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id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adolescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Adolescence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morehouse_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morehouse_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Morehouse College </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morehouse_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Religious education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Marriage and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism_and_organizational_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism_and_organizational_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Activism and organizational leadership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activism_and_organizational_leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activism and organizational leadership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activism_and_organizational_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Montgomery_bus_boycott,_1955" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montgomery_bus_boycott,_1955"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Montgomery bus boycott, 1955 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montgomery_bus_boycott,_1955-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Southern Christian Leadership Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survived_knife_attack,_1958" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survived_knife_attack,_1958"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Survived knife attack, 1958 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survived_knife_attack,_1958-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlanta_sit-ins,_prison_sentence,_and_the_1960_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlanta_sit-ins,_prison_sentence,_and_the_1960_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Atlanta sit-ins, prison sentence, and the 1960 elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlanta_sit-ins,_prison_sentence,_and_the_1960_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albany_Movement,_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albany_Movement,_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Albany Movement, 1961 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albany_Movement,_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birmingham_campaign,_1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birmingham_campaign,_1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Birmingham campaign, 1963 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birmingham_campaign,_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_on_Washington,_1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_on_Washington,_1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 March on Washington, 1963 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_on_Washington,_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Augustine,_Florida,_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Augustine,_Florida,_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 St. Augustine, Florida, 1964 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Augustine,_Florida,_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biddeford,_Maine,_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biddeford,_Maine,_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Biddeford, Maine, 1964 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biddeford,_Maine,_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_City,_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City,_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 New York City, 1964 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City,_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripto_strike_in_Atlanta,_1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripto_strike_in_Atlanta,_1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Scripto strike in Atlanta, 1964 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripto_strike_in_Atlanta,_1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selma_voting_rights_movement_and_"Bloody_Sunday",_1965" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selma_voting_rights_movement_and_"Bloody_Sunday",_1965"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Selma voting rights movement and "Bloody Sunday", 1965 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selma_voting_rights_movement_and_"Bloody_Sunday",_1965-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago_open_housing_movement,_1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago_open_housing_movement,_1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Chicago open housing movement, 1966 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago_open_housing_movement,_1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 Opposition to the Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correspondence_with_Thích_Nhất_Hạnh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence_with_Thích_Nhất_Hạnh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14.1 Correspondence with Thích Nhất Hạnh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence_with_Thích_Nhất_Hạnh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_People's_Campaign,_1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_People's_Campaign,_1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.15 Poor People's Campaign, 1968 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_People's_Campaign,_1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.16 Global policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Assassination and aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assassination and aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Allegations of conspiracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Martin Luther King Jr. Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Veneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideas,_influences,_and_political_stances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideas,_influences,_and_political_stances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ideas, influences, and political stances </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideas,_influences,_and_political_stances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ideas, influences, and political stances subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ideas,_influences,_and_political_stances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Measure_of_a_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Measure_of_a_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 The Measure of a Man </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Measure_of_a_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonviolence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonviolence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Nonviolence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonviolence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_within_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_within_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Criticism within the movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_within_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism_and_involvement_with_Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism_and_involvement_with_Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Activism and involvement with Native Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism_and_involvement_with_Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Compensation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_surveillance_and_coercion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_surveillance_and_coercion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 State surveillance and coercion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_surveillance_and_coercion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle State surveillance and coercion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-State_surveillance_and_coercion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FBI_surveillance_and_wiretapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FBI_surveillance_and_wiretapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 FBI surveillance and wiretapping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FBI_surveillance_and_wiretapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NSA_monitoring_of_King's_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NSA_monitoring_of_King's_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 NSA monitoring of King's communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NSA_monitoring_of_King's_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Allegations of communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CIA_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 CIA surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_adultery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_adultery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Allegations of adultery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_adultery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_observation_during_the_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_observation_during_the_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Police observation during the assassination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_observation_during_the_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Awards and recognition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and recognition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Five-dollar_bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five-dollar_bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Five-dollar bill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five-dollar_bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_doctorates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_doctorates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Honorary doctorates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_doctorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Discography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Discography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Albums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Singles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Martin Luther King Jr.</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 173 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" > 173 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_jr." title="Martin Luther King jr. – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Martin Luther King jr." data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B6/%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%89%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ዶ/ር ማርቲን ሉተር ኪንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዶ/ር ማርቲን ሉተር ኪንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кинг, Мартин Лиутер – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Кинг, Мартин Лиутер" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86" title="مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A8%D6%80_%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Մարթին Լուտըր Քինկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մարթին Լուտըր Քինկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Tinirlu" title="Martin Luther King Tinirlu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Martin Luther King Tinirlu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82,_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0" title="মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ কিং, কনিষ্ঠ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ কিং, কনিষ্ঠ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCter_Kinq" title="Martin Lüter Kinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Martin Lüter Kinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مارتین لوتر کینگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین لوتر کینگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr" title="Martin Luther King Jr – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82,_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0" title="মার্টিন লুথার কিং, জুনিয়র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্টিন লুথার কিং, জুনিয়র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лютер Кинг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мартин Лютер Кинг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Марцін Лютэр Кінг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцін Лютэр Кінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартын Лютэр Кінг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мартын Лютэр Кінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лутър Кинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мартин Лутър Кинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="མར་ཏིན་ལུ་ཏར་ཁིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མར་ཏིན་ལུ་ཏར་ཁིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лютер Кинг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мартин Лютер Кинг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лютер Кинг – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мартин Лютер Кинг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0)" title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग(जुनियर) – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग(जुनियर)" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Μάρτιν Λούθερ Κινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρτιν Λούθερ Κινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مارتین لوتر کینگ جونیور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین لوتر کینگ جونیور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91" title="馬丁·路德·金 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="馬丁·路德·金" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="માર્ટિન લ્યૂથર કિંગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માર્ટિન લ્યૂથર કિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EB%A3%A8%ED%84%B0_%ED%82%B9_%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4" title="마틴 루터 킹 주니어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마틴 루터 킹 주니어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Մարտին Լյութեր Քինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Լյութեր Քինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर किंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מרטין לותר קינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין לותר קינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಾರ್ಟಿನ್ ಲೂಥರ್ ಕಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಟಿನ್ ಲೂಥರ್ ಕಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ ლუთერ კინგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარტინ ლუთერ კინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лютер Кинг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мартин Лютер Кинг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Lutherus_King" title="Martinus Lutherus King – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Lutherus King" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rtins_Luters_Kings" title="Mārtins Luters Kings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mārtins Luters Kings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लुथर किङ, जुनियर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मार्टिन लुथर किङ, जुनियर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лутер Кинг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мартин Лутер Кинг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="മാർട്ടിൻ ലൂഥർ കിംഗ് ജൂനിയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർട്ടിൻ ലൂഥർ കിംഗ് ജൂനിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन ल्यूथर किंग, जुनियर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्टिन ल्यूथर किंग, जुनियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ ლუთერ კინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარტინ ლუთერ კინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="مارتين لوثر كينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتين لوثر كينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مارتین لوتر کینگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارتین لوتر کینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лютер Кинг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мартин Лютер Кинг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="မာတင် လူသာကင်း ဂျူနီယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာတင် လူသာကင်း ဂျူနီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लुथर किङ, जुनियर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मार्टिन लुथर किङ, जुनियर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="マーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%99%DF%91%DF%95%DF%8D%DF%B2%DF%AB_%DF%9F%DF%8E%DF%95%DF%8D%DF%99_%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%9C%DF%AD_%DF%98%DF%90%DF%B0%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߡߊߙߑߕߍ߲߫ ߟߎߕߍߙ ߞߌ߲ߜ߭ ߘߐ߰ߡߊ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߊߙߑߕߍ߲߫ ߟߎߕߍߙ ߞߌ߲ߜ߭ ߘߐ߰ߡߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кинг, Мартин Лютер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кинг, Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_jr." title="Martin Luther King jr. – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Luther King jr." data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_jr." title="Martin Luther King jr. – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Martin Luther King jr." data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0" title="ମାର୍ଟିନ ଲୁଥର କିଙ୍ଗ ଜୁନିଅର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାର୍ଟିନ ଲୁଥର କିଙ୍ଗ ଜୁନିଅର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਲੂਥਰ ਕਿੰਗ ਜੂਨੀਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਲੂਥਰ ਕਿੰਗ ਜੂਨੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مارٹن لوتھر کنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارٹن لوتھر کنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB" title="مارتین لوتر کینګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارتین لوتر کینګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A_%E1%9E%83%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%84" title="ម៉ាទីន ឡូតធឺរ ឃីង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាទីន ឡូតធឺរ ឃីង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Мартін Лутер Кінґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мартін Лутер Кінґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кинг, Мартин Лютер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинг, Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кинг Мартин Лютер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кинг Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82)" title="मार्टिन् लूथर् किङ्ग् (ज्यू) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मार्टिन् लूथर् किङ्ग् (ज्यू)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱞᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱝ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱞᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱝ ᱡᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82" title="මාර්ටින් ලූතර් කිං – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාර්ටින් ලූතර් කිං" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_mlaj%C5%A1i" title="Martin Luther King mlajši – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Luther King mlajši" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مارتین لووتەر کینگ دووەمی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارتین لووتەر کینگ دووەمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартин Лутер Кинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартин Лутер Кинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்ட்டின் லூதர் கிங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்ட்டின் லூதர் கிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCter_King" title="Martin Lüter King – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Martin Lüter King" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="మార్టిన్ లూథర్ కింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్టిన్ లూథర్ కింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มาร์ติน ลูเทอร์ คิง จูเนียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์ติน ลูเทอร์ คิง จูเนียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jnr." title="Martin Luther King Jnr. – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Martin Luther King Jnr." data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Мартін Лютер Кінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Лютер Кінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="مارٹن لوتھر کنگ جونیئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارٹن لوتھر کنگ جونیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%89%DA%AD" title="مارتىن لوتىر كىڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مارتىن لوتىر كىڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Martin_L%C3%BCter" title="King Martin Lüter – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="King Martin Lüter" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr. – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Martin Luther King Jr." data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingi_Martin_Luther" title="Kingi Martin Luther – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kingi Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91" title="马丁·路德·金 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马丁·路德·金" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מארטין לוטער קינג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מארטין לוטער קינג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%91" title="馬丁路德金 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬丁路德金" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." title="Martin Luther King, Jr. – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Martin Luther King, Jr." data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Martin Luther King" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins_Lioter%C4%97s_K%C4%97ngs" title="Martins Lioterės Kėngs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Martins Lioterės Kėngs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Martin Luther King (disambiguation)">Martin Luther King (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/MLK_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MLK (disambiguation)">MLK (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Doctor</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Martin Luther King Jr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white portrait of Martin Luther King Jr. wearing a suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr..jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">King in 1964</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st President of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 10, 1957 – April 4, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Michael King Jr.</div> (1929-01-15)January 15, 1929 <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 4, 1968(1968-04-04) (aged 39) <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination by gunshot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1953)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_King" title="Dexter King">Dexter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Williams_King" title="Alberta Williams King">Alberta Williams King</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_King_Farris" title="Christine King Farris">Christine King Farris</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alveda_King" title="Alveda King">Alveda King</a> (niece)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Crozer_Theological_Seminary" title="Crozer Theological Seminary">Crozer Theological Seminary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity" title="Bachelor of Divinity">BDiv</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Baptist minister</li><li>activist</li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1964)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award">posthumous</a>, 1977)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (posthumous, 2004)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martin Luther King Jr.'s signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg/128px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg/192px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg/256px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="92" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._speaks_about_Barry_Goldwater_at_a_press_conference_at_Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol,_August_1964_(audio_from_Polygoon).oga" title="File:Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks about Barry Goldwater at a press conference at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, August 1964 (audio from Polygoon).oga">Martin Luther King Jr.'s voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._speaks_about_Barry_Goldwater_at_a_press_conference_at_Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol,_August_1964_(audio_from_Polygoon).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._speaks_about_Barry_Goldwater_at_a_press_conference_at_Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol%2C_August_1964_%28audio_from_Polygoon%29.oga/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._speaks_about_Barry_Goldwater_at_a_press_conference_at_Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol%2C_August_1964_%28audio_from_Polygoon%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._speaks_about_Barry_Goldwater_at_a_press_conference_at_Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol%2C_August_1964_%28audio_from_Polygoon%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">King giving a press conference at <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a> Recorded August 1964</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 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.sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1608" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">Sermons and speeches</a></li></ul> <hr /> Campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_March_for_Integrated_Schools_(1959)" title="Youth March for Integrated Schools (1959)">Youth March for Integrated Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Open_Housing_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Open Housing Movement">Chicago Open Housing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> <hr /> Death and memorial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">American federal holiday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passage_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Passage of Martin Luther King Jr. Day">passage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">National memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">National Historical Park</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther_King_Jr._sidebar" title="Template:Martin Luther King Jr. sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther_King_Jr._sidebar" title="Template talk:Martin Luther King Jr. sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther_King_Jr._sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther King Jr. sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister, <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Political philosopher">political philosopher</a> who was one of the most prominent leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> from 1955 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">his assassination</a> in 1968. King advanced <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> for <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a> in the United States through the use of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> and other forms of legalized <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">discrimination</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black church</a> leader, King participated in and led marches for the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200653-1">[1]</a> He oversaw the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> and later became the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany, Georgia</a>, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>. King was one of the leaders of the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a>, where he delivered his "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>, and helped organize two of the three <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> during the 1965 Selma voting rights movement. The civil rights movement achieved pivotal legislative gains in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act of 1968">Fair Housing Act of 1968</a>. There were several dramatic standoffs with <a href="/wiki/Segregationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregationist">segregationist</a> authorities, who often responded violently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190-2">[2]</a> King was jailed several times. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> considered King a radical and made him an object of the FBI's <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> from 1963 forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In 1964, the FBI mailed King <a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93King_letter" title="FBI–King letter">a threatening anonymous letter</a>, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3">[3]</a> On <a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">October 14, 1964</a>, King won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for combating <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racial inequality</a> through nonviolent resistance. In his final years, he expanded his focus to include opposition towards <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a>, when he was assassinated on April 4 in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fugitive" title="Fugitive">fugitive</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Penitentiary" title="Missouri State Penitentiary">Missouri State Penitentiary</a>, was convicted of the assassination, though the King family believes he was a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a>; the assassination remains <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">the subject of conspiracy theories</a>. King's death was followed by <a href="/wiki/National_mourning" class="mw-redirect" title="National mourning">national mourning</a>, as well as anger leading to <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots in many U.S. cities</a>. King was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1977 and the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> in 2003. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> was established as a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the federal holiday was first observed in 1986. The <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3></div> Michael King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>; he was the second of three children born to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Michael King Sr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Williams_King" title="Alberta Williams King">Alberta King</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Williams).<a href="#cite_note-marshall-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-bf-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bio-6">[6]</a> Alberta's father, Adam Daniel Williams,<a href="#cite_note-The_King_Center-7">[7]</a> was a minister in rural <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, moved to Atlanta in 1893,<a href="#cite_note-bio-6">[6]</a> and became pastor of the <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Georgia)">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> in the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19836-8">[8]</a> Williams married Jennie Celeste Parks.<a href="#cite_note-bio-6">[6]</a> Michael Sr. was born to <a href="/wiki/Sharecroppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecroppers">sharecroppers</a> James Albert and Delia King of <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Georgia" title="Stockbridge, Georgia">Stockbridge, Georgia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-bf-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bio-6">[6]</a> he was of African-<a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As an adolescent, Michael Sr. left his parents' farm and walked to Atlanta, where he attained a high school education,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200211-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200410-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20082-14">[14]</a> and enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> to study for entry to the ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20082-14">[14]</a> Michael Sr. and Alberta began dating in 1920, and married on November 25, 1926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200212-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19837-16">[16]</a> Until Jennie's death in 1941, their home was on the second floor of Alberta's parents' <a href="/wiki/Victorian_house" title="Victorian house">Victorian house</a>, where King was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19834-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200212-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19837-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198313-18">[18]</a> Michael Jr. had an older sister, <a href="/wiki/Christine_King_Farris" title="Christine King Farris">Christine King Farris</a>, and a younger brother, <a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">Alfred Daniel "A. D." King</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199276-19">[19]</a> Shortly after marrying Alberta, Michael King Sr. became assistant pastor of the Ebenezer church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19837-16">[16]</a> Senior pastor Williams died in the spring of 1931<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19837-16">[16]</a> and that fall Michael Sr. took the role. With support from his wife, he raised attendance from six hundred to several thousand.<a href="#cite_note-bio-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19837-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEig202343-20">[20]</a> In 1934, the church sent King Sr. on a multinational trip; one of the stops on the trip was <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> for the Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a> [BWA]).<a href="#cite_note-deneen-21">[21]</a> He also visited sites in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> that are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deneen-21">[21]</a> In reaction to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, the BWA made a resolution saying, "This Congress deplores and condemns as a violation of the law of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Heavenly Father</a>, all racial animosity, and every form of oppression or unfair discrimination toward the Jews, toward colored people, or toward subject races in any part of the world."<a href="#cite_note-ajc-22">[22]</a> After returning home in August 1934, Michael Sr. changed his name to Martin Luther King Sr. and his five-year-old son's name to Martin Luther King Jr.<a href="#cite_note-deneen-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199230–31-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200212-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_childhood">Early childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King%27s_Boyhood_Home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Martin_Luther_King%27s_Boyhood_Home.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King%27s_Boyhood_Home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Martin_Luther_King%27s_Boyhood_Home.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King%27s_Boyhood_Home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Martin_Luther_King%27s_Boyhood_Home.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King%27s_Boyhood_Home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4860" data-file-height="3394" /></a><figcaption>King's childhood home in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></figcaption></figure> At his childhood home, Martin King Jr. and his two siblings read aloud the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as instructed by their father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19835-26">[25]</a> After dinners, Martin Jr.'s grandmother Jennie, whom he affectionately referred to as "Mama", told lively stories from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19835-26">[25]</a> Martin Jr.'s father regularly used <a href="/wiki/Whipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipping">whippings</a> to discipline his children,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19838-27">[26]</a> sometimes having them whip each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19838-27">[26]</a> Martin Sr. later remarked, "[Martin Jr.] was the most peculiar child whenever you whipped him. He'd stand there, and the tears would run down, and he'd never cry."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200214-28">[27]</a> Once, when Martin Jr. witnessed his brother A.D. emotionally upset his sister Christine, he took a telephone and knocked A.D. unconscious with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19838-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415-29">[28]</a> When Martin Jr. and his brother were playing at their home, A.D. slid from a banister and hit Jennie, causing her to fall unresponsive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19838–9-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415-29">[28]</a> Martin Jr. believing her dead, blamed himself and attempted <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> by jumping from a second-story window,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19839-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415-29">[28]</a> but rose from the ground after hearing that she was alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19839-31">[30]</a> Martin King Jr. became friends with a white boy whose father owned a business across the street from his home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198310-32">[31]</a> In September 1935, when the boys were about six years old, they started school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198310-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> King had to attend a school for black children, Yonge Street Elementary School,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198310-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200413-34">[33]</a> while his playmate went to a separate school for white children only.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198310-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200413-34">[33]</a> Soon afterwards, the parents of the white boy stopped allowing King to play with their son, stating to him, "we are white, and you are colored".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198310-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20084-35">[34]</a> When King relayed this to his parents, they talked with him about the history of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in America">racism in America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198310-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200414-36">[35]</a> which King would later say made him "determined to hate every white person".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198310-32">[31]</a> His parents instructed him that it was his <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> duty to love everyone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200414-36">[35]</a> Martin King Jr. witnessed his father stand up against <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200215-37">[36]</a> Once, when stopped by a police officer who referred to Martin Sr. as "boy", Martin Sr. responded sharply that Martin Jr. was a boy but he was a man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200215-37">[36]</a> When Martin Jr's father took him into a shoe store in downtown Atlanta, the clerk told them they needed to sit in the back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer20049-38">[37]</a> Martin Sr. refused asserting "we'll either buy shoes sitting here or we won't buy any shoes at all", before leaving the store with Martin Jr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200410-13">[13]</a> He told Martin Jr. afterward, "I don't care how long I have to live with this system, I will never accept it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200410-13">[13]</a> In 1936, Martin Sr. led hundreds of African Americans in a <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> march to the <a href="/wiki/City_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="City hall">city hall</a> in Atlanta, to protest <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19838-27">[26]</a> Martin Jr. later remarked that Martin Sr. was "a real father" to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198312-39">[38]</a> Martin King Jr. memorized <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a> and Bible verses by the time he was five years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19839-31">[30]</a> Beginning at six years old, he attended church events with his mother and sang hymns while she played piano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19839-31">[30]</a> His favorite hymn was "I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus"; his singing moved attendees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19839-31">[30]</a> King later became a member of the junior choir in his church.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> He enjoyed opera, and played the piano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200213-41">[40]</a> King garnered a large vocabulary from reading dictionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415-29">[28]</a> He got into physical altercations with boys in his neighborhood, but oftentimes used his knowledge of words to stop or avoid fights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200213-41">[40]</a> King showed a lack of interest in grammar and spelling, a trait that persisted throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200213-41">[40]</a> In 1939, King sang as a member of his church choir dressed as a <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> for the all-white audience at the Atlanta premiere of the film <a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-katznelson-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198311-43">[42]</a> In September 1940, at the age of 11, King was enrolled at the Atlanta University Laboratory School for the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_grade" title="Seventh grade">seventh grade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199623-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> While there, King took violin and piano lessons and showed keen interest in history and <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199623-44">[43]</a> On May 18, 1941, when King had sneaked away from studying at home to watch a parade, he was informed that something had happened to his maternal grandmother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198312-39">[38]</a> After returning home, he learned she had a heart attack and died while being transported to a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198313-18">[18]</a> He took her death very hard and believed that his deception in going to see the parade may have been responsible for God taking her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198313-18">[18]</a> King jumped out of a second-story window at his home but again survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198313-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200214-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415-29">[28]</a> His father instructed him that Martin Jr. should not blame himself and that she had been called home to God as part of God's plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198313-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200416-46">[45]</a> Martin Jr. struggled with this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198313-18">[18]</a> Shortly thereafter, Martin Sr. decided to move the family to a two-story brick home on a hill overlooking downtown Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198313-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolescence">Adolescence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Booker_T._Washington_High_School_in_Atlanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Booker_T._Washington_High_School_in_Atlanta.jpg/220px-Booker_T._Washington_High_School_in_Atlanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Booker_T._Washington_High_School_in_Atlanta.jpg/330px-Booker_T._Washington_High_School_in_Atlanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Booker_T._Washington_High_School_in_Atlanta.jpg/440px-Booker_T._Washington_High_School_in_Atlanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2974" data-file-height="2223" /></a><figcaption>The high school that King attended was named after African-American educator <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a>.</figcaption></figure> As an adolescent, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the "racial humiliation" that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In 1942, when King was 13, he became the youngest assistant manager of a newspaper delivery station for the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Journal">Atlanta Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199282-48">[47]</a> In the same year, King skipped the ninth grade and enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_High_School_(Georgia)" title="Booker T. Washington High School (Georgia)">Booker T. Washington High School</a>, where he maintained a B-plus average.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200416-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198315-49">[48]</a> The high school was the only one in the city for African-American students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19837-16">[16]</a> Martin Jr. was brought up in a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> home; as he entered adolescence he began to question the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalist</a> teachings preached at his father's church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200416-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198314-50">[49]</a> At the age of 13, he denied the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">bodily resurrection of Jesus</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198314-50">[49]</a> Martin Jr. said that he found himself unable to identify with the emotional displays from congregants who were frequent at his church; he doubted if he would ever attain personal satisfaction from religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199814-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198314-50">[49]</a> He later said of this point in his life, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing19986-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198314-50">[49]</a> In high school, Martin King Jr. became known for his public-speaking ability, with a voice that had grown into an orotund <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20088-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198315-49">[48]</a> He joined the school's debate team.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20088-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198315-49">[48]</a> King continued to be most drawn to history and <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198315-49">[48]</a> and chose English and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> as his main subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson196925-55">[54]</a> King maintained an abundant <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198315-49">[48]</a> However, he relied on his sister Christine to help him with spelling, while King assisted her with math.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198315-49">[48]</a> King also developed an interest in fashion, commonly wearing polished <a href="/wiki/Patent_leather" title="Patent leather">patent leather</a> shoes and <a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">tweed</a> suits, which gained him the nickname "Tweed" or "Tweedie" among his friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200217-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200518-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuse197817-59">[58]</a> He liked flirting with girls and dancing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200518-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland199023-60">[59]</a> His brother A.D. later remarked, "He kept flitting from chick to chick, and I decided I couldn't keep up with him. Especially since he was crazy about dances, and just about the best jitterbug in town."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a> On April 13, 1944, in his <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_grade" title="Eleventh grade">junior year</a>, King gave his first public speech during an <a href="/wiki/Original_Oratory" title="Original Oratory">oratorical contest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elks-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-crenshaw-63">[62]</a> In his speech he stated, "black America still wears chains. The finest negro is at the mercy of the meanest white man."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200417-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elks-61">[60]</a> King was selected as the winner of the contest.<a href="#cite_note-Elks-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a> On the ride home to Atlanta by bus, he and his teacher were ordered by the driver to stand so that white passengers could sit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20089-65">[64]</a> The driver of the bus called King a "black son-of-a-bitch".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a> King initially refused but complied after his teacher told him that he would be breaking the law if he did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20089-65">[64]</a> As all the seats were occupied, he and his teacher were forced to stand the rest of the way to Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a> Later King wrote of the incident: "That night will never leave my memory. It was the angriest I have ever been in my life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20089-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morehouse_College">Morehouse College</h3></div> During King's junior year in high school, <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>—an all-male <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black college</a> that King's father and maternal grandfather had attended<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200419-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200510-67">[66]</a>—began accepting high school juniors who passed the <a href="/wiki/Entrance_examination" title="Entrance examination">entrance examination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuman2014chpt._2-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20089-65">[64]</a> As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was underway many black college students had been enlisted,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuman2014chpt._2-68">[67]</a> so the university aimed to increase their enrollment by allowing juniors to apply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198316-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuman2014chpt._2-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20089-65">[64]</a> In 1944, aged 15, King passed the examination and was enrolled at the university that autumn.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the summer before King started at Morehouse, he boarded a train with his friend—Emmett "Weasel" Proctor—and a group of other Morehouse College students to work in <a href="/wiki/Simsbury,_Connecticut" title="Simsbury, Connecticut">Simsbury, Connecticut</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco farm">tobacco farm</a> of Cullman Brothers Tobacco.<a href="#cite_note-tewa-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-ctnbc-70">[69]</a> This was King's first trip into the <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrated</a> north.<a href="#cite_note-jc-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-mk-72">[71]</a> In a June 1944 letter to his father King wrote about the differences that struck him: "On our way here we saw some things I had never anticipated to see. After we passed Washington there was no discrimination at all. The white people here are very nice. We go to any place we want to and sit anywhere we want to."<a href="#cite_note-jc-71">[70]</a> The farm had partnered with Morehouse College to allot their wages towards the university's tuition, housing, and fees.<a href="#cite_note-tewa-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-ctnbc-70">[69]</a> On weekdays King and the other students worked in the fields, picking tobacco from 7:00am to at least 5:00pm, enduring temperatures above 100 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>, to earn roughly USD$4 per day.<a href="#cite_note-ctnbc-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-jc-71">[70]</a> On Friday evenings, the students visited downtown Simsbury to get milkshakes and watch movies, and on Saturdays they would travel to <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, to see theatre performances, shop and eat in restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-ctnbc-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-mk-72">[71]</a> On Sundays they attended church services in Hartford, at a church filled with white congregants.<a href="#cite_note-ctnbc-70">[69]</a> King wrote to his parents about the lack of segregation, relaying how he was amazed they could go to "one of the finest restaurants in Hartford" and that "Negroes and whites go to the same church".<a href="#cite_note-ctnbc-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-brindley-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-jc-71">[70]</a> He played freshman football there. The summer before his last year at Morehouse, in 1947, the 18-year-old King chose to enter the <a href="/wiki/Christian_ministry" title="Christian ministry">ministry</a>. He would later credit the college's president, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a>, with being his "spiritual mentor".<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> King had concluded that the church offered the most assuring way to answer "an inner urge to serve humanity", and he made peace with the Baptist Church, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister with sermons that were "a respectful force for ideas, even social protest."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200218-75">[74]</a> King graduated from Morehouse with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in sociology in 1948, aged nineteen.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_education">Religious education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldMainUpland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large facade of a building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/OldMainUpland.JPG/220px-OldMainUpland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/OldMainUpland.JPG/330px-OldMainUpland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/OldMainUpland.JPG/440px-OldMainUpland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>King received a Bachelor of Divinity degree from <a href="/wiki/Crozer_Theological_Seminary" title="Crozer Theological Seminary">Crozer Theological Seminary</a> in 1951 (pictured in 2009).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._authorship_issues" title="Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues">Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues</a></div> King enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Crozer_Theological_Seminary" title="Crozer Theological Seminary">Crozer Theological Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upland,_Pennsylvania" title="Upland, Pennsylvania">Upland, Pennsylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mercer-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> and took several courses at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kinginstitute_upenn-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-kinginstitute_edu-80">[79]</a> At Crozer, King was elected president of the student body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200220–22-81">[80]</a> At Penn, King took courses with <a href="/wiki/William_Fontaine" title="William Fontaine">William Fontaine</a>, Penn's first African-American professor, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth F. Flower">Elizabeth F. Flower</a>, a professor of philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> King's father supported his decision to continue his education and made arrangements for King to work with <a href="/wiki/J._Pius_Barbour" title="J. Pius Barbour">J. Pius Barbour</a>, a family friend and Crozer alumnus who pastored at <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Baptist_Church_(Chester,_Pennsylvania)" title="Calvary Baptist Church (Chester, Pennsylvania)">Calvary Baptist Church</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> King became known as one of the "Sons of Calvary", an honor he shared with <a href="/wiki/William_Augustus_Jones_Jr." title="William Augustus Jones Jr.">William Augustus Jones Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Proctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel D. Proctor">Samuel D. Proctor</a>, who both went on to become well-known preachers.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> King reproved another student for keeping beer in his room once, saying they shared responsibility as African Americans to bear "the burdens of the Negro race". For a time, he was interested in <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch" title="Walter Rauschenbusch">Walter Rauschenbusch</a>'s "social gospel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200220–22-81">[80]</a> In his third year at Crozer, King became romantically involved with<a href="#cite_note-Sanneh-85">[84]</a> the white daughter of an immigrant German woman who worked in the cafeteria. King planned to marry her, but friends, as well as King's father,<a href="#cite_note-Sanneh-85">[84]</a> advised against it, saying that an interracial marriage would provoke animosity from both blacks and whites, potentially damaging his chances of ever pastoring a church in the South. King tearfully told a friend that he could not endure his mother's pain over the marriage and broke the relationship off six months later. One friend was quoted as saying, "He never recovered."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200220–22-81">[80]</a> Other friends, including <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a>, said Betty had been "the love of King's life."<a href="#cite_note-Sanneh-85">[84]</a> King graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity" title="Bachelor of Divinity">Bachelor of Divinity</a> in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-mercer-77">[76]</a> He applied to the University of Edinburgh for a doctorate in the School of Divinity but ultimately chose Boston instead.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In 1951, King began doctoral studies in <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Radin-87">[86]</a> and worked as an assistant minister at Boston's historic <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Baptist_Church,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Baptist Church, Boston">Twelfth Baptist Church</a> with William Hunter Hester. Hester was an old friend of King's father and was an important influence on King.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In Boston, King befriended a small cadre of local ministers his age, and sometimes guest pastored at their churches, including <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Haynes" title="Michael E. Haynes">Michael E. Haynes</a>, associate pastor at Twelfth Baptist Church in Roxbury. The young men often held bull sessions in their apartments, discussing theology, sermon style, and social issues.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the age of 25 in 1954, King was <a href="/wiki/Religious_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">called</a> as pastor of the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> King received his PhD on June 5, 1955, with a <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> (initially supervised by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Brightman" title="Edgar S. Brightman">Edgar S. Brightman</a> and, upon the latter's death, by <a href="/wiki/Lotan_Harold_DeWolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotan Harold DeWolf">Lotan Harold DeWolf</a>) titled A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Nelson_Wieman" title="Henry Nelson Wieman">Henry Nelson Wieman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Radin-87">[86]</a> An academic inquiry in October 1991 concluded that portions of his doctoral dissertation had been <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarized</a> and he had acted improperly. However, "[d]espite its finding, the committee said that 'no thought should be given to the revocation of Dr. King's doctoral degree,' an action that the panel said would serve no purpose."