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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Renaissance in Poland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="النهضة البولندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النهضة البولندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Полски ренесанс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полски ренесанс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αναγέννηση στην Πολωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναγέννηση στην Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimiento_en_Polonia" title="Renacimiento en Polonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renacimiento en Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رنسانس در لهستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنسانس در لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վերածնունդը Լեհաստանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերածնունդը Լեհաստանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinascimento_in_Polonia" title="Rinascimento in Polonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rinascimento in Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הרנסאנס הפולני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרנסאנס הפולני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolse_renaissance" title="Poolse renaissance – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poolse renaissance" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ポーランド・ルネッサンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド・ルネッサンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena%C8%99terea_%C3%AEn_Polonia" title="Renașterea în Polonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Renașterea în Polonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Ренессанс в Польше – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ренессанс в Польше" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Ренесанса у Пољској – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ренесанса у Пољској" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska_renesansa" title="Poljska renesansa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljska renesansa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2903045#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="View the content page [c]" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/250px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/375px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/500px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i> (1509–1511) by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender;"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender;"> History and study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Renaissance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Poland" title="Category:Poland">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Culture of Poland</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/100px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/150px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/200px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_medieval_Poland" title="Culture of medieval Poland">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Positivism" title="Polish Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Poland" title="Young Poland">Young Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_in_the_Interbellum" title="Polish culture in the Interbellum">Interbellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II" title="Polish culture during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Culture in the Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_post-communist_Poland" title="Culture in post-communist Poland">Modern-day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Poland">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Poland" title="Refugees in Poland">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Poland" title="Crime in Poland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Poland" title="Health care in Poland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">North Central Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilamovian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilamovian language">Vilamovian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Poland" title="Cultural history of Poland">Traditions</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Poland">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Poland">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_artists" title="List of Polish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_painters" title="List of Polish painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Architecture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Poland">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish-language_authors" title="List of Polish-language authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish language poets">Poets</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_composers" title="List of Polish composers">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish musicians">Musicians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Poland">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Poland" title="Radio in Poland">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Poland" title="Television in Poland">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Poland" title="Football in Poland">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Handball_in_Poland" title="Category:Handball in Poland">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_racing_in_Poland" title="Category:Horse racing in Poland">Horse Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Poland" title="Category:Motorsport in Poland">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volleyball_in_Poland" title="Category:Volleyball in Poland">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Winter_sports_in_Poland" title="Category:Winter sports in Poland">Winter sports</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Poland" title="List of castles in Poland">Castles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Poland">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Poland">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Poland" title="Template:Culture of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Culture of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Renaissance in Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Renesans, Odrodzenie</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[rɛˈnɛ.sans]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d4\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-renesans.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-renesans.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-renesans.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-renesans.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-renesans.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Poemat-renesans.