and the securities laws as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hedge funds are also major activist investors; while some pursue socially responsible investing goals, many simply are seeking to maximize fund returns.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pension plans subject to ERISA are somewhat more constrained in their ability to engage in shareholder activism or the use of plan assets to promote public policy positions; any expenditure of plan assets must be aimed at enhancing participants' retirement income.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shareholder_engagement">Shareholder engagement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shareholder engagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A less vocal subtype of <a href="/wiki/Activist_shareholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist shareholder">shareholder activism</a>, shareholder engagement requires extensive monitoring of the non-financial performance of all portfolio companies. In shareholder engagement dialogues, investees receive constructive feedback on how to improve ESG issues within their sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positive_investing">Positive investing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Positive investing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Positive investing is the new generation of socially responsible investing.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves making investments in activities and companies believed to have a positive social impact. Positive investing suggested a broad revamping of the industry's methodology for driving change through investments. Positive investing goes beyond traditional socially responsible investing by not only avoiding harmful industries, but actively seeking out and supporting companies and projects that create measurable positive social and environmental impacts. This approach includes investments in areas such as renewable energy (e.g., solar and wind power projects), affordable housing developments, education technology startups, healthcare innovations, and sustainable agriculture initiatives. These investments aim to generate both financial returns and tangible benefits for society and the environment. This investment approach allows investors to positively express their values on <a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">corporate behavior</a> issues such as <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and the environment through stock selection – without sacrificing <a href="/wiki/Portfolio_diversification" class="mw-redirect" title="Portfolio diversification">portfolio diversification</a> or long-term performance.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positive screening pushes the idea of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, not just in the narrow <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> sense, but also in the sense of a company's long-term potential to compete and succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> conducted a review of 10,000 funds and concluded "strong sustainability" investments outperformed weak sustainability investments,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tackling the idea of a trade-off between positive impact and financial return.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Global Impact Investing Network's 2015 report on benchmarks and returns in impact investing in private equity and venture capital found market-rate or market-beating returns were common in <a href="/wiki/Impact_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact investment">impact investments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_investing">Impact investing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impact investing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Impact_Investing" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact Investing">Impact investing</a> is the alternative investment (i.e. private equity) approach to Positive investing. In 2014, the UK's presidency of the G8 created a Social Impact Investment Task Force which produced a series of reports that defined impact investing as "those that intentionally target specific social objectives along with a financial return and measure the achievement of both".<sup id="cite_ref-G8_Invisible_Heart_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G8_Invisible_Heart-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impact investing, capitalizes businesses that potentially provide social or environmental impact at a scale that purely philanthropic interventions usually cannot reach.<sup id="cite_ref-Monitor09_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monitor09-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This capital may be in a range of forms including private equity, debt, working capital lines of credit, and loan guarantees. Examples in recent decades include many investments in <a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">microfinance</a>, community development finance, and clean technology. Impacting investing has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> community, and an investor will often take active role mentoring or leading the growth of the company or start-up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_investment">Community investment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Community investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By investing <i>directly</i> in an institution, rather than purchasing stock, an investor is able to create a greater social impact: money spent purchasing stock in the secondary market accrues to the stock's previous owner and may not generate social good, while money invested in a community institution is put to work. For example, money invested in a <a href="/wiki/CDFI" class="mw-redirect" title="CDFI">Community Development Financial Institution</a> may be used by that institution to alleviate poverty or inequality, spread access to capital to under-served communities, support economic development or green business, or create other social good. In 1984, Trillium Asset Management's founder, Joan Bavaria, invited <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Matthei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuck Matthei (page does not exist)">Chuck Matthei</a> of the Institute for Community Economics (ICE), an organization that helps communities create and sustain land trusts, to a meeting of <a href="/wiki/US_SIF" title="US SIF">US SIF</a>. It is likely that this was the first time a nonprofit organization with a loan fund would meet directly with SRI managers. Trillium clients began investing in ICE later that year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_context">Global context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Global context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socially responsible investing is a global phenomenon. With the international scope of business itself, social investors frequently invest in companies with international operations. As international investment products and opportunities have expanded, so have international SRI products. The ranks of social investors are growing throughout developed and developing countries. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> launched its <a href="/wiki/Principles_for_Responsible_Investment" title="Principles for Responsible Investment">Principles for Responsible Investment</a> which provide a framework for investors to incorporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into the investment process. PRI has more than 1,500 signatories managing more than US$60 trillion of assets.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsi-alliance.org">Global Sustainable Investment Alliance</a> (GSIA) is a collaboration of membership-based sustainable investment organisations around the world including the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurosif.org">European Sustainable Investment Forum</a> (Eurosif), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uksif.org">UK Sustainable Investment and Finance Association</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=UKSIF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UKSIF (page does not exist)">UKSIF</a>), the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.responsibleinvestment.org">Responsible Investment Association Australasia</a> (RIAA), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riacanada.ca">Responsible Investment Association</a> (RIA Canada), the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ussif.org">Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment</a> (<a href="/wiki/US_SIF" title="US SIF">US SIF</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vbdo.nl/en/">Dutch Association of Investors for Sustainable Development</a> (VBDO) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japansif.com/english">Japan Sustainable Investment Forum</a>. The GSIA's mission is to deepen the impact and visibility of sustainable investment organizations at the global level. </p><p>The <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsi-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/GSIR_Review2018F.pdf">Global Sustainable Investment Review 2018</a></i>, the fourth edition of this biennial report, continues to be the only report collating results from the market studies of regional sustainable investment forums from Europe, the United States, Japan, Canada, and Australia and New Zealand. It provides a snapshot of sustainable investing in these markets at the start of 2018 by drawing on the in-depth regional and national reports from GSIA members: Eurosif, Japan Sustainable Investment Forum (JSIF), Responsible Investment Association Australasia, RIA Canada and US SIF. This report also includes data on the African sustainable investing market, from the African Investing for Impact Barometer, and on Latin America from the Principles for Responsible Investment. </p><p>The 2018 report shows that globally, sustainable investing assets in the five major markets stood at US$30.7 trillion at the start of 2018, a 34% increase in two years. From 2016 to 2018, the fastest growing region has been Japan, followed by Australia/New Zealand and Canada. These were also the three fastest growing regions in the previous two-year period. The largest three regions— based on the value of their sustainable investing assets—were Europe, the United States and Japan. </p><p>A 2020 global analysis from Morningstar indicates that assets in sustainable funds reached nearly, $1.7 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Net flows into U.S. sustainable funds surpassed $51 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ESG_ratings_agencies">ESG ratings agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ESG ratings agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asset managers and other financial institutions increasingly rely on ESG ratings agencies to assess, measure and compare companies' ESG performance.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sustainalytics" title="Sustainalytics">Sustainalytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/RepRisk" title="RepRisk">RepRisk</a> are two examples of dedicated ESG ratings agencies, while global credit agencies like <a href="/wiki/S%26P_Global" title="S&P Global">S&P Global</a> are also seeing the value to adding ESG ratings to their data offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsible,_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_Australia"><span id="Responsible.2C_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_Australia"></span>Responsible, ethical and impact investing in Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Responsible, ethical and impact investing in Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Responsible Investment Association Australasia's annual <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsibleinvestment.org/resources/benchmark-report/">Responsible Investment Benchmark Report Australia 2020</a>, in 2019 and for a 19th consecutive year, funds managed under responsible investment approaches grew as a proportion of total professionally managed investments in Australia to AU$1,149 billion in assets under management, a rise of 17% from 2018. Ever more investment managers are applying a range of responsible investing approaches – from ESG integration and negative screening to sustainability-themed and impact investing. </p><p>The report shows that in Australian and multi-sector responsible investment funds outperformed mainstream funds over 1, 3, 5 and 10 year time horizons. </p><p>Australian responsible investment managers still favour ESG integration and corporate engagement and voting above negative and norms-based screening as their primary responsible investment approaches for constructing portfolios, but managers are increasingly driving capital towards sustainability-themed and impact investing allocations with allocations to Green, Social and Sustainability Bonds more than doubling since last year. </p><p>Negative screening of fossil fuels by the responsible investment industry is beginning to catch up to consumer interest. In 2018, only 5% of responsible investment AUM for survey respondents who conduct negative screening was screened for fossil fuels. In 2019, 19% of responsible investment AUM has been screened for fossil fuels, growing 14 percentage points from the year before. For consumers using RIAA's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.responsiblereturns.com.au">Responsible Returns</a> search and compare tool for ethical investments, the most important exclusionary screens are fossil fuels, human rights abuses and armaments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsible,_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_New_Zealand"><span id="Responsible.2C_ethical_and_impact_investing_in_New_Zealand"></span>Responsible, ethical and impact investing in New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Responsible, ethical and impact investing in New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Responsible Investment Association Australasia's annual <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsibleinvestment.org/resources/benchmark-report/">Responsible Investment Benchmark Report New Zealand 2020</a> details the size, growth, depth and performance of the New Zealand responsible investment market over 12 months to 31 December 2019 and compares these results with the broader New Zealand financial market. In 2019, funds managed under responsible investment approaches grew as a proportion of total professionally managed