<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Radin-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The committee found that the dissertation still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship." A letter is now attached to the copy of King's dissertation in the university library, noting that numerous passages were included without the appropriate quotations and citations of sources.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Significant debate exists on how to interpret King's plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther,_Coretta_Scott_and_Yolanda_Denise_King,_1956.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Martin_Luther%2C_Coretta_Scott_and_Yolanda_Denise_King%2C_1956.png/220px-Martin_Luther%2C_Coretta_Scott_and_Yolanda_Denise_King%2C_1956.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Martin_Luther%2C_Coretta_Scott_and_Yolanda_Denise_King%2C_1956.png/330px-Martin_Luther%2C_Coretta_Scott_and_Yolanda_Denise_King%2C_1956.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Martin_Luther%2C_Coretta_Scott_and_Yolanda_Denise_King%2C_1956.png/440px-Martin_Luther%2C_Coretta_Scott_and_Yolanda_Denise_King%2C_1956.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>King with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>, and daughter, <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_Denise_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolanda Denise King">Yolanda Denise King</a>, in 1956</figcaption></figure> While studying at Boston University, he asked a friend from Atlanta named Mary Powell, a student at the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" title="New England Conservatory of Music">New England Conservatory of Music</a>, if she knew any nice Southern girls. Powell spoke to fellow student <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott</a>; Scott was not interested in dating preachers but eventually agreed to allow King to telephone her based on Powell's description and vouching. On their first call, King told Scott, "I am like Napoleon at Waterloo before your charms," to which she replied, "You haven't even met me." King married Scott on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her parents' house, in <a href="/wiki/Heiberger,_Alabama" title="Heiberger, Alabama">Heiberger, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> They had four children: <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda King</a> (1955–2007), <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (b. 1957), <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Scott_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexter Scott King">Dexter Scott King</a> (1961–2024), and <a href="/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a> (b. 1963).<a href="#cite_note-fam-96">[95]</a> King limited Coretta's role in the civil rights movement, expecting her to be a housewife and mother.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism_and_organizational_leadership">Activism and organizational leadership</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montgomery_bus_boycott,_1955">Montgomery bus boycott, 1955</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws#Public_arena" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws § Public arena</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Parks_(detail).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-Rosa_Parks_%28detail%29.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>King (left) with civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> (right) in 1955</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a> was influential in the Montgomery African-American community. As the church's pastor, King became known for his oratorical preaching in Montgomery and the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In March 1955, <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a>—a fifteen-year-old black schoolgirl in Montgomery—refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in violation of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, local laws in the Southern United States that enforced <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer2004103-99">[98]</a> Nine months later on December 1, 1955, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The two incidents led to the Montgomery bus boycott, which was urged and planned by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a> and led by King.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The other ministers asked him to take a leadership role because his relative newness to community leadership made it easier for him to speak out. King was hesitant but decided to do so if no one else wanted it.<a href="#cite_note-Prize_1-102">[101]</a> The boycott lasted for 385 days,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> King was arrested for traveling 30 mph in a 25 mph zone<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> and jailed, which overnight drew the attention of national media, and greatly increased King's public stature. The controversy ended when the United States District Court issued a ruling in <a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> that prohibited racial segregation on Montgomery public buses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing19929-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200653-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prize_1-102">[101]</a> King's role in the bus boycott transformed him into a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200252-107">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg/170px-Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg/255px-Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg/340px-Dexter_Avenue_Baptist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>King first rose to prominence in the civil rights movement while minister of <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a> in Montgomery, Alabama.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</h3></div> In 1957, King, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a>, and other civil rights activists founded the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> (SCLC). The group was created to harness the <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> and organizing power of black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in the service of civil rights reform. The group was inspired by the crusades of evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, who befriended King,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> as well as the national organizing of the group In Friendship, founded by King allies <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> King led the SCLC until his death.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The SCLC's 1957 <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> was the first time King addressed a national audience.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Wachtel" title="Harry H. Wachtel">Harry Wachtel</a> joined King's legal advisor <a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence B. Jones</a> in defending four ministers of the SCLC in the libel case <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abernathy_et_al._v._Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abernathy et al. v. Sullivan (page does not exist)">Abernathy et al. v. Sullivan</a>; the case was litigated about the newspaper advertisement "<a href="/wiki/Heed_Their_Rising_Voices" title="Heed Their Rising Voices">Heed Their Rising Voices</a>". Wachtel founded a tax-exempt fund to cover the suit's expenses and assist the nonviolent civil rights movement through a more effective means of fundraising. King served as honorary president of this organization, named the "Gandhi Society for Human Rights". In 1962, King and the Gandhi Society produced a document that called on President Kennedy to issue an executive order to deliver a blow for civil rights as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>. Kennedy did not execute the order.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University-112">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, under written directive from Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, began <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">tapping</a> King's telephone line in the fall of 1963.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Kennedy was concerned that public allegations of communists in the SCLC would derail the administration's civil rights initiatives. He warned King to discontinue these associations and later felt compelled to issue the written directive that authorized the FBI to wiretap King and other SCLC leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372–74-114">[113]</a> FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> feared the civil rights movement and investigated the allegations of communist infiltration. When no evidence emerged to support this, the FBI used the incidental details caught on tape over the next five years, as part of its <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> program, in attempts to force King out of his leadership position.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3">[3]</a> King believed that organized, nonviolent protest against the system of southern segregation known as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality. Journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights supporters, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that convinced the majority of Americans that the civil rights movement was the most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> King organized and led marches for blacks' right to <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">vote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a>, and other basic civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200653-1">[1]</a> Most of these rights were successfully enacted into law with the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The SCLC used tactics of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities, who sometimes turned violent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survived_knife_attack,_1958">Survived knife attack, 1958</h3></div> On September 20, 1958, King was signing copies of his book <a href="/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom" title="Stride Toward Freedom">Stride Toward Freedom</a> in Blumstein's department store in Harlem<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Izola_Curry" title="Izola Curry">Izola Curry</a>—a mentally ill black woman who thought that King was conspiring against her with communists—stabbed him in the chest with a letter opener, which nearly impinged on the aorta. King received first aid by police officers <a href="/wiki/Al_Howard" title="Al Howard">Al Howard</a> and Philip Romano.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> King underwent emergency surgery by <a href="/wiki/Aubre_de_Lambert_Maynard" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubre de Lambert Maynard">Aubre de Lambert Maynard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Naclerio" title="Emil Naclerio">Emil Naclerio</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_W._V._Cordice" title="John W. V. Cordice">John W. V. Cordice</a>; he remained hospitalized for several weeks. Curry was later found mentally incompetent to stand trial.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlanta_sit-ins,_prison_sentence,_and_the_1960_elections">Atlanta sit-ins, prison sentence, and the 1960 elections</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebenezer-Baptist-from-pulpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ebenezer-Baptist-from-pulpit.jpg/220px-Ebenezer-Baptist-from-pulpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ebenezer-Baptist-from-pulpit.jpg/330px-Ebenezer-Baptist-from-pulpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ebenezer-Baptist-from-pulpit.jpg/440px-Ebenezer-Baptist-from-pulpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>King led the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and later became co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta (pulpit and sanctuary pictured).</figcaption></figure> In December 1959, after being based in Montgomery for five years, King announced his return to Atlanta at the request of the SCLC.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In Atlanta, King served until his death as co-pastor with his father at the <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta)">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a>. Georgia governor <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Vandiver" title="Ernest Vandiver">Ernest Vandiver</a> expressed open hostility towards King's return. He claimed that "wherever M. L. King Jr., has been there has followed in his wake a wave of crimes", and vowed to keep King under surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> On May 4, 1960, King drove writer <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Smith_(author)" title="Lillian Smith (author)">Lillian Smith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> when police stopped them. King was cited for "driving without a license" because he had not yet been issued a Georgia license. King's Alabama license was still valid, and Georgia law did not mandate any time limit for issuing a local license.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> King paid a fine but was unaware that his lawyer agreed to a plea deal that included <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a> had been acting to desegregate businesses and public spaces, organizing the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a> from March 1960 onwards. In August the movement asked King to participate in a mass October sit-in, timed to highlight how <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960's Presidential election</a> campaigns had ignored civil rights. The coordinated day of action took place on October 19. King participated in a sit-in at the restaurant inside <a href="/wiki/Rich%27s_(department_store)" title="Rich's (department store)">Rich's</a>, Atlanta's largest department store, and was among the many arrested that day. The authorities released everyone over the next few days, except for King. Invoking his probationary plea deal, judge J. Oscar Mitchell sentenced King on October 25 to four months of hard labor. Before dawn the next day, King was transported to <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Prison" title="Georgia State Prison">Georgia State Prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The arrest and harsh sentence drew nationwide attention. Many feared for King's safety, as he started a prison sentence with people convicted of violent crimes, many of them White and hostile to his activism.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Both Presidential candidates were asked to weigh in, at a time when both parties were courting the support of Southern Whites and their political leadership including Governor Vandiver. Nixon, with whom King had a closer relationship before, declined to make a statement despite a personal visit from <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> requesting his intervention. Nixon's opponent <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> called the governor (a Democrat) directly, enlisted his brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert</a> to exert more pressure on state authorities, and, at the personal request of <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a>, called King's wife to offer his help. The pressure from Kennedy and others proved effective, and King was released two days later. King's father decided to openly endorse Kennedy's candidacy for the November 8 election which he narrowly won.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> After the October 19 sit-ins and following unrest, a 30-day truce was declared in Atlanta for desegregation negotiations. However, the negotiations failed and sit-ins and boycotts resumed for several months. On March 7, 1961, a group of Black elders including King notified student leaders that a deal had been reached: the city's lunch counters would desegregate in fall 1961, in conjunction with the court-mandated desegregation of schools.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Many students were disappointed at the compromise. In a large meeting on March 10 at Warren Memorial Methodist Church, the audience was hostile and frustrated. King then gave an impassioned speech calling participants to resist the "cancerous disease of disunity", helping to calm tensions.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albany_Movement,_1961">Albany Movement, 1961</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></div> The Albany Movement was a desegregation coalition formed in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Georgia" title="Albany, Georgia">Albany, Georgia</a>, in November 1961. In December, King and the SCLC became involved. The movement mobilized thousands of citizens for a nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation in the city and attracted nationwide attention. When King first visited on December 15, 1961, he "had planned to stay a day or so and return home after giving counsel."<a href="#cite_note-Hatchette-132">[131]</a> The following day he was swept up in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_arrest" title="Mass arrest">mass arrest</a> of peaceful demonstrators, and he declined bail until the city made concessions. According to King, "that agreement was dishonored and violated by the city" after he left.<a href="#cite_note-Hatchette-132">[131]</a> King returned in July 1962 and was given the option of forty-five days in jail or a $178 fine (equivalent to $1,800 in 2023); he chose jail. Three days into his sentence, Police Chief Laurie Pritchett discreetly arranged for King's fine to be paid and ordered his release. "We had witnessed persons being kicked off lunch counter stools ... ejected from churches ... and thrown into jail ... But for the first time, we witnessed being kicked out of jail."<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> It was later acknowledged by the King Center that <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> was the one who bailed King out.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> After nearly a year of intense activism with few tangible results, the movement began to deteriorate. King requested a halt to all demonstrations and a "Day of Penance" to promote nonviolence and maintain the moral high ground. Divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by local government defeated efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190–193-135">[134]</a> Though the Albany effort proved a key lesson in tactics for King and the national civil rights movement,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> the national media was highly critical of King's role in the defeat, and the SCLC's lack of results contributed to a growing gulf between the organization and the more radical <a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a>. After Albany, King sought to choose engagements for the SCLC in which he could control the circumstances, rather than entering into pre-existing situations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200296-137">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22,_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_(no_border).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22%2C_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_%28no_border%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption>Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> and Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> with King, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a>, and other civil rights leaders, June 22, 1963</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birmingham_campaign,_1963">Birmingham campaign, 1963</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg/220px-MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg/330px-MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg/440px-MLK_mugshot_birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption> King was arrested in 1963 for protesting the treatment of blacks in Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></figcaption></figure> In April 1963, the SCLC began a campaign against racial segregation and economic injustice in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>. The campaign used nonviolent but intentionally confrontational tactics, developed in part by <a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a>. Black people in Birmingham, organizing with the SCLC, occupied public spaces with marches and <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, openly violating laws that they considered unjust. King's intent was to provoke mass arrests and "create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrow1986246-139">[138]</a> The campaign's early volunteers did not succeed in shutting down the city, or in drawing media attention to the police's actions. Over the concerns of an uncertain King, SCLC strategist <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> changed the course of the campaign by recruiting children and young adults to join the demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-McWhorter_2001-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> called this strategy a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade" title="Children's Crusade">Children's Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrell_2005_1055-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsweek5-13-142">[141]</a> The Birmingham Police Department, led by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_%22Bull%22_Connor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene "Bull" Connor">Eugene "Bull" Connor</a>, used high-pressure water jets and police dogs against protesters, including children. Footage of the police response was broadcast on national television news, shocking many white Americans and consolidating black Americans behind the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002113–114-143">[142]</a> Not all of the demonstrators were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of the SCLC. In some cases, bystanders attacked the police, who responded with force. King and the SCLC were criticized for putting children in harm's way. But the campaign was a success: Connor lost his job, the "Jim Crow" signs came down, and public places became more open to blacks. King's reputation improved immensely.<a href="#cite_note-Harrell_2005_1055-141">[140]</a> King was arrested and jailed early in the campaign—his 13th arrest<a href="#cite_note-newsweek4-22-144">[143]</a> out of 29.<a href="#cite_note-holiday-145">[144]</a> From his cell, he composed the now-famous "<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>" that responds to <a href="/wiki/A_Call_for_Unity" title="A Call for Unity">calls to pursue legal channels for social change</a>. The letter has been described as "one of the most important historical documents penned by a modern <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoner</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:2-146">[145]</a> King argues that the crisis of racism is too urgent, and the current system too entrenched: "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed."<a href="#cite_note-LetterFromBirmJail-147">[146]</a> He points out that the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>, a celebrated act of rebellion in the American colonies, was illegal civil disobedience, and that, conversely, "everything <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> did in Germany was 'legal'."<a href="#cite_note-LetterFromBirmJail-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a>, arranged for $160,000 to bail out King and his fellow protestors.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Councilor or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate, who is more devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice; who constantly says: "I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action"; who paternalistically believes he can set the timetable for another man's freedom; who lives by a mythical concept of time and who constantly advises the Negro to wait for a "more convenient season." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Martin Luther King Jr.<a href="#cite_note-LetterFromBirmJail-147">[146]</a></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_on_Washington,_1963">March on Washington, 1963</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Leaders_of_the_march_posing_in_front_of_the_statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln..._-_NARA_-_542063_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march_posing_in_front_of_the_statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln..._-_NARA_-_542063_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march_posing_in_front_of_the_statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln..._-_NARA_-_542063_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march_posing_in_front_of_the_statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln..._-_NARA_-_542063_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march_posing_in_front_of_the_statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln..._-_NARA_-_542063_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march_posing_in_front_of_the_statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln..._-_NARA_-_542063_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march_posing_in_front_of_the_statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln..._-_NARA_-_542063_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the March on Washington posing in front of the Lincoln Memorial</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_on_Washington_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/March_on_Washington_edit.jpg/170px-March_on_Washington_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/March_on_Washington_edit.jpg/255px-March_on_Washington_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/March_on_Washington_edit.jpg/340px-March_on_Washington_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption>The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)</figcaption></figure> King, representing the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">SCLC</a>, was among the leaders of the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a>" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, which took place on August 28, 1963. The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>; <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a>; and <a href="/wiki/James_L._Farmer_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James L. Farmer Jr.">James L. Farmer Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a>'s open homosexuality, support of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, and former ties to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> caused many white and African-American leaders to demand King distance himself from Rustin,<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> which King agreed to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200242-151">[150]</a> However, he did collaborate in the 1963 March on Washington, for which Rustin was the primary organizer.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> For King, this role was another which courted controversy, since he was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a> in changing the focus of the march.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">civil rights legislation</a>. However, the organizers were firm that the march would proceed.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> With the march going forward, the Kennedys decided it was important to ensure its success. President Kennedy was concerned the turnout would be less than 100,000 and enlisted the aid of additional church leaders and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Automobile Workers">United Automobile Workers</a>, to help mobilize demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm/220px--The_March_%281964_film%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1992" data-mwtitle="The_March_(1964_film).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_March_(1964_film).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm/The_March_%281964_film%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_March_%281964_film%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_March_(1964_film)" title="The March (1964 film)">The March</a>, a 1964 documentary film produced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a>. King's speech has been redacted from this video because of the <a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream#Copyright_dispute" title="I Have a Dream">copyright held by King's estate</a>.</figcaption></figure> The march originally was planned to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the southern U.S. and place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. Organizers intended to denounce the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks. The group acquiesced to presidential pressure, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone.<a href="#cite_note-farce-158">[157]</a> As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington", and the Nation of Islam forbade its members from attending.<a href="#cite_note-farce-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/170px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/255px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/340px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>King gave his most famous speech, "I Have a Dream", before the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> during the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg" title="File:I Have A Dream sample.ogg">I Have a Dream</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/6/61/I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg/I_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български ‪(bg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=cs&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cs" label="čeština ‪(cs)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=en-gb&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-GB" label="British English ‪(en-gb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=sh&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sh" label="srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ‪(sh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI_Have_A_Dream_sample.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">30-second sample from "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech by Martin Luther King Jr. at the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> on August 28, 1963</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The march made specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public schools; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> for all workers (equivalent to $20 in 2023); and self-government for Washington, D.C., then governed by congressional committee.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success.<a href="#cite_note-Powers_1997_313-163">[162]</a> More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history.<a href="#cite_note-Powers_1997_313-163">[162]</a> King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>". In the speech's most famous passage – in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of <a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a>, who shouted behind him, "Tell them about the dream!"<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> – King said:<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."</a> I have a dream that one day on the red hills of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">its governor</a> having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. </div></blockquote> "I Have a Dream" came to be regarded as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The March, and especially King's speech, helped put civil rights at the top of the agenda of reformers and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Augustine,_Florida,_1964">St. Augustine, Florida, 1964</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></div> In March 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with Robert Hayling's then-controversial movement in St. Augustine, Florida. Hayling's group had been affiliated with the NAACP but was forced out of the organization for advocating armed self-defense alongside nonviolent tactics. However, the pacifist SCLC accepted them.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> King and the SCLC worked to bring white Northern activists to <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, including a delegation of rabbis and the 72-year-old mother of the governor of Massachusetts, all of whom were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> During June, the movement marched nightly through the city, "often facing counter demonstrations by the Klan, and provoking violence that garnered national media attention." Hundreds of the marchers were arrested and jailed. During this movement, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biddeford,_Maine,_1964">Biddeford, Maine, 1964</h3></div> On May 7, 1964, King spoke at <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England_(United_States)" title="University of New England (United States)">Saint Francis College</a>'s "The Negro and the Quest for Identity", in <a href="/wiki/Biddeford,_Maine" title="Biddeford, Maine">Biddeford, Maine</a>. This was a symposium that brought together many civil rights leaders.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> King spoke about how "We must get rid of the idea of superior and inferior races," through nonviolent tactics.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_City,_1964">New York City, 1964</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_edit.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_edit.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_edit.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_press_conference_01269u_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="5015" /></a><figcaption>King at a press conference in March 1964</figcaption></figure> On February 6, 1964, King delivered the inaugural speech<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> of a lecture series initiated at the <a href="/wiki/New_School" class="mw-redirect" title="New School">New School</a> called "The American Race Crisis". In his remarks, King referred to a conversation he had recently had with <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> in which he compared the sad condition of many African Americans to that of India's <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">untouchables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-El_Naggar-179">[178]</a> In his March 18, 1964, interview with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a>, King compared his activism to his father's, citing his training in non-violence as a key difference. He also discusses the next phase of the civil rights movement and integration.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripto_strike_in_Atlanta,_1964">Scripto strike in Atlanta, 1964</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></div> Starting in November 1964, King supported a <a href="/wiki/Labor_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor strike">labor strike</a> by several hundred workers at the <a href="/wiki/Scripto" title="Scripto">Scripto</a> factory in Atlanta, just a few blocks from Ebenezer Baptist.<a href="#cite_note-:5-181">[180]</a> Many of the strikers were congregants of his church, and the strike was supported by other civil rights leaders.<a href="#cite_note-:5-181">[180]</a> King helped elevate the labor dispute from a local to nationally known event and led the SCLC to organize a nationwide boycott of Scripto products.<a href="#cite_note-:5-181">[180]</a> However, as the strike stretched into December, King, who was wanting to focus more on a civil rights campaign in <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a>, began to negotiate in secret with Scripto's president <a href="/wiki/Carl_Singer" title="Carl Singer">Carl Singer</a> and eventually brokered a deal where the SCLC would call off their boycott in exchange for the company giving the striking employees their Christmas bonuses.<a href="#cite_note-:5-181">[180]</a> King's involvement in the strike ended on December 24 and a contract between the company and union was signed on January 9.<a href="#cite_note-:5-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selma_voting_rights_movement_and_"Bloody_Sunday",_1965">Selma voting rights movement and "Bloody Sunday", 1965</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg/220px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg/330px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg/440px-Selma_to_Montgomery_Marches_protesters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>The civil rights <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">march from Selma to Montgomery</a>, Alabama, in 1965</figcaption></figure> In December 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) in Selma, Alabama, where the SNCC had been working on voter registration for several months.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> A local judge issued an injunction that barred any gathering of three or more people affiliated with the SNCC, SCLC, DCVL, or any of 41 named civil rights leaders. This injunction temporarily halted civil rights activity until King defied it by speaking at <a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a> on January 2, 1965.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> During the 1965 march to <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, violence by state police and others against the peaceful marchers resulted in much publicity, which made racism in Alabama visible nationwide. Acting on <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>'s call for a march from Selma to Montgomery, Bevel and other SCLC members, in partial collaboration with SNCC, attempted to organize a march to the state's capital. The first attempt to march on March 7, 1965, at which King was not present, was aborted because of mob and police violence against the demonstrators. This day has become known as <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Bloody Sunday</a> and was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the civil rights movement. It was the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King and Bevel's nonviolence strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing19986-53">[52]</a> On March 5, King met with officials in the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Administration">Johnson Administration</a> to request an <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> against any prosecution of the demonstrators. He did not attend the march due to church duties, but he later wrote, "If I had any idea that the state troopers would use the kind of brutality they did, I would have felt compelled to give up my church duties altogether to lead the line."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1998276–79-184">[183]</a> Footage of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> against the protesters was broadcast extensively and aroused national public outrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006222–23-185">[184]</a> King next attempted to organize a march for March 9. The SCLC petitioned for an injunction in federal court against Alabama; this was denied and the judge issued an order blocking the march until after a hearing. Nonetheless, King led marchers on March 9 to the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> in Selma, then held a short prayer session before turning the marchers around and asking them to disperse so as not to violate the court order. The unexpected ending of this second march aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006223-186">[185]</a> The march finally went ahead fully on March 25, 1965.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> At the conclusion of the march on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Capitol" title="Alabama State Capitol">state capitol</a>, King delivered a speech that became known as "<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>". King stated that equal rights for African Americans could not be far away, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice" and "you shall reap what you sow".<a href="#cite_note-190">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago_open_housing_movement,_1966">Chicago open housing movement, 1966</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_July_2,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act%2C_July_2%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4687" /></a><figcaption>King standing behind President Johnson as he signs the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></figcaption></figure> In 1966, after several successes in the south, King, Bevel, and others in the civil rights organizations took the movement to the North. King and Ralph Abernathy, both from the middle class, moved into a building at 1550 S. Hamlin Avenue, in the slums of <a href="/wiki/North_Lawndale" class="mw-redirect" title="North Lawndale">North Lawndale</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> on Chicago's West Side, as an educational experience and to demonstrate their support and empathy for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000360–62-194">[192]</a> The SCLC formed a coalition with Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), an organization founded by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Albert Raby</a>, and the combined organizations' efforts were fostered under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ralph-195">[193]</a> During that spring, several white couple/black couple tests of real estate offices uncovered <a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">racial steering</a>, discriminatory processing of housing requests by couples who were exact matches in income and background.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000347-196">[194]</a> Several larger marches were planned and executed: in Bogan, <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Cragin,_Chicago" title="Belmont Cragin, Chicago">Belmont Cragin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Park,_Chicago" title="Jefferson Park, Chicago">Jefferson Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Park,_Illinois" title="Evergreen Park, Illinois">Evergreen Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gage_Park,_Chicago" title="Gage Park, Chicago">Gage Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquette_Park_(Chicago)" title="Marquette Park (Chicago)">Marquette Park</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-Ralph-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000416-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> meeting with King in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Room_(White_House)" title="Cabinet Room (White House)">White House Cabinet Room</a> in 1966</figcaption></figure> King later stated and Abernathy wrote that the movement received a worse reception in Chicago than in the South. Marches, especially the one through Marquette Park on August 5, 1966, were met by thrown bottles and screaming throngs. Rioting seemed very possible.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> King's beliefs militated against his staging a violent event, and he negotiated an agreement with Mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a> to cancel a march in order to avoid the violence that he feared would result.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> King was hit by a brick during one march, but continued to lead marches in the face of personal danger.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> When King and his allies returned to the South, they left <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, a seminary student who had previously joined the movement in the South, in charge of their organization.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> Jackson continued their struggle for civil rights by organizing the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a> movement that targeted chain stores that did not deal fairly with blacks.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> A 1967 <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> document declassified in 2017 downplayed King's role in the "black militant situation" in Chicago, with a source stating that King "sought at least constructive, positive projects."<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War">Opposition to the Vietnam War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The black revolution is much more than a struggle for the rights of Negroes. It is forcing America to face all its interrelated flaws—racism, poverty, militarism, and materialism. It is exposing evils that are rooted deeply in the whole structure of our society. It reveals systemic rather than superficial flaws and suggests that radical reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">–Martin Luther King Jr.<a href="#cite_note-liberal-206">[204]</a></cite></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> We must recognize that we can't solve our problem now until there is a radical redistribution of economic and political power... this means a revolution of values and other things. We must see now that the evils of racism, economic exploitation, and militarism are all tied together… you can't really get rid of one without getting rid of the others… the whole structure of American life must be changed. America is a hypocritical nation and [we] must put [our] own house in order. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Martin Luther King Jr.<a href="#cite_note-capitalism-207">[205]</a></cite></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a></div> King was long opposed to <a href="/wiki/American_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American involvement in the Vietnam War">American involvement in the Vietnam War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam1-208">[206]</a> but at first avoided the topic in public speeches to avoid the interference with civil rights goals that criticism of President Johnson's policies might have created.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam1-208">[206]</a> At the urging of SCLC's former Director of Direct Action and now the head of the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a>, James Bevel, and inspired by the outspokenness of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam2-209">[207]</a> King eventually agreed to publicly oppose the war as opposition was growing among the American public.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam1-208">[206]</a> During an April 4, 1967, appearance at the New York City <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Riverside Church</a>, King delivered a speech titled "<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-vwar29-210">[208]</a> He spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, arguing that the U.S. was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007107-211">[209]</a> and calling the U.S. government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007102-212">[210]</a> He connected the war with economic injustice, arguing that the country needed serious moral change: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: "This is not just."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109-213">[211]</a> </blockquote> King opposed the Vietnam War because it took money and resources that could have been <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">spent on social welfare at home</a>. He summed up this aspect by saying, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109-213">[211]</a> He stated that North Vietnam "did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had arrived in the tens of thousands",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007106-214">[212]</a> and accused the U.S. of having killed a million Vietnamese, "mostly children".<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> King also criticized American opposition to North Vietnam's land reforms.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> King's opposition cost him significant support among white allies including President Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, union leaders, and powerful publishers.<a href="#cite_note-MED08-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shellnutt_2018-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blake_2018-219">[217]</a> "The press is being stacked against me", King said,<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> complaining of what he described as a double standard that applauded his nonviolence at home, but deplored it when applied "toward little brown Vietnamese children".<a href="#cite_note-Pierre2011-221">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for <a href="/wiki/Radio_Hanoi" title="Radio Hanoi">Radio Hanoi</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109-213">[211]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people."<a href="#cite_note-Pierre2011-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawsonPaynePatterson2006148-222">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_St_Paul_Campus_U_MN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>King speaking to an anti-Vietnam war rally at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> in St. Paul on April 27, 1967</figcaption></figure> The "Beyond Vietnam" speech reflected King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, which paralleled the teachings of the progressive <a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Research and Education Center</a>, with which he was affiliated.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the American political and economic situation, and more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct injustice.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> He guarded his language in public to avoid being linked to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, but in private he sometimes spoke of his support for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sturm1990-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> King stated in "Beyond Vietnam" that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar ... it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring."<a href="#cite_note-Zinn_2002-229">[227]</a> King quoted a U.S. official who said that from Vietnam to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of a world revolution."<a href="#cite_note-Zinn_2002-229">[227]</a> King condemned America's "alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America", and said that the U.S. should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> rather than suppressing their attempts at revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Zinn_2002-229">[227]</a> King's stance on Vietnam encouraged <a href="/wiki/Allard_K._Lowenstein" title="Allard K. Lowenstein">Allard K. Lowenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Sloane_Coffin" title="William Sloane Coffin">William Sloane Coffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>, with the support of anti-war Democrats, to attempt to persuade King to run against President Johnson in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a>. King contemplated but ultimately decided against the proposal as he felt uneasy with politics and considered himself better suited to activism.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> On April 15, 1967, King spoke at an anti-war march from Manhattan's Central Park to the United Nations. The march was organized by the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> under chairman James Bevel. At the U.N. King brought up issues of civil rights and the draft: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have not urged a mechanical fusion of the civil rights and peace movements. There are people who have come to see the moral imperative of equality, but who cannot yet see the moral imperative of world brotherhood. I would like to see the fervor of the civil-rights movement imbued into the peace movement to instill it with greater strength. And I believe everyone has a duty to be in both the civil-rights and peace movements. But for those who presently choose but one, I would hope they will finally come to see the moral roots common to both.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a></blockquote> Seeing an opportunity to unite civil rights and anti-war activists,<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam2-209">[207]</a> Bevel convinced King to become even more active in the anti-war effort.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam2-209">[207]</a> Despite his growing public opposition to the Vietnam War, King was not fond of the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterculture movement">hippie culture</a> which developed from the anti-war movement.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam3-232">[230]</a> In his 1967 <a href="/wiki/Massey_Lectures" title="Massey Lectures">Massey Lecture</a>, King stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The importance of the hippies is not in their unconventional behavior, but in the fact that hundreds of thousands of young people, in turning to a flight from reality, are expressing a profoundly discrediting view on the society they emerge from.<a href="#cite_note-kingandvietnam3-232">[230]</a></blockquote> On January 13, 1968, King called for a large march on Washington against "one of history's most cruel and senseless wars":<a href="#cite_note-kurlansky2004-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-13jan1968-234">[232]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We need to make clear in this political year, to congressmen on both sides of the aisle and to the president of the United States, that we will no longer tolerate, we will no longer vote for men who continue to see the killings of Vietnamese and Americans as the best way of advancing the goals of freedom and self-determination in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-kurlansky2004-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-13jan1968-234">[232]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Correspondence_with_Thích_Nhất_Hạnh">Correspondence with Thích Nhất Hạnh</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> was an influential Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> who wrote a letter to Martin Luther King Jr. in 1965 entitled: "In Search of the Enemy of Man". It was during his 1966 stay in the US that Nhất Hạnh met with King and urged him to publicly denounce the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> In 1967, King gave a famous speech at the <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Riverside Church</a> in New York City, his first to publicly question U.S. involvement in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Later that year, King nominated Nhất Hạnh for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. In his nomination, King said, "I do not personally know of anyone more worthy of [this prize] than this gentle monk from Vietnam. His ideas for peace, if applied, would build a monument to <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>, to world brotherhood, to humanity".<a href="#cite_note-nomination-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poor_People's_Campaign,_1968">Poor People's Campaign, 1968</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resurrection_City_Washington_D.C._1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rows of tents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Resurrection_City_Washington_D.C._1968.jpg/220px-Resurrection_City_Washington_D.C._1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Resurrection_City_Washington_D.C._1968.jpg/330px-Resurrection_City_Washington_D.C._1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Resurrection_City_Washington_D.C._1968.jpg/440px-Resurrection_City_Washington_D.C._1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>A shantytown established in Washington, D.C. to protest economic conditions as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></figcaption></figure> In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "<a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a>" to address issues of economic justice. King traveled the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would march on Washington to engage in nonviolent <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> at the Capitol until Congress created an "economic bill of rights".<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-lied-239">[237]</a> The campaign was preceded by King's final book, <a href="/wiki/Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here:_Chaos_or_Community%3F" title="Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?">Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?</a> which laid out his view of how to address social issues and poverty. King quoted from <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a>, particularly in support of a <a href="/wiki/Basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income">guaranteed basic income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C., demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the U.S. King and the SCLC called on the government to invest in rebuilding America's cities. He felt that Congress had shown "hostility to the poor" by spending "military funds with alacrity and generosity". He contrasted this with the situation faced by poor Americans, claiming that Congress had merely provided "poverty funds with miserliness".<a href="#cite_note-lied-239">[237]</a> His vision was for change that was more revolutionary than mere reform: he cited systematic flaws of "racism, poverty, militarism and materialism", and argued that "reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawsonPaynePatterson2006148–49-243">[241]</a> The Poor People's Campaign was controversial even within the civil rights movement. Rustin resigned from the march, stating that the goals of the campaign were too broad, that its demands were unrealizable, and that he thought that these campaigns would accelerate repression on the poor and the black.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_policy">Global policy</h3></div> King was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a <a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> As a result, in 1968 a <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">World Constituent Assembly</a> convened to draft and adopt the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_and_aftermath">Assassination and aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorraine_Motel,_Memphis,_TN,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lorraine_Motel%2C_Memphis%2C_TN%2C_US.jpg/220px-Lorraine_Motel%2C_Memphis%2C_TN%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lorraine_Motel%2C_Memphis%2C_TN%2C_US.jpg/330px-Lorraine_Motel%2C_Memphis%2C_TN%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lorraine_Motel%2C_Memphis%2C_TN%2C_US.jpg/440px-Lorraine_Motel%2C_Memphis%2C_TN%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The Lorraine Motel, where King was assassinated, is now the site of the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:I%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg" title="File:I've Been To The Mountaintop.ogg">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="I've_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/I%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/e/ea/I%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg/I%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AI%27ve_Been_To_The_Mountaintop.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Final 30 seconds of "<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>" speech by Martin Luther King Jr.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> On March 29, 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of the black <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitation workers">sanitation workers</a>, who were represented by <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">AFSCME</a> Local 1733. The workers had been <a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">on strike</a> since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment. In one incident, black street repairmen received pay for two hours when they were sent home because of bad weather, but white employees were paid for the full day.<a href="#cite_note-AFSCME-WEB1-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFSCME-WEB2-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> On April 3, King addressed a rally and delivered his "<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>" address at <a href="/wiki/Mason_Temple" title="Mason Temple">Mason Temple</a>. King's flight to Memphis had been delayed by a bomb threat against his plane.