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-renesans.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ɔd.rɔˈd͡zɛ.ɲɛ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/Pl-odrodzenie.ogg\/Pl-odrodzenie.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-odrodzenie.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Pl-odrodzenie.ogg/Pl-odrodzenie.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-odrodzenie.ogg" title="File:Pl-odrodzenie.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Rebirth</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish culture">Polish culture</a>. Ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a> (from 1569 part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>) actively participated in the broad European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The multinational Polish state experienced a period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars, aside from conflicts in the sparsely-populated eastern and southern borderlands. The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> spread peacefully throughout the country (giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a>), and living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility (<i><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i>), who gained dominance in the new political system of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> movement, whose influence originated in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, spread throughout Poland roughly in the 15th and 16th century. Many Italian artists arrived in the country welcomed by Polish royalty, including <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Fiorentino" title="Francesco Fiorentino">Francesco Fiorentino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Berecci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Berecci (page does not exist)">Bartolomeo Berecci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santi_Gucci" title="Santi Gucci">Santi Gucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Gucci" title="Mateo Gucci">Mateo Gucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Morando" title="Bernardo Morando">Bernardo Morando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_di_Quadro" title="Giovanni Battista di Quadro">Giovanni Battista di Quadro</a> and others, including thinkers and educators such as <a href="/wiki/Filip_Callimachus" class="mw-redirect" title="Filip Callimachus">Filip Callimachus</a>, merchants such as the Boner family and the Montelupi family,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other prominent personalities who immigrated to Poland since the late 15th century in search of new opportunities. Most of them settled in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, the Polish capital until 1611. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Kochanowski_with_Ursula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jan_Kochanowski_with_Ursula.png/170px-Jan_Kochanowski_with_Ursula.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jan_Kochanowski_with_Ursula.png/255px-Jan_Kochanowski_with_Ursula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jan_Kochanowski_with_Ursula.png/340px-Jan_Kochanowski_with_Ursula.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a>, poet and prose writer, with his beloved daughter</figcaption></figure> <p>The Renaissance values of the dignity of man and power of his reason were applauded in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many works were translated into Polish and Latin from classical <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, as well as contemporary languages like <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cracow_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracow Academy">Cracow Academy</a>, one of the world's oldest universities, enjoyed its Golden Era between 1500 and 1535, with 3,215 students graduating in the first decade of the 16th century – a record not surpassed until the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of Polish Renaissance, supportive of intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> who in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i> presented the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> theory of the universe, <a href="/wiki/Maciej_of_Miech%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciej of Miechów">Maciej of Miechów</a>, author of <i>Tractatus de duabus Sarmatis...</i> – the most accurate up to date <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographical</a> account of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wapowski" title="Bernard Wapowski">Bernard Wapowski</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> whose maps of that region appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Kromer" title="Marcin Kromer">Marcin Kromer</a> who in his <i>De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum libri...</i> described both the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">geography of Poland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski" title="Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski">Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski</a>, a philosopher concerned with <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Rej" title="Mikołaj Rej">Mikołaj Rej</a> who has popularized the use of <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> in poetry; and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a>, whose poems in Polish elevated him to the ranks of the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> poets.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg/220px-De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg/330px-De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Young Poles, especially sons of nobility (<a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>), who graduated from any one of over 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> schools, <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a> and several academies (<a href="/wiki/Cracow_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracow Academy">Cracow Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilno_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno Academy">Wilno Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamość Academy">Zamość Academy</a>), often traveled abroad to complete their education.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish thinkers, like Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Dantiscus" title="Johannes Dantiscus">Johannes Dantiscus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski" title="Jan Łaski">Jan Łaski</a> maintained contacts with leading European philosophers of the Renaissance, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland not only partook in the exchange of major cultural and scientific ideas and developments of Western Europe, but also spread <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western heritage</a> eastwards among <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slavic peoples">East Slavic</a> nations.