investments in New Zealand to NZ$153.5 billion in 2019. This represents 52% of the estimated NZ$296 billion of total professionally managed assets under management in New Zealand. </p><p>Increasingly, responsible investors in New Zealand have shifted their focus from screening out harmful industries such as tobacco and armaments, to considering broader environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) factors when investing. Impact investing has grown over 13 times from NZ$358 million in 2018 to NZ$4.74 billion in 2019. Green, Social and Sustainability (GSS) Bonds account for 88% of products using this approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_investment_in_the_UK">Ethical investment in the UK</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ethical investment in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, Friends Provident launched the first ethically screened investment fund with criteria which excluded tobacco, arms, alcohol and oppressive regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1985, over 90 investment funds have launched offering a wide range of investment criteria; both negatively screened and with positive investment criteria i.e. investing into companies involved in promoting sustainability. </p><p>Since 1985, most of the major investment organizations have launched ethical and socially responsible funds, although this has led to a great deal of discussion and debate over the use of the term "ethical" investment.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because each of the fund management organizations tend to apply a slightly different approach to running their funds. </p><p>In recent years, there has been growth in the market for high social impact investments; this is a style of investing where the businesses receiving investment have social or environmental goals as a primary purpose.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UK institutions are also getting more involved in social investing through impact investing funds, with those such as <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/NESTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NESTA">NESTA</a>, alongside other institutions such as Big Issue Invest, which is part of <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Issue" title="The Big Issue">The Big Issue</a> group. </p><p>As of June 2014, EIRIS estimated that there was over £13.5 billion invested in Britain's green and ethical retail funds. This estimate is based on around 85 UK domiciled green or ethical retail funds and it seeks to not include UK money invested in ethical funds domiciled outside of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_higher_education">In higher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, the Dwight Hall organization at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> launched the first undergraduate-run socially responsible investment fund in the United States, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Hall_Socially_Responsible_Investment_Fund" title="Dwight Hall Socially Responsible Investment Fund">Dwight Hall Socially Responsible Investment Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-csrwire_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csrwire-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the University of Edinburgh adopted a comprehensive responsible investment policy,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it one of the first universities in the United Kingdom to do so. The policy includes divestment from fossil fuels and increased investment in renewable energy and sustainable technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_conventional_investing">Comparison with conventional investing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Comparison with conventional investing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While conventional investing only focuses on the traditional risk and returns considerations in making investment decisions, socially responsible investing considers other ethical factors as discussed above. Hence, the question often arise as to whether it pays financially to be ethical or not in making investment decisions. The debate as to whether there is anything to gain or lose by deciding to be ethical and socially responsible in making investment decisions is still ongoing. Several studies have found that there is no conclusive evidence as to whether the performances of socially responsible investments outperform those of conventional and vice versa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparing_portfolio_and_fund_performance">Comparing portfolio and fund performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comparing portfolio and fund performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies in various places have analysed the performance of socially responsible investing (SRI) and conventional investing (CI) using different models and methodologies for measuring performance. Using the <a href="/wiki/Carhart_four-factor_model" title="Carhart four-factor model">Carhart four-factor model</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that an approach where stocks with high SRI scores are bought while those with low SRI scores are sold off produced a positive abnormal performance of up to 8.7% per annum, suggesting that investors can achieve their ethical goals without hurting their financial performance.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also using the Carhart four-factor model, noted an excess return of 7% for environmentally-friendly firms. However,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a similar approach found the performance of SRI stocks to be not statistically different from those of conventional stocks. In contrast,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also using the Carhart four-factor model found a <a href="/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)" title="Portfolio (finance)">portfolio</a> which included "sin stocks" (alcohol, tobacco, gaming) to be significantly outperforming similar comparable stocks, which indicates that investors in SRI stocks might be losing. However, after controlling for managerial skills, transaction costs and fees,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found no outperformance between portfolios which include "sin" stocks and comparable SR portfolios. Some other studies have compared the performance of SRI funds with conventional <a href="/wiki/Investment_fund" title="Investment fund">funds</a>. While some studies used only the <a href="/wiki/Capital_asset_pricing_model" title="Capital asset pricing model">capital asset pricing model</a> to compare performance<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), others used multifactor models such as the <a href="/wiki/Fama%E2%80%93French_three-factor_model" title="Fama–French three-factor model">Fama–French three-factor model</a> and Carhart four-factor model.