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> In reference to the bomb threat, King said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a></blockquote> King was booked in Room 306 at the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Motel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine Motel">Lorraine Motel</a> in Memphis. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a>, who was present at the assassination, testified to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">United States House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> that King and his entourage stayed at Room 306 so often that it was known as the "King-Abernathy suite".<a href="#cite_note-usdoj-253">[251]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, who was present, King's last words were spoken to musician <a href="/wiki/Ben_Branch" title="Ben Branch">Ben Branch</a>, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play '<a href="/wiki/Take_My_Hand,_Precious_Lord" title="Take My Hand, Precious Lord">Take My Hand, Precious Lord</a>' in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty."<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> King was fatally shot by <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a> at 6:01 p.m., Thursday, April 4, 1968, as he stood on the motel's second-floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek, smashing his jaw, then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-CHI-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002204–05-257">[255]</a> After emergency surgery, King died at <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Hospital_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's Hospital (Memphis, Tennessee)">St. Joseph's Hospital</a> at 7:05 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> According to biographer <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a>, King's <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> revealed that though only 39 years old, he "had the heart of a 60 year old", which Branch attributed to stress.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> King was initially interred in South View Cemetery in South Atlanta, but in 1977, his remains were transferred to a tomb on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nhsnom-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">King assassination riots</a></div> The assassination led to <a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">race riots</a> in <a href="/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Washington, D.C. riots">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_Chicago_riots" title="1968 Chicago riots">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1968" title="Baltimore riot of 1968">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville_riots_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville riots of 1968">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_Kansas_City_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Kansas City riot">Kansas City</a>, and dozens of other cities.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen-263">[261]</a> Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was on his way to <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> for a campaign rally when he was informed of King's death. He gave <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">a short, improvised speech</a> to the gathering of supporters informing them of the tragedy and urging them to continue King's ideal of nonviolence.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> The following day, he delivered <a href="/wiki/On_the_Mindless_Menace_of_Violence" title="On the Mindless Menace of Violence">a prepared response</a> in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Farmer Jr.">James Farmer Jr.</a> and other civil rights leaders also called for non-violent action, while the more militant Stokely Carmichael called for a more forceful response.<a href="#cite_note-1968_Year_In_Review,_UPI.com-266">[264]</a> The city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on terms favorable to the sanitation workers.<a href="#cite_note-AFSCME-WEB3-267">[265]</a> The plan to set up a <a href="/wiki/Shantytown" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantytown">shantytown</a> in Washington, D.C., was carried out soon after the April 4 assassination. Criticism of King's plan was subdued in the wake of his death, and the SCLC received an unprecedented wave of donations to carry it out. The campaign officially began in Memphis, on May 2, at the hotel where King was murdered.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-268">[266]</a> Thousands of demonstrators arrived on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> and stayed for six weeks, establishing a camp they called "<a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Resurrection City</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Engler15Jan10-269">[267]</a> President Johnson tried to quell the riots by making telephone calls to civil rights leaders, mayors and governors across the United States and told politicians that they should warn the police against the unwarranted use of force.<a href="#cite_note-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen-263">[261]</a> However, "I'm not getting through," Johnson told his aides. "They're all holing up like generals in a dugout getting ready to watch a war."<a href="#cite_note-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen-263">[261]</a> Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200497-270">[268]</a> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> attended King's funeral on behalf of the President, as there were fears that Johnson's presence might incite protests and perhaps violence.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> At his widow's request, King's last sermon at <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Georgia)">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a>, given on February 4, 1968, was played at the funeral:<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I'd like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others. I'd like for somebody to say that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to love somebody. I want you to say that day that I tried to be right on the war question. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try to feed the hungry. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try in my life to clothe those who were naked. I want you to say on that day that I did try in my life to visit those who were in prison. And I want you to say that I tried to love and serve humanity. Yes, if you want to say that I was a drum major. Say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter. I won't have any money to leave behind. I won't have the fine and luxurious things of life to leave behind. But I just want to leave a committed life behind.<a href="#cite_note-1968_Year_In_Review,_UPI.com-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a></blockquote> His good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", at the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> The assassination helped to spur the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen-263">[261]</a> Two months after King's death, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a>—on the loose from a previous prison escape—was captured at <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a> while trying to reach white-ruled <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> on a false Canadian passport. He was using the alias Ramon George Sneyd.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder. He confessed on March 10, 1969, though he recanted this confession three days later.<a href="#cite_note-extradite-276">[274]</a> On the advice of his attorney <a href="/wiki/Percy_Foreman" title="Percy Foreman">Percy Foreman</a>, Ray pleaded guilty to avoid the possibility of the death penalty. He was sentenced to a 99-year prison term.<a href="#cite_note-extradite-276">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbs-277">[275]</a> Ray later claimed a man he met in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, with the alias "Raoul" was involved and that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-davis-279">[277]</a> He spent the remainder of his life attempting, unsuccessfully, to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-277">[275]</a> Ray died in 1998 at age 70.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_conspiracy">Allegations of conspiracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Coretta_Scott_King_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> for Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King is within the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia.</figcaption></figure> Ray's lawyers maintained he was a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a> similar to the way that John F. Kennedy's assassin <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> is seen by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">conspiracy theorists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN1-281">[279]</a> Supporters of this assertion said that Ray's confession was given under pressure and that he had been threatened with the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> They admitted that Ray was a thief and burglar, but claimed that he had no record of committing violent crimes with a weapon.<a href="#cite_note-davis-279">[277]</a> However, prison records in different U.S. cities have shown that he was incarcerated on numerous occasions for armed robbery.<a href="#cite_note-mlkassassin-283">[281]</a> In a 2008 interview with <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, Jerry Ray, the younger brother of James Earl Ray, claimed that James was smart and was sometimes able to get away with armed robbery. "I never been with nobody as bold as he is," Jerry said. "He just walked in and put that gun on somebody, it was just like it's an everyday thing."<a href="#cite_note-mlkassassin-283">[281]</a> Those suspecting a conspiracy point to the two successive <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a> tests which proved that a rifle similar to Ray's <a href="/wiki/Remington_Arms" title="Remington Arms">Remington</a> Gamemaster had been the murder weapon. Those tests did not implicate Ray's specific rifle.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-WEB1-284">[282]</a> Witnesses near King said that the shot came from another location, from behind thick shrubbery near the boarding house—which had been cut away in the days following the assassination—and not from the boarding house window.<a href="#cite_note-Gerold-285">[283]</a> However, Ray's fingerprints were found on various objects in the bathroom where it was determined the gunfire came from.<a href="#cite_note-mlkassassin-283">[281]</a> An examination of the rifle containing Ray's fingerprints determined that at least one shot was fired from the firearm at the time of the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-mlkassassin-283">[281]</a> In 1997, King's son Dexter Scott King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a <a href="/wiki/New_trial" title="New trial">new trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN2-286">[284]</a> Two years later, King's widow Coretta Scott King and the couple's children, represented by <a href="/wiki/William_F._Pepper" title="William F. Pepper">William F. Pepper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_death_claim" title="Wrongful death claim">wrongful death claim</a> against <a href="/wiki/Loyd_Jowers" title="Loyd Jowers">Loyd Jowers</a> and "other unknown co-conspirators". Jowers claimed to have received $100,000 to arrange King's assassination. The jury found Jowers to be complicit in a conspiracy and that government agencies were party to the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a>  In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> completed the investigation into Jowers' claims but did not find evidence of conspiracy. The investigation report recommended no further investigation unless new reliable facts are presented.<a href="#cite_note-usdoj2-290">[288]</a> A sister of Jowers admitted that he had fabricated the story so he could make $300,000 from selling the story, and she corroborated his story to get money to pay her income tax.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that a church minister, Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilson, assassinated King. He stated, "It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way." Wilson provided no evidence to back up his claims.<a href="#cite_note-NYTORIG-293">[291]</a> King researchers <a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Posner" title="Gerald Posner">Gerald Posner</a> disagreed with Pepper's claims that the government killed King.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> In 2003, Pepper published a book about the investigation and trial, as well as his representation of James Earl Ray in his bid for a trial.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> James Bevel also disputed the argument that Ray acted alone, stating, "There is no way a ten-cent white boy could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar black man."<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> In 2004, Jesse Jackson stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. And within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and the press attacks. ... I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, the money and the mobility to have done it himself. Our government was very involved in setting the stage for and I think the escape route for James Earl Ray.<a href="#cite_note-Demo-298">[296]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.">List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/170px-Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/255px-Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/340px-Martin_Luther_King_memorial_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Martin Luther King Jr. statue over the west entrance of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, installed in 1998</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></div> King's legacy includes influences on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a> and civil rights movement in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> King's work was cited by, and served as, an inspiration for South African leader <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a>, who fought for racial justice in his country during <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> and was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992307–308-301">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a></div> <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a>, the former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a>, cited King's legacy as quintessential to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a> and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, calling him "one of my great heroes of the century".<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> The Martin Luther King Fund and Foundation in the UK was set up as a charity<a href="#cite_note-:1-305">[303]</a> on December 30, 1969, after King's assassination and following a visit to the UK in 1969 by his widow, <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta King</a>. The Foundation's first chairman, Canon <a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a>, stated that the Foundation was to be an active UK national campaign for racial equality, its work also to include community projects in areas of social need, and education.<a href="#cite_note-:3-306">[304]</a> International Personnel (IP), an employment agency, was formed in 1970 out of the foundation's base in <a href="/wiki/Balham" title="Balham">Balham</a>, to find employment for professionally qualified black people. In its first year, the agency placed ten percent of its applicants in jobs equal to their ability.<a href="#cite_note-:4-307">[305]</a> The Balham Training Scheme operated an evening school with lecturers in Typing, Shorthand, English and Math.<a href="#cite_note-:3-306">[304]</a> The foundation was removed from the Charity Commission list on November 18, 1996, as it had ceased to exist.<a href="#cite_note-:1-305">[303]</a> The Northumbria and Newcastle Universities Martin Luther King Peace Committee<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> still exists to honor King's legacy, as represented by his final visit to the UK to receive an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Newcastle_ceremony-309">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-310">[308]</a> Northumbria and Newcastle remain centers for the study of Martin Luther King and the US civil rights movement. Inspired by King's vision, the committee undertakes a range of activities across the UK to "build cultures of peace". In 2017, Newcastle University unveiled a bronze statue of King to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his honorary doctorate ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> The Students Union also voted to rename their bar "Luther's".<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg/220px-%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg/330px-%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg/440px-%27Today_capitalism_has_outlived_its_usefulness%27_MLK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Banner at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 Republican National Convention</a> </figcaption></figure> King has become a national icon in the history of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">American liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="American progressivism">American progressivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the U.S. Just days after King's assassination, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HUDHistory-314">[312]</a> Title VIII of the Act, commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, prohibited discrimination in housing and housing-related transactions on the basis of race, religion, or national origin (later expanded to include sex, familial status, and disability). This legislation was seen as a tribute to King's struggle in his final years to combat residential discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-HUDHistory-314">[312]</a> The day following King's assassination, teacher <a href="/wiki/Jane_Elliott" title="Jane Elliott">Jane Elliott</a> conducted her first "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise with her class of elementary school students to help them understand King's death as it related to racism.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> King's wife Coretta Scott King was active in matters of social justice and civil rights until her death in 2006. The same year that King was assassinated, she established the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-KC-WEB1-316">[314]</a> Their son, Dexter King, serves as the center's chairman.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> Daughter Yolanda King, who died in 2007, was a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specializing in diversity training.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> Within the King family, members disagree about his views about <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people. King's widow Coretta publicly said that she believed her husband would have supported <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> However, his youngest child, Bernice King, has said that he would have been opposed to <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MPR-WEB1-321">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></div> Beginning in 1971, cities and states established annual holidays to honor King.<a href="#cite_note-stlouis-322">[320]</a> On November 2, 1983, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King. Observed for the first time on January 20, 1986, it is called <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>. Following President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>'s 1992 proclamation, the holiday is observed on the third Monday of January each year, near the time of King's birthday.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> On January 17, 2000, for the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was officially observed in all fifty U.S. states.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1999) and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> (2000) were the last states to recognize the holiday. Utah previously celebrated the holiday under the name Human Rights Day.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Martin Luther King of Georgia</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Pastor and Martyr</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honored in</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Christian Orthodox Church <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">September 9, 2016, The Christian Cathedral by Timothy Paul Baymon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">April 4 January 15 (Episcopalian and Lutheran)</td></tr></tbody></table> King was <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Paul_Baymon" title="Timothy Paul Baymon">Timothy Paul</a> of the Holy Christian Orthodox Church on September 9, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> His feast day was set as April 4, the date of his assassination. King is also honored with a Lesser Feast on the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">liturgical calendar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> on April 4 or January 15, the anniversary of his birth. The <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> commemorates King liturgically on January 15.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas,_influences,_and_political_stances">Ideas, influences, and political stances</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Dr._Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.)_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.%29_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption>King at the 1963 Civil Rights March in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> As a Christian minister, King's main influence was <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> and the Christian gospels, which he would almost always quote in his speeches. King's faith was strongly based in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a>, loving God above all, and loving your enemies. His <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> thought was also based in the injunction to <a href="/wiki/Turn_the_other_cheek" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn the other cheek">turn the other cheek</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, and Jesus' teaching of putting the sword back into its place (Matthew 26:52).<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>, King urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' "extremist" love, and also quoted numerous other <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifist</a> authors. In another sermon, he stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Before I was a civil rights leader, I was a preacher of the Gospel. This was my first calling and it still remains my greatest commitment. You know, actually all that I do in civil rights I do because I consider it a part of my ministry. I have no other ambitions in life but to achieve excellence in the Christian ministry. I don't plan to run for any political office. I don't plan to do anything but remain a preacher. And what I'm doing in this struggle, along with many others, grows out of my feeling that the preacher must be concerned about the whole man.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a></blockquote> King's private writings show that he rejected <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">biblical literalism</a>; he described the Bible as "<a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">mythological</a>", doubted that Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">born of a virgin</a> and did not believe that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">story of Jonah and the whale</a> was true.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> Among the thinkers who influenced King's theological outlook were <a href="/wiki/L._Harold_DeWolf" title="L. Harold DeWolf">L. Harold DeWolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Brightman" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Brightman">Edgar Brightman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bertocci" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Bertocci">Peter Bertocci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_George_Muelder" title="Walter George Muelder">Walter George Muelder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch" title="Walter Rauschenbusch">Walter Rauschenbusch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ansbro-338">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Measure_of_a_Man">The Measure of a Man</h4></div> In 1959, King published a short book called The Measure of a Man, which contained his sermons "<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Man%3F_(King_essay)" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Man? (King essay)">What is Man?</a>" and "The Dimensions of a Complete Life". The sermons argued for man's need for God's love and criticized the racial injustices of Western civilization.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close-up of Rustin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg/170px-BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg/255px-BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg/340px-BayardRustinAug1963-LibraryOfCongress_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>King worked alongside Quakers such as <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> to develop nonviolent tactics.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> World peace through nonviolent means is neither absurd nor unattainable. All other methods have failed. Thus we must begin anew. Nonviolence is a good starting point. Those of us who believe in this method can be voices of reason, sanity, and understanding amid the voices of violence, hatred, and emotion. We can very well set a mood of peace out of which a system of peace can be built. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Martin Luther King Jr.<a href="#cite_note-Amherst-340">[338]</a></cite></div> </div> African-American civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> was King's first regular advisor on <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> King was also advised by the white activists <a href="/wiki/Harris_Wofford" title="Harris Wofford">Harris Wofford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Smiley" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Smiley">Glenn Smiley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wofford-342">[340]</a> Rustin and Smiley came from the <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian pacifist">Christian pacifist</a> tradition, and Wofford and Rustin both studied <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s teachings. Rustin had applied nonviolence with the <a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a> campaign in the 1940s,<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> and Wofford had been promoting <a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a> to Southern blacks since the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-wofford-342">[340]</a> King initially knew little about Gandhi and rarely used the term "nonviolence" during his early activism. King initially believed in and practiced self-defense, even obtaining guns to defend against possible attackers. The pacifists showing him the alternative of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">nonviolent resistance</a>, arguing that this would be a better means to accomplish his goals. King then vowed to no longer personally use arms.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> In a chapter of <a href="/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom" title="Stride Toward Freedom">Stride Toward Freedom</a>, King outlined his understanding of nonviolence, which seeks to win an opponent to friendship, rather than to humiliate or defeat him. The chapter draws from an address by Wofford, with Rustin and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a> also providing guidance and ghostwriting.<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> King was inspired by Gandhi and his success with nonviolent activism, and as a theology student, King described Gandhi as being one of the "individuals who greatly reveal the working of the Spirit of God".<a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> King had "for a long time ... wanted to take a trip to India."<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> With assistance from Harris Wofford, the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>, and other supporters, he was able to fund the journey in April 1959.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199213-350">[348]</a> The trip deepened his understanding of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights. In a radio address made during his final evening in India, King reflected, "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity." When receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, King hailed the "successful precedent" of using nonviolence "in a magnificent way by Mohandas K. Gandhi to challenge the might of the British Empire ... He struggled only with the weapons of truth, soul force, non-injury and courage."<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> Another influence for King's nonviolent method was <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>'s essay <a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">On Civil Disobedience</a> and its theme of refusing to cooperate with an evil system.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a> He also was greatly influenced by the works of Protestant theologians <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> and said that <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch" title="Walter Rauschenbusch">Walter Rauschenbusch</a>'s Christianity and the Social Crisis left an "indelible imprint" on his thinking by giving him a theological grounding for his social concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Ansbro_1982_p._163-354">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baldwin_Burrow_Fairclough_2013_p._133-355">[353]</a> King was moved by Rauschenbusch's vision of Christians spreading social unrest in "perpetual but friendly conflict" with the state, simultaneously critiquing it and calling it to act as an instrument of justice.<a href="#cite_note-Long_2002_p._53-356">[354]</a> However, he was apparently unaware of the <a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">American tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Adin_Ballou" title="Adin Ballou">Adin Ballou</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perry_1973_p._4-357">[355]</a> King frequently referred to Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> as central for his work.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin_Burrow_Fairclough_2013_p._133-355">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burrow_2014_p._313-358">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deats_Lenker_Perry_2004_p._37-359">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stott_2004_p._149-360">[358]</a> Before 1960, King also sometimes used the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a>" (brotherly Christian love).<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a> Even after renouncing personal use of guns, King had a complex relationship with self-defense in the movement. He publicly discouraged it as a widespread practice but acknowledged that it was sometimes necessary.<a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> Throughout his career King was frequently protected by other civil rights activists who carried arms, such as <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Stone_Johnson" title="Colonel Stone Johnson">Colonel Stone Johnson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine Movement">Robert Hayling</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_within_the_movement">Criticism within the movement</h3></div> King was criticized by other black leaders in the civil rights movement. This included more militant thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation of Islam (religious movement)">Nation of Islam</a> member <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a> <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> regarded King as a charismatic <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">media figure</a> who lost touch with the grassroots of the movement<a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a> as he became close to elite figures like <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a>, a protege of Baker's, became a black <a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">separatist</a> and disagreed with King's plea for <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> because he considered it an insult to a uniquely <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a> He also took issue that King's non-violence approach depended on appealing to America's conscience, feeling America had none to appeal to.<a href="#cite_note-blackpower-372">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism_and_involvement_with_Native_Americans">Activism and involvement with Native Americans</h3></div> King was an avid supporter of Native American rights and Native Americans were active supporters of King's <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a> (NARF) was patterned after the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund.<a href="#cite_note-kingcreek-374">[372]</a> The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) was especially supportive in King's campaigns especially the <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-scielo.org.za-375">[373]</a> In King's book <a href="/wiki/Why_We_Can%27t_Wait" title="Why We Can't Wait">Why We Can't Wait</a> he writes: <blockquote>Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race. Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shores, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. We are perhaps the only nation which tried as a matter of national policy to wipe out its indigenous population. Moreover, we elevated that tragic experience into a noble crusade. Indeed, even today we have not permitted ourselves to reject or to feel remorse for this shameful episode. Our literature, our films, our drama, our folklore all exalt it.<a href="#cite_note-kingnatspeech-376">[374]</a></blockquote> In the late 1950, the remaining <a href="/wiki/Creek_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek tribe">Creek</a> in Alabama were trying to completely desegregate schools. Light-complexioned Native children were allowed to ride buses to previously all-white schools, while dark-skinned Native children from the same band were barred from the same buses.<a href="#cite_note-kingcreek-374">[372]</a> Tribal leaders, hearing of King's desegregation campaign in Birmingham, contacted him for assistance. Through his intervention the problem was quickly resolved.<a href="#cite_note-kingcreek-374">[372]</a> In September 1959, after giving a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> on the ideals of using nonviolent methods in creating social change, King stated his belief that one must not use force in this struggle "but match the violence of his opponents with his suffering."<a href="#cite_note-kingindrez-377">[375]</a> King then went to Southside Presbyterian, a predominantly Native American church, and was fascinated by their photos; he wanted to go to an Indian Reservation to meet the people so Casper Glenn took King to the Papago Indian Reservation.<a href="#cite_note-kingindrez-377">[375]</a> He met with all the tribal leaders, visited another Presbyterian church near the reservation, and preached there, attracting a Native American crowd.<a href="#cite_note-kingindrez-377">[375]</a> He later returned to Old Pueblo in March 1962 where he preached again to a Native American congregation.<a href="#cite_note-kingindrez-377">[375]</a> King would continue to attract the attention of Native Americans throughout the civil rights movement. During the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">1963 March on Washington</a> there was a sizable Native American contingent, including many from South Dakota and from the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo nation">Navajo nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kingcreek-374">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-navtimes-378">[376]</a> King was a major inspiration, along with the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American rights movement">Native American rights movement</a> of the 1960s and many of its leaders.<a href="#cite_note-kingcreek-374">[372]</a> John Echohawk, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee tribe</a> who was the executive director and a founder of the Native American Rights Fund, stated: <blockquote>Inspired by Dr. King, who was advancing the civil rights agenda of equality under the laws of this country, we thought that we could also use the laws to advance our Indianship, to live as tribes in our territories governed by our own laws under the principles of tribal sovereignty that had been with us ever since 1831. We believed that we could fight for a policy of self-determination that was consistent with U.S. law and that we could govern our own affairs, define our own ways and continue to survive in this society.<a href="#cite_note-amiss-379">[377]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> As the leader of the SCLC, King maintained a policy of not publicly endorsing a U.S. political party or candidate: "I feel someone must remain in the position of non-alignment, so that he can look objectively at both parties and be the conscience of both—not the servant or master of either."<a href="#cite_note-Oates1993-380">[378]</a> In a 1958 interview, he expressed his view that neither party was perfect, saying, "I don't think the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican party</a> is a party full of the almighty God nor is the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic party</a>. They both have weaknesses ... And I'm not inextricably bound to either party."<a href="#cite_note-King-Carson2000p364-381">[379]</a> King did praise Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a> of Illinois as being the "greatest of all senators" because of his fierce advocacy for civil rights causes.<a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> King critiqued both parties' performance on promoting racial equality: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Actually, the Negro has been betrayed by both the Republican and the Democratic party. The Democrats have betrayed him by capitulating to the whims and caprices of the Southern <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a>. The Republicans have betrayed him by capitulating to the blatant hypocrisy of <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> right-wing northern Republicans. And this <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">coalition of southern Dixiecrats and right-wing reactionary northern Republicans</a> defeats every bill and every move towards liberal legislation in the area of civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-King-Carson2000p84-383">[381]</a></blockquote> Although King never publicly supported a political party or candidate for president, in a letter to a civil rights supporter in October 1956 he said that he had not decided whether he would vote for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> or Republican <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 presidential election</a>, but that "In the past, I always voted the Democratic ticket."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992384-384">[382]</a> In his autobiography, King says that in <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> he privately voted for Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>: "I felt that Kennedy would make the best president. I never came out with an endorsement. My father did, but I never made one." King adds that he likely would have made an exception to his non-endorsement policy for a second Kennedy term, saying "Had President Kennedy lived, I would probably have endorsed him in 1964."<a href="#cite_note-King-Carson1998p187-385">[383]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>, King urged his supporters "and all people of goodwill" to vote against Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> for president, saying that his election "would be a tragedy, and certainly suicidal almost, for the nation and the world."<a href="#cite_note-386">[384]</a> King believed <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> would make for a good president, but also believed that he wouldn't beat Johnson in the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries. He also expressed support for the possible presidential candidacies of Republicans <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George Romney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Charles Percy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[385]</a> King rejected both <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>; King had read <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> while at Morehouse but rejected communism because of its "<a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">materialistic interpretation of history</a>" that denied religion, its "<a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">ethical relativism</a>", and its "<a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">political totalitarianism</a>". He stated that one focused too much on the individual while <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">the other</a> focused too much on the collective.<a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a> In a 1952 letter to Coretta Scott, he said: "I imagine you already know that I am much more socialistic in my economic theory than capitalistic ..."<a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-AntiCapitalism-390">[388]</a> In one speech, he stated that "something is wrong with capitalism" and said, "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism."<a href="#cite_note-391">[389]</a> King further said that "capitalism has outlived its usefulness" and "failed to meet the needs of the masses".<a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a> King was critical of American culture saying "when machines and computers, profit motives and property rights are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, materialism and militarism are incapable of being conquered" and that America must undergo a "radical revolution of values".<a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a> King considered that in America "the problem is that we all to often have <a href="/wiki/Socialism_for_the_rich_and_capitalism_for_the_poor" title="Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor">socialism for the rich and rugged free enterprise capitalism for the poor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation">Compensation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_debate_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations for slavery debate in the United States">Reparations for slavery debate in the United States</a></div> King stated that black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview conducted for <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a> in 1965, he said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. King said that he did not seek a full restitution of wages lost to slavery, which he believed impossible, but proposed a government compensatory program of $50 billion over ten years to all disadvantaged groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991366-397">[395]</a> He posited that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by the benefits that would accrue to the nation through a spectacular decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy, swollen relief rolls, rioting and other social evils."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991365–67-398">[396]</a> He presented this idea as an application of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> regarding settlement of unpaid labor but clarified that he felt that the money should not be spent exclusively on blacks. He stated, "It should benefit the disadvantaged of all races."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991367–68-399">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> Actress <a href="/wiki/Nichelle_Nichols" title="Nichelle Nichols">Nichelle Nichols</a> planned to leave the science-fiction television series <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a> in 1967 after <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series_(season_1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Trek: The Original Series (season 1)">its first season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nprcode-400">[398]</a> She changed her mind after talking to King,<a href="#cite_note-25th-401">[399]</a> who was a fan of the show. King explained that her character signified a future of greater racial cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a> King told Nichols, "You are our image of where we're going, you're 300 years from now, and that means that's where we are and it takes place now. Keep doing what you're doing, you are our inspiration."<a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a> As Nichols recounted: <blockquote>Star Trek was one of the only shows that [King] and his wife <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta</a> would allow their little children to watch. And I thanked him and I told him I was leaving the show. All the smile came off his face. And he said, 'Don't you understand for the first time we're seen as we should be seen. You don't have a black role. You have an equal role.'<a href="#cite_note-nprcode-400">[398]</a></blockquote> The series' creator, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a>, was deeply moved upon learning of King's support.<a href="#cite_note-404">[402]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_surveillance_and_coercion">State surveillance and coercion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FBI_surveillance_and_wiretapping">FBI surveillance and wiretapping</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FBI_PPC_1.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FBI_PPC_1.pdf/page1-220px-FBI_PPC_1.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FBI_PPC_1.pdf/page1-330px-FBI_PPC_1.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FBI_PPC_1.pdf/page1-440px-FBI_PPC_1.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Memo describing FBI attempts to disrupt the Poor People's Campaign with fraudulent claims about King‍—‌part of the <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a> campaign against the anti-war and civil rights movements</figcaption></figure> FBI director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> personally ordered surveillance of King, with the intent to undermine his power as a civil rights leader.<a href="#cite_note-MED08-2-405">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-Honey2007ch4-406">[404]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>, a 1975 investigation by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, found that "From December 1963 until his death in 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was the target of an intensive campaign by the Federal Bureau of Investigation to 'neutralize' him as an effective civil rights leader."<a href="#cite_note-Church-407">[405]</a> In the fall of 1963, the FBI received authorization from Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> to proceed with wiretapping of King's phone lines, purportedly due to his association with <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-the_atlantic-408">[406]</a> The Bureau informed President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. He and his brother unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from Levison, a New York lawyer who had been involved with Communist Party USA.<a href="#cite_note-right-409">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005-410">[408]</a> Although Robert Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's telephone lines "on a trial basis, for a month or so",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372-411">[409]</a> Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372–74-114">[113]</a> The Bureau placed wiretaps on the home and office phone lines of both Levison and King, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country.<a href="#cite_note-right-409">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-track-412">[410]</a> In 1967, Hoover listed the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">SCLC</a> as a black nationalist hate group, with the instructions: "No opportunity should be missed to exploit through counterintelligence techniques the organizational and personal conflicts of the leaderships of the groups ... to insure [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] the targeted group is disrupted, ridiculed, or discredited."<a href="#cite_note-Honey2007ch4-406">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NSA_monitoring_of_King's_communications">NSA monitoring of King's communications</h3></div> In a secret operation code-named "<a href="/wiki/Project_MINARET" title="Project MINARET">Minaret</a>", the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> monitored the communications of leading Americans, including King, who were critical of the <a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the United States in the Vietnam War">U.S. war in Vietnam.</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-414">[412]</a> A review by the NSA itself concluded that Minaret was "disreputable if not outright illegal".<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-414">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_communism">Allegations of communism</h3></div> For years, Hoover had been suspicious of potential <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">influence of communists</a> in social movements such as labor unions and civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> Hoover directed the FBI to track King in 1957, and the SCLC when it was established.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3">[3]</a> Due to the relationship between King and Stanley Levison, the FBI feared Levison was working as an "agent of influence" over King, in spite of its own reports in 1963 that Levison had left the Party and was no longer associated in business dealings with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz200570–74-416">[414]</a> Another King lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a>, was also linked to the Communist Party by sworn testimony before the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> (HUAC).<a href="#cite_note-417">[415]</a> Despite the extensive surveillance, by 1976 the FBI had acknowledged that it had not obtained any evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Church-407">[405]</a> For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to communism. In a 1965 Playboy interview, he stated that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991362-418">[416]</a> He argued that Hoover was "following the path of appeasement of political powers in the South" and that his concern for communist infiltration of the civil rights movement was meant to "aid and abet the salacious claims of southern racists and the extreme right-wing elements."<a href="#cite_note-Church-407">[405]</a> Hoover replied by saying that King was "the most notorious liar in the country".<a href="#cite_note-419">[417]</a> After his "I Have A Dream" speech, the FBI described King as "the most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country".<a href="#cite_note-track-412">[410]</a> It alleged that he was "knowingly, willingly and regularly cooperating with and taking guidance from communists."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz200583-420">[418]</a> The attempts to prove that King was a communist was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were content with the status quo but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators".<a href="#cite_note-421">[419]</a> King said that "the Negro revolution is a genuine revolution, born from the same womb that produces all massive social upheavals—the womb of intolerable conditions and unendurable situations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991363-422">[420]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA_surveillance">CIA surveillance</h3></div> CIA files declassified in 2017 revealed that the agency was investigating possible links between King and Communism after a Washington Post article dated November 4, 1964, claimed he was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and that Ralph Abernathy, as spokesman for King, refused to comment on the source of the invitation.<a href="#cite_note-423">[421]</a> Mail belonging to King and other civil rights activists was intercepted by the CIA program <a href="/wiki/HTLINGUAL" title="HTLINGUAL">HTLINGUAL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_adultery">Allegations of adultery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/170px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/255px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg/340px-MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>The only meeting of King and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>, outside the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">United States Senate chamber</a>, March 26, 1964, during the Senate debates regarding the (eventual) <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a><a href="#cite_note-WPKingX-425">[423]</a></figcaption></figure> The FBI attempted to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, attempted to demonstrate that he had numerous extramarital affairs.<a href="#cite_note-track-412">[410]</a> The FBI distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family.<a href="#cite_note-426">[424]</a> The bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information about his affairs.<a href="#cite_note-427">[425]</a> The <a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93King_letter" title="FBI–King letter">FBI–King letter</a> sent to King just before he received the Nobel Peace Prize read, in part: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mlk-uncovered-letter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mlk-uncovered-letter.png/170px-Mlk-uncovered-letter.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mlk-uncovered-letter.png/255px-Mlk-uncovered-letter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mlk-uncovered-letter.png/340px-Mlk-uncovered-letter.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93King_letter" title="FBI–King letter">FBI–King letter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fbi_letter-428">[426]</a> mailed anonymously by the FBI. Other portions of the letter which were previously not made public would be uncovered in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-fbi_letter-428">[426]</a></figcaption></figure> <blockquote>The American public, the church organizations that have been helping—Protestants, Catholics and Jews will know you for what you are—an evil beast. So will others who have backed you. You are done. King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to do (this exact number has been selected for a specific reason, it has definite practical significant [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]). You are done. There is but one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy fraudulent self is bared to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005247-429">[427]</a></blockquote> The letter was accompanied by a tape recording—excerpted from FBI wiretaps—of several of King's extramarital liaisons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002158–59-430">[428]</a> King interpreted this package as an attempt to drive him to suicide,<a href="#cite_note-431">[429]</a> although William Sullivan, head of the Domestic Intelligence Division at the time, argued that it may have only been intended to "convince Dr. King to resign from the SCLC."<a href="#cite_note-Church-407">[405]</a> Upon the release of the full letter in 2014, Yale history professor <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Gage" title="Beverly Gage">Beverly Gage</a> noted in a New York Times article that the claim that the FBI "simply meant to push King out, not induce suicide" was a possibility, pointing out that "Another uncovered portion of the note praises “older leaders” like the N.A.A.C.P. executive director <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a>, urging King to step aside and let other men lead the civil rights movement."<a href="#cite_note-fbi_letter-428">[426]</a> King refused to succumb to the FBI's threats.<a href="#cite_note-track-412">[410]</a> In 1977, <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_judge" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district judge">Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Smith_Jr." title="John Lewis Smith Jr.">John Lewis Smith Jr.</a> ordered the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968 to be sealed from public access in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> until 2027.<a href="#cite_note-432">[430]</a> In May 2019, an FBI file emerged on which a handwritten note alleged that King "looked on, laughed and offered advice" as one of his friends raped a woman. Historians of the period who have examined this notional evidence have dismissed it as highly unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-433">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mur19-434">[432]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a>, author of an earlier biography of King, wrote that "the suggestion ... that he either actively tolerated or personally employed violence against any woman, even while drunk, poses so fundamental a challenge to his historical stature as to require the most complete and extensive historical review possible".<a href="#cite_note-435">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mur19-434">[432]</a> Garrow's reliance on a handwritten note addended to a typed report is considered poor scholarship by several other authorities. The professor of American studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>, Peter Ling, pointed out that Garrow was excessively credulous, if not naive, in accepting the accuracy of FBI reports during a period when the FBI was undertaking a massive operation to attempt to discredit King.<a href="#cite_note-436">[434]</a> Experts in 20th-century American history, including Distinguished Professor of Political Science <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Theoharis" title="Jeanne Theoharis">Jeanne Theoharis</a>, the professors <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ransby" title="Barbara Ransby">Barbara Ransby</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> at Chicago, <a href="/wiki/N._D._B._Connolly" title="N. D. B. Connolly">Nathan Connolly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> and Professor Emeritus of History <a href="/wiki/Glenda_Gilmore" title="Glenda Gilmore">Glenda Gilmore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> have expressed reservations about Garrow's scholarship. Theoharis commented "Most scholars I know would penalize graduate students for doing this." It is not the first time the care and rigor of Garrow's work has been called into serious question.<a href="#cite_note-Mur19-434">[432]</a> Clayborne Carson, Martin Luther King biographer and overseer of the Dr. King records at Stanford University states that he came to the opposite conclusion of Garrow: <blockquote>None of this is new. Garrow is talking about a recently added summary of a transcript of a 1964 recording from the Willard Hotel that others, including Mrs. King, have said they did not hear Martin's voice on it. The added summary was four layers removed from the actual recording. This supposedly new information comes from an anonymous source in a single paragraph in an FBI report. You have to ask how could anyone conclude King looked at a rape from an audio recording in a room where he was not present.<a href="#cite_note-437">[435]</a></blockquote> The tapes that could confirm or refute the allegation are scheduled to be declassified in 2027.<a href="#cite_note-438">[436]</a> In his 1989 autobiography <a href="/wiki/And_the_Walls_Came_Tumbling_Down" title="And the Walls Came Tumbling Down">And the Walls Came Tumbling Down</a>, Ralph Abernathy stated that King had a "weakness for women", although they "all understood and believed in the biblical prohibition against sex outside of marriage. It was just that he had a particularly difficult time with that temptation."