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> process, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> and art with the syllabic versification in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv-Mohyla Academy">Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from where it was transmitted to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Moscow">Duchy of Moscow</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which began to increase its ties with western Europe in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Rus">Mongol invasion of Rus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first four printed <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> books in the world were published in Kraków, in 1491, by printer Szwajpolt Fiol.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik,_%C5%9Aw_Stanis%C5%82aw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik%2C_%C5%9Aw_Stanis%C5%82aw.jpg/170px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik%2C_%C5%9Aw_Stanis%C5%82aw.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik%2C_%C5%9Aw_Stanis%C5%82aw.jpg/255px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik%2C_%C5%9Aw_Stanis%C5%82aw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik%2C_%C5%9Aw_Stanis%C5%82aw.jpg/340px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik%2C_%C5%9Aw_Stanis%C5%82aw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2671" data-file-height="3464" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> and bishop Piotr Tomicki kneeling before <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_of_Szczepan%C3%B3w" title="Stanislaus of Szczepanów">St. Stanislaus</a>, a leaf from the <i>Hours of Sigismund I</i> by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik" title="Stanisław Samostrzelnik">Stanisław Samostrzelnik</a>, 1535</figcaption></figure> <p>Incentives for development of art and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> were many. King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a>, who ascended to the throne in 1507, was a sponsor of many artists, and began a major project – under Florence architect <a href="/wiki/Bartolommeo_Berrecci" title="Bartolommeo Berrecci">Bartolommeo Berrecci</a> – of remaking the ancient residence of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish king">Polish kings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>, into a modern Renaissance residence.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigismund's zeal for Renaissance was matched not only by his son, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, but by many wealthy nobles and burghers who also desired to display their wealth, influence and cultural savvy.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1578, <a href="/wiki/Kanclerz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanclerz">chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> begun construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_city" title="Ideal city">ideal Renaissance city</a>, sponsoring the creation of <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> (a city named after him), which soon became an important administrative, commercial and educational town of Renaissance Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two largest contemporary Polish cities – Kraków (which attracted many Italian architects) and <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> (which attracted mostly architects from Germany and the Netherlands) – likely gained the most in the era, but many other cities also spotted new Renaissance constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renaissance painting was introduced in Poland by many immigrant artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_D%C3%BCrer" title="Hans Dürer">Hans Dürer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Kulmbach" title="Hans von Kulmbach">Hans von Kulmbach</a>, and practiced by such Polish painters as <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Kober" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcin Kober">Marcin Kober</a> (a court painter of king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Batory">Stefan Batory</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of the portraitists created an impressive gallery, particularly representative of those who could afford to be immortalized in them.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kober_Anna_Jagiellon_in_coronation_robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kober_Anna_Jagiellon_in_coronation_robes.jpg/220px-Kober_Anna_Jagiellon_in_coronation_robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kober_Anna_Jagiellon_in_coronation_robes.jpg/330px-Kober_Anna_Jagiellon_in_coronation_robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kober_Anna_Jagiellon_in_coronation_robes.jpg/440px-Kober_Anna_Jagiellon_in_coronation_robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Queen <a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a> of Poland by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kober" title="Martin Kober">Martin Kober</a>, 1576</figcaption></figure> <p>The centre of musical culture was the royal residence at Kraków, where the royal court welcomed many foreign and local performers.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant works of the Renaissance in Poland include compositions, usually for <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organs</a>, both vocal and instrumental, from dances, through <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic music">polyphonic music</a>, to religious <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">masses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1540 by <a href="/wiki/Jan_of_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan of Lublin">Jan of Lublin</a> released the <i>Tablature</i>, in which he collected most known European organ pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Cracoviensis" title="Nicolaus Cracoviensis">Nicolaus Cracoviensis</a> (Mikołaj of Kraków) composed many masses, motets, songs, dances and preludes.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Gom%C3%B3%C5%82ka" title="Mikołaj Gomółka">Mikołaj Gomółka</a> was the author of musical rendition of Kochanowski's poems (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melodies_for_the_Polish_Psalter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melodies for the Polish Psalter (page does not exist)">Melodies for the Polish Psalter</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous Polish composer was <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_z_Szamotu%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Wacław z Szamotuł">Wacław z Szamotuł</a>, recognized as one of the outstanding Renaissance composers.