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies found no statistically significant difference in performance between the SRI and conventional funds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparing_stock_market_index_performance">Comparing stock market index performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Comparing stock market index performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considering that difference in performance of funds may be due to portfolio selection/construction process and/or the ability of fund managers and not necessarily on the nature of investments themselves, some studies have compared the performance of <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_index" title="Stock market index">stock market indices</a> instead. Two of the pioneer studies compared the performance of the <a href="/wiki/Domini_400_Social_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Domini 400 Social Index">Domini 400 Social Index</a> with the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sharpe_ratio" title="Sharpe ratio">Sharpe ratio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capital_asset_pricing_model" title="Capital asset pricing model">capital asset pricing model</a> were used to estimate <a href="/wiki/Jensen%27s_alpha" title="Jensen's alpha">Jensen's alpha</a> for the comparison and no significant difference was found in the performance of the two indices. A follow-up study compared the performance of four SRI indices (Domini 400 Social Index, <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Social_Index" title="Calvert Social Index">Calvert Social Index</a>, Citizen's Index and <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_Indices" title="Dow Jones Sustainability Indices">Dow Jones Sustainability Indices</a> US Index) with the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a> index between 1990 and 2004 and found that returns on the SRI indices exceeded returns on S&P 500 even though they were not statistically significant.<sup id="cite_ref-Statman,_M._2006_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statman,_M._2006-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others focused only on the US<sup id="cite_ref-Statman,_M._2006_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statman,_M._2006-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on outside the US by studying the performance of 29 SRI indices globally.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the capital asset pricing model to estimate Jensen's alpha as the performance indicator, no significant evidence of under/over performance was found. A comparison of the performance of SR indices with conventional indices on a global scale using <a href="/wiki/Marginal_conditional_stochastic_dominance" title="Marginal conditional stochastic dominance">marginal conditional stochastic dominance</a> found there is "strong evidence that there is a financial price to be paid for socially responsible investing".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent study showed that "improvements in CSR reputation enhance profits".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="/wiki/Blended_value" title="Blended value">Blended value</a> – Conceptual framework</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a> – Application of ethical principles to the area of business activities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a> – Local ratepayer-owned air current power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a> – Form of corporate self-regulation aimed at contributing to social or charitable goals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_asset#Climate-related_asset_stranding" title="Stranded asset">Climate-related asset stranding</a> – Former physical asset, now a liability</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_impact_bond" title="Development impact bond">Development impact bond</a> – performance-based investment instrument<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DitchCarbon" title="DitchCarbon">DitchCarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a> – Concerted economic boycott to pressure a change in policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a> – investment strategy<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social and corporate governance">Environmental, social and corporate governance</a> – Business framework<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a> – Bank concerned with the social and environmental impacts of its investments and loans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a> – Divestment in companies that extract fossil fuels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_reporting" title="Integrated reporting">Integrated reporting</a> – summary of IR<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a> – Investing in enterprises aiming at creating social/environmental impact alongside profit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">Microfinance</a> – Provision of microloans to small scale entrepreneurs and small businesses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthrocapitalism</a> – Method of philanthropy that mirrors a for-profit business</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia_investments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia investments">Sharia investments</a> – Financial products and services that conform to Sharia (Islamic law)<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_finance" title="Social finance">Social finance</a> – mobilizing investment capital to drive social progress<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_bond" title="Social impact bond">Social impact bond</a> – Bond repaying investment based on social outcomes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a> – Ethical framework</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a> – Mode of human development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a> – Financial regulations, standards, norms and products that pursue an environmental objective</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror-free_investing" title="Terror-free investing">Terror-free investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Fund">Vice Fund</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also termed "<b>responsible</b>", "<b>sustainable</b>", "<b>social</b>", or "<b>ethical</b>" <b>investing</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_responsible_investing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSparkes2003" class="citation book cs1">Sparkes, Russell (2003-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgnqYLa13EQC"><i>Socially Responsible Investment: A Global Revolution</i></a>. 