<a href="#cite_note-439">[437]</a> In a later interview, Abernathy said that he only wrote the term "womanizing", that he did not specifically say King had <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">extramarital sex</a> and that the infidelities King had were <a href="/wiki/Emotional_affair" title="Emotional affair">emotional</a> rather than sexual.<a href="#cite_note-abertappva-440">[438]</a> Abernathy criticized the media for sensationalizing the statements he wrote about King's affairs,<a href="#cite_note-abertappva-440">[438]</a> such as the allegation that he admitted in his book that King had a sexual affair the night before he was assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-abertappva-440">[438]</a> In his 1986 book <a href="/wiki/Bearing_the_Cross" title="Bearing the Cross">Bearing the Cross</a>, David Garrow wrote about a number of extramarital affairs, including one woman King saw almost daily. According to Garrow, "that relationship ... increasingly became the emotional centerpiece of King's life, but it did not eliminate the incidental couplings ... of King's travels." He alleged that King explained his extramarital affairs as "a form of anxiety reduction". Garrow asserted that King's supposed promiscuity caused him "painful and at times overwhelming guilt".<a href="#cite_note-441">[439]</a> King's wife Coretta appeared to have accepted his affairs with equanimity, saying once that "all that other business just doesn't have a place in the very high-level relationship we enjoyed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200267-442">[440]</a> Shortly after Bearing the Cross was released, civil rights author <a href="/wiki/Howell_Raines" title="Howell Raines">Howell Raines</a> gave the book a positive review but opined that Garrow's allegations about King's sex life were "sensational" and stated that Garrow was "amassing facts rather than analyzing them".<a href="#cite_note-443">[441]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_observation_during_the_assassination">Police observation during the assassination</h3></div> A fire station was located across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the boarding house in which James Earl Ray was staying. Police officers were stationed in the fire station to keep King under surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-444">[442]</a> Agents were watching King at the time he was shot.<a href="#cite_note-445">[443]</a> Immediately following the shooting, officers rushed to the motel. Marrell McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first aid to King.<a href="#cite_note-446">[444]</a> The antagonism between King and the FBI, the lack of an <a href="/wiki/All_points_bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="All points bulletin">all points bulletin</a> to find the killer, and the police presence nearby led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-447">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg/255px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg/340px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>King showing his medallion, which he received from Mayor Wagner, 1964</figcaption></figure> King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities.<a href="#cite_note-merv-448">[446]</a> On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, which was awarded to him for leading nonviolent resistance to racial prejudice in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-449">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[448]</a> In 1965, he was awarded the American Liberties Medallion by the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> for his "exceptional advancement of the principles of human liberty."<a href="#cite_note-merv-448">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[449]</a> In his acceptance remarks, King said, "Freedom is one thing. You have it all or you are not free."<a href="#cite_note-452">[450]</a> In 1957, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-453">[451]</a> Two years later, he won the <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a> for Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story.<a href="#cite_note-454">[452]</a> In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger_Awards" title="Margaret Sanger Awards">Margaret Sanger Award</a> for "his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to the advancement of social justice and human dignity."<a href="#cite_note-PP-455">[453]</a> Also in 1966, King was elected as a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-King_AAAS_fellow-456">[454]</a> In November 1967, he made a 24-hour trip to the UK to receive an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctorate in Civil Law</a> from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>, becoming the first African American the institution had recognized in this way.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-310">[308]</a> In an impromptu acceptance speech,<a href="#cite_note-Newcastle_ceremony-309">[307]</a> he said: <blockquote>There are three urgent and indeed great problems that we face not only in the United States of America but all over the world today. That is the problem of racism, the problem of poverty and the problem of war.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Newcastle_University_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Newcastle_University_1967.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Newcastle_University_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Newcastle_University_1967.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Newcastle_University_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Newcastle_University_1967.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_Newcastle_University_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>King after receiving his honorary doctorate from Newcastle University</figcaption></figure> In addition to his nominations for three Grammy Awards, King posthumously won for <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Best Spoken Word Recording</a> in 1971 for "Why I Oppose The War In Vietnam".<a href="#cite_note-457">[455]</a> In 1977, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> to King. The citation read: <blockquote>Martin Luther King Jr. was the conscience of his generation. He gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the pain and exhaustion of his fight to fulfill the promises of our founding fathers for our humblest citizens, he wrung his eloquent statement of his dream for America. He made our nation stronger because he made it better. His dream sustains us yet.<a href="#cite_note-458">[456]</a></blockquote> King and his wife were also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-459">[457]</a> King was second in <a href="/wiki/Gallup%27s_List_of_Most_Widely_Admired_People_of_the_20th_Century" title="Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century">Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[458]</a> In 1963, he was named <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Person of the Year</a>, and, in 2000, he was voted sixth in an online "Person of the Century" poll by the same magazine.<a href="#cite_note-461">[459]</a> King placed third in <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_American" title="The Greatest American">The Greatest American</a> conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-462">[460]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five-dollar_bill">Five-dollar bill</h3></div> On April 20, 2016, Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Lew">Jacob Lew</a> announced that the $5, $10, and $20 bills would all undergo redesign prior to 2020. Lew said that while Lincoln would remain on the front of the $5 bill, the reverse would be redesigned to depict various historical events that had occurred at the Lincoln Memorial. Among the planned designs are images from King's "I Have a Dream" speech.<a href="#cite_note-463">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">List of memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div> Many memorial sites, buildings and sculptures have been created to honor Martin Luther King Jr, including the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial_Library" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library</a> in Washington, D.C.,<a href="#cite_note-464">[462]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library" title="Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, California, and the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_doctorates">Honorary doctorates</h3></div> King has received several <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorates">honorary doctorates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[463]</a> <ul><li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Theological_Seminary" title="Chicago Theological Seminary">Chicago Theological Seminary</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan State College">Morgan State College</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Humanities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor of Humanities (page does not exist)">Doctor of Humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Central State College">Central State College</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bridgeport" title="University of Bridgeport">University of Bridgeport</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Civil Laws">Doctor of Civil Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Doctor of Letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keuka_College" title="Keuka College">Keuka College</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springfield_College" title="Springfield College">Springfield College</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Social_Science" title="Doctor of Social Science">Doctor of Social Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Free_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Free University">Amsterdam Free University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_University" title="Saint Peter's University">St. Peter's College</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle upon Tyne">University of Newcastle upon Tyne</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom" title="Stride Toward Freedom">Stride Toward Freedom</a>: The Montgomery Story (1958) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250490-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250490-6">978-0-06-250490-6</a></li> <li>The Measure of a Man (1959) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0877-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0877-4">978-0-8006-0877-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_to_Love" title="Strength to Love">Strength to Love</a> (1963) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9740-2">978-0-8006-9740-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Can%27t_Wait" title="Why We Can't Wait">Why We Can't Wait</a> (1964) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0112-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0112-7">978-0-8070-0112-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here:_Chaos_or_Community%3F" title="Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?">Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?</a> (1967) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0571-2">978-0-8070-0571-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_for_Change" title="Conscience for Change">The Trumpet of Conscience</a> (1968) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0170-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0170-7">978-0-8070-0170-7</a></li> <li>A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. (1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250931-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250931-4">978-0-06-250931-4</a></li> <li>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. (1998), ed. <a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-67650-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-67650-2">978-0-446-67650-2</a></li> <li>"All Labor Has Dignity" (2011) ed. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Honey" title="Michael Honey">Michael Honey</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8600-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8600-1">978-0-8070-8600-1</a></li> <li>"Thou, Dear God": Prayers That Open Hearts and Spirits. Collection of King's prayers. (2011), ed. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Baldwin">Lewis Baldwin</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8603-2">978-0-8070-8603-2</a></li> <li>MLK: A Celebration in Word and Image (2011). Photographed by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Adelman" title="Bob Adelman">Bob Adelman</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Johnson" title="Charles R. Johnson">Charles Johnson</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0316-9">978-0-8070-0316-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albums">Albums</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Charted albums by Martin Luther King Jr. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Title </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col">Peak </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">US</a> <a href="#cite_note-:0-466">[464]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">The Great March to Freedom </td> <td rowspan="3">1963 </td> <td>141 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">The March on Washington </td> <td>102 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Freedom March on Washington </td> <td>119 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">I Have a Dream </td> <td rowspan="4">1968 </td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">The American Dream </td> <td>173 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">In Search of Freedom </td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">In the Struggle for Freedom and Human Dignity </td> <td>154 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singles">Singles</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Charted singles by Martin Luther King Jr. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Title </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col">Peak </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Album </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">US</a> <a href="#cite_note-:0-466">[464]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">"I Have a Dream" (<a href="/wiki/Gordy_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordy Records">Gordy</a> 7023 – b/w <a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">We Shall Overcome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liz_Lands" title="Liz Lands">Liz Lands</a>) </td> <td>1968 </td> <td>88 </td> <td>I Have a Dream (1968) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Portal:Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia (U.S. state) portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/23px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/34px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/46px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="201" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evangelical_Christianity" title="Portal:Evangelical Christianity">Evangelical Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a>, 1954 to 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.">List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> King Jr's birth certificate was later altered to read "Martin Luther King Jr." on July 23, 1957, when he was 28 years old.<a href="#cite_note-deneen-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ajc-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199231-24">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Though commonly attributed to King, this expression originated with 19th-century abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-189">[188]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200653-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200653_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200653_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200653_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlisson2006">Glisson 2006</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheoharisPovedaPowersRosenfeld1999" class="citation book cs1">Theoharis, Athan G.; Poveda, Tony G.; Powers, Richard Gid; Rosenfeld, Susan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fbicomprehensive0000theo/page/123">The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fbicomprehensive0000theo/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89774-991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89774-991-X"><bdi>0-89774-991-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+FBI%3A+A+Comprehensive+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-89774-991-X&rft.aulast=Theoharis&rft.aufirst=Athan+G.&rft.au=Poveda%2C+Tony+G.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Richard+Gid&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffbicomprehensive0000theo%2Fpage%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-4"><a href="#cite_ref-marshall_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgletree2004" class="citation book cs1">Ogletree, Charles J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alldeliberatespe00ogle/page/138">All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education</a>. W. W. Norton & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alldeliberatespe00ogle/page/138">138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05897-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05897-2"><bdi>0-393-05897-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Deliberate+Speed%3A+Reflections+on+the+First+Half+Century+of+Brown+v.+Board+of+Education&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-393-05897-2&rft.aulast=Ogletree&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falldeliberatespe00ogle%2Fpage%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bf-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bf_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bf_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122161032/http://www.thekingcenter.org/birth-family">"Birth & Family"</a>. The King Center. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/birth-family">the original</a> on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+King+Center&rft.atitle=Birth+%26+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Fbirth-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/activist/martin-luther-king-jr">"Martin Luther King Jr"</a>. Biography. A&E Television Networks, LLC. March 9, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310135126/https://www.biography.com/activist/martin-luther-king-jr">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Factivist%2Fmartin-luther-king-jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_King_Center-7"><a href="#cite_ref-The_King_Center_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122161058/http://www.thekingcenter.org/upbringing-studies">"Upbringing & Studies"</a>. The King Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/upbringing-studies">the original</a> on January 22, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upbringing+%26+Studies&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Fupbringing-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19836-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19836_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217012826/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_king_james_albert_1864_1933/">"King, James Albert"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_king_james_albert_1864_1933/">the original</a> on December 17, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%2C+James+Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia%2Fenc_king_james_albert_1864_1933%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNsenga2011" class="citation web cs1">Nsenga, Burton (January 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theroot.com/africanancestry-com-reveals-roots-of-mlk-and-marcus-gar-1790862357">"AfricanAncestry.com Reveals Roots of MLK and Marcus Garvey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118095620/https://www.theroot.com/africanancestry-com-reveals-roots-of-mlk-and-marcus-gar-1790862357">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AfricanAncestry.com+Reveals+Roots+of+MLK+and+Marcus+Garvey&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=Nsenga&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroot.com%2Fafricanancestry-com-reveals-roots-of-mlk-and-marcus-gar-1790862357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alondra_Nelson" title="Alondra Nelson">Nelson, Alondra</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5nhDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160">The Social Life of DNA</a>. Beacon Press. pp. 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-2718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-2718-9"><bdi>978-0-8070-2718-9</bdi></a>. <q>Kittles informed King that his Y-chromosome DNA analysis traced to Ireland and his mtDNA analysis associated him with the Mende.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Life+of+DNA&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-2718-9&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Alondra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5nhDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200211-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200211_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200410-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200410_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200410_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200410_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFManheimer2004">Manheimer 2004</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20082-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming20082_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming20082_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2008">Fleming 2008</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200212-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200212_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200212_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200212_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19837-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19837_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19837_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19837_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19837_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19837_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19837_16-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19834-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19834_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198313-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198313_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198313_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198313_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198313_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198313_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198313_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198313_18-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199276-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199276_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEig202343-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEig202343_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEig2023">Eig 2023</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-deneen-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deneen_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deneen_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deneen_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deneen_21-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation news cs1">Brown, DeNeen L. (January 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/01/15/story-how-michael-king-jr-became-martin-luther-king-jr/">"The story of how Michael King Jr. became Martin Luther King Jr"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231120621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/01/15/story-how-michael-king-jr-became-martin-luther-king-jr/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+story+of+how+Michael+King+Jr.+became+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=DeNeen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2019%2F01%2F15%2Fstory-how-michael-king-jr-became-martin-luther-king-jr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajc-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ajc_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ajc_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Clanton2020" class="citation news cs1">Nancy Clanton, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (January 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/why-martin-luther-king-father-changed-their-names/5ClNJ60MUtgsAZyCB4A4IN/">"Why Martin Luther King Jr.'s father changed their names"</a>. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200120172044/https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/why-martin-luther-king-father-changed-their-names/5ClNJ60MUtgsAZyCB4A4IN/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Why+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+father+changed+their+names&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft.aulast=Nancy+Clanton&rft.aufirst=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Flifestyles%2Fwhy-martin-luther-king-father-changed-their-names%2F5ClNJ60MUtgsAZyCB4A4IN%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199230–31-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199230–31_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199231-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199231_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19835-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19835_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19835_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19838-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19838_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19838_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19838_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19838_27-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200214-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200214_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200214_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200415_29-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFManheimer2004">Manheimer 2004</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19838–9-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19838–9_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates19839-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19839_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19839_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19839_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19839_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates19839_31-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198310-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198310_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198310_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198310_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198310_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198310_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198310_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198310_32-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2004" class="citation book cs1">Pierce, Alan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assassinationofm0000pier">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr</a>. Abdo Pub Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assassinationofm0000pier/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59197-727-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59197-727-8"><bdi>978-1-59197-727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assassination+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Abdo+Pub+Co&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59197-727-8&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassassinationofm0000pier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200413-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200413_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200413_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFManheimer2004">Manheimer 2004</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming20084-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming20084_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2008">Fleming 2008</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200414-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200414_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200414_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFManheimer2004">Manheimer 2004</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200215-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200215_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200215_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer20049-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer20049_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManheimer2004">Manheimer 2004</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198312-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198312_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198312_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillender1986" class="citation book cs1">Millender, Dharathula H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00mill_0/page/45">Martin Luther King Jr.: Young Man with a Dream</a>. Aladdin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00mill_0/page/45">45–46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-042010-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-042010-1"><bdi>978-0-02-042010-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Young+Man+with+a+Dream&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Aladdin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-02-042010-1&rft.aulast=Millender&rft.aufirst=Dharathula+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking00mill_0%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200213-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200213_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200213_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200213_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-katznelson-42"><a href="#cite_ref-katznelson_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatznelson2005" class="citation book cs1">Katznelson, Ira (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenaffirmativea00katz/page/5">When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America</a>. WW Norton & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenaffirmativea00katz/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05213-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05213-3"><bdi>0-393-05213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Affirmative+Action+was+White%3A+An+Untold+History+of+Racial+Inequality+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-05213-3&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenaffirmativea00katz%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates198311-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates198311_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1983">Oates 1983</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd199623-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd199623_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd199623_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyd1996">Boyd 1996</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-enters-seventh-grade-atlanta-university-laboratory-school">"King enters seventh grade at Atlanta University Laboratory School"</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94704-0"><bdi>978-1-135-94704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Civil+Liberties&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94704-0&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVgKAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DMLK%2BBA%2Bsociology%26pg%3DPA889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mercer-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mercer_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mercer_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowning1986" class="citation book cs1">Downing, Frederick L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toseepromisedlan0000down/page/150">To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Mercer University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toseepromisedlan0000down/page/150">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-207-4"><bdi>0-86554-207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+See+the+Promised+Land%3A+The+Faith+Pilgrimage+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86554-207-4&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoseepromisedlan0000down%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNojeim2004" class="citation book cs1">Nojeim, Michael J. (2004). Gandhi and King: The Power of Nonviolent Resistance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96574-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96574-0"><bdi>0-275-96574-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+King%3A+The+Power+of+Nonviolent+Resistance&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-275-96574-0&rft.aulast=Nojeim&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinginstitute_upenn-79"><a href="#cite_ref-kinginstitute_upenn_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-audits-courses-university-pennsylvania">"King audits courses at University of Pennsylvania"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University Archives and Records Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814040507/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-audits-courses-university-pennsylvania">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft.atitle=King+audits+courses+at+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fking-audits-courses-university-pennsylvania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinginstitute_edu-80"><a href="#cite_ref-kinginstitute_edu_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184435/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/mlk-topic/martin-luther-king-jr-education?page=2">"Martin Luther King, Jr. – Education"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University Archives and Records Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/mlk-topic/martin-luther-king-jr-education?page=2">the original</a> on June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+%E2%80%93+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fmlk-topic%2Fmartin-luther-king-jr-education%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200220–22-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200220–22_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200220–22_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200220–22_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, pp. 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/martin-luther-king-jrs-time-studying-penn">"Martin Luther King Jr.'s time studying at Penn"</a>. April 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006232419/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/martin-luther-king-jrs-time-studying-penn">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+time+studying+at+Penn&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fmartin-luther-king-jrs-time-studying-penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1991" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Lewis V. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oeMI9gxa2QC">There is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Fortress Publishing. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2457-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2457-2"><bdi>0-8006-2457-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+is+a+Balm+in+Gilead%3A+The+Cultural+Roots+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=281-282&rft.pub=Fortress+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8006-2457-2&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Lewis+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oeMI9gxa2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1991" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Lewis V. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oeMI9gxa2QC">There is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Fortress Publishing. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2457-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2457-2"><bdi>0-8006-2457-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+is+a+Balm+in+Gilead%3A+The+Cultural+Roots+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Fortress+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8006-2457-2&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Lewis+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oeMI9gxa2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanneh-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanneh_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanneh_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanneh_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanneh" class="citation magazine cs1">Sanneh, Kelefa. "The Voice". The New Yorker. No. May 15, 2023. pp. 62–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Voice&rft.issue=May+15%2C+2023&rft.pages=62-63&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Kelefa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/hugh-watt">"To Hugh Watt"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. January 28, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121103429/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/hugh-watt">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft.atitle=To+Hugh+Watt&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fking-papers%2Fdocuments%2Fhugh-watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radin-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radin_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radin_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radin_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadin1991" class="citation news cs1">Radin, Charles A. (October 11, 1991). "Panel Confirms Plagiarism by King at BU". The Boston Globe. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Panel+Confirms+Plagiarism+by+King+at+BU&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1991-10-11&rft.aulast=Radin&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2010" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Lewis V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voiceofconscienc0000bald">The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voiceofconscienc0000bald/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538031-6"><bdi>978-0-19-538031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+of+Conscience%3A+The+Church+in+the+Mind+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538031-6&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Lewis+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoiceofconscienc0000bald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Linda K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationaldaysnati0000unse">National Days, National Ways: Historical, Political, And Religious Celebrations around the World</a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationaldaysnati0000unse/page/314">314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97270-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97270-4"><bdi>0-275-97270-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Days%2C+National+Ways%3A+Historical%2C+Political%2C+And+Religious+Celebrations+around+the+World&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-275-97270-4&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Linda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationaldaysnati0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=ALMA_BOSU121651367690001161&vid=BU&search_scope=default_scope&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US&context=L&isFrbr=true">"A comparison of the conceptions of God in the thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman"</a>. Boston University Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706155623/https://buprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=ALMA_BOSU121651367690001161&vid=BU&search_scope=default_scope&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US&context=L&isFrbr=true">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+comparison+of+the+conceptions+of+God+in+the+thinking+of+Paul+Tillich+and+Henry+Nelson+Wieman&rft.pub=Boston+University+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com%2Fprimo-explore%2Ffulldisplay%3Fdocid%3DALMA_BOSU121651367690001161%26vid%3DBU%26search_scope%3Ddefault_scope%26tab%3Ddefault_tab%26lang%3Den_US%26context%3DL%26isFrbr%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snopes-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Snopes_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2003" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, David (July 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/history/american/mlking.asp">"Four Things About King"</a>. Snopes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727202900/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/four-things-about-king/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Four+Things+About+King&rft.date=2003-07-19&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fhistory%2Famerican%2Fmlking.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/11/us/boston-u-panel-finds-plagiarism-by-dr-king.html">"Boston U. Panel Finds Plagiarism by Dr. King"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. October 11, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131108033759/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/11/us/boston-u-panel-finds-plagiarism-by-dr-king.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Boston+U.+Panel+Finds+Plagiarism+by+Dr.+King&rft.date=1991-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F11%2Fus%2Fboston-u-panel-finds-plagiarism-by-dr-king.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107223114/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol2/550415AComparisonOfTheConceptionsOfGod.pdf">"King's Ph.D. dissertation, with attached note"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol2/550415AComparisonOfTheConceptionsOfGod.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 7, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%27s+Ph.D.+dissertation%2C+with+attached+note&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Fprimarydocuments%2FVol2%2F550415AComparisonOfTheConceptionsOfGod.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ling, Peter (October 1996). "Plagiarism, preaching and prophecy: the legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the persistence of racism [Review]". <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies" title="Ethnic and Racial Studies">Ethnic and Racial Studies</a>. 19 (4): 912–916. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.1996.9993942">10.1080/01419870.1996.9993942</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-9870">0141-9870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Plagiarism%2C+preaching+and+prophecy%3A+the+legacy+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+and+the+persistence+of+racism+%5BReview%5D&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=912-916&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.1996.9993942&rft.issn=0141-9870&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1509338/Coretta-Scott-King.html">"Coretta Scott King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. February 1, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113011228/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1509338/Coretta-Scott-King.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Coretta+Scott+King&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1509338%2FCoretta-Scott-King.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fam-96"><a href="#cite_ref-fam_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2001" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Mervyn A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingcamepreachin0000warr/page/35">King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingcamepreachin0000warr/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2658-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2658-0"><bdi>0-8308-2658-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Came+Preaching%3A+The+Pulpit+Power+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8308-2658-0&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Mervyn+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingcamepreachin0000warr%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwVbfvfYEZkC&pg=PA408">Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Struggles, a National Movement</a>. University of Georgia Press. 2011. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3865-1"><bdi>978-0-8203-3865-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727202902/https://books.google.com/books?id=gwVbfvfYEZkC&pg=PA408">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+History+from+the+Ground+Up%3A+Local+Struggles%2C+a+National+Movement&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3865-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwVbfvfYEZkC%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1426">"Martin Luther King Jr"</a>. Encyclopedia of Alabama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123161105/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1426">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-1426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer2004103-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer2004103_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManheimer2004">Manheimer 2004</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/10/sprj.80.1955.parks/">"December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks arrested"</a>. CNN. March 11, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918150509/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/10/sprj.80.1955.parks/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=December+1%2C+1955%3A+Rosa+Parks+arrested&rft.date=2003-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FUS%2F03%2F10%2Fsprj.80.1955.parks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2003" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Frank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/montgomerybusboy0000wals/page/24">The Montgomery Bus Boycott</a>. Gareth Stevens. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/montgomerybusboy0000wals/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8368-5375-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8368-5375-X"><bdi>0-8368-5375-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Montgomery+Bus+Boycott&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8368-5375-X&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmontgomerybusboy0000wals%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prize_1-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prize_1_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prize_1_102-1">b</a> Interview with Coretta Scott King, Episode 1, PBS TV series <a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2004" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, Thomas F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bA1azdRdD18C&pg=PA25">Ethical Leadership Through Transforming Justice</a>. University Press of America. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2908-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2908-3"><bdi>0-7618-2908-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123124315/https://books.google.com/books?id=bA1azdRdD18C&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethical+Leadership+Through+Transforming+Justice&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7618-2908-3&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbA1azdRdD18C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiskSchellenberg1999" class="citation book cs1">Fisk, Larry J.; Schellenberg, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsofconfli0000unse/page/115">Patterns of Conflict, Paths to Peace</a>. Broadview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsofconfli0000unse/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-154-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55111-154-3"><bdi>1-55111-154-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Conflict%2C+Paths+to+Peace&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55111-154-3&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rft.au=Schellenberg%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatternsofconfli0000unse%2Fpage%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-arrested-speeding-mia-holds-seven-mass-meetings">"King arrested for speeding; MIA holds seven mass meetings"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. June 22, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110144232/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-arrested-speeding-mia-holds-seven-mass-meetings">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+arrested+for+speeding%3B+MIA+holds+seven+mass+meetings&rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Research+and+Education+Institute%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fking-arrested-speeding-mia-holds-seven-mass-meetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing19929-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing19929_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200252-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200252_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Steven P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billygrahamriseo0000mill/page/92">Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billygrahamriseo0000mill/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4151-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4151-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4151-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+Graham+and+the+Rise+of+the+Republican+South&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4151-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Steven+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillygrahamriseo0000mill%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/levison-stanley-david">"Levison, Stanley David"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. May 17, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115075615/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/levison-stanley-david">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft.atitle=Levison%2C+Stanley+David&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Flevison-stanley-david&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarableMullings2000" class="citation book cs1">Marable, Manning; Mullings, Leith (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letnobodyturnusa00mann">Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal: an African American Anthology</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letnobodyturnusa00mann/page/391">391–392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8346-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8346-X"><bdi>0-8476-8346-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Nobody+Turn+Us+Around%3A+Voices+of+Resistance%2C+Reform%2C+and+Renewal%3A+an+African+American+Anthology&rft.pages=391-392&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8476-8346-X&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft.au=Mullings%2C+Leith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletnobodyturnusa00mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdl.usg.edu/events/prayer_pilgrimage/?Welcome">"Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom"</a>. Civil Rights Digital Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193659/http://crdl.usg.edu/events/prayer_pilgrimage/?Welcome">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prayer+Pilgrimage+for+Freedom&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrdl.usg.edu%2Fevents%2Fprayer_pilgrimage%2F%3FWelcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_University-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/gandhi-society-human-rights">"Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: Gandhi Society for Human Rights"</a>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612015745/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/gandhi-society-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Global+Freedom+Struggle%3A+Gandhi+Society+for+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fgandhi-society-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheoharisPovedaPowersRosenfeld1999" class="citation book cs1">Theoharis, Athan G.; Poveda, Tony G.; Powers, Richard Gid; Rosenfeld, Susan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fbicomprehensive0000theo/page/148">The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide</a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fbicomprehensive0000theo/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89774-991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89774-991-X"><bdi>0-89774-991-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+FBI%3A+A+Comprehensive+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-89774-991-X&rft.aulast=Theoharis&rft.aufirst=Athan+G.&rft.au=Poveda%2C+Tony+G.&rft.au=Powers%2C+Richard+Gid&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffbicomprehensive0000theo%2Fpage%2F148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372–74-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372–74_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372–74_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerst2007">Herst 2007</a>, pp. 372–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonMarableNess2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Joseph; Marable, Manning; Ness, Immanuel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racelabormatters0000unse/page/47">Race and Labor Matters in the New U.S. Economy</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racelabormatters0000unse/page/47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4691-8"><bdi>0-7425-4691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Labor+Matters+in+the+New+U.S.+Economy&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-4691-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Marable%2C+Manning&rft.au=Ness%2C+Immanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracelabormatters0000unse%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2006" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Norman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architectsofpoli00norm/page/189">Architects of Political Change: Constitutional Quandaries and Social Choice Theory</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architectsofpoli00norm/page/189">189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83202-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83202-0"><bdi>0-521-83202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architects+of+Political+Change%3A+Constitutional+Quandaries+and+Social+Choice+Theory&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-83202-0&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitectsofpoli00norm%2Fpage%2F189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafritz1998" class="citation book cs1">Shafritz, Jay M. (1998). International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration. Westview Press. p. 1242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-9974-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-9974-2"><bdi>0-8133-9974-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Public+Policy+and+Administration&rft.pages=1242&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8133-9974-2&rft.aulast=Shafritz&rft.aufirst=Jay+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoevyHumphreyStewart1997" class="citation book cs1">Loevy, Robert D.; Humphrey, Hubert H.; Stewart, John G. (1997). The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation. SUNY Press. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3361-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3361-7"><bdi>0-7914-3361-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964%3A+The+Passage+of+the+Law+that+Ended+Racial+Segregation&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7914-3361-7&rft.aulast=Loevy&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Humphrey%2C+Hubert+H.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2002" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Hugh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RyVQUJHo55IC&pg=PA37">When Harlem Nearly Killed King: The 1958 Stabbing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Seven Stories Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-614-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-614-8"><bdi>978-1-58322-614-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123124428/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyVQUJHo55IC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Harlem+Nearly+Killed+King%3A+The+1958+Stabbing+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-614-8&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyVQUJHo55IC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2020" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Michael (November 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/nyregion/martin-luther-king-stabbed-harlem.html">"Before 'I Have a Dream,' Martin Luther King Almost Died. This Man Saved Him"</a>. 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January 28, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116161217/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/sclc-press-release-dr-king-leaves-montgomery-atlanta">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2020. 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Retrieved November 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+Vandiver%2C+in+the+MLK+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fvandiver-samuel-ernest-jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116021726/https://romesentinel.com/stories/traffic-stop-60-years-ago-spurred-martin-luther-king-jr-into-greater-action,97644">"Traffic stop 60 years ago spurred Martin Luther King Jr. into greater action"</a>. The Rome Sentinel. May 4, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romesentinel.com/stories/traffic-stop-60-years-ago-spurred-martin-luther-king-jr-into-greater-action,97644">the original</a> on November 16, 2020. 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October 25, 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120082602/https://accesswdun.com/article/2020/5/900021">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Negro+Integration+Leader+Sentenced+to+Four+Months&rft.date=1960-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccesswdun.com%2Farticle%2F2020%2F5%2F900021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevingston2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Levingston, Steven (June 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4817240/martin-luther-king-john-kennedy-phone-call/">"John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Phone Call That Changed History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043524/https://time.com/4817240/martin-luther-king-john-kennedy-phone-call/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020. 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Retrieved November 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+integration+of+Atlanta+Public+Schools&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantamagazine.com%2Fcivilrights%2Fthe-integration-of-atlanta-public-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield" class="citation web cs1">Hatfield, Edward A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/atlanta-sit-ins">"Atlanta Sit-ins"</a>. New Georgia Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223194432/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/atlanta-sit-ins">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Georgia+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Atlanta+Sit-ins&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Fatlanta-sit-ins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatchette-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatchette_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatchette_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pynSnGuC964C&pg=PT147">The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr</a>. Hatchette Digital. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7595-2037-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7595-2037-0"><bdi>978-0-7595-2037-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727202925/https://books.google.com/books?id=pynSnGuC964C&pg=PT147">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Hatchette+Digital&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7595-2037-0&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpynSnGuC964C%26pg%3DPT147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1990" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/testamentofhope00mart/page/105">A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr</a>. Harper Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/testamentofhope00mart/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064691-2"><bdi>978-0-06-064691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Testament+of+Hope%3A+The+Essential+Writings+and+Speeches+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-06-064691-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftestamentofhope00mart%2Fpage%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179">King Center:Billy Graham</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315074536/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179">Archived</a> March 15, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed September 15, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190–193-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlisson2006190–193_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlisson2006">Glisson 2006</a>, pp. 190–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961albany">"Albany, GA Movement"</a>. Civil Rights Movement Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707051408/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961albany">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albany%2C+GA+Movement&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Movement+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis61.htm%231961albany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200296-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200296_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617203216/http://photos.nola.com/tpphotos/2013/04/martin_luther_king_mugshot_apr.html">"Martin Luther King mugshot April 12 1963"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune/The_New_Orleans_Advocate" title="The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate">The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate</a>. April 16, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photos.nola.com/tpphotos/2013/04/martin_luther_king_mugshot_apr.html">the original</a> on June 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune%2FThe+New+Orleans+Advocate&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+mugshot+April+12+1963&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotos.nola.com%2Ftpphotos%2F2013%2F04%2Fmartin_luther_king_mugshot_apr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrow1986246-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrow1986246_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrow1986">Garrow 1986</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-McWhorter_2001-140"><a href="#cite_ref-McWhorter_2001_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2001" class="citation book cs1">McWhorter, Diane (2001). "Two Mayors and a King". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743217729">Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2648-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2648-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Mayors+and+a+King&rft.btitle=Carry+Me+Home%3A+Birmingham%2C+Alabama%3A+The+Climactic+Battle+of+the+Civil+Rights+Revolution&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2648-6&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780743217729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrell_2005_1055-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrell_2005_1055_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrell_2005_1055_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrellGaustadMillerBoles2005" class="citation book cs1">Harrell, David Edwin; Gaustad, Edwin S.; Miller, Randall M.; Boles, John B.; Woods, Randall Bennett; Griffith, Sally Foreman (2005). Unto a Good Land: A History of the American People, Volume 2. Wm B Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1055. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2945-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2945-7"><bdi>0-8028-2945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unto+a+Good+Land%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=1055&rft.pub=Wm+B+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8028-2945-7&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.aufirst=David+Edwin&rft.au=Gaustad%2C+Edwin+S.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Randall+M.&rft.au=Boles%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Woods%2C+Randall+Bennett&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Sally+Foreman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek5-13-142"><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek5-13_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Birmingham USA: Look at Them Run". <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>: 27. May 13, 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Birmingham+USA%3A+Look+at+Them+Run&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1963-05-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002113–114-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady2002113–114_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek4-22-144"><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek4-22_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Integration: Connor and King". <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>: 28, 33. April 22, 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Integration%3A+Connor+and+King&rft.pages=28%2C+33&rft.date=1963-04-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holiday-145"><a href="#cite_ref-holiday_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Coretta Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/meaning-king-holiday">"The Meaning of The King Holiday"</a>. The King Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514204850/http://www.thekingcenter.org/meaning-king-holiday">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+The+King+Holiday&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Coretta+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Fmeaning-king-holiday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-146"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneGabbidon2009" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Helen Taylor; Gabbidon, Shaun L. (2009). "Political Prisoners". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_9yAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Political+prisoner%22">Encyclopedia of Race and Crime</a>. Sage Publications. pp. 636–639. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6609-1"><bdi>978-1-4522-6609-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123124418/https://books.google.com/books?id=v_9yAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Political+prisoner%22#v=snippet&q=%22Political%20prisoner%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Prisoners&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race+and+Crime&rft.pages=636-639&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6609-1&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Helen+Taylor&rft.au=Gabbidon%2C+Shaun+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_9yAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Political%2Bprisoner%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LetterFromBirmJail-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LetterFromBirmJail_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LetterFromBirmJail_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LetterFromBirmJail_147-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/resources/article/annotated_letter_from_birmingham/">"Letter from Birmingham Jail"</a>. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130107002405/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/resources/article/annotated_letter_from_birmingham/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Birmingham+Jail&rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Farticle%2Fannotated_letter_from_birmingham%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> King began writing the letter on newspaper margins and continued on bits of paper brought by friends. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/great-society-new-history-amity-shlaes-0">"The Great Society: A New History with Amity Shlaes"</a>. Hoover Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701062533/https://www.hoover.org/research/great-society-new-history-amity-shlaes-0">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Great+Society%3A+A+New+History+with+Amity+Shlaes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fgreat-society-new-history-amity-shlaes-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesAppiah1999" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/1251">Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</a>. Basic Civitas Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/1251">1251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1"><bdi>0-465-00071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=1251&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-00071-1&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rft.au=Appiah%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi%2Fpage%2F1251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenault2006" class="citation book cs1">Arsenault, Raymond (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomriders1960000arse">Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomriders1960000arse/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513674-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513674-8"><bdi>0-19-513674-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Riders%3A+1961+and+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Justice&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-513674-8&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomriders1960000arse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady200242-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady200242_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Leon1994" class="citation book cs1">De Leon, David (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadersfrom1960s0000unse">Leaders from the 1960s: A biographical sourcebook of American activism</a>. Greenwood Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadersfrom1960s0000unse/page/138">138</a>–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-27414-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-27414-2"><bdi>0-313-27414-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+from+the+1960s%3A+A+biographical+sourcebook+of+American+activism&rft.pages=138-43&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-313-27414-2&rft.aulast=De+Leon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadersfrom1960s0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashman1991" class="citation book cs1">Cashman, Sean Dennis (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericans00cash">African-Americans and the Quest for Civil Rights, 1900–1990</a>. NYU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericans00cash/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1441-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1441-2"><bdi>0-8147-1441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African-Americans+and+the+Quest+for+Civil+Rights%2C+1900%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8147-1441-2&rft.aulast=Cashman&rft.aufirst=Sean+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericans00cash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (2002) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis00arth/page/351">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a>. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis00arth/page/351">351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-28344-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-28344-9"><bdi>0-345-28344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-345-28344-9&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertkennedyhis00arth%2Fpage%2F351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarable1991" class="citation book cs1">Marable, Manning (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racereformrebell00mara_0/page/74">Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990</a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racereformrebell00mara_0/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-493-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87805-493-6"><bdi>0-87805-493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Reform%2C+and+Rebellion%3A+The+Second+Reconstruction+in+Black+America%2C+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87805-493-6&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracereformrebell00mara_0%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergKarabell2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Jonathan; Karabell, Zachary (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedyjohnsonth00rose/page/130">Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes</a>. WW Norton & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedyjohnsonth00rose/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05122-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05122-6"><bdi>0-393-05122-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kennedy%2C+Johnson%2C+and+the+Quest+for+Justice%3A+The+Civil+Rights+Tapes&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-393-05122-6&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Karabell%2C+Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkennedyjohnsonth00rose%2Fpage%2F130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (2002) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis00arth/page/376">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a>. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyhis00arth/page/376">376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-28344-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-28344-9"><bdi>0-345-28344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy+and+His+Times&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-345-28344-9&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertkennedyhis00arth%2Fpage%2F376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-farce-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farce_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-farce_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs1998" class="citation book cs1">Boggs, Grace Lee (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingforchangea00bogg">Living for Change: An Autobiography</a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingforchangea00bogg/page/n145">127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2955-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2955-2"><bdi>0-8166-2955-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+for+Change%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8166-2955-2&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Grace+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingforchangea00bogg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron2005" class="citation book cs1">Aron, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82zu_Aw5VFgC&pg=PA398">Mysteries in History: From Prehistory to the Present</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 398–399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-899-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-899-2"><bdi>1-85109-899-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123124426/https://books.google.com/books?id=82zu_Aw5VFgC&pg=PA398">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+in+History%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.pages=398-399&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85109-899-2&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82zu_Aw5VFgC%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingletonWildin1999" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Carl; Wildin, Rowena (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtiesinamerica03sing/page/454">The Sixties in America</a>. Salem Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtiesinamerica03sing/page/454">454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-982-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89356-982-8"><bdi>0-89356-982-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixties+in+America&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-89356-982-8&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Wildin%2C+Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixtiesinamerica03sing%2Fpage%2F454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2003" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Scott H. (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963. Syracuse University Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-3003-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-3003-4"><bdi>0-8156-3003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Pacifism%3A+The+War+Resisters+League+and+Gandhian+Nonviolence+in+America%2C+1915%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8156-3003-4&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danny_K._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny K. Davis">Davis, Danny</a> (January 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r110:H16JA7-0046:">"Celebrating the Birthday and Public Holiday for Martin Luther King, Jr"</a>. Congressional Record. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728081414/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r110:H16JA7-0046:">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+Birthday+and+Public+Holiday+for+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.date=2007-01-16&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fz%3Fr110%3AH16JA7-0046%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers_1997_313-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_1997_313_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powers_1997_313_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowersVogeleKrueglerMcCarthy1997" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Roger S.; Vogele, William B.; Kruegler, Christopher; McCarthy, Ronald M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protestpowerchan00roge/page/313">Protest, power, and change: an encyclopedia of nonviolent action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/protestpowerchan00roge/page/313">313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0913-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0913-9"><bdi>0-8153-0913-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protest%2C+power%2C+and+change%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+nonviolent+action+from+ACT-UP+to+Women%27s+Suffrage&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8153-0913-9&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft.au=Vogele%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Kruegler%2C+Christopher&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprotestpowerchan00roge%2Fpage%2F313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounge2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Younge" title="Gary Younge">Younge, Gary</a> (August 21, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/21/usa.comment">"I have a dream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827063459/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/21/usa.comment">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I+have+a+dream&rft.date=2003-08-21&rft.aulast=Younge&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2003%2Faug%2F21%2Fusa.comment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Drew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dreammartinluthe00hans/page/98">The Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation</a>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dreammartinluthe00hans/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008477-6"><bdi>978-0-06-008477-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Speech+that+Inspired+a+Nation&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-008477-6&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdreammartinluthe00hans%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingKing,_Coretta_Scott2008" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr.; King, Coretta Scott (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irMxJS36904C&pg=PA95">The Words of Martin Luther King Jr</a> (Second ed.). 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Interview. <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alex-haley.com/alex_haley_martin_luther_king_interview.htm">the original</a> on May 5, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interview&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=1965-01&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alex-haley.com%2Falex_haley_martin_luther_king_interview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964selmainj">"The Selma Injunction"</a>. Civil Rights Movement Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225052448/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Selma+Injunction&rft.pub=Civil+Rights+Movement+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmvet.org%2Ftim%2Ftimhis64.htm%231964selmainj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1998276–79-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1998276–79_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1998">King 1998</a>, pp. 276–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006222–23-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006222–23_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, pp. 222–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006223-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006223_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssermanKazin2000" class="citation book cs1">Isserman, Maurice; Kazin, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americadividedci0000isse/page/175">America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s</a>. Oxford University Pressk. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americadividedci0000isse/page/175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509190-6"><bdi>0-19-509190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Divided%3A+The+Civil+War+of+the+1960s&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Pressk&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-509190-6&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Kazin%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericadividedci0000isse%2Fpage%2F175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzbell1968" class="citation book cs1">Azbell, Joe (1968). The Riotmakers. Oak Tree Books. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riotmakers&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Oak+Tree+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Azbell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129609461">"Theodore Parker And The 'Moral Universe'"</a>. NPR. National Public Radio. September 2, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627091901/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129609461">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Theodore+Parker+And+The+%27Moral+Universe%27&rft.date=2010-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D129609461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeman1996" class="citation book cs1">Leeman, Richard W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericano00leem_0/page/220">African-American Orators: A Bio-critical Sourcebook</a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericano00leem_0/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29014-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29014-8"><bdi>0-313-29014-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African-American+Orators%3A+A+Bio-critical+Sourcebook&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-29014-8&rft.aulast=Leeman&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericano00leem_0%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Democracy Now!. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBm48Scju9E">Rare Video Footage of Historic Alabama 1965 Civil Rights Marches, MLK's Famous Montgomery Speech</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420080513/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBm48Scju9E">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+Video+Footage+of+Historic+Alabama+1965+Civil+Rights+Marches%2C+MLK%27s+Famous+Montgomery+Speech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCBm48Scju9E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/901.html">"North Lawndale"</a>. Encyclopedia. Chicago History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130063532/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/901.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+Lawndale&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Chicago+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000360–62-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000360–62_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohenTaylor2000">Cohen & Taylor 2000</a>, pp. 360–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralph-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph1993" class="citation book cs1">Ralph, James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernprotestm00ralp/page/1">Northern Protest: Martin Luther King Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernprotestm00ralp/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-62687-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-62687-7"><bdi>0-674-62687-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Protest%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+Chicago%2C+and+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-674-62687-7&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthernprotestm00ralp%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000347-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000347_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohenTaylor2000">Cohen & Taylor 2000</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000416-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenTaylor2000416_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohenTaylor2000">Cohen & Taylor 2000</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairclough1987" class="citation book cs1">Fairclough, Adam (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toredeemsoulofam00fair/page/299">To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King Jr</a>. University of Georgia Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toredeemsoulofam00fair/page/299">299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2346-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2346-2"><bdi>0-8203-2346-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Redeem+the+Soul+of+America%3A+The+Southern+Christian+Leadership+Conference+%26+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8203-2346-2&rft.aulast=Fairclough&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoredeemsoulofam00fair%2Fpage%2F299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaty2004" class="citation book cs1">Baty, Chris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicago00baty/page/52">Chicago: City Guide</a>. Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicago00baty/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-032-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-032-9"><bdi>1-74104-032-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago%3A+City+Guide&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-74104-032-9&rft.aulast=Baty&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicago00baty%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1988" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Eddie (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jessejackson0000ston/page/59">Jesse Jackson</a>. Holloway House Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jessejackson0000ston/page/59">59–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87067-840-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87067-840-X"><bdi>0-87067-840-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesse+Jackson&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Holloway+House+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-87067-840-X&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjessejackson0000ston%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentz1990" class="citation book cs1">Lentz, Richard (1990). Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King. LSU Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2524-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2524-5"><bdi>0-8071-2524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols%2C+the+News+Magazines%2C+and+Martin+Luther+King&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8071-2524-5&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssermanKazin2000" class="citation book cs1">Isserman, Maurice; Kazin, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americadividedci0000isse/page/200">America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americadividedci0000isse/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509190-6"><bdi>0-19-509190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+Divided%3A+The+Civil+War+of+the+1960s&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-509190-6&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Kazin%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericadividedci0000isse%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Keith D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voiceofdeliveran00mill/page/139">Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King Jr. and Its Sources</a>. University of Georgia Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voiceofdeliveran00mill/page/139">139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2013-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2013-7"><bdi>0-8203-2013-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voice+of+Deliverance%3A+The+Language+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+Its+Sources&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8203-2013-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoiceofdeliveran00mill%2Fpage%2F139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMis2008" class="citation book cs1">Mis, Melody S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meetmartinluther0000mism/page/20">Meet Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Rosen Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meetmartinluther0000mism/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-4209-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-4209-8"><bdi>978-1-4042-4209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meet+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-4209-8&rft.aulast=Mis&rft.aufirst=Melody+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeetmartinluther0000mism%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlessarev1997" class="citation book cs1">Slessarev, Helene (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betrayalofurbanp0000sles/page/140">The Betrayal of the Urban Poor</a>. Temple University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betrayalofurbanp0000sles/page/140">140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-543-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-543-7"><bdi>1-56639-543-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+the+Urban+Poor&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56639-543-7&rft.aulast=Slessarev&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetrayalofurbanp0000sles%2Fpage%2F140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA1967" class="citation web cs1">CIA (October 5, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/docid-32397511.pdf">"Views on Black Militant Situation in Chicago"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917225428/https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/docid-32397511.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Views+on+Black+Militant+Situation+in+Chicago&rft.date=1967-10-05&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fjfk%2Freleases%2Fdocid-32397511.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberal-206"><a href="#cite_ref-liberal_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2013" class="citation news cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4FRDAAAQBAJ&q=The+black+revolution+is+much+more+than+a+struggle+for+the+rights+of+Negroes.+It+is+forcing+America+to+face+all+its+interrelated+flaws%E2%80%94racism,+poverty,+militarism,+and+materialism.+It+is+exposing+evils+that+are+rooted+deeply+in+the+whole+structure+of+our+society.+It+reveals+systemic+rather+than+superficial+flaws+and+suggests+that+radical+reconstruction+of+society+itself+is+the+real+issue+to+be+faced%3D21+Jan+2013&pg=PT1078">"MLK An American Legacy"</a>. MLK An American Legacy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-3892-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-3892-8"><bdi>978-1-5040-3892-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123124317/https://books.google.com/books?id=g4FRDAAAQBAJ&q=The+black+revolution+is+much+more+than+a+struggle+for+the+rights+of+Negroes.+It+is+forcing+America+to+face+all+its+interrelated+flaws%E2%80%94racism,+poverty,+militarism,+and+materialism.+It+is+exposing+evils+that+are+rooted+deeply+in+the+whole+structure+of+our+society.+It+reveals+systemic+rather+than+superficial+flaws+and+suggests+that+radical+reconstruction+of+society+itself+is+the+real+issue+to+be+faced%3D21+Jan+2013&pg=PT1078#v=onepage&q=The%20black%20revolution%20is%20much%20more%20than%20a%20struggle%20for%20the%20rights%20of%20Negroes.%20It%20is%20forcing%20America%20to%20face%20all%20its%20interrelated%20flaws%E2%80%94racism%2C%20poverty%2C%20militarism%2C%20and%20materialism.%20It%20is%20exposing%20evils%20that%20are%20rooted%20deeply%20in%20the%20whole%20structure%20of%20our%20society.%20It%20reveals%20systemic%20rather%20than%20superficial%20flaws%20and%20suggests%20that%20radical%20reconstruction%20of%20society%20itself%20is%20the%20real%20issue%20to%20be%20faced%3D21%20Jan%202013&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLK+An+American+Legacy&rft.atitle=MLK+An+American+Legacy.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-5040-3892-8&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4FRDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bblack%2Brevolution%2Bis%2Bmuch%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Ba%2Bstruggle%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Brights%2Bof%2BNegroes.%2BIt%2Bis%2Bforcing%2BAmerica%2Bto%2Bface%2Ball%2Bits%2Binterrelated%2Bflaws%25E2%2580%2594racism%2C%2Bpoverty%2C%2Bmilitarism%2C%2Band%2Bmaterialism.%2BIt%2Bis%2Bexposing%2Bevils%2Bthat%2Bare%2Brooted%2Bdeeply%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bwhole%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bour%2Bsociety.%2BIt%2Breveals%2Bsystemic%2Brather%2Bthan%2Bsuperficial%2Bflaws%2Band%2Bsuggests%2Bthat%2Bradical%2Breconstruction%2Bof%2Bsociety%2Bitself%2Bis%2Bthe%2Breal%2Bissue%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bfaced%253D21%2BJan%2B2013%26pg%3DPT1078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-capitalism-207"><a href="#cite_ref-capitalism_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/01/21/11-most-anti-capitalist-quotes-martin-luther-king-jr">"The 11 Most Anti-Capitalist Quotes from Martin Luther King Jr"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415181804/https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/01/21/11-most-anti-capitalist-quotes-martin-luther-king-jr">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+11+Most+Anti-Capitalist+Quotes+from+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fviews%2F2019%2F01%2F21%2F11-most-anti-capitalist-quotes-martin-luther-king-jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingandvietnam1-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam1_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam1_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam1_208-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Braunstein, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtieschronicle0000unse">The Sixties Chronicle</a>. Legacy Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtieschronicle0000unse/page/311">311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4127-1009-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4127-1009-X"><bdi>1-4127-1009-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixties+Chronicle&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Legacy+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4127-1009-X&rft.aulast=Braunstein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixtieschronicle0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingandvietnam2-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam2_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam2_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam2_209-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemington2008" class="citation news cs1">Remington, Alexander (December 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-bevel25-2008dec25-story.html">"The Rev. James L. Bevel dies at 72; civil rights activist and top lieutenant to King"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916034118/http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-bevel25-2008dec25-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Rev.+James+L.+Bevel+dies+at+72%3B+civil+rights+activist+and+top+lieutenant+to+King&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft.aulast=Remington&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-bevel25-2008dec25-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vwar29-210"><a href="#cite_ref-vwar29_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrenn1998" class="citation book cs1">Krenn, Michael L. (1998). The African American Voice in U.S. Foreign Policy Since World War II. Taylor & Francis. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3418-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3418-4"><bdi>0-8153-3418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+American+Voice+in+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+Since+World+War+II&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8153-3418-4&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007107-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007107_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2007">Robbins 2007</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007102-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007102_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2007">Robbins 2007</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007109_213-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2007">Robbins 2007</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbins2007106-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbins2007106_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2007">Robbins 2007</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1992" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Lewis V. (1992). To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. Fortress Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2543-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2543-9"><bdi>0-8006-2543-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Make+the+Wounded+Whole%3A+The+Cultural+Legacy+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8006-2543-9&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Lewis+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2002" class="citation book cs1">Long, Michael G. (2002). Against Us, But for Us: Martin Luther King Jr. and the State. Mercer University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-768-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-768-8"><bdi>0-86554-768-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Us%2C+But+for+Us%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+State&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-86554-768-8&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MED08-217"><a href="#cite_ref-MED08_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2008" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Michael Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/april41968martin00dyso">"Facing Death"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/april41968martin00dyso">April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King Jr.'s death and how it changed America</a>. Basic Civitas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00212-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00212-2"><bdi>978-0-465-00212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facing+Death&rft.btitle=April+4%2C+1968%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+death+and+how+it+changed+America&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00212-2&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapril41968martin00dyso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shellnutt_2018-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Shellnutt_2018_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShellnutt2018" class="citation web cs1">Shellnutt, Kate (February 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2018/february/billy-graham-martin-luther-king-jr-friendship-civil-rights.html">"What Is Billy Graham's Friendship with Martin Luther King Jr. Worth?"</a>. News & Reporting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011101448/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2018/february/billy-graham-martin-luther-king-jr-friendship-civil-rights.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Reporting&rft.atitle=What+Is+Billy+Graham%27s+Friendship+with+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Worth%3F&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft.aulast=Shellnutt&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Ffebruary%2Fbilly-graham-martin-luther-king-jr-friendship-civil-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake_2018-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Blake_2018_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2018" class="citation web cs1">Blake, John (February 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/22/us/billy-graham-mlk-civil-rights/index.html">"Where Billy Graham 'missed the mark'"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230948/https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/22/us/billy-graham-mlk-civil-rights/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Where+Billy+Graham+%27missed+the+mark%27&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F02%2F22%2Fus%2Fbilly-graham-mlk-civil-rights%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), pp. 440, 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierre2011-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pierre2011_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierre2011_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre2011" class="citation news cs1">Pierre, Robert E. (October 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/martin-luther-king-jr-made-our-nation-uncomfortable/2011/10/16/gIQA78NPoL_blog.html">"Martin Luther King Jr. made our nation uncomfortable"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109183117/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/martin-luther-king-jr-made-our-nation-uncomfortable/2011/10/16/gIQA78NPoL_blog.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+made+our+nation+uncomfortable&rft.date=2011-10-16&rft.aulast=Pierre&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Ftherootdc%2Fpost%2Fmartin-luther-king-jr-made-our-nation-uncomfortable%2F2011%2F10%2F16%2FgIQA78NPoL_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawsonPaynePatterson2006148-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawsonPaynePatterson2006148_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawsonPaynePatterson2006">Lawson, Payne & Patterson 2006</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardingRosenthal2006" class="citation book cs1">Harding, James M.; Rosenthal, Cindy (2006). Restaging the Sixties: Radical Theaters and Their Legacies. University of Michigan Press. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06954-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06954-3"><bdi>0-472-06954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restaging+the+Sixties%3A+Radical+Theaters+and+Their+Legacies&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-472-06954-3&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Cindy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentz1990" class="citation book cs1">Lentz, Richard (1990). Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King. LSU Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2524-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2524-5"><bdi>0-8071-2524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols%2C+the+News+Magazines%2C+and+Martin+Luther+King&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8071-2524-5&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2002" class="citation book cs1">Ling, Peter J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00ling">Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00ling/page/277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8"><bdi>0-415-21664-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-21664-8&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking00ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubner2022" class="citation web cs1">Dubner, Stephen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-university-of-impossible-to-get-into/">"Episode 501: The University of Impossible-to-Get-Into"</a>. freakonomics.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428031323/https://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-university-of-impossible-to-get-into/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022. <q>education is preparation for citizenship ... citizenship has to do with contributing to your own economic well-being, as well as contributing to the economic well-being of the broader society</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freakonomics.com&rft.atitle=Episode+501%3A+The+University+of+Impossible-to-Get-Into&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Dubner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreakonomics.com%2Fpodcast%2Fthe-university-of-impossible-to-get-into%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sturm1990-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Sturm1990_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturm1990" class="citation journal cs1">Sturm, Douglas (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015109">"Martin Luther King, Jr., as Democratic Socialist"</a>. The Journal of Religious Ethics. 18 (2): 79–105. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0384-9694">0384-9694</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015109">40015109</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316162437/http://www.jstor.org/stable/40015109">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religious+Ethics&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+as+Democratic+Socialist&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-105&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40015109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0384-9694&rft.aulast=Sturm&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40015109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2015" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (2015). <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West, Cornel</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHAOBAAAQBAJ">The Radical King</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1282-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1282-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-1282-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123124044/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHAOBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+King&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-1282-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHAOBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zinn_2002-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_2002_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_2002_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_2002_229-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn2002" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofnonviolen0000unse_y5s7/page/122">The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace</a>. Beacon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofnonviolen0000unse_y5s7/page/122">122–23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-1407-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-1407-9"><bdi>0-8070-1407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Nonviolence%3A+Writings+by+Advocates+of+Peace&rft.pages=122-23&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8070-1407-9&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerofnonviolen0000unse_y5s7%2Fpage%2F122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglerEngler2016" class="citation news cs1">Engler, Mark; Engler, Paul (January 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113150449/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-martin-luther-king-didnt-run-for-president-20160118">"Why Martin Luther King Didn't Run for President"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-martin-luther-king-didnt-run-for-president-20160118">the original</a> on January 13, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Why+Martin+Luther+King+Didn%27t+Run+for+President&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Engler%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fwhy-martin-luther-king-didnt-run-for-president-20160118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1967/Protests/12303074818188-15/">"1967 Year In Review"</a>. United Press International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103142011/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1967/Protests/12303074818188-15/">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=1967+Year+In+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1967%2FProtests%2F12303074818188-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingandvietnam3-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam3_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingandvietnam3_232-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophrastus2013" class="citation web cs1">Theophrastus (January 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bltnotjustasandwich.com/2013/01/17/martin-l-king-on-hippies/">"Martin L. King on hippies"</a>. BLT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706162922/https://bltnotjustasandwich.com/2013/01/17/martin-l-king-on-hippies/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BLT&rft.atitle=Martin+L.+King+on+hippies&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.au=Theophrastus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbltnotjustasandwich.com%2F2013%2F01%2F17%2Fmartin-l-king-on-hippies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurlansky2004-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kurlansky2004_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurlansky2004_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlansky2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kurlansky" title="Mark Kurlansky">Kurlansky, Mark</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/196800mark/page/46">1968: The Year That Rocked the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a> (<a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/196800mark/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-45582-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-45582-6"><bdi>978-0-345-45582-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1968%3A+The+Year+That+Rocked+the+World&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape+%28Random+House%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-345-45582-6&rft.aulast=Kurlansky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F196800mark%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-13jan1968-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-13jan1968_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-13jan1968_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1968" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Douglas (January 13, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B1EFD3C5E1A7B93C1A8178AD85F4C8685F9">"Dr. King Calls for Antiwar Rally in Capital February 5–6"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214612/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B1EFD3C5E1A7B93C1A8178AD85F4C8685F9">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+King+Calls+for+Antiwar+Rally+in+Capital+February+5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1968-01-13&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFB0B1EFD3C5E1A7B93C1A8178AD85F4C8685F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavw.org/protest/king_journey_abstract09.html">"Searching for the Enemy of Man" in Nhat Nanh, Ho Huu Tuong, Tam Ich, Bui Giang, Pham Cong Thien"</a>. Dialogue. Saigon: La Boi. 1965. pp. 11–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027112237/http://www.aavw.org/protest/king_journey_abstract09.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dialogue&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+Enemy+of+Man%22+in+Nhat+Nanh%2C+Ho+Huu+Tuong%2C+Tam+Ich%2C+Bui+Giang%2C+Pham+Cong+Thien&rft.pages=11-20&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aavw.org%2Fprotest%2Fking_journey_abstract09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988">, Archived on the African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War website </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1967" class="citation speech cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (April 4, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavw.org/special_features/speeches_speech_king01.html">Beyond Vietnam</a> (Speech). Riverside Church, NYC: Archived on the African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820044643/http://www.aavw.org/special_features/speeches_speech_king01.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2006. 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University of Wisconsin Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-16224-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-16224-9"><bdi>0-299-16224-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusade+for+Justice%3A+Chicano+Militancy+and+the+Government%27s+War+on+Dissent&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-299-16224-9&rft.aulast=Vigil&rft.aufirst=Ernesto+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lied-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lied_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lied_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKick2001" class="citation book cs1">Kick, Russell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/You_Are_Being_Lied_To_-_The_Disinformation_Guide_to_Media_Distortion_Historical_/page/1991">You are Being Lied to: The Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths</a>. The Disinformation Campaign. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/You_Are_Being_Lied_To_-_The_Disinformation_Guide_to_Media_Distortion_Historical_/page/1991">1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9664100-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9664100-7-6"><bdi>0-9664100-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+are+Being+Lied+to%3A+The+Disinformation+Guide+to+Media+Distortion%2C+Historical+Whitewashes+and+Cultural+Myths&rft.pages=1991&rft.pub=The+Disinformation+Campaign&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9664100-7-6&rft.aulast=Kick&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FYou_Are_Being_Lied_To_-_The_Disinformation_Guide_to_Media_Distortion_Historical_%2Fpage%2F1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savingcommunities.org/issues/race/king.martin.html">"Where Was Martin Luther King Heading?"</a>. savingcommunities.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415091914/http://savingcommunities.org/issues/race/king.martin.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=savingcommunities.org&rft.atitle=Where+Was+Martin+Luther+King+Heading%3F&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavingcommunities.org%2Fissues%2Frace%2Fking.martin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204201039/https://www.progress.org/tpr/martin-luther-king-final-advice/">"Martin Luther King – Final Advice"</a>. The Progress Report. January 9, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progress.org/tpr/martin-luther-king-final-advice/">the original</a> on February 4, 2015. 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Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120082638/http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/08/28/martin_luther_king_guaranteed_basic_income.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2015. 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Quercus. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847243690/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84724-369-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84724-369-X"><bdi>1-84724-369-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+that+Changed+the+World%3A+The+Stories+and+Transcripts+of+the+Moments+that+Made+History&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84724-369-X&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781847243690%2Fpage%2F155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdoj-253"><a href="#cite_ref-usdoj_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part6.php#conspire">"King V. Jowers Conspiracy Allegations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part1.php">United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>. June 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113154920/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part2.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2013. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408150848/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/03/usa.race">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=40+years+after+King%27s+death%2C+Jackson+hails+first+steps+into+promised+land&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fapr%2F03%2Fusa.race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHI-255"><a href="#cite_ref-CHI_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnerCronkiteKurtis2002" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Joe; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Cronkite, Walter</a>; Kurtis, Bill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weinterruptthisb00garn_0">We Interrupt This Broadcast: The Events that Stopped Our Lives ... from the Hindenburg Explosion to the Attacks of September 11</a>. Sourcebooks. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weinterruptthisb00garn_0/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57071-974-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57071-974-8"><bdi>1-57071-974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Interrupt+This+Broadcast%3A+The+Events+that+Stopped+Our+Lives+...+from+the+Hindenburg+Explosion+to+the+Attacks+of+September+11&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57071-974-8&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Cronkite%2C+Walter&rft.au=Kurtis%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweinterruptthisb00garn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepper2003" class="citation book cs1">Pepper, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actofstateexe00pepp/page/159">An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King</a>. Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actofstateexe00pepp/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-695-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-695-5"><bdi>1-85984-695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Act+of+State%3A+The+Execution+of+Martin+Luther+King&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85984-695-5&rft.aulast=Pepper&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factofstateexe00pepp%2Fpage%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrady2002204–05-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrady2002204–05_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrady2002">Frady 2002</a>, pp. 204–05. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLokos1968" class="citation book cs1">Lokos, Lionel (1968). House Divided: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther King. Arlington House. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+Divided%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Martin+Luther+King&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Arlington+House&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Lokos&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125144003/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/filmmore/pt.html">"Citizen King Transcript"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/filmmore/pt.html">the original</a> on January 25, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizen+King+Transcript&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fmlk%2Ffilmmore%2Fpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhsnom-260"><a href="#cite_ref-nhsnom_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlytheCarrollMoffson1993" class="citation web cs1">Blythe, Robert W.; Carroll, Maureen A. & Moffson, Steven H. (October 15, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80000435_text">"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site"</a> (PDF). National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129211100/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80000435_text">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Registration%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+National+Historic+Site&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1993-10-15&rft.aulast=Blythe&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Maureen+A.&rft.au=Moffson%2C+Steven+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNRHP%2F80000435_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80000435_photos">Accompanying 75 photos</a> (16.9 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-261"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2453000/2453987.stm">"1968: Martin Luther King shot dead"</a>. On this Day. BBC (2006). April 4, 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311175917/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2453000/2453987.stm">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=On+this+Day&rft.atitle=1968%3A+Martin+Luther+King+shot+dead&rft.date=1968-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fapril%2F4%2Fnewsid_2453000%2F2453987.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2009" class="citation book cs1">Risen, Clay (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationonfireamer00rise">A Nation on Fire: America in the Wake of the King Assassination</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17710-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17710-5"><bdi>978-0-470-17710-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+on+Fire%3A+America+in+the+Wake+of+the+King+Assassination&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-17710-5&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationonfireamer00rise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen_263-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen_263-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-202004xxSmithsonianMagazineClayRisen_263-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2008" class="citation news cs1">Risen, Clay (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119112605/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unmaking-of-the-president-31577203/">"The Unmaking of the President"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unmaking-of-the-president-31577203/">the original</a> on November 19, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Unmaking+of+the+President&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-unmaking-of-the-president-31577203%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Klein, Joe (2006). Politics Lost: How American Democracy was Trivialized by People Who Think You're Stupid. New York: Doubleday. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51027-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51027-1">978-0-385-51027-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewfield1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Newfield" title="Jack Newfield">Newfield, Jack</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyme000newf/page/248">Robert Kennedy: A Memoir</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Plume_(publisher)" title="Plume (publisher)">Plume</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedyme000newf/page/248">248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-26064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-26064-1"><bdi>978-0-452-26064-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pages=248&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-452-26064-1&rft.aulast=Newfield&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertkennedyme000newf%2Fpage%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1968_Year_In_Review,_UPI.com-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1968_Year_In_Review,_UPI.com_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1968_Year_In_Review,_UPI.com_266-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Martin-Luther-King-Assasination/12303153093431-4/">"1968 Year In Review"</a>. United Press International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021014925/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Martin-Luther-King-Assasination/12303153093431-4/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=1968+Year+In+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1968%2FMartin-Luther-King-Assasination%2F12303153093431-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFSCME-WEB3-267"><a href="#cite_ref-AFSCME-WEB3_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102004802/http://www.afscme.org/about/1533.cfm">"AFSCME Wins in Memphis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AFSCME" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSCME">AFSCME</a> The Public Employee. April 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afscme.org/about/1533.cfm">the original</a> on November 2, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFSCME+Wins+in+Memphis&rft.pub=AFSCME+The+Public+Employee&rft.date=1968-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afscme.org%2Fabout%2F1533.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKnight-268"><a href="#cite_ref-McKnight_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight1998" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Gerald D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813333847">"'The Poor People Are Coming!' 'The Poor People Are Coming!'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813333847">The last crusade: Martin Luther King Jr., the FBI, and the poor people's campaign</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3384-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3384-9"><bdi>0-8133-3384-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Poor+People+Are+Coming%21%27+%27The+Poor+People+Are+Coming%21%27&rft.btitle=The+last+crusade%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+the+FBI%2C+and+the+poor+people%27s+campaign&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8133-3384-9&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Gerald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780813333847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engler15Jan10-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Engler15Jan10_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngler2010" class="citation news cs1">Engler, Mark (January 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/dr-martin-luther-kings-economics-through-jobs-freedom#">"Dr. Martin Luther King's Economics: Through Jobs, Freedom"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221105032/http://www.thenation.com/article/dr-martin-luther-kings-economics-through-jobs-freedom">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%27s+Economics%3A+Through+Jobs%2C+Freedom&rft.date=2010-01-15&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fdr-martin-luther-kings-economics-through-jobs-freedom%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManheimer200497-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManheimer200497_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManheimer2004">Manheimer 2004</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickerson1998" class="citation book cs1">Dickerson, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dixiesdirtysecre00jame/page/169">Dixie's Dirty Secret: The True Story of how the Government, the Media, and the Mob Conspired to Combat Immigration and the Vietnam Antiwar Movement</a>. ME Sharpe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dixiesdirtysecre00jame/page/169">169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0340-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0340-3"><bdi>0-7656-0340-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dixie%27s+Dirty+Secret%3A+The+True+Story+of+how+the+Government%2C+the+Media%2C+and+the+Mob+Conspired+to+Combat+Immigration+and+the+Vietnam+Antiwar+Movement&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=ME+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7656-0340-3&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdixiesdirtysecre00jame%2Fpage%2F169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchDouglas1978" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Jane M.; Douglas, George William (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanbookofda00hatc">The American Book of Days</a>. Wilson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanbookofda00hatc/page/321">321</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0593-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0593-5"><bdi>978-0-8242-0593-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Book+of+Days&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Wilson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8242-0593-5&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Jane+M.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+George+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanbookofda00hatc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"IBM advertisement". <a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a>. 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University of Michigan Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changeisgonnacom00wern_0/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-03147-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-03147-3"><bdi>0-472-03147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Change+is+Gonna+Come%3A+Music%2C+Race+%26+the+Soul+of+America&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-472-03147-3&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangeisgonnacom00wern_0%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2002" class="citation book cs1">Ling, Peter J. 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Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00ling/page/296">296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8"><bdi>0-415-21664-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-21664-8&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking00ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extradite-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extradite_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extradite_276-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlowersFlowers2004" class="citation book cs1">Flowers, R. Barri; Flowers, H. Loraine (2004). Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers And Victims Of The Twentieth Century. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/24/us/james-earl-ray-70-killer-of-dr-king-dies-in-nashville.html">the original</a> on February 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYTimes.com&rft.atitle=James+Earl+Ray%2C+70%2C+Killer+of+Dr.+King%2C+Dies+in+Nashville&rft.date=1998-04-24&rft.aulast=Gelder&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F04%2F24%2Fus%2Fjames-earl-ray-70-killer-of-dr-king-dies-in-nashville.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN1-281"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN1_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/US/9804/03/james.ray.profile/">"From small-time criminal to notorious assassin"</a>. CNN. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025032408/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9804/03/james.ray.profile/">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+small-time+criminal+to+notorious+assassin&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9804%2F03%2Fjames.ray.profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2003" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conspiracytheori00knig_851">Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conspiracytheori00knig_851/page/n419">402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-812-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-812-4"><bdi>1-57607-812-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57607-812-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconspiracytheori00knig_851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlkassassin-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlkassassin_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlkassassin_283-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlkassassin_283-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlkassassin_283-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2008" class="citation news cs1">Polk, James (December 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194427/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/mlk.ray.case/index.html">"The case against James Earl Ray"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/mlk.ray.case/index.html">the original</a> on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+case+against+James+Earl+Ray&rft.date=2008-12-29&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FUS%2F03%2F28%2Fmlk.ray.case%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-WEB1-284"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-WEB1_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/82893.stm">"Questions left hanging by James Earl Ray's death"</a>. BBC. April 23, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/82893.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2009. 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Doubleday. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americandeathtr00fran/page/283">283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Death%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Assassination+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Greatest+Manhunt+of+our+Time&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Gerold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericandeathtr00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN2-286"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN2_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/US/9804/23/ray.obit/#2">"James Earl Ray, convicted King assassin, dies"</a>. CNN. 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The King Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/trial/Volume14.html">the original</a> on May 6, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trial+Transcript+Volume+XIV&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Ftkc%2Ftrial%2FVolume14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSack,_KevinYellin,_Emily1999" class="citation news cs1">Sack, Kevin; Yellin, Emily (December 10, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126032638/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/10/us/dr-king-s-slaying-finally-draws-a-jury-verdict-but-to-little-effect.html">"Dr. King's Slaying Finally Draws A Jury Verdict, but to Little Effect"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved January 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+King%27s+Slaying+Finally+Draws+A+Jury+Verdict%2C+but+to+Little+Effect&rft.date=1999-12-10&rft.au=Sack%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Yellin%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F12%2F10%2Fus%2Fdr-king-s-slaying-finally-draws-a-jury-verdict-but-to-little-effect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdoj2-290"><a href="#cite_ref-usdoj2_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113154920/http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part2.php">"Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part1.php">United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>. June 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/mlk/part2.php#over">the original</a> on January 13, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview&rft.btitle=United+States+Department+of+Justice+Investigation+of+Recent+Allegations+Regarding+the+Assassination+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fcrt%2Fabout%2Fcrm%2Fmlk%2Fpart2.php%23over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner,_Gerald1999" class="citation news cs1">Posner, Gerald (January 30, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111161639/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/mlk/memphis/memphis2.htm">"The Truth About Memphis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/mlk/memphis/memphis2.htm">the original</a> on November 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+Memphis&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1999-01-30&rft.au=Posner%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fmlk%2Fmemphis%2Fmemphis2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715182331/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/us/loyd-jowers-73-who-claimed-a-role-in-the-killing-of-dr-king.html">"Loyd Jowers, 73, Who Claimed A Role in the Killing of Dr. King"</a>. The New York Times. May 23, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/23/us/loyd-jowers-73-who-claimed-a-role-in-the-killing-of-dr-king.html">the original</a> on July 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Loyd+Jowers%2C+73%2C+Who+Claimed+A+Role+in+the+Killing+of+Dr.+King&rft.date=2000-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F05%2F23%2Fus%2Floyd-jowers-73-who-claimed-a-role-in-the-killing-of-dr-king.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTORIG-293"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTORIG_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanedy2002" class="citation news cs1">Canedy, Dana (April 5, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/05/us/a-minister-says-his-father-now-dead-killed-dr-king.html">"A Minister Says His Father, Now Dead, Killed Dr. King"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110235447/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/05/us/a-minister-says-his-father-now-dead-killed-dr-king.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Minister+Says+His+Father%2C+Now+Dead%2C+Killed+Dr.+King&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft.aulast=Canedy&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F04%2F05%2Fus%2Fa-minister-says-his-father-now-dead-killed-dr-king.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2004" class="citation book cs1">Sargent, Frederic O. (2004). The Civil Rights Revolution: Events and Leaders, 1955–1968. McFarland. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1914-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1914-8"><bdi>0-7864-1914-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Rights+Revolution%3A+Events+and+Leaders%2C+1955%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7864-1914-8&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Frederic+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepper2003" class="citation book cs1">Pepper, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actofstateexe00pepp/page/182">An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King</a>. Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actofstateexe00pepp/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-695-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-695-5"><bdi>1-85984-695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Act+of+State%3A+The+Execution+of+Martin+Luther+King&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85984-695-5&rft.aulast=Pepper&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factofstateexe00pepp%2Fpage%2F182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2003" class="citation news cs1">King, Desmond (March 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195152/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-colours-of-conspiracy/175344.article">"The colours of conspiracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-colours-of-conspiracy/175344.article">the original</a> on January 29, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+colours+of+conspiracy&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-colours-of-conspiracy%2F175344.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2006" class="citation book cs1">Branch, Taylor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atcanaansedgeame00bran/page/770">At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atcanaansedgeame00bran/page/770">770</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85712-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85712-1"><bdi>978-0-684-85712-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Canaan%27s+Edge%3A+America+in+the+King+Years%2C+1965%E2%80%9368&rft.pages=770&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85712-1&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatcanaansedgeame00bran%2Fpage%2F770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demo-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Demo_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanGonzalez2004" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, Amy; Gonzalez, Juan (January 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2004/1/15/rev_jesse_jackson_on_mad_dean">"Jesse Jackson On 'Mad Dean Disease', the 2000 Elections and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219124722/https://www.democracynow.org/2004/1/15/rev_jesse_jackson_on_mad_dean">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jesse+Jackson+On+%27Mad+Dean+Disease%27%2C+the+2000+Elections+and+Rev.+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=2004-01-15&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2004%2F1%2F15%2Frev_jesse_jackson_on_mad_dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsell2005" class="citation book cs1">Ansell, Gwen (2005). Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music, and Politics in South Africa. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1753-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1753-1"><bdi>0-8264-1753-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soweto+Blues%3A+Jazz%2C+Popular+Music%2C+and+Politics+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8264-1753-1&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton2007" class="citation book cs1">Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ittakesvillage00clin/page/137">It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ittakesvillage00clin/page/137">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4064-9"><bdi>978-1-4165-4064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Takes+a+Village%3A+And+Other+Lessons+Children+Teach+Us&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-4064-9&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Hillary+Rodham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fittakesvillage00clin%2Fpage%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992307–308-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1992307–308_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, pp. 307–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1998/hume-lecture.html">"Nobel Lecture"</a>. Nobelprize.org. December 10, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624054943/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1998/hume-lecture.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Nobel+Lecture&rft.date=1998-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1998%2Fhume-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9901/18/mlk.03/">"King remembered for civil rights achievements"</a>. CNN. January 18, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805055210/http://www.cnn.com/US/9901/18/mlk.03/">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=King+remembered+for+civil+rights+achievements&rft.date=1999-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9901%2F18%2Fmlk.03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=46">"Interview with John Hume (26 minutes)"</a>. The Nobel Prize. August 31, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200533/http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=46">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+John+Hume+%2826+minutes%29&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2006-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fmediaplayer%2F%3Fid%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_305-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/260411/full-print">"MARTIN LUTHER KING FOUNDATION – Charity 260411"</a>. register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321175545/https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/260411/full-print">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. 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(1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005121547/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n4_v29/ai_19279952">"Book Review: Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've Seen"</a>. Washington Monthly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n4_v29/ai_19279952">the original</a> on October 5, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Bayard+Rustin%3A+Troubles+I%27ve+Seen&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kahlenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1316%2Fis_n4_v29%2Fai_19279952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnger2014" class="citation web cs1">Enger, Mark and Paul (January 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2014/01/20/when_martin_luther_king_jr_gave_up_his_guns_partner/">"When Martin Luther King Jr. gave up his guns"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224035720/http://www.salon.com/2014/01/20/when_martin_luther_king_jr_gave_up_his_guns_partner/">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+gave+up+his+guns&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=Enger&rft.aufirst=Mark+and+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2014%2F01%2F20%2Fwhen_martin_luther_king_jr_gave_up_his_guns_partner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2003" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Scott H. (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963. Syracuse University Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-3003-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-3003-4"><bdi>0-8156-3003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Pacifism%3A+The+War+Resisters+League+and+Gandhian+Nonviolence+in+America%2C+1915%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8156-3003-4&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/stride-toward-freedom-montgomery-story">"Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story"</a>. July 5, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211142835/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/stride-toward-freedom-montgomery-story">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stride+Toward+Freedom%3A+The+Montgomery+Story&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fstride-toward-freedom-montgomery-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/gandhi-mohandas-k">"Gandhi, Mohandas K."</a> The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. April 25, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324053637/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/gandhi-mohandas-k">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Research+and+Education+Institute&rft.atitle=Gandhi%2C+Mohandas+K.&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fgandhi-mohandas-k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingCarson2005" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr.; Carson, Clayborne; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615084051/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol5/July1959_MyTriptotheLandofGandhi.pdf">The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr., Volume V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960</a> (PDF). University of California Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24239-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24239-4"><bdi>0-520-24239-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol5/July1959_MyTriptotheLandofGandhi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+Volume+V%3A+Threshold+of+a+New+Decade%2C+January+1959+%E2%80%93+December+1960&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-520-24239-4&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Clayborne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlk-kpp01.stanford.edu%2Fprimarydocuments%2FVol5%2FJuly1959_MyTriptotheLandofGandhi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/india-trip">"India Trip (1959)"</a>. June 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211144903/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/india-trip">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+Trip+%281959%29&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Findia-trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199213-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199213_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Luther_King1964" class="citation web cs1">Martin Luther King (December 11, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315071306/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/nobel-lecture-mlk">"Nobel Lecture by MLK"</a>. The King Center. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/nobel-lecture-mlk">the original</a> on March 15, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lecture+by+MLK&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=The+King+Center&rft.date=1964-12-11&rft.au=Martin+Luther+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Farchive%2Fdocument%2Fnobel-lecture-mlk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> King, M. L. Morehouse College (Chapter 2 of The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.) </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Reinhold Niebuhr and Contemporary Politics: God and Power </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansbro_1982_p._163-354"><a href="#cite_ref-Ansbro_1982_p._163_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsbro1982" class="citation book cs1">Ansbro, J.J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000ansb_j7f7/page/163">"Ch. 5: The Social Mission of the Christian Church"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000ansb">Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind</a>. Orbis Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000ansb/page/163">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88344-333-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88344-333-3"><bdi>0-88344-333-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+5%3A+The+Social+Mission+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%3A+The+Making+of+a+Mind&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-88344-333-3&rft.aulast=Ansbro&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking0000ansb_j7f7%2Fpage%2F163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldwin_Burrow_Fairclough_2013_p._133-355">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin_Burrow_Fairclough_2013_p._133_355-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin_Burrow_Fairclough_2013_p._133_355-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinBurrowFairclough2013" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, L.V.; Burrow, R.; Fairclough, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c15NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">The Domestication of Martin Luther King Jr.: Clarence B. Jones, Right-Wing Conservatism, and the Manipulation of the King Legacy</a>. Cascade Books. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-954-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-954-2"><bdi>978-1-61097-954-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727202906/https://books.google.com/books?id=c15NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XJpVWyQGKbsC&pg=PA53">Against Us, But for Us: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the State</a>. Mercer University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-768-1"><bdi>978-0-86554-768-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727203409/https://books.google.com/books?id=XJpVWyQGKbsC&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. 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(1973). <a href="/wiki/Radical_Abolitionism:_Anarchy_and_the_Government_of_God_in_Antislavery_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought">Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought</a>. University of Tennessee Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicalabolition00lewi/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0754-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-0754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Abolitionism%3A+Anarchy+and+the+Government+of+God+in+Antislavery+Thought&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-0754-3&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrow_2014_p._313-358"><a href="#cite_ref-Burrow_2014_p._313_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrow2014" class="citation book cs1">Burrow, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVffAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT313">Extremist for Love: Martin Luther King Jr., Man of Ideas and Nonviolent Social Action</a>. Book collections on Project MUSE. Fortress Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8027-6"><bdi>978-1-4514-8027-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727203419/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVffAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT313">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremist+for+Love%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+Man+of+Ideas+and+Nonviolent+Social+Action&rft.series=Book+collections+on+Project+MUSE&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-8027-6&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVffAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deats_Lenker_Perry_2004_p._37-359"><a href="#cite_ref-Deats_Lenker_Perry_2004_p._37_359-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeatsLenkerPerry2004" class="citation book cs1">Deats, S.M.; Lenker, L.T.; Perry, M.G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-mkw-NBGbAC&pg=PA37">War and Words: Horror and Heroism in the Literature of Warfare</a>. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Lexington Books. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0579-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0579-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-0579-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727203921/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-mkw-NBGbAC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. 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InterVarsity Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3222-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3222-4"><bdi>978-0-8308-3222-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727203934/https://books.google.com/books?id=kPYUUaYZH_UC&pg=PA149">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. 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April 24, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203095827/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/agape">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Global+Freedom+Struggle&rft.atitle=Agape&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fagape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120044541/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~expose/issues/issue_2011/pdf/2010_wang.pdf">"Martin Luther King Jr.'s Troubled Attitude toward Nonviolent Resistance"</a> (PDF). Exposé. Harvard College Writing Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~expose/issues/issue_2011/pdf/2010_wang.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expos%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+Troubled+Attitude+toward+Nonviolent+Resistance&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~expose%2Fissues%2Fissue_2011%2Fpdf%2F2010_wang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/nonviolence-the-only-road-to-freedom/">"Nonviolence: The Only Road to Freedom – Teaching American History"</a>. teachingamericanhistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111133412/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/nonviolence-the-only-road-to-freedom/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teachingamericanhistory.org&rft.atitle=Nonviolence%3A+The+Only+Road+to+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Teaching+American+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocument%2Fnonviolence-the-only-road-to-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2012/01/birmingham_civil_rights_activi.html">"Birmingham civil rights activist Colonel Stone Johnson has died (slideshow)"</a>. AL.com. January 19, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122083911/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2012/01/birmingham_civil_rights_activi.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AL.com&rft.atitle=Birmingham+civil+rights+activist+Colonel+Stone+Johnson+has+died+%28slideshow%29&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fspotnews%2F2012%2F01%2Fbirmingham_civil_rights_activi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prospect.org/article/armed-resistance-civil-rights-movement-charles-e-cobb-and-danielle-l-mcguire-forgotten">"Armed Resistance in the Civil Rights Movement: Charles E. Cobb and Danielle L. McGuire on Forgotten History"</a>. The American Prospect. June 11, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121811/http://prospect.org/article/armed-resistance-civil-rights-movement-charles-e-cobb-and-danielle-l-mcguire-forgotten">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Prospect&rft.atitle=Armed+Resistance+in+the+Civil+Rights+Movement%3A+Charles+E.+Cobb+and+Danielle+L.+McGuire+on+Forgotten+History&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Farticle%2Farmed-resistance-civil-rights-movement-charles-e-cobb-and-danielle-l-mcguire-forgotten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2006" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Lance (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8H9Me8LZ488C&pg=PA246">The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement</a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 245–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5702-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5702-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-5702-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727204458/https://books.google.com/books?id=8H9Me8LZ488C&pg=PA246">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2928-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-2928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Redemption%3A+Kenneth+Burke%27s+Redemption+Drama+and+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+%22I+Have+a+Dream%22+Speech&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2928-1&rft.aulast=Bobbitt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonJagerman2000" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Michael Eric; Jagerman, David L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7ljj_iyQcwC&pg=PA298">I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 297–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86776-2"><bdi>978-0-684-86776-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123123946/https://books.google.com/books?id=F7ljj_iyQcwC&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. 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The Root. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130173509/https://www.theroot.com/a-close-alliance-between-mlk-and-nelson-rockefeller-rev-1790858451">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Root&rft.atitle=A+Close+Alliance+Between+MLK+and+Nelson+Rockefeller+Revealed&rft.date=2015-01-11&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroot.com%2Fa-close-alliance-between-mlk-and-nelson-rockefeller-rev-1790858451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2002" class="citation book cs1">Ling, Peter J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00ling">Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00ling/page/250">250–51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21664-8"><bdi>0-415-21664-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=250-51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-21664-8&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking00ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeshitela" class="citation web cs1">Yeshitela, Omali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517082245/http://www.apspuhuru.org/publications/repnow/ReparationsNow-OCR.txt">"Abbreviated Report from the International Tribunal on Reparations for Black People in the U.S."</a> African People's Socialist Party. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apspuhuru.org/publications/repnow/ReparationsNow-OCR.txt">the original</a> on May 17, 2008. 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NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605070410/http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/03/10/287320160/stokely-carmichael-a-philosopher-behind-the-black-power-movement">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Stokely+Carmichael%2C+A+Philosopher+Behind+The+Black+Power+Movement&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Karen+Grigsby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2014%2F03%2F10%2F287320160%2Fstokely-carmichael-a-philosopher-behind-the-black-power-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2018" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Gyasi (January 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-black-people-and-indigenous_b_5a57c671e4b03a1e6098bc6d">"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Black People and Indigenous People: How We Cash This Damn Check"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711002150/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-black-people-and-indigenous_b_5a57c671e4b03a1e6098bc6d">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Black+People+and+Indigenous+People%3A+How+We+Cash+This+Damn+Check&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Gyasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fdr-martin-luther-king-jr-black-people-and-indigenous_b_5a57c671e4b03a1e6098bc6d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingcreek-374">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingcreek_374-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingcreek_374-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingcreek_374-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingcreek_374-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingcreek_374-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2014" class="citation web cs1">Bender, Albert (February 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoplesworld.org/article/dr-king-spoke-out-against-the-genocide-of-native-americans/">"Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans"</a>. People's World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625114956/https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/dr-king-spoke-out-against-the-genocide-of-native-americans/">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+World&rft.atitle=Dr.+King+spoke+out+against+the+genocide+of+Native+Americans&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplesworld.org%2Farticle%2Fdr-king-spoke-out-against-the-genocide-of-native-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scielo.org.za-375"><a href="#cite_ref-scielo.org.za_375-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2014" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia, Kevin (December 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2223-03862014000200004">"The American Indian Civil Rights Movement: A case study in Civil Society Protest"</a>. Yesterday and Today. 12: 60–74. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2309-9003">2309-9003</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411091513/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2223-03862014000200004">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yesterday+and+Today&rft.atitle=The+American+Indian+Civil+Rights+Movement%3A+A+case+study+in+Civil+Society+Protest&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=60-74&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.issn=2309-9003&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.za%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS2223-03862014000200004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingnatspeech-376"><a href="#cite_ref-kingnatspeech_376-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickert2017" class="citation web cs1">Rickert, Levi (January 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092832/https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-nation-born-genocide/">"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide"</a>. Native News Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/dr-martin-luther-king-jr-nation-born-genocide/">the original</a> on November 26, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Native+News+Online&rft.atitle=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr%3A+Our+Nation+was+Born+in+Genocide&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.aulast=Rickert&rft.aufirst=Levi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnativenewsonline.net%2Fcurrents%2Fdr-martin-luther-king-jr-nation-born-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingindrez-377">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingindrez_377-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingindrez_377-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingindrez_377-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingindrez_377-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighton2017" class="citation web cs1">Leighton, David (April 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-mlk-jr-visited-papago-reservation-near-tucson-was/article_cbc4d8f3-6d53-54f3-a783-359646fe2c82.html">"Street Smarts: MLK Jr. visited 'Papago' reservation near Tucson, was fascinated"</a>. The Arizona Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704085258/https://tucson.com/news/local/street-smarts-mlk-jr-visited-papago-reservation-near-tucson-was/article_cbc4d8f3-6d53-54f3-a783-359646fe2c82.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Street+Smarts%3A+MLK+Jr.+visited+%27Papago%27+reservation+near+Tucson%2C+was+fascinated&rft.date=2017-04-02&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftucson.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fstreet-smarts-mlk-jr-visited-papago-reservation-near-tucson-was%2Farticle_cbc4d8f3-6d53-54f3-a783-359646fe2c82.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-navtimes-378"><a href="#cite_ref-navtimes_378-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPineo2016" class="citation web cs1">Pineo, Christopher (January 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220918181926/https://navajotimes.com/reznews/navajos-and-locals-in-gallup-celebrate-martin-luther-king-jr-day/">"Navajos and locals in Gallup celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day"</a>. Navajo Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navajotimes.com/reznews/navajos-and-locals-in-gallup-celebrate-martin-luther-king-jr-day/">the original</a> on September 18, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navajo+Times&rft.atitle=Navajos+and+locals+in+Gallup+celebrate+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Day&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Pineo&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navajotimes.com%2Freznews%2Fnavajos-and-locals-in-gallup-celebrate-martin-luther-king-jr-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amiss-379"><a href="#cite_ref-amiss_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Roy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanindiansource.com/mlkechohawk.html">"'I have a dream for all God's children,' Martin Luther King Jr. Day"</a>. American Indian Source. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132750/http://americanindiansource.com/mlkechohawk.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Source&rft.atitle=%27I+have+a+dream+for+all+God%27s+children%2C%27+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Day&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanindiansource.com%2Fmlkechohawk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oates1993-380"><a href="#cite_ref-Oates1993_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1993" class="citation book cs1">Oates, Stephen B. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettrumpetsound00step/page/159">Let the Trumpet Sound: A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettrumpetsound00step/page/159">159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25627-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25627-9"><bdi>978-0-452-25627-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+the+Trumpet+Sound%3A+A+Life+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-452-25627-9&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettrumpetsound00step%2Fpage%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Carson2000p364-381"><a href="#cite_ref-King-Carson2000p364_381-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (2000). Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qW-NYdIefPgC&pg=PA364">The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957 – December 1958</a>. University of California Press. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22231-1"><bdi>978-0-520-22231-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727204503/https://books.google.com/books?id=qW-NYdIefPgC&pg=PA364">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr%3A+Symbol+of+the+Movement%2C+January+1957+%E2%80%93+December+1958&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22231-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqW-NYdIefPgC%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriner2003" class="citation news cs1">Merriner, James L. (March 9, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/03/09/illinois-liberal-giant-paul-douglas/">"Illinois' liberal giant, Paul Douglas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904003104/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-03-09/entertainment/0303080081_1_illinois-gov-paul-douglas-liberal/2">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Illinois%27+liberal+giant%2C+Paul+Douglas&rft.date=2003-03-09&rft.aulast=Merriner&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2003%2F03%2F09%2Fillinois-liberal-giant-paul-douglas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Carson2000p84-383"><a href="#cite_ref-King-Carson2000p84_383-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (2000). Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qW-NYdIefPgC&pg=PA84">The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957 – December 1958</a>. University of California Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22231-1"><bdi>978-0-520-22231-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727205031/https://books.google.com/books?id=qW-NYdIefPgC&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr%3A+Symbol+of+the+Movement%2C+January+1957+%E2%80%93+December+1958&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22231-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqW-NYdIefPgC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1992384-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1992384_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1992">King 1992</a>, p. 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Carson1998p187-385"><a href="#cite_ref-King-Carson1998p187_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingCarson1998" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr.; Carson, Clayborne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king/page/187">The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr</a>. Hachette Digital. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king/page/187">187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52412-4"><bdi>978-0-446-52412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Hachette+Digital&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-446-52412-4&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Clayborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofm00king%2Fpage%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJyWWM9OHKA">"Mr. Conservative: Barry Goldwater's opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964"</a>. YouTube. September 18, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/JJyWWM9OHKA">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Mr.+Conservative%3A+Barry+Goldwater%27s+opposition+to+the+Civil+Rights+Act+of+1964&rft.date=2006-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJJyWWM9OHKA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> MLK: An American Legacy: Bearing the Cross, Protest at Selma, and the FBI, and Martin Luther King, Jr. </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingKingKing1998" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr.; King, Coretta Scott; King, Dexter Scott (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00king_0/page/39">The Martin Luther King Jr. Companion: Quotations from the Speeches, Essays, and Books of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. St. Martin's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking00king_0/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19990-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19990-2"><bdi>0-312-19990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Companion%3A+Quotations+from+the+Speeches%2C+Essays%2C+and+Books+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-19990-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft.au=King%2C+Coretta+Scott&rft.au=King%2C+Dexter+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking00king_0%2Fpage%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurent2019" class="citation book cs1">Laurent, Sylvie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0JvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">King and the Other America: The Poor People's Campaign and the Quest for Economic Equality</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28857-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28857-7"><bdi>978-0-520-28857-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+and+the+Other+America%3A+The+Poor+People%27s+Campaign+and+the+Quest+for+Economic+Equality&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28857-7&rft.aulast=Laurent&rft.aufirst=Sylvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0JvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AntiCapitalism-390"><a href="#cite_ref-AntiCapitalism_390-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricks_Jr.2014" class="citation news cs1">Hendricks Jr., Obery M. (January 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609">"The Uncompromising Anti-Capitalism of Martin Luther King Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427213323/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=The+Uncompromising+Anti-Capitalism+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=Hendricks+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Obery+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fthe-uncompromising-anti-capitalism-of-martin-luther-king-jr_b_4629609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1990" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Robert Michael (1990). Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought. Fortress Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2392-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2392-4"><bdi>0-8006-2392-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberating+Visions%3A+Human+Fulfillment+and+Social+Justice+in+African-American+Thought&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8006-2392-4&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Robert+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogginsDouglas2021" class="citation book cs1">Loggins, Jared A.; Douglas, Andrew J. (2021). Prophet of Discontent: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Critique of Racial Capitalism. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-6017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-6017-1"><bdi>978-0-8203-6017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+of+Discontent%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Critique+of+Racial+Capitalism&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-6017-1&rft.aulast=Loggins&rft.aufirst=Jared+A.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Voices of Social Education A Pedagogy of Change. 2021. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Social+Education+A+Pedagogy+of+Change&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Transpacific Antiracism Afro-Asian Solidarity in 20th-Century Black America, Japan, and Okinawa. NYU Press. 2013. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transpacific+Antiracism+Afro-Asian+Solidarity+in+20th-Century+Black+America%2C+Japan%2C+and+Okinawa&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2011" class="citation book cs1">Honey, Michael K. (2011). Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Down+Jericho+Road%3A+The+Memphis+Strike%2C+Martin+Luther+King%27s+Last+Campaign&rft.pages=187&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Prophet of Discontent Martin Luther King Jr. and the Critique of Racial Capitalism. University of Georgia Press. 2021. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+of+Discontent+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Critique+of+Racial+Capitalism&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991366-397"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991366_397-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991365–67-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991365–67_398-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, pp. 365–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991367–68-399"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991367–68_399-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, pp. 367–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-nprcode-400">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nprcode_400-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nprcode_400-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemby2013" class="citation news cs1">Demby, Gene (April 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2013/04/08/176594781/zo-salda-a-climbed-into-lt-uhuras-chair-reluctantly">"Zoë Saldaña Climbed Into Lt. Uhura's Chair, Reluctantly"</a>. Code Switch (blog). NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502095842/http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2013/04/08/176594781/zo-salda-a-climbed-into-lt-uhuras-chair-reluctantly">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Code+Switch+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=Zo%C3%AB+Salda%C3%B1a+Climbed+Into+Lt.+Uhura%27s+Chair%2C+Reluctantly&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft.aulast=Demby&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fcodeswitch%2F2013%2F04%2F08%2F176594781%2Fzo-salda-a-climbed-into-lt-uhuras-chair-reluctantly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25th-401"><a href="#cite_ref-25th_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Beck, Donald R. (Director) (1991). Star Trek: 25th Anniversary Special.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Trek%3A+25th+Anniversary+Special&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/01/nichelle_nichols_tells_neil_degrasse_tyson_how_martin_luther_king_convinced_her_to_stay_on_star_trek.html">"Nichelle Nichols Explains How Martin Luther King Convinced Her to Stay on Star Trek"</a>. Open Culture. January 21, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814122627/https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/nichelle_nichols_tells_neil_degrasse_tyson_how_martin_luther_king_convinced_her_to_stay_on_star_trek.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Culture&rft.atitle=Nichelle+Nichols+Explains+How+Martin+Luther+King+Convinced+Her+to+Stay+on+Star+Trek&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fnichelle_nichols_tells_neil_degrasse_tyson_how_martin_luther_king_convinced_her_to_stay_on_star_trek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeigel2011" class="citation news cs1">Speigel, Lee (November 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gene-roddenberry-son-star-trek_n_1119119">"Gene Roddenberry's Son Reveals Unhappy 'Star Trek' Family Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414212106/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gene-roddenberry-son-star-trek_n_1119119">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Gene+Roddenberry%27s+Son+Reveals+Unhappy+%27Star+Trek%27+Family+Life&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.aulast=Speigel&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fgene-roddenberry-son-star-trek_n_1119119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2010" class="citation web cs1">Strachan, Alex (August 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://o.canada.com/entertainment/nichelle-nichols-on-playing-star-treks-lt-uhura-and-meeting-dr-king">"Nichelle Nichols on playing Star Trek's Lt. Uhura and meeting Dr. King"</a>. Canada.