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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Germany-Mozambique relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_Mozambique_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Germany and Mozambique"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Germany and Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Germany_Mozambique_Locator.png/250px-Germany_Mozambique_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Germany_Mozambique_Locator.png/375px-Germany_Mozambique_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Germany_Mozambique_Locator.png/500px-Germany_Mozambique_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/75px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/68px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/90px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, have maintained diplomatic relations since Mozambique's independence in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, numerous visits by German politicians and business, commissions to Mozambique have followed, and a number of Mozambican politicians have visited the Federal Republic of Germany. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1975">Before 1975</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before 1975"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:094_deutsch-ostafrika_(1905).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/094_deutsch-ostafrika_%281905%29.png/220px-094_deutsch-ostafrika_%281905%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/094_deutsch-ostafrika_%281905%29.png/330px-094_deutsch-ostafrika_%281905%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/094_deutsch-ostafrika_%281905%29.png/440px-094_deutsch-ostafrika_%281905%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption>Map from 1905, showing the Kionga Triangle as part of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mozambique was a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colony</a> after <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s arrival in 1498. The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> took possession of the adjacent territory to the north as <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> in 1885. After the Anglo-German <a href="/wiki/Heligoland%E2%80%93Zanzibar_Treaty" title="Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty">Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty</a> in 1890, the German Empire also considered the <a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a> in the extreme northeast of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Africa">Portuguese East Africa</a> (now Mozambique) as belonging to German East Africa, and occupied the area in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in August 1914, Portugal was initially still neutral and did not receive a declaration of war from Germany until March 9, 1916. Portuguese troops then reoccupied the disputed Kionga Triangle. </p><p>At the end of World War I in East Africa, the remainder of the German <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schutztruppe_f%C3%BCr_Deutsch-Ostafrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika (page does not exist)">Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika</a> retreated to Mozambican territory in November 1917 ahead of British forces. In September 1918, they moved on to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, where they surrendered on November 25, 1918, following news of the armistice in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kionga Triangle was finally granted to Portugal in the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Peace_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Peace Treaty">Versailles Peace Treaty</a> of 1919. </p><p>In 1932, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentina_(Beer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurentina (Beer) (page does not exist)">Laurentina</a> Brewery was founded, the first beer brewery in Mozambique. The recipe was developed by a German brewmaster who was recruited for the purpose in Germany and initially managed the fabrication in Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portuguese East Africa became the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique in 1951 and gained independence in 1975, following the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in Portugal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1975">After 1975</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After 1975"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0611-010,_G%C3%BCstrow,_P%C3%A4dagogikstudentin_aus_Mocambique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0611-010%2C_G%C3%BCstrow%2C_P%C3%A4dagogikstudentin_aus_Mocambique.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0611-010%2C_G%C3%BCstrow%2C_P%C3%A4dagogikstudentin_aus_Mocambique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0611-010%2C_G%C3%BCstrow%2C_P%C3%A4dagogikstudentin_aus_Mocambique.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0611-010%2C_G%C3%BCstrow%2C_P%C3%A4dagogikstudentin_aus_Mocambique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0611-010%2C_G%C3%BCstrow%2C_P%C3%A4dagogikstudentin_aus_Mocambique.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0611-010%2C_G%C3%BCstrow%2C_P%C3%A4dagogikstudentin_aus_Mocambique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Mozambican student at the University of Education in Güstrow, teaching mathematics to class in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCstrow" title="Güstrow">Güstrow</a> (1986).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR) was the first German state to recognize the young <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(1949-1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany (1949-1990)">Federal Republic of Germany</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mozambique and the GDR subsequently maintained intensive relations, and the country became a focus of GDR development aid. Thus, numerous Mozambicans studied here, and as of 1979, over 16,000<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to about 22,000<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contract workers came to the GDR. In total, the number of Mozambicans who studied or worked in the GDR is estimated at 26,000.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the framework of scientific and technical cooperation, numerous GDR technicians were also sent to Mozambique to work on various projects for the reconstruction and development of the country. In the process, the foreign aid workers, whose expertise made an essential contribution to the stabilization and development of the newly independent, socialist-oriented country, repeatedly became the target of planned attacks. These attacks were carried out by <a href="/wiki/RENAMO" title="RENAMO">RENAMO</a>, a rebel group largely under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa_(1961-1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa (1961-1994)">South African</a> military intelligence service of the time, which was used to destabilize Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unango attack on December 6, 1984, was the worst of these incidents. Seven GDR citizens died as a result. RENAMO received considerable material and moral support from a right-wing conservative network around then-Bavarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauß</a>, who at times pursued his own foreign policy, parallel to the German government's foreign policy aimed at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a>. This West German network of supporters of RENAMO ranged from representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns-Seidel Foundation</a> to intelligence actors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the People's Republic of Mozambique in 1990 and the <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> in 1992, the now <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunified Germany</a> participated in the reconstruction in Mozambique. A large number of reciprocal high-level visits have taken place since then.