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unpri.org/">UN Principles for Responsible Investment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/social-impact/academics/moskowitz-prize.aspx">Moskowitz Prize -Quantitative Research in the field of Socially Responsible Investing</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.appropedia.org/SRI" class="extiw" title="appropedia:SRI">Socially Responsible Investing at Appropedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ussif.org/sribasics">Socially Responsible Investing Basics from the Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment</a></li> <li>The World Bank (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/362051468328208633/water-and-climate-change-understanding-the-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisions">Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investwithvalues.com/">Invest with Values</a> – The Investor's Gateway to Socially Responsible Investing resources, topics and organizations</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Investment_management384" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Investment_management" title="Template:Investment management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Investment_management" title="Template talk:Investment management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Investment_management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Investment management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Investment_management384" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">Investment management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Investment_fund" title="Investment fund">Investment <br />fund<br />structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_contractual_fund" title="Common contractual fund">Common contractual fund</a> (CCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">Exchange-traded fund</a> (ETF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds_commun_de_placement" title="Fonds commun de placement">Fonds commun de placement</a> (FCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fund_of_funds" title="Fund of funds">Fund of funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_fund" title="Index fund">Index fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_trust" title="Investment trust">Investment trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">Hedge fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour-sponsored_venture_capital_corporation" title="Labour-sponsored venture capital corporation">Labour-sponsored venture capital corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_investment_company" title="Listed investment company">Listed investment company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">Mutual fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_fund" title="Offshore fund">Offshore fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-ended_fund_company" title="Open-ended fund company">Open-ended fund company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-ended_investment_company" title="Open-ended investment company">Open-ended investment company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private-equity_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Private-equity fund">Private-equity fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualifying_investor_alternative_investment_fund" title="Qualifying investor alternative investment fund">Qualifying investor alternative investment fund</a> (QIAIF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust" title="Real estate investment trust">Real estate investment trust</a> (REIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalty_trust" title="Royalty trust">Royalty trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_investment_fund" title="Short-term investment fund">Short-term investment fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SICAV" title="SICAV">SICAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_capital_investment_trust" title="Split capital investment trust">Split capital investment trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_transparent_fund" title="Tax transparent fund">Tax transparent fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_fund" title="Umbrella fund">Umbrella fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_investment_trust" title="Unit investment trust">Unit investment trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_trust" title="Unit trust">Unit trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitised_insurance_fund" title="Unitised insurance fund">Unitised insurance fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investment styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_management" title="Active management">Active</a> / <a href="/wiki/Passive_management" title="Passive management">passive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">Hedge Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_of_managers_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Manager of managers fund">Manager of managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_finance" title="Social finance">Social finance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_trading" title="Social trading">Social trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_investing" title="Thematic investing">Thematic investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_investing" title="Value investing">Value</a> / <a href="/wiki/Growth_investing" title="Growth investing">growth investing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-end_fund" title="Closed-end fund">Closed-end fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fund_governance" title="Fund governance">Fund governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_investor" title="Institutional investor">Institutional investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_asset_value" title="Net asset value">Net asset value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-end_fund" title="Open-end fund">Open-end fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_fee" title="Performance fee">Performance fee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrage_pricing_theory" title="Arbitrage pricing theory">Arbitrage pricing theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis" title="Efficient-market hypothesis">Efficient-market hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_income" title="Fixed income">Fixed income</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bond_duration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond duration">Duration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bond_convexity" title="Bond convexity">Convexity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martingale_pricing" title="Martingale pricing">Martingale pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory" title="Modern portfolio theory">Modern portfolio theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noisy_market_hypothesis" title="Noisy market hypothesis">Noisy market hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_curve" title="Yield curve">Yield curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_investment" title="Alternative investment">Alternative investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_pool_operator" title="Commodity pool operator">Commodity pool operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robo-advisor" title="Robo-advisor">Robo-advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns-based_style_analysis" title="Returns-based style analysis">Returns-based style analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_investments" title="Traditional investments">Traditional investments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertakings_for_Collective_Investment_in_Transferable_Securities_Directives" class="mw-redirect" title="Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directives">UCITS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Investment_management_companies" title="Category:Investment management companies">Category</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_asset_management_firms" title="List of asset management firms">List</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_and_environmental_accountability723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_accountability" title="Template:Social