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216223502/https://o.canada.com/entertainment/nichelle-nichols-on-playing-star-treks-lt-uhura-and-meeting-dr-king">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020. <q>Now, Gene Roddenberry was a 6-foot-3 guy with muscles. ... And he sat there with tears in his eyes. He said, 'Thank God that someone knows what I'm trying to do. Thank God for Dr. Martin Luther King.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada.com&rft.atitle=Nichelle+Nichols+on+playing+Star+Trek%27s+Lt.+Uhura+and+meeting+Dr.+King&rft.date=2010-08-05&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fo.canada.com%2Fentertainment%2Fnichelle-nichols-on-playing-star-treks-lt-uhura-and-meeting-dr-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MED08-2-405"><a href="#cite_ref-MED08-2_405-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2008" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Michael Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/april41968martin00dyso">"Facing Death"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/april41968martin00dyso">April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King Jr.'s death and how it changed America</a>. Basic Civitas Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/april41968martin00dyso/page/58">58–59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00212-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00212-2"><bdi>978-0-465-00212-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facing+Death&rft.btitle=April+4%2C+1968%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%27s+death+and+how+it+changed+America&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00212-2&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapril41968martin00dyso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honey2007ch4-406">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honey2007ch4_406-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honey2007ch4_406-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2007" class="citation book cs1">Honey, Michael K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goingdownjericho00hone">"Standing at the Crossroads"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goingdownjericho00hone">Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign</a> (1 ed.). Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goingdownjericho00hone/page/92">92–93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04339-6"><bdi>978-0-393-04339-6</bdi></a>. <q>Hoover developed around-the-clock surveillance campaign aimed at destroying King.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standing+at+the+Crossroads&rft.btitle=Going+down+Jericho+Road+the+Memphis+strike%2C+Martin+Luther+King%27s+last+campaign&rft.pages=92-93&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04339-6&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoingdownjericho00hone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church-407">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Church_407-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_407-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_407-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_407-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church, Frank</a> (April 23, 1976), "Church Committee Book III", Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Case Study, <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+Case+Study&rft.atitle=Church+Committee+Book+III&rft.date=1976-04-23&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_atlantic-408"><a href="#cite_ref-the_atlantic_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrow2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">Garrow, David J.</a> (July–August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200207/garrow">"The FBI and Martin Luther King"</a>. The Atlantic Monthly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626143405/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200207/garrow">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved March 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+FBI+and+Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=2002-07%2F2002-08&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200207%2Fgarrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-right-409">^ <a href="#cite_ref-right_409-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-right_409-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyskind2006" class="citation news cs1">Ryskind, Allan H. (February 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004205959/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200602/ai_n17173432/pg_2">"JFK and RFK Were Right to Wiretap MLK"</a>. Human Events. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200602/ai_n17173432/pg_2">the original</a> on October 4, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Events&rft.atitle=JFK+and+RFK+Were+Right+to+Wiretap+MLK&rft.date=2006-02-27&rft.aulast=Ryskind&rft.aufirst=Allan+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3827%2Fis_200602%2Fai_n17173432%2Fpg_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz2005-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotz2005_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotz2005">Kotz 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerst2007">Herst 2007</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-track-412">^ <a href="#cite_ref-track_412-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_412-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_412-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-track_412-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2008" class="citation news cs1">Christensen, Jen (April 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/31/mlk.fbi.conspiracy/index.html">"FBI tracked King's every move"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613205200/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/31/mlk.fbi.conspiracy/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FBI+tracked+King%27s+every+move&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FUS%2F03%2F31%2Fmlk.fbi.conspiracy%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlick1989" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Brian (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4uvwy_C3egC&pg=PA77">War at Home: Covert Action Against U.S. Activists and What We Can Do About It</a>. South End Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-349-3"><bdi>978-0-89608-349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+at+Home%3A+Covert+Action+Against+U.S.+Activists+and+What+We+Can+Do+About+It&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-349-3&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4uvwy_C3egC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-414">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_414-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_414-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilkington2013" class="citation web cs1">Pilkington, Ed (September 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/nsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk">"Declassified NSA files show agency spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702125311/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/nsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Declassified+NSA+files+show+agency+spied+on+Muhammad+Ali+and+MLK&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fsep%2F26%2Fnsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowning1986" class="citation book cs1">Downing, Frederick L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toseepromisedlan0000down/page/246">To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Mercer University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toseepromisedlan0000down/page/246">246–247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-207-4"><bdi>0-86554-207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+See+the+Promised+Land%3A+The+Faith+Pilgrimage+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pages=246-247&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86554-207-4&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoseepromisedlan0000down%2Fpage%2F246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz200570–74-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotz200570–74_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotz2005">Kotz 2005</a>, pp. 70–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2004" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Jeff (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackstrugglered0000wood/page/126">Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-communism in the South, 1948–1968</a>. LSU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackstrugglered0000wood/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2926-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2926-7"><bdi>0-8071-2926-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Struggle%2C+Red+Scare%3A+Segregation+and+Anti-communism+in+the+South%2C+1948%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8071-2926-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackstrugglered0000wood%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWannall2000" class="citation book cs1">Wannall, Ray (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realjedgarhoover0000wann">The Real J. Edgar Hoover: For the Record</a>. Turner Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realjedgarhoover0000wann/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56311-553-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56311-553-0"><bdi>1-56311-553-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+J.+Edgar+Hoover%3A+For+the+Record&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-56311-553-0&rft.aulast=Wannall&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealjedgarhoover0000wann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991362-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991362_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruns2006" class="citation book cs1">Bruns, Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000brun/page/67">Martin Luther King Jr.: A Biography</a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000brun/page/67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33686-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33686-5"><bdi>0-313-33686-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33686-5&rft.aulast=Bruns&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking0000brun%2Fpage%2F67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotz200583-420"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotz200583_420-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotz2005">Kotz 2005</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1990" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Alan (1990). Democratic Individuality: A Theory of Moral Progress. Cambridge University Press. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38709-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38709-4"><bdi>0-521-38709-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Individuality%3A+A+Theory+of+Moral+Progress&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-38709-4&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington1991363-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington1991363_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWashington1991">Washington 1991</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA1967" class="citation web cs1">CIA (November 5, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/docid-32397512.pdf">"Martin Luther King"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917222556/https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/docid-32397512.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King&rft.date=1967-11-05&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fjfk%2Freleases%2Fdocid-32397512.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaftali2005" class="citation news cs1">Naftali, Timothy (December 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bush-and-the-nsa-spying-s_b_12552">"Bush and the NSA spying scandal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605002422/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bush-and-the-nsa-spying-s_b_12552">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Bush+and+the+NSA+spying+scandal&rft.date=2005-12-19&rft.aulast=Naftali&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fbush-and-the-nsa-spying-s_b_12552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPKingX-425"><a href="#cite_ref-WPKingX_425-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation news cs1">Brown, DeNeen L. (January 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/01/14/martin-luther-king-jr-met-malcolm-x-just-once-the-photo-still-haunts-us-with-what-was-lost/">"Martin Luther King Jr. met Malcolm X just once. The photo still haunts us with what was lost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved October 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+met+Malcolm+X+just+once.+The+photo+still+haunts+us+with+what+was+lost.&rft.date=2014-01-18&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=DeNeen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2018%2F01%2F14%2Fmartin-luther-king-jr-met-malcolm-x-just-once-the-photo-still-haunts-us-with-what-was-lost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2005" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Thom (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conspiracyencycl0000unse/page/58">"Martin Luther King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a>. Collins & Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conspiracyencycl0000unse/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84340-287-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84340-287-4"><bdi>1-84340-287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Collins+%26+Brown&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84340-287-4&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconspiracyencycl0000unse%2Fpage%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpragens1988" class="citation book cs1">Spragens, William C. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularimagesofa0000unse">Popular Images of American Presidents</a>. 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Reveals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111143946/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/magazine/what-an-uncensored-letter-to-mlk-reveals.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2014. 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Retrieved June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue&rft.atitle=Documenting+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Equality+in+the+Decade+of+the+Sixties&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Geraldine+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F1997%2Fsummer%2Fequality-in-the-sixties.html%23f3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockell2019" class="citation news cs1">Brockell, Gillian (May 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/05/30/irresponsible-historians-attack-david-garrows-mlk-allegations/">"'Irresponsible': Historians attack David Garrow's MLK allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127190731/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/05/30/irresponsible-historians-attack-david-garrows-mlk-allegations/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2021. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718144846/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/08/martin-luther-king-david-garrow-essay-claims">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+historian%27s+claims+about+Martin+Luther+King+are+shocking+%E2%80%93+and+irresponsible&rft.date=2019-06-08&rft.aulast=Murch&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Fjun%2F08%2Fmartin-luther-king-david-garrow-essay-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrow2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Garrow" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Garrow">Garrow, David J.</a> (May 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601234100/https://standpointmag.co.uk/issues/june-2019/the-troubling-legacy-of-martin-luther-king/">"The troubling legacy of Martin Luther King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Standpoint_(magazine)" title="Standpoint (magazine)">Standpoint</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standpointmag.co.uk/issues/june-2019/the-troubling-legacy-of-martin-luther-king/">the original</a> on June 1, 2019. 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Retrieved January 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr+%27watched+and+laughed%27+as+woman+was+raped%2C+secret+FBI+recordings+allege&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft.aulast=Stubley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Baynes%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fmartin-luther-king-rape-fbi-tapes-video-mlk-laugh-files-a8932206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2019" class="citation news cs1">Reynolds, Barbara Ann (July 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2019/jul/03/salacious-fbi-information-again-attacks-character-/">"Salacious FBI information again attacks character of MLK"</a>. New York Amsterdam News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920015143/http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2019/jul/03/salacious-fbi-information-again-attacks-character-/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2021. 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Edgar Hoover's revenge: Information the FBI once hoped could destroy Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. has been declassified"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829032857/https://theconversation.com/j-edgar-hoovers-revenge-information-the-fbi-once-hoped-could-destroy-rev-martin-luther-king-jr-has-been-declassified-118026">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=J.+Edgar+Hoover%27s+revenge%3A+Information+the+FBI+once+hoped+could+destroy+Rev.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+has+been+declassified&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.aulast=Griffey&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fj-edgar-hoovers-revenge-information-the-fbi-once-hoped-could-destroy-rev-martin-luther-king-jr-has-been-declassified-118026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbernathy1989" class="citation book cs1">Abernathy, Ralph (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andwallscametumb00aber/page/471">And the walls came tumbling down: an autobiography</a>. Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andwallscametumb00aber/page/471">471</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016192-7"><bdi>978-0-06-016192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+the+walls+came+tumbling+down%3A+an+autobiography&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-06-016192-7&rft.aulast=Abernathy&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandwallscametumb00aber%2Fpage%2F471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abertappva-440">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abertappva_440-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abertappva_440-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abertappva_440-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbernathy1989" class="citation web cs1">Abernathy, Ralph David (October 29, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211111242/http://www.booknotes.org/Transcript/index_print.asp?ProgramID=1442">"And the Walls Came Tumbling Down"</a>. 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Retrieved July 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Driven+to+Martyrdom&rft.date=1986-11-30&rft.au=Raines%2C+Howell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F99%2F02%2F07%2Fnnp%2Fgarrow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2008" class="citation news cs1">Polk, Jim (December 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/13/bts.king.assasssination/">"Black In America – Behind the Scenes: 'Eyewitness to Murder: The King Assassination'"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419060639/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/13/bts.king.assasssination/">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Black+In+America+%E2%80%93+Behind+the+Scenes%3A+%27Eyewitness+to+Murder%3A+The+King+Assassination%27&rft.date=2008-12-29&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FUS%2F03%2F13%2Fbts.king.assasssination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight1998" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Gerald (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813333847/page/76">The Last Crusade: Martin Luther King Jr., the FBI, and the Poor People's Crusade</a>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813333847/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3384-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3384-9"><bdi>0-8133-3384-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Crusade%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+the+FBI%2C+and+the+Poor+People%27s+Crusade&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8133-3384-9&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780813333847%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Martin Luther King Jr.: The FBI Files. Filiquarian Publishing. 2007. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-253-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-253-8"><bdi>978-1-59986-253-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+The+FBI+Files&rft.pages=40-42&rft.pub=Filiquarian+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59986-253-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2008" class="citation news cs1">Polk, James (April 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/conspiracy.theories/">"King conspiracy theories still thrive 40 years later"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110080900/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/conspiracy.theories/">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=King+conspiracy+theories+still+thrive+40+years+later&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FUS%2F03%2F28%2Fconspiracy.theories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr./Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Part_1_of_2/view">"King's FBI file Part 1 of 2"</a> (PDF). FBI. Retrieved January 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%27s+FBI+file+Part+1+of+2&rft.pub=FBI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FMartin_Luther_King%2C_Jr.%2FMartin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._Part_1_of_2%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr./Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Part_2_of_2/view">"King's FBI file Part 2 of 2"</a> (PDF). FBI. Retrieved January 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%27s+FBI+file+Part+2+of+2&rft.pub=FBI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FMartin_Luther_King%2C_Jr.%2FMartin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._Part_2_of_2%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2003" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conspiracytheori00knig_851">Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conspiracytheori00knig_851/page/n425">408</a>–409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-812-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-812-4"><bdi>1-57607-812-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=408-409&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57607-812-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconspiracytheori00knig_851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merv-448">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merv_448-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-merv_448-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2001" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Mervyn A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingcamepreachin0000warr/page/79">King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingcamepreachin0000warr/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2658-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2658-0"><bdi>0-8308-2658-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Came+Preaching%3A+The+Pulpit+Power+of+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8308-2658-0&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Mervyn+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingcamepreachin0000warr%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html">"Martin Luther King Wins The Nobel Prize for Peace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 15, 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119090618/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+King+Wins+The+Nobel+Prize+for+Peace&rft.date=1964-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintle2001" class="citation book cs1">Wintle, Justin (2001). Makers of Modern Culture: Makers of Culture. Routledge. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26583-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26583-5"><bdi>0-415-26583-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Modern+Culture%3A+Makers+of+Culture&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-26583-5&rft.aulast=Wintle&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel" class="citation web cs1">Engel, Irving M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060604175417/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052921">"Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Presentation of American Liberties Medallion"</a>. American Jewish Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052921">the original</a> on June 4, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorating+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Presentation+of+American+Liberties+Medallion&rft.pub=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Irving+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnl%2Fcontent3.asp%3Fc%3DijITI2PHKoG%26b%3D843719%26ct%3D1052921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation web cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060609075301/https://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052923">"Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Response to Award of American Liberties Medallion"</a>. American Jewish Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052923">the original</a> on June 9, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorating+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Response+to+Award+of+American+Liberties+Medallion&rft.pub=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnl%2Fcontent3.asp%3Fc%3DijITI2PHKoG%26b%3D843719%26ct%3D1052923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063355/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">"Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today"</a>. NAACP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">the original</a> on August 2, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spingarn+Medal+Winners%3A+1915+to+Today&rft.pub=NAACP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fpages%2Fspingarn-medal-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/stride-toward-freedom-the-montgomery-story/?sortby=author&auth=KINGJR.MARTINLUTHER">"Martin Luther King Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402001549/http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/stride-toward-freedom-the-montgomery-story/?sortby=author&auth=KINGJR.MARTINLUTHER">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pub=Anisfield-Wolf+Book+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anisfield-wolf.org%2Fbooks%2Fstride-toward-freedom-the-montgomery-story%2F%3Fsortby%3Dauthor%26auth%3DKINGJR.MARTINLUTHER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PP-455"><a href="#cite_ref-PP_455-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224104928/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/the-reverend-martin-luther-king-jr.htm">"The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. upon accepting The Planned Parenthood Federation Of America Margaret Sanger Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">PPFA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/the-reverend-martin-luther-king-jr.htm">the original</a> on February 24, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reverend+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+upon+accepting+The+Planned+Parenthood+Federation+Of+America+Margaret+Sanger+Award&rft.pub=PPFA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plannedparenthood.org%2Fabout-us%2Fwho-we-are%2Fthe-reverend-martin-luther-king-jr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_AAAS_fellow-456"><a href="#cite_ref-King_AAAS_fellow_456-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215172223/http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/sclc-press-release">"SCLC Press Release"</a>. SCLC via the King Center. May 16, 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/sclc-press-release">the original</a> on December 15, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCLC+Press+Release&rft.pub=SCLC+via+the+King+Center&rft.date=1966-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekingcenter.org%2Farchive%2Fdocument%2Fsclc-press-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/did-you-know-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-won-grammy">"Did You Know That Martin Luther King Won A GRAMMY?"</a>. GRAMMY.com. January 17, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426230630/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/did-you-know-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-won-grammy">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GRAMMY.com&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know+That+Martin+Luther+King+Won+A+GRAMMY%3F&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fgrammys%2Fnews%2Fdid-you-know-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-won-grammy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter,_Jimmy1977" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Jimmy (July 11, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7784">"Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks on Presenting the Medal to Dr. Jonas E. Salk and to Martin Luther King Jr"</a>. The American Presidency Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501191835/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7784">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+Remarks+on+Presenting+the+Medal+to+Dr.+Jonas+E.+Salk+and+to+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1977-07-11&rft.au=Carter%2C+Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D7784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/goldMedal.html">"Congressional Gold Medal Recipients (1776 to Present)"</a>. Office of the Clerk: U.S. House of Representatives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105010516/http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/goldMedal.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Gold+Medal+Recipients+%281776+to+Present%29&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Clerk%3A+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fart_history%2Fhouse_history%2FgoldMedal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallupGallup2000" class="citation book cs1">Gallup, George; Gallup, Alec Jr. (2000). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2699-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2699-1"><bdi>0-8420-2699-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallup+Poll%3A+Public+Opinion+1999&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8420-2699-1&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Gallup%2C+Alec+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpaz,_Beth_J.1999" class="citation web cs1">Harpaz, Beth J. (December 27, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514041705/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-24394267.html">"Time Names Einstein as Person of the Century"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-24394267.html">the original</a> on May 14, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Names+Einstein+as+Person+of+the+Century&rft.date=1999-12-27&rft.au=Harpaz%2C+Beth+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-24394267.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4631421.stm">"Reagan voted 'greatest American'"</a>. BBC. June 28, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112031450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4631421.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reagan+voted+%27greatest+American%27&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4631421.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorte2016" class="citation news cs1">Korte, Gregory (April 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/04/20/report-lew-considered-anthony-10-bill/83274530/">"Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill"</a>. USAToday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423150303/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/04/20/report-lew-considered-anthony-10-bill/83274530/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USAToday.com&rft.atitle=Anti-slavery+activist+Harriet+Tubman+to+replace+Jackson+on+the+front+of+the+%2420+bill&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.aulast=Korte&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F04%2F20%2Freport-lew-considered-anthony-10-bill%2F83274530%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116014246/https://www.dclibrary.org/node/741">"The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library History"</a>. July 23, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dclibrary.org/node/741">the original</a> on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Memorial+Library+History&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dclibrary.org%2Fnode%2F741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.lib.lsu.edu/c.php?g=353667&p=2385250">"Martin Luther King, Jr. Honorary Degrees"</a>. Louisiana State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620214545/https://guides.lib.lsu.edu/c.php?g=353667&p=2385250">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Honorary+Degrees&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.lsu.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D353667%26p%3D2385250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-466">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_466-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_466-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/artist/rev-martin-luther-king-jr/">"Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324220953/https://www.billboard.com/artist/rev-martin-luther-king-jr/">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Rev.+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2Frev-martin-luther-king-jr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbernathy1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Abernathy, Ralph</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andwallscametumb00aber">And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016192-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016192-2"><bdi>0-06-016192-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+the+Walls+Came+Tumbling+Down%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-06-016192-2&rft.aulast=Abernathy&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandwallscametumb00aber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1996" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Herb (1996). Martin Luther King, Jr. Baronet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86611-917-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86611-917-5"><bdi>0-86611-917-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=Baronet+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-86611-917-5&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Branch, Taylor</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atcanaansedgeame00bran">At Canaan's Edge: America In the King Years, 1965–1968</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85712-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85712-X"><bdi>0-684-85712-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Canaan%27s+Edge%3A+America+In+the+King+Years%2C+1965%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-684-85712-X&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatcanaansedgeame00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenTaylor2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Adam Seth; Taylor, Elizabeth (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpharaohm00adam">Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation</a>. Back Bay. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-83489-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-83489-0"><bdi>0-316-83489-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharaoh%3A+Mayor+Richard+J.+Daley%3A+His+Battle+for+Chicago+and+the+Nation&rft.pub=Back+Bay&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-316-83489-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Adam+Seth&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpharaohm00adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2005" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Kenneth C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcR-m3rDLngC">Don't Know Much About Martin Luther King Jr</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-442129-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-442129-4"><bdi>978-0-06-442129-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Know+Much+About+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-442129-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcR-m3rDLngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEig2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eig" title="Jonathan Eig">Eig, Jonathan</a> (2023). <a href="/wiki/King:_A_Life" title="King: A Life">King: A Life</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-27929-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-27929-5"><bdi>978-0-374-27929-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-374-27929-5&rft.aulast=Eig&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2008" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Alice (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000flem/">Martin Luther King Jr.: A Dream of Hope</a>. Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4439-6"><bdi>978-1-4027-4439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+A+Dream+of+Hope&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-4439-6&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking0000flem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrady2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Frady" title="Marshall Frady">Frady, Marshall</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dOR4QpEE0g8C">Martin Luther King Jr.: A Life</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303648-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303648-7"><bdi>978-0-14-303648-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303648-7&rft.aulast=Frady&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdOR4QpEE0g8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrow1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">Garrow, David J.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fbimartinlutherk0000garr">The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-006486-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-006486-9"><bdi>0-14-006486-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+FBI+and+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-14-006486-9&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffbimartinlutherk0000garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li>Garrow, David. <a href="/wiki/Bearing_the_Cross" title="Bearing the Cross">Bearing the Cross</a>: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1989). Pulitzer Prize. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056692-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056692-0">978-0-06-056692-0</a></li> <li>"James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", a 1984 paper by Randall Kryn, published with a 1988 addendum by Kryn in Prof. <a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a>'s We Shall Overcome, Volume II (Carlson Publishing Company, 1989).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlisson2006" class="citation book cs1">Glisson, Susan M. (2006). The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4409-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4409-5"><bdi>0-7425-4409-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Tradition+in+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-4409-5&rft.aulast=Glisson&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerst2007" class="citation book cs1">Herst, Burton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bobbyjedgarhisto00hers">Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover that Transformed America</a>. Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1982-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1982-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-1982-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+and+J.+Edgar%3A+The+Historic+Face-off+Between+the+Kennedys+and+J.+Edgar+Hoover+that+Transformed+America&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1982-2&rft.aulast=Herst&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbobbyjedgarhisto00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Thomas F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromciv_jac_2007_00_0872">From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Struggle for Economic Justice</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3969-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-3969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Civil+Rights+to+Human+Rights%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+the+Struggle+for+Economic+Justice&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3969-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromciv_jac_2007_00_0872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1998" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (1998). Carson, Clayborne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king">Autobiography</a>. Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-52412-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-52412-3"><bdi>0-446-52412-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-446-52412-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofm00king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1992" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Clayborne; Luker, Ralph E.; Russell, Penny A.; Harlan, Louis R., eds. (1992). The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., Volume I: Called to Serve, January 1929 – June 1951. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07950-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07950-7"><bdi>0-520-07950-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%2C+Volume+I%3A+Called+to+Serve%2C+January+1929+%E2%80%93+June+1951&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-07950-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotz2005" class="citation book cs1">Kotz, Nick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentdayslynd00kotz">Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws that Changed America</a>. Houghton Mifflin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-08825-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-08825-3"><bdi>0-618-08825-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judgment+Days%3A+Lyndon+Baines+Johnson%2C+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+and+the+Laws+that+Changed+America&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-618-08825-3&rft.aulast=Kotz&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudgmentdayslynd00kotz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonPaynePatterson2006" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Steven F.; Payne, Charles M.; Patterson, James T. (2006). Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-5109-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-5109-1"><bdi>0-7425-5109-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Civil+Rights+Movement%2C+1945%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-5109-1&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Steven+F.&rft.au=Payne%2C+Charles+M.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+James+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManheimer2004" class="citation book cs1">Manheimer, Ann S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherking0000manh/">Martin Luther King Jr.: Dreaming of Equality</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57505-627-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57505-627-5"><bdi>1-57505-627-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Dreaming+of+Equality&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57505-627-5&rft.aulast=Manheimer&rft.aufirst=Ann+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherking0000manh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuse1978" class="citation book cs1">Muse, Clyde (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5waAQAAIAAJ">The Educational Philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. University of Oklahoma. Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Educational+Philosophy+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Muse&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5waAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1969" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Lillie (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0okAQAAMAAJ">Martin Luther King, Jr.: man of peace</a>. Garrard Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8116-4555-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8116-4555-3"><bdi>978-0-8116-4555-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408171417/https://books.google.com/books?id=L0okAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%3A+man+of+peace&rft.pub=Garrard+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8116-4555-3&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Lillie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0okAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1983" class="citation book cs1">Oates, Stephen B. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettrumpetsound00step">Let the Trumpet Sound: A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25627-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25627-9"><bdi>978-0-452-25627-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+the+Trumpet+Sound%3A+A+Life+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-452-25627-9&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettrumpetsound00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2007" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Mary Susannah (2007). Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5914-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-5914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Vietnam+War%3A+Writings+by+Activists&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5914-1&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Mary+Susannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1990" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Della (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EE3hAAAAMAAJ">Martin Luther King, Jr: The Dream of Peaceful Revolution</a>. Silver Burdett Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-382-24062-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-382-24062-1"><bdi>978-0-382-24062-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408171414/https://books.google.com/books?id=EE3hAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr%3A+The+Dream+of+Peaceful+Revolution&rft.pub=Silver+Burdett+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-382-24062-1&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Della&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEE3hAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuman2014" class="citation book cs1">Schuman, Michael A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRiDDwAAQBAJ">The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Leader for Civil Rights</a>. Enslow Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-6149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-6149-1"><bdi>978-0-7660-6149-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045410/https://books.google.com/books?id=LRiDDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%3A+Leader+for+Civil+Rights&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7660-6149-1&rft.aulast=Schuman&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRiDDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington1991" class="citation book cs1">Washington, James M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/testamentofhope00mart">A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-064691-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-064691-8"><bdi>0-06-064691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Testament+of+Hope%3A+The+Essential+Writings+and+Speeches+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-06-064691-8&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftestamentofhope00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1974" class="citation book cs1">White, Clarence (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWZCAAAAIAAJ">Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Contributions to Education as a Black Leader (1929–1968)</a>. Loyola University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408171415/https://books.google.com/books?id=NWZCAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctor+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.%27s+Contributions+to+Education+as+a+Black+Leader+%281929%E2%80%931968%29&rft.pub=Loyola+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWZCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ayton, Mel (2005). A Racial Crime: James Earl Ray and the Murder of Martin Luther King Jr. Archebooks Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59507-075-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59507-075-3"><bdi>1-59507-075-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Racial+Crime%3A+James+Earl+Ray+and+the+Murder+of+Martin+Luther+King+Jr&rft.pub=Archebooks+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59507-075-3&rft.aulast=Ayton&rft.aufirst=Mel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Branch, Taylor</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame01bran">Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-46097-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-46097-8"><bdi>0-671-46097-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parting+the+Waters%3A+America+in+the+King+Years%2C+1954%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-671-46097-8&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartingwatersame01bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Branch, Taylor (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pillaroffireamer00bran">Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80819-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80819-6"><bdi>0-684-80819-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillar+of+Fire%3A+America+in+the+King+Years%2C+1963%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-684-80819-6&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpillaroffireamer00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King, Coretta Scott</a> (1993) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mylifewithmartin00king_2">My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Henry Holth & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-2445-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-2445-X"><bdi>0-8050-2445-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+with+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr&rft.pub=Henry+Holth+%26+Co&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8050-2445-X&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Coretta+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmylifewithmartin00king_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">King, Martin Luther Jr. (2015). <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West, Cornel</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHAOBAAAQBAJ">The Radical King</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1282-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1282-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-1282-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123124044/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHAOBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+King&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-1282-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHAOBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther+King+Jr." class="Z3988"></li> <li>King, Martin Luther Jr. (1986), Testament of Hope. The essential writings and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Harper & Row), edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Melvin_Washington" title="James Melvin Washington">J. M. Washington</a>; reissued by Harper in 1992 as I Have a Dream: Writings and Speeches That Changed the World.</li> <li>Kirk, John A., ed. (2007). Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement: Controversies and Debates.</li> <li>Schulke, Flip; McPhee, Penelope (1986). King Remembered, Foreword by Jesse Jackson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9654-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9654-1">978-1-4039-9654-1</a>.</li> <li>Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta (2012). Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality. University Press of Florida. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-3723-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-3723-9">0-8130-3723-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Martin Luther King Jr. at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="extiw" title="c:Martin Luther King, Jr.">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="extiw" title="q:Martin Luther King Jr.">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Martin_Luther_King" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Martin Luther King">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Ethics/Nonkilling/Leadership/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="extiw" title="v:Ethics/Nonkilling/Leadership/Martin Luther King, Jr.">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027" class="extiw" title="d:Q8027">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekingcenter.org/">The King Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130085918/https://thekingcenter.org/">Archived</a> January 30, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morehouse.edu/life/campus/martin-luther-king-jr-collection/">Martin Luther King Jr. Collection at Morehouse College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824161426/https://morehouse.edu/life/campus/martin-luther-king-jr-collection/">Archived</a> August 24, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/">The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011101838/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/">Archived</a> October 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Stanford University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/scpc-cdg-a-king_jr_martin_luther">Martin Luther King, Jr. Collected Papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130085929/https://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/scpc-cdg-a-king_jr_martin_luther">Archived</a> January 30, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> held by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/peace-collection">Swarthmore College Peace Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904094745/https://www.swarthmore.edu/peace-collection">Archived</a> September 4, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Jr.%2C%20Martin%20Luther%20King%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jr.%2C%20Martin%20Luther%20King%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jr.%2C%20M%2E%20L%2E%20K%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Martin%20Luther%20King%20Jr.%22%29%20OR%20%28%221929-1968%22%20AND%20Jr.%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Martin Luther King Jr.</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/524">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964 The quest for peace and justice</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crdl.usg.edu/events/mlk_nobel_prize/">Martin Luther King Jr.'s Nobel Peace Prize</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329233216/https://crdl.usg.edu/events/mlk_nobel_prize">Archived</a> March 29, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Civil Rights Digital Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/collection/LIB-UA015/">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at Buffalo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618073512/http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/collection/LIB-UA015/">Archived</a> June 18, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, digital collection of King's visit and speech in Buffalo, New York on November 9, 1967, from the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo_Libraries" title="University at Buffalo Libraries">University at Buffalo Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00lgzyl">BBC Face to Face interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224120511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00lgzyl">Archived</a> February 24, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with Martin Luther King and <a href="/wiki/John_Freeman_(British_politician)" title="John Freeman (British politician)">John Freeman</a>, broadcast October 29, 1961.</li> <li>FBI file on Martin Luther King Jr.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Martin%20Luther%20King%2C%20Jr./Martin%20Luther%20King%2C%20Jr.%20Part%201%20of%202/view">Part 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116235612/https://vault.fbi.gov/Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr./Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Part%201%20of%202/view">Archived</a> January 16, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Martin%20Luther%20King%2C%20Jr./Martin%20Luther%20King%2C%20Jr.%20Part%202%20of%202/view">Part 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130085929/https://vault.fbi.gov/Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr./Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20Part%202%20of%202/view">Archived</a> January 30, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> Laureate 1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martin_Luther_King_Jr." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Template:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Template talk:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther King Jr."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther_King_Jr." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Speeches,_writings,_movements,_and_protests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Speeches, writings, movements, and protests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>" (1957)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>" (1965)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>" (1967)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_to_the_Mountaintop" title="I've Been to the Mountaintop">I've Been to the Mountaintop</a>" (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom" title="Stride Toward Freedom">Stride Toward Freedom</a> (1958)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Man%3F_(King_essay)" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is Man? (King essay)">What Is Man?