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the problem of the Madgermanes, the approximately 15,000 contract workers whose wages were to be paid partly locally and partly in Mozambique, remained unsolved. They came to Germany after a state treaty between the GDR and Mozambique in 1979. After reunification in 1990, however, the Federal Republic did not adopt the contract and expelled the Mozambicans with severance payments. They are now waiting for the outstanding portions of their wage payments, which the German government said they should receive from the Mozambican government. Claims arising from their social security contributions paid in Germany also remain in dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, those affected have regularly demonstrated in Maputo, including briefly occupying the German Embassy in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the case of the Mozambican <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Adriano" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto Adriano">Alberto Adriano</a>, who was beaten to death by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, attracted international attention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a large number of cooperation and funding programs between the two countries, particularly through the <a href="/wiki/German_Academic_Exchange_Service" title="German Academic Exchange Service">German Academic Exchange Service</a> (DAAD).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the DAAD promotes student exchanges. In 2015, for example, 30 DAAD scholarship holders came to Mozambique from Germany, while 65 Mozambicans came to Germany with a DAAD scholarship for study purposes in the same period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_relations">Economic relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly after the significant <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">offshore natural gas</a> discoveries in the northern <a href="/wiki/Rovuma_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovuma Plate">Rovuma Basin</a> in 2011, economic interest in Mozambique has also grown in Germany. For example, the German Chamber of Commerce Abroad for Southern Africa, based in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, opened a German-Mozambican business development office in Maputo in April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Germany exported 52 million <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a> worth of goods to Mozambique and in return imported 162 million euros worth of goods from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, goods and services are also traded with Mozambique through German branches in South Africa, which are therefore not included in the German-Mozambican trade statistics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resident_diplomatic_missions">Resident diplomatic missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Resident diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Germany has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>.</li> <li>Mozambique has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Botschaft_Maputo_(23803540446).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of Germany in Maputo"><img alt="Embassy of Germany in Maputo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutsche_Botschaft_Maputo_%2823803540446%29.jpg/120px-Deutsche_Botschaft_Maputo_%2823803540446%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutsche_Botschaft_Maputo_%2823803540446%29.jpg/180px-Deutsche_Botschaft_Maputo_%2823803540446%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Deutsche_Botschaft_Maputo_%2823803540446%29.jpg/240px-Deutsche_Botschaft_Maputo_%2823803540446%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of Germany in Maputo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botschaftssitz_von_Mosambik,_Stromstr._Moabit_2019-04-02_ama_fec.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of Mozambique in Berlin"><img alt="Embassy of Mozambique in Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Botschaftssitz_von_Mosambik%2C_Stromstr._Moabit_2019-04-02_ama_fec.jpg/120px-Botschaftssitz_von_Mosambik%2C_Stromstr._Moabit_2019-04-02_ama_fec.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Botschaftssitz_von_Mosambik%2C_Stromstr._Moabit_2019-04-02_ama_fec.jpg/180px-Botschaftssitz_von_Mosambik%2C_Stromstr._Moabit_2019-04-02_ama_fec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Botschaftssitz_von_Mosambik%2C_Stromstr._Moabit_2019-04-02_ama_fec.jpg/240px-Botschaftssitz_von_Mosambik%2C_Stromstr._Moabit_2019-04-02_ama_fec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of Mozambique in Berlin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Harald Heinke: <i>Khanimambo Moçambique – Ein Zeitzeuge erzählt.</i> Projekte Verlag Cornelius, Halle/Saale 2010, ISBN 978-3-86237-226-3</li> <li>Stefan Bollinger, Ulrich van der Heyden, Ralf Straßburg: <i>Solidarität oder Eigennutz? Die mosambikanischen Vertragsarbeiter in der DDR-Wirtschaft</i>, Helle Panke, Berlin 2015</li> <li>Rantzsch, Franziska; <i>The Negotiations of the Contract Labor Accord between the GDR and Mozambique;</i> Kap. 5 in: <i>Navigating Socialist Encounters: Moorings and (Dis)Entanglements between Africa and East Germany during the Cold War;</i> Berlin 2021; ISBN 978-3-11-062231-7</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/laenderinformationen/mosambik-node/mozambique/235406">"Germany and Mozambique: Bilateral relations"</a>. <i>German Federal Foreign Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Template:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Foreign_relations_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Algeria–Germany relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Angola–Germany relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cameroon–Germany relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Central African Republic–Germany relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Egypt–Germany relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Eritrea–Germany relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ethiopia–Germany relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Germany–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="Germany–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Germany–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Germany–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Germany–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Germany–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="Germany–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Germany–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="Germany–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Germany–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Germany–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="Germany–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Germany–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Germany–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Germany–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Germany–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somaliland_relations" title="Germany–Somaliland relations">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Germany–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Germany–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Germany–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Germany–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="Germany–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Germany–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany-Zimbabwe_relations" title="Germany-Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deutscher Bundesadler"><img alt="Deutscher Bundesadler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Argentina–Germany relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Barbados–Germany relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bolivia–Germany relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brazil–Germany relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Canada–Germany relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Chile–Germany relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Colombia–Germany relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cuba–Germany relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ecuador–Germany relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guyana_relations" title="Germany–Guyana relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Germany–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Germany–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Germany–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="Germany–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Germany–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Germany–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Germany–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Germany–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Afghanistan–Germany relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bahrain–Germany relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bangladesh–Germany relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Bhutan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany–Bhutan relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brunei–Germany relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cambodia–Germany relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Germany–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Germany–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Germany–Iraq relations">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Germany–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Germany–Israel relations">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_consuls_in_Jerusalem,_Jaffa,_Haifa_and_Eilat" title="List of German consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat">Consuls in Haifa and Eilat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Germany–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Germany–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Germany–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Germany–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="Germany–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Germany–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Germany–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Germany–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Germany–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Germany–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Germany–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Germany–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Germany–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Germany–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Germany–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Germany–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Germany–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Germany–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Germany–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Germany–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Germany–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Germany–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Germany–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Germany–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Germany–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Germany–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Germany–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Germany–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Germany–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Albania–Germany relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Armenia–Germany relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Germany relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Austria–Germany relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belarus–Germany relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belgium–Germany relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Germany relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bulgaria–Germany relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Croatia–Germany relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cyprus–Germany relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Czech Republic–Germany relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Denmark–Germany relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Estonia–Germany relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Finland–Germany relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Georgia–Germany relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Germany–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Germany–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Germany–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="Germany–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Germany–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Germany–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Germany–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="Germany–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="Germany–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Germany–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="Germany–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Germany–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Germany–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Germany–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Germany–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Germany–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Germany–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Germany–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Germany–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Germany–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Germany–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Germany–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Germany–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Germany–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Germany–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Australia–Germany relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Germany–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Germany–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nazi_Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Nazi Germany relations">China before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Soviet Union before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_relations" title="Inner German relations">Inner German relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Germany–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors of Nazi Germany">Ambassadors of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Nazi Germany">Foreign relations of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of East Germany">Foreign relations of East Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign ministers of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions of Germany">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions in Germany">in Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ambassadors_of_Germany" title="Lists of ambassadors of Germany">Ambassadors of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nations" title="Germany and the United Nations">Germany and the United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mozambique&#124;link=Mozambique_Foreign_relations_of_Mozambique" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Mozambique" title="Template:Foreign relations of Mozambique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Mozambique" title="Template talk:Foreign 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data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mozambique" title="Foreign relations of Mozambique">Foreign relations of Mozambique</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Angola–Mozambique relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Kenya–Mozambique relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Malawi–Mozambique relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Mozambique–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Mozambique–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Mozambique–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mozambique"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Indonesia–Mozambique relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Japan–Mozambique relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mozambique–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Denmark–Mozambique relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Finland–Mozambique relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="France–Mozambique relations">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Kosovo–Mozambique relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Mozambique–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mozambique–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Mozambique–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Mozambique–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Mozambique" title="List of diplomatic missions of Mozambique">Diplomatic missions of Mozambique</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Mozambique" title="List of diplomatic missions in Mozambique">in Mozambique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mozambique)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Mozambique)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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