accountability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_accountability" title="Template talk:Social accountability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_accountability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social accountability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_and_environmental_accountability723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting#Formal_accountability" title="Social accounting">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">environmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Ethics</a> and<br />principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Convention" title="Aarhus Convention">Aarhus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate accountability</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">behaviour</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">environmental responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_responsibility" title="Corporate responsibility">responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Russia" title="Environmental racism in Russia">in Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental racism in the United States">in the United States</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Western_Europe" title="Environmental racism in Western Europe">in Western Europe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom"> inequality in the UK</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_injustice_in_Europe" title="Environmental injustice in Europe">injustice in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_code" title="Ethical code">Ethical code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">Harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Eichmanns" title="Little Eichmanns">Little Eichmanns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_ethics" title="Organizational ethics">Organizational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_justice" title="Organizational justice">Organizational justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_for_Responsible_Investment" title="Principles for Responsible Investment">Principles for Responsible Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact Assessment"> Social impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_theory" title="Stakeholder theory">Stakeholder theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_principles" title="Sullivan principles">Sullivan principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">Transparency (behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">UN Global Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill"><img alt="Clean up after the Exxon Valdez oil spill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/125px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/188px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/250px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting" title="Social accounting">Social<br />accounting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bottom_line" title="Double bottom line">Double bottom line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_positioning_index" title="Ethical positioning index">Ethical positioning index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higg_Index" title="Higg Index">Higg Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_assessment" title="Impact assessment">Impact assessment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_impact_assessment" title="Equality impact assessment">equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_assessment" title="Social impact assessment">social</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">ISO 26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_indicator" title="Performance indicator">Performance indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA8000" title="SA8000">SA 8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OHSAS_18001" title="OHSAS 18001">OHSAS 18001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-life_cost" title="Whole-life cost">Whole-life cost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental<br />accounting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-Management_and_Audit_Scheme" title="Eco-Management and Audit Scheme">Eco-Management and Audit Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_inventory" title="Emission inventory">Emission inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">impact assessment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">management system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_profit_and_loss_account" title="Environmental profit and loss account">profit-and-loss account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">ISO 14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Sustainability accounting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">measurement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">metrics and indices</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">standards and certification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_sustainability" title="Supply chain sustainability">supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">Triple bottom line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reporting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Reporting_Initiative" title="Global Reporting Initiative">Global Reporting Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GxP" title="GxP">GxP guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Sustainability reporting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Auditing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_monitoring" title="Community-based monitoring">Community-based monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_audit" title="Environmental audit">Environmental</a> (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_certification" title="Environmental certification">certification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_certification" title="Fair trade certification">certification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">ISO 19011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh" title="Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh">Bangladesh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_corporation" title="Benefit corporation">Benefit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">Community interest company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Eco-labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">Environmental pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_justice_movement" title="Global justice movement">Global justice movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_governance_mechanism" title="Market governance mechanism">Market governance mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">Product certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">Stakeholder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_engagement" title="Stakeholder engagement">engagement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility" title="Category:Social responsibility">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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