</a>" (1959)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_to_Love" title="Strength to Love">Strength to Love</a> (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>" (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Can%27t_Wait" title="Why We Can't Wait">Why We Can't Wait</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_for_Change" title="Conscience for Change">Conscience for Change</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here:_Chaos_or_Community%3F" title="Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?">Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Movements and protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> (1955–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">Mississippi March Against Fear</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnam_War_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Vietnam War movement">Anti-Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam#April_15,_1967_Anti-Vietnam_war_demonstrations" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">War movement</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda King</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_King" title="Dexter King">Dexter King</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Williams_King" title="Alberta Williams King">Alberta Williams King</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_King_Farris" title="Christine King Farris">Christine King Farris</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Albert_King" title="James Albert King">James Albert King</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveda_King" title="Alveda King">Alveda King</a> (niece)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> (mentor, colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a> (strategist / colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (protégé)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a> (mentor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> (advisor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Walker</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> (colleague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> (colleague)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Assassination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">Lorraine Motel</a> (now National Civil Rights Museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-assassination_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="King-assassination riots">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kershaw" title="Jack Kershaw">Jack Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> (HSCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Records_Collection_Act" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act">Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyd_Jowers" title="Loyd Jowers">Loyd Jowers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyd_Jowers_trial" title="Loyd Jowers trial">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King:_A_Filmed_Record..._Montgomery_to_Memphis" title="King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis">King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis</a> (1970 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Friend,_Martin" title="Our Friend, Martin">Our Friend, Martin</a> (1999 animated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott_(2001_film)" title="Boycott (2001 film)">Boycott</a> (2001 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witness:_From_the_Balcony_of_Room_306" title="The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306">The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306</a> (2008 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)">All the Way</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_in_the_Wilderness" title="King in the Wilderness">King in the Wilderness</a> (2018 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLK/FBI" title="MLK/FBI">MLK/FBI</a> (2020 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustin_(film)" title="Rustin (film)">Rustin</a> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(miniseries)" title="King (miniseries)">King</a> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_First_Store" title="The First Store">The First Store</a>" (<a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a>, 1980)</li> <li>"Great X-Pectations" (<a href="/wiki/A_Different_World" title="A Different World">A Different World</a>, 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Promised_Land_(New_York_Undercover)" title="The Promised Land (New York Undercover)">"The Promised Land"</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Undercover" title="New York Undercover">New York Undercover</a>, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma,_Lord,_Selma" title="Selma, Lord, Selma">Selma, Lord, Selma</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_King_(The_Boondocks)" title="Return of the King (The Boondocks)">"Return of the King"</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Boondocks_(TV_series)" title="The Boondocks (TV series)">The Boondocks</a>, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Man:_The_Brotherhood_of_MLK" title="Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK">Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK</a> (2011 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a> (MLK/X, 2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_(play)" title="The Meeting (play)">The Meeting</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountaintop" title="The Mountaintop">The Mountaintop</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Dream_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Dream (opera)">I Dream</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">All the Way</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illustrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_and_the_Montgomery_Story" title="Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story">Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story</a> (1957 comic book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">Abraham, Martin and John</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Dion_DiMucci" title="Dion DiMucci">Dion</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Princess_(album)#Track_listing" title="The Yellow Princess (album)">March! For Martin Luther King</a>" (<a href="/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)" title="John Fahey (musician)">John Fahey</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Just_a_Collection_of_Antiques_and_Curios#Track_listing" title="Just a Collection of Antiques and Curios">Martin Luther King's Dream</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Strawbs" title="Strawbs">Strawbs</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday_(Stevie_Wonder_song)" title="Happy Birthday (Stevie Wonder song)">Happy Birthday</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pride_(In_the_Name_of_Love)" title="Pride (In the Name of Love)">Pride (In the Name of Love)</a>" (<a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/MLK_(song)" title="MLK (song)">MLK</a>" (U2)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/King_Holiday" title="King Holiday">King Holiday</a>" (<a href="/wiki/King_Dream_Chorus_and_Holiday_Crew" class="mw-redirect" title="King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew">King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew</a>)</li> <li>"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (<a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/New_Moon_Shine" title="New Moon Shine">Shed a Little Light</a>" (<a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Up_to_the_Mountain_(MLK_Song)" title="Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)">Up to the Mountain</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Patti_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Patti Griffin">Patti Griffin</a>)</li> <li>"Never Alone Martin" (<a href="/wiki/Jason_Upton" title="Jason Upton">Jason Upton</a>)</li> <li>"Symphony of Brotherhood" (<a href="/wiki/Miri_Ben-Ari" title="Miri Ben-Ari">Miri Ben-Ari</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schwantner:_New_Morning_for_the_World;_Nicolas_Flagello:_The_Passion_of_Martin_Luther_King" title="Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King">Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King</a> (1995 album)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Dream_(Common_song)" title="A Dream (Common song)">A Dream</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Common_(rapper)" title="Common (rapper)">Common</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(Common_and_John_Legend_song)" title="Glory (Common and John Legend song)">"Glory"</a> (Common and <a href="/wiki/John_Legend" title="John Legend">John Legend</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.,_Inc._v._CBS,_Inc." title="Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.">Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_v._Trustees_of_Boston_Univ." title="King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.">King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passage_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Passage of Martin Luther King Jr. Day">passage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._National_Historical_Park" title="Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park">National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_Center_(Atlanta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The King Center (Atlanta)">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._authorship_issues" title="Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues">Authorship issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93King_suicide_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–King suicide letter">FBI–King suicide letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(U.S._Capitol)" title="Bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Alston)" title="Bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (Alston)">Oval Office bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_King" title="Homage to King">Homage to King sculpture, Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Moving_Forward" title="Hope Moving Forward">Hope Moving Forward statue, Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_House_Black_History_Museum" title="Safe House Black History Museum">Safe House Black History Museum</a></li> <li>Statues of Martin Luther King Jr. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Atlanta)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Atlanta)">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Embrace" title="The Embrace">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Houston)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial_(Jersey_City)" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Jersey City)">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Milwaukee)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Mexico_City)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Mexico City)">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Newark)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Newark)">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Pueblo,_Colorado)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Pueblo, Colorado)">Pueblo, Colorado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena_Gardens#Public_art" title="Yerba Buena Gardens">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Memorial_(Compton)" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)">Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial">Landmark for Peace Memorial, Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_(sculpture)" title="The Dream (sculpture)">The Dream sculpture, Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial_Library" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Library" title="Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library">Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Clichy-Batignolles_%E2%80%93_Martin_Luther_King" title="Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin Luther King">Paris park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="List of streets named after Martin Luther King Jr.">Eponymous streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_in_the_King_Years" title="America in the King Years">America in the King Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Jackson%E2%80%93King_Day" title="Lee–Jackson–King Day">Lee–Jackson–King Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Martin Luther King Jr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_%26_Storytelling_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording">Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – <a href="/wiki/Stan_Freberg" title="Stan Freberg">Stan Freberg</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein_Discusses_Humor_in_Music_and_Conducts_Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Leonard Bernstein Discusses Humor in Music and Conducts Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Humor in Music</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1961)</li> <li>The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (playwright) (1963)</li> <li>BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – <a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a> (1964)</li> <li>John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a> (producer) (1965)</li> <li>Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> (1966)</li> <li>Gallant Men – <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> (1967)</li> <li>Lonesome Cities – <a href="/wiki/Rod_McKuen" title="Rod McKuen">Rod McKuen</a> (1968)</li> <li>We Love You Call Collect – <a href="/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Art Linkletter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Diane_Linkletter" title="Diane Linkletter">Diane Linkletter</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_(Les_Crane_album)" title="Desiderata (Les Crane album)">Desiderata</a> – <a href="/wiki/Les_Crane" title="Les Crane">Les Crane</a> (1971)</li> <li>Lenny – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Botnick" title="Bruce Botnick">Bruce Botnick</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> (1973)</li> <li>Good Evening – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1975)</li> <li>Great American Documents – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Belle_of_Amherst" title="The Belle of Amherst">The Belle of Amherst</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1978)</li> <li>Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pat_Carroll" title="Pat Carroll">Pat Carroll</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan%27s_Brain" title="Donovan's Brain">Donovan's Brain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record</a> – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> (1983)</li> <li>The Words of Gandhi – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Berniker" title="Mike Berniker">Mike Berniker</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1985)</li> <li>Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chips_Moman" title="Chips Moman">Chips Moman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wobegon_Days" title="Lake Wobegon Days">Lake Wobegon Days</a> – <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a> (1987)</li> <li>Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (1988)</li> <li>It's Always Something – <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Radner" title="Gilda Radner">Gilda Radner</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracie:_A_Love_Story" title="Gracie: A Love Story">Gracie: A Love Story</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(miniseries)" title="The Civil War (miniseries)">The Civil War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a> (1991)</li> <li>What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Earvin "Magic" Johnson</a> and Robert O'Keefe (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Pulse_of_Morning" title="On the Pulse of Morning">On the Pulse of Morning</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_in_the_Van" title="Get in the Van">Get in the Van</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Henry Rollins</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenal_Woman:_Four_Poems_Celebrating_Women" title="Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women">Phenomenal Woman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Takes_a_Village" title="It Takes a Village">It Takes a Village</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (1996)</li> <li>Charles Kuralt's Spring – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kuralt" title="Charles Kuralt">Charles Kuralt</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a> (1998)</li> <li>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – <a href="/wiki/LeVar_Burton" title="LeVar Burton">LeVar Burton</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Measure_of_a_Man:_A_Spiritual_Autobiography" title="The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography">The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, Rick Harris, and John Runnette (producers) (2000)</li> <li>Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Song_Flung_Up_to_Heaven" title="A Song Flung Up to Heaven">A Song Flung Up to Heaven</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> and Paul Ruben (producer) (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> / With Ossie and Ruby – <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">An Inconvenient Truth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beau_Bridges" title="Beau Bridges">Beau Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon" title="Cynthia Nixon">Cynthia Nixon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a> (2008)</li> <li>Always Looking Up – <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(The_Book)" title="Earth (The Book)">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> (2010)</li> <li>If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – <a href="/wiki/Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> (2011)</li> <li>Society's Child – <a href="/wiki/Janis_Ian" title="Janis Ian">Janis Ian</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_Again" title="America Again">America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> (2013)</li> <li>Diary of a Mad Diva – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life:_Reflections_at_90" class="mw-redirect" title="A Full Life: Reflections at 90">A Full Life: Reflections at 90</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2015)</li> <li>In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Diarist" title="The Princess Diarist">The Princess Diarist</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> (2017)</li> <li>Faith: A Journey for All – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becoming_(book)" title="Becoming (book)">Becoming</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(book)" title="Blowout (book)">Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a> (2020)</li> <li>Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> (2021)</li> <li>Finding Me – <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_We_Carry" title="The Light We Carry">The Light We Carry: Overcoming in Uncertain Times</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></li> <li>1914</li> <li>1915</li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1918</li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li>1923</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></li> <li>1928</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></li> <li>1932</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></li> <li>1939</li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li>1948</li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award) / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1964_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1964_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1964 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a> (Soviet Union)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Emil Bloch</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners">1962</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1963 Nobel Prize winners">1963</a></dd> <dd>1964 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1965_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1965 Nobel Prize winners">1965</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1966_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1966 Nobel Prize winners">1966</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1967_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1967 Nobel Prize winners">1967</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1968 Nobel Prize winners">1968</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1969_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1969 Nobel Prize winners">1969</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacem_in_Terris_Peace_and_Freedom_Award_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates" title="Template:Pacem in Terris Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Pacem in Terris Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacem in Terris Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacem_in_Terris_Peace_and_Freedom_Award_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_Terris_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacem in Terris Award">Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1964: <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Griffin" title="John Howard Griffin">John Howard Griffin</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li>1965: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">R. Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/James_Groppi" title="James Groppi">James Groppi</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hughes" title="Harold Hughes">Harold Hughes</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" title="Hélder Câmara">Hélder Câmara</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gumbleton" title="Thomas Gumbleton">Thomas Gumbleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Lee_Sutton" title="Crystal Lee Sutton">Crystal Lee Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Leo_Unterkoefler" title="Ernest Leo Unterkoefler">Ernest Leo Unterkoefler</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bernardin" title="Joseph Bernardin">Joseph Bernardin</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_John_Dingman" title="Maurice John Dingman">Maurice John Dingman</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Egan" title="Eileen Egan">Eileen Egan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Maguire</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Julia_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="María Julia Hernández">María Julia Hernández</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">César Chávez</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wallis" title="Jim Wallis">Jim Wallis</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ruiz" title="Samuel Ruiz">Samuel Ruiz</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Douglass" title="James W. Douglass">Jim and Shelley Douglass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/George_G._Higgins" title="George G. Higgins">George G. Higgins</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Hennessey" title="Gwen Hennessey">Gwen Hennessey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hennessey" title="Dorothy Hennessey">Dorothy Hennessey</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Simon" title="Arthur Simon">Arthur Simon</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mosley" title="Donald Mosley">Donald Mosley</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Salim_Ghazal" title="Salim Ghazal">Salim Ghazal</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mottet" title="Marvin Mottet">Marvin Mottet</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Goss-Mayr" title="Hildegard Goss-Mayr">Hildegard Goss-Mayr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/John_Dear" title="John Dear">John Dear</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Leonel_Ramazzini_Imeri" title="Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri">Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Bobo" title="Kim Bobo">Kim Bobo</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Campbell" title="Simone Campbell">Simone Campbell</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Widad_Akrawi" title="Widad Akrawi">Widad Akreyi</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Munib_Younan" title="Munib Younan">Munib Younan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Norma_Pimentel" title="Norma Pimentel">Norma Pimentel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li>1938: no award</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li>1957: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></li> <li>1975: no award</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></li> <li>1978: no award</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li>1984: no award</li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></li> <li>2017: no award</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></li> <li>2020: no award</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCLC_presidents" title="Template:SCLC presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCLC_presidents" title="Template talk:SCLC presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCLC_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCLC presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1957–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a> (1968–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (1997–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a> (2004–2009)</li> <li>Howard W. Creecy Jr. (2009–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a> (2012–2024)</li> <li>DeMark Liggins (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_Rights_Memorial" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Template:Civil Rights Memorial"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Template talk:Civil Rights Memorial"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil Rights Memorial"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_Rights_Memorial" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Lin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martyrs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Allen" title="Louis Allen">Louis Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Willie_Brewster" title="Murder of Willie Brewster">Willie Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(activist)" title="Benjamin Brown (activist)">Benjamin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Johnnie_Mae_Chappell" title="Murder of Johnnie Mae Chappell">Johnnie Mae Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addie_Mae_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Addie Mae Collins">Addie Mae Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hezekiah_Dee" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hezekiah Dee">Henry Hezekiah Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ducksworth_Jr." title="Roman Ducksworth Jr.">Roman Ducksworth Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Willie_Edwards" title="Murder of Willie Edwards">Willie Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Guihard" title="Murder of Paul Guihard">Paul Guihard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hammond_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Hammond Jr.">Samuel Hammond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wharlest_Jackson" title="Murder of Wharlest Jackson">Wharlest Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_W._Klunder" title="Bruce W. Klunder">Bruce W. Klunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lee" title="George W. Lee">George W. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lee_(activist)" title="Herbert Lee (activist)">Herbert Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Denise_McNair" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Denise McNair">Carol Denise McNair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Herman_Middleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Delano Herman Middleton">Delano Herman Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eddie_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Eddie Moore">Charles Eddie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Oneal_Moore" title="Murder of Oneal Moore">Oneal Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Charles_Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Mack Charles Parker">Mack Charles Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lemuel_Penn" title="Murder of Lemuel Penn">Lemuel Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Reese" title="John Earl Reese">John Earl Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Carole Robertson">Carole Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ezekial_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Ezekial Smith">Henry Ezekial Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith_(activist)" title="Lamar Smith (activist)">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Triggs" title="Clarence Triggs">Clarence Triggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Lamar_Ware" title="Virgil Lamar Ware">Virgil Lamar Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Wesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Wesley">Cynthia Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chester_White" title="Ben Chester White">Ben Chester White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case" title="Mississippi Cold Case">Mississippi Cold Case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coretta_Scott_King" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coretta_Scott_King" title="Template:Coretta Scott King"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coretta_Scott_King" title="Template talk:Coretta Scott King"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coretta_Scott_King" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coretta Scott King"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coretta_Scott_King" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#Childhood_and_education" title="Coretta Scott King">Childhood and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#Civil_rights_movement" title="Coretta Scott King">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam#April_15,_1967_Anti-Vietnam_war_demonstrations" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">1967 San Francisco anti-war march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">2004 Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Coretta_Scott_King" title="Death and funeral of Coretta Scott King">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_v._Trustees_of_Boston_Univ." title="King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.">King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#Recognition_and_tributes" title="Coretta Scott King">Recognition and tributes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Award" title="Coretta Scott King Award">Coretta Scott King Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Young_Women%27s_Leadership_Academy" title="Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy">Coretta Scott King Young Women's Leadership Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_King" title="Yolanda King">Yolanda King</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III" title="Martin Luther King III">Martin Luther King III</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_King" title="Dexter King">Dexter King</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_King" title="Bernice King">Bernice King</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edythe_Scott_Bagley" title="Edythe Scott Bagley">Edythe Scott Bagley</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(miniseries)" title="King (miniseries)">King</a> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Friend,_Martin" title="Our Friend, Martin">Our Friend, Martin</a> (1999 animated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_%26_Coretta" title="Betty & Coretta">Betty & Coretta</a> (2013 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Embrace" title="The Embrace">The Embrace</a> (2023 statue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustin_(film)" title="Rustin (film)">Rustin</a> (upcoming film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coretta_Scott_King" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Coretta Scott King">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coretta_Scott_King" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Coretta Scott King">Wikiquote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template talk:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Gandhi_arrives_in_India" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Second_Round_Table_Conference_(September_–_December_1931)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochrab_Ashram" title="Kochrab Ashram">India ashrams (Kochrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Asram" title="Gandhi Memorial Asram">Sodepur Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">List of fasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi">Practices and beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeship_(Gandhism)" title="Trusteeship (Gandhism)">trusteeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_Talim" title="Nai Talim">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_vows" title="Eleven vows">Eleven vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_(magazine)" title="Harijan (magazine)">Harijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule">Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Prabhat" title="Mangal Prabhat">Mangal Prabhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Trust" title="Navajivan Trust">Navajivan Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Gandhi Heritage Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience (essay)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsee_Rustomjee" title="Parsee Rustomjee">Parsee Rustomjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a>) (<a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Gandhi's translation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Raja_Ram" title="Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram">Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ekla_Chalo_Re" title="Ekla Chalo Re">Ekla Chalo Re</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hari_Tuma_Haro" title="Hari Tuma Haro">Hari Tuma Haro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Jana_To" title="Vaishnava Jana To">Vaishnava Jana To</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Anand" title="Swami Anand">Swami Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarlal_Banker" title="Shankarlal Banker">Shankarlal Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Krishna_Chandiwala" title="Brij Krishna Chandiwala">Brij Krishna Chandiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Chaturvedi" title="Sudhakar Chaturvedi">Sudhakar Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Dharmadhikari" title="Dada Dharmadhikari">Dada Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prasad_Gupta" title="Shiv Prasad Gupta">Shiv Prasad Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Hajee_Ahmed_Jhaveri" title="Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri">Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Amtus_Salam" title="Bibi Amtus Salam">Bibi Amtus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Schlesin" title="Sonja Schlesin">Sonja Schlesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Krishna Sinha">Sri Krishna Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravishankar_Vyas" title="Ravishankar Vyas">Ravishankar Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishorlal_Mashruwala" title="Kishorlal Mashruwala">Kishorlal Mashruwala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Foundation" title="Gandhi Peace Foundation">Gandhi Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series">Indian currency (Gandhi Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_New_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi New Series">Gandhi New Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_10_Rupee_Mahatma_Gandhi_postage_stamp" title="Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp">Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Family of Mahatma Gandhi">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Uttamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Gandhi (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maganlal_Gandhi" title="Maganlal Gandhi">Maganlal (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Gandhi" title="Ramchandra Gandhi">Ramchandra (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi_(scientist)" title="Kanu Gandhi (scientist)">Kanu (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu (grandnephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang" title="Abhay and Rani Bang">Abhay Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad" title="Brajkishore Prasad">Brajkishore Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Vallabh_Pant" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Vallabh Pant">Govind Vallabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bondurant" title="Joan Bondurant">Joan Bondurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjee_Singh" title="Ramjee Singh">Ramjee Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Sane" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Sane">Sane Guruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Memorials_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Accra" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Accra">Ghana</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Gandhi_Maidan" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi Maidan">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial" title="National Salt Satyagraha Memorial">National Salt Satyagraha Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_of_India" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India">New Delhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Johannesburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Pietermaritzburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Tavistock_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Davis,_California)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Davis, California)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Houston)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Milwaukee)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh" title="Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh">Gandhi Bhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Market" title="Gandhi Market">Gandhi Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(bookstore)" title="Gandhi (bookstore)">Bookstores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi Promenade">Gandhi Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari#Tourist_sites" title="Kanyakumari">Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Teerth" title="Gandhi Teerth">Gandhi Teerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Temple,_Bhatara" title="Gandhi Temple, Bhatara">Gandhi Temple, Bhatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Centre,_Matale" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Bhavan" title="Mani Bhavan">Mani Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Mohandas Gandhi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gandhi_Museum" title="National Gandhi Museum">National Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">Roads named after Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_House" title="Satyagraha House">Satyagraha House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template talk:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention" title="World Constitutional Convention">World Constitutional Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention_call" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constitutional Convention call">call</a> signatories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a> </li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_Coordinating_Committee" title="World Constitution Coordinating Committee">World Constitution Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Read" title="Thane Read">Thane Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Isely" title="Philip Isely">Philip Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Isely" title="Margaret Isely">Margaret Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd" title="Georgia Lloyd">Georgia Lloyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_presidents" title="Lists of presidents">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_%C5%8Chara" title="Hiroo Ōhara">Hiroo Ōhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region"><img alt="Greater Accra Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="202" /></a> <a href="/wiki/E.C._Quaye" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Quaye">E.C. Quaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada" title="Setsuo Yamada">Setsuo Yamada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai" title="Shinzo Hamai">Shinzo Hamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer">Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kazami" title="Akira Kazami">Akira Kazami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy" title="B. Satya Narayan Reddy">B. Satya Narayan Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara" title="Chiyo Sakakibara">Chiyo Sakakibara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall" title="Diwan Chaman Lall">Diwan Chaman Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza">Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Gerhard Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Usborne" title="Henry Usborne">Henry Usborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Kiyose" title="Ichirō Kiyose">Ichirō Kiyose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_de_Lipkowski" title="Irène de Lipkowski">Irène de Lipkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Kenzō Matsumura">Kenzō Matsumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah" title="Komla Agbeli Gbedemah">Komla Agbeli Gbedemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Patrick Wolrige-Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">Religious leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley" title="Dana McLean Greeley">Dana McLean Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)" title="Michael Scott (priest)">Michael Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (twice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology or Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (Chemistry & Peace)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson" title="Edris Rice-Wray Carson">Edris Rice-Wray Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Orcel" title="Jean Orcel">Jean Orcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray" title="Priyadaranjan Ray">Priyadaranjan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">Humanitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a> (Righteous Among the Nations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">Veterans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester" title="Hugh B. Hester">Hugh B. Hester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varied Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bishop" title="Arthur Ernest Bishop">Arthur Ernest Bishop</a> (inventor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> (Social realist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._L._Odjidja" title="E. M. L. Odjidja">E. M. L. Odjidja</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Sparling" title="Edward J. Sparling">Edward J. Sparling</a> (educator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kahler" title="Erich Kahler">Erich Kahler</a> (scholar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Bermann" title="Gregorio Bermann">Gregorio Bermann</a> (humanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> (science editor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Laugier" title="Henri Laugier">Henri Laugier</a> (scholar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> (scholar & pacifist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Kaoru Ōta">Kaoru Ōta</a> (union leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle">Kay Boyle</a> (writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Lloyd Morain</a> (humanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> (writer & scholar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> (architect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Hy%C5%8Dei" title="Ōuchi Hyōei">Ōuchi Hyōei</a> (economist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a> (social worker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a> (artist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka" title="Shigeri Yamataka">Shigeri Yamataka</a> (feminist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Wadia" title="Sophia Wadia">Sophia Wadia</a> (theosophist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin" title="Stanley Slotkin">Stanley Slotkin</a> (businessman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> (cultural theorist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura" title="Tamaki Uemura">Tamaki Uemura</a> (<a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> executive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tano_J%C5%8Ddai" title="Tano Jōdai">Tano Jōdai</a> (teacher & pacifist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> (pacifist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention">World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">World constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ">[4]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8027#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121450746">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100170140">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40023/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrcjRkVcDK46CqybXcwYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118562215">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084324">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909768k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909768k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00469568">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV007788">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35116159">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700891&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000083348&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX879954">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/773490">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/153708">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069414343">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054800">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=008194590&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000122063&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000084566&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037111">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=108354">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199614927">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvwfv045jzw67">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810555543905606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/207708">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263593605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513028506706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14369796">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00912678?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/80f23097-a035-4409-84d7-7caa855f53a8">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/martin-luther-king-jr/3720">Grammy Awards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/831205">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118562215.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118562215">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026949814">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583019">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qs5m3z">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41008473">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&oldid=1259450487">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther_King_Jr.&oldid=1259450487</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Category:Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1929_births" title="Category:1929 births">1929 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1968_deaths" title="Category:1968 deaths">1968 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Baptist_ministers_from_the_United_States" title="Category:20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States">20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_letter_writers" title="Category:20th-century letter writers">20th-century letter writers</a></li><li><a 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title="Category:People from Atlanta">People from Atlanta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_involved_with_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Category:People involved with the civil rights movement">People involved with the civil rights movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_murdered_in_Tennessee" title="Category:People murdered in Tennessee">People murdered in Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_prisoners_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Political prisoners in the United States">Political prisoners in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Category:Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients" title="Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients">Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Alabama" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of Alabama">Prisoners and detainees of Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Florida" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of Florida">Prisoners and detainees of Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Prisoners and detainees of Georgia (U.S. state)">Prisoners and detainees of Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Category:Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stabbing_attacks_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Stabbing attacks in the United States">Stabbing attacks in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stabbing_survivors" title="Category:Stabbing survivors">Stabbing survivors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suffragists_from_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Suffragists from Georgia (U.S. state)">Suffragists from Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li><a 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Johnson administration controversies">Lyndon B. 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By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. 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1 Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories"," 9.30% 566.088 124 Template:Cite_web"," 6.23% 379.313 78 Template:Cite_news"," 2.05% 124.975 236 Template:Main_other"," 2.02% 123.148 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.837","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17898534,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbernathy1989\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAnsbro1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnsbro2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnsell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAron2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArsenault2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzbell1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldwinBurrowFairclough2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaty2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBender2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlake2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlytheCarrollMoffson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBobbitt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoggs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranch2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBraunstein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrindley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruns2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA1967\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCalifornia_943052017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanedy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter,_Jimmy1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCashman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakko_Kuruvila2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristoffersen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurch1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClinton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenTaylor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopeland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrenshaw2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Leon1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeatsLenkerPerry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickerson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowning1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDubner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDysonJagerman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEig2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Naggar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglerEngler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairclough1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiskSchellenberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlowersFlowers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrady2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGage2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallupGallup2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarnerCronkiteKurtis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrow\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrow1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrow1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrow2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatesAppiah1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelder1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlick1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlisson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanGonzalez2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham,_Renee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreeneGabbidon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaley1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardingRosenthal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarpaz,_Beth_J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrellGaustadMillerBoles2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatchDouglas1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendricks_Jr.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerst2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoney2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoney2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooperHooper1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsserman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssermanKazin2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesMcCarthy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahlenberg1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatznelson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKick2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFKing1967\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKing1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingCarson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingCarson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingKing,_Coretta_Scott2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingKingKing1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKochakian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoenig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorte2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrenn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurlansky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurent2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawsonPaynePatterson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeighton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentz1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLevingston2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLing1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLing2002\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLoevyHumphreyStewart1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogginsDouglas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLokos1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLuther_King\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManheimer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarable1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarableMullings2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Luther_King1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKnight1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhorter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikkelson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillender1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontefiore2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuse1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaftali2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy_Clanton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewfield1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNojeim2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNsenga2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOates1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOates1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgletree2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPAGE2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepper2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPerry1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierce2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierre2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilkington2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilkington2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPineo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolk2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPosner,_Gerald1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowersVogeleKrueglerMcCarthy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress_Office2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaines,_Howell1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalph1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemington2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRickert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenbergKarabell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyskind2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSack,_KevinYellin,_Emily1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanneh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafritz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShellnutt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheppard1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingletonWildin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitkoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlessarev1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithSeltzer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeigel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpragens1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStott2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrachan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubleyBaynes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturm1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTewa2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheoharisPovedaPowersRosenfeld1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTheophrastus2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigil1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWannall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWashington1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonMarableNess2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintle2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeshitela\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYglesias2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounge2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinn2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"'-\"] = 1,\n [\"1964 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"African American topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 9,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 180,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite letter\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 124,\n [\"Civil Rights Memorial\"] = 1,\n [\"Civil rights movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Coretta Scott King\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:King, Martin Luther Jr.\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gandhi\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 1970s\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 15,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Martin Luther King\"] = 1,\n [\"Martin Luther King Jr. sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdashb\"] = 1,\n [\"NRHP url\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nee\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1951–1975\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Pacem in Terris Award laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 4,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"SCLC presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 168,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 2,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Spingarn Medal\"] = 1,\n [\"Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year 1951–1975\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 4,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"World Constitutional Convention call signatories\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","13.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","460","10.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","320","7.5"],["recursiveClone 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