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_cul_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Polish_Renaissance_artists">Notable Polish Renaissance artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable Polish Renaissance artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagrobek_Zygmunta_Starego_i_Zygmunta_Augusta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nagrobek_Zygmunta_Starego_i_Zygmunta_Augusta.jpg/170px-Nagrobek_Zygmunta_Starego_i_Zygmunta_Augusta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nagrobek_Zygmunta_Starego_i_Zygmunta_Augusta.jpg/255px-Nagrobek_Zygmunta_Starego_i_Zygmunta_Augusta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nagrobek_Zygmunta_Starego_i_Zygmunta_Augusta.jpg/340px-Nagrobek_Zygmunta_Starego_i_Zygmunta_Augusta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Graves of the last Jagiellons in the <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Chapel" title="Sigismund's Chapel">Sigismund's Chapel</a>, hailed as "the most beautiful example of the Tuscan Renaissance north of the Alps"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the most prominent Polish Renaissance writers and artists, whose accomplishments have become a salient part of Polish curriculum are poets <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Rej" title="Mikołaj Rej">Mikołaj Rej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Szymonowic" title="Szymon Szymonowic">Szymon Szymonowic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_S%C4%99p_Szarzy%C5%84ski" title="Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński">Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Krzycki" title="Andrzej Krzycki">Andrzej Krzycki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Dantiscus" title="Johannes Dantiscus">Johannes Dantiscus</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_G%C3%B3rnicki" title="Łukasz Górnicki">Łukasz Górnicki</a>, composer <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_z_Szamotu%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Wacław z Szamotuł">Wacław z Szamotuł</a>, composer and singer <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Gom%C3%B3%C5%82ka" title="Mikołaj Gomółka">Mikołaj Gomółka</a>, sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Micha%C5%82owicz_z_Urz%C4%99dowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Michałowicz z Urzędowa (page does not exist)">Jan Michałowicz z Urzędowa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Micha%C5%82owicz_z_Urz%C4%99dowa" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Michałowicz z Urzędowa">pl</a>]</span> and painters <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Samostrzelnik" title="Stanisław Samostrzelnik">Stanisław Samostrzelnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Kober" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcin Kober">Marcin Kober</a>. The artists and architects who settled into Poland and had achieved considerable recognition for their work in the country are: <a href="/wiki/Hans_D%C3%BCrer" title="Hans Dürer">Hans Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_(S%C3%BCss)_von_Kulmbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans (Süss) von Kulmbach">Hans (Süss) von Kulmbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Gucci" title="Mateo Gucci">Mateo Gucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santi_Gucci" title="Santi Gucci">Santi Gucci</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Berecci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Berecci (page does not exist)">Bartolomeo Berecci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Morando" title="Bernardo Morando">Bernardo Morando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_di_Quadro" title="Giovanni Battista di Quadro">Giovanni Battista di Quadro</a> and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> was set up in Kraków in 1473 by the German printer <a href="/wiki/Kasper_Straube" title="Kasper Straube">Kasper Straube</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1561 and 1600, seventeen printing houses in Poland published over 120 titles a year, with an average edition of 500 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first complete translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into Polish was made in 1561 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Leopolita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Leopolita (page does not exist)">Jan Leopolita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Leopolita_(m%C5%82odszy)" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Leopolita (młodszy)">pl</a>]</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopolita%27s_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopolita's Bible (page does not exist)">Leopolita's Bible</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About that time, the first Polish <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> dictionary was published (by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Murzynowski" title="Stanisław Murzynowski">Stanisław Murzynowski</a>, 1551); grammars and dictionaries also proliferated.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish Renaissance was <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>'</i>s speech being a mixture of Polish and Latin, and various authors oscillating among Polish, Latin, and a mixture of the two (<a href="/wiki/Macaronic_language" title="Macaronic language">macaronic language</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literature progressed beyond being dominated by religious themes.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were still present, as seen in numerous bible translations, the most famous being the <a href="/wiki/Wujek%27s_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wujek's Bible">Wujek's Bible</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Wujek" title="Jakub Wujek">Jakub Wujek</a>, published in 1599. The nobility, however, cared about more than just religious themes, and the works of Polish renaissance reflected their material and spiritual values (see <a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">sarmatism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary poetry extolled the virtue of <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorial</a> life. For example, Rej celebrated life and the position of country's noble, while Kochanowski wrote about the pleasures and beauty of life in the countryside, surrounded by nature.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary forms varied, from <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastorals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnets</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mik_lit_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientific scholars of the period include <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski" title="Jan Łaski">Jan Łaski</a> (<i>John Lasco</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evangelical reformer, <a href="/wiki/Maciej_of_Miech%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciej of Miechów">Maciej of Miechów</a> (<i>Maciej Miechowita</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writer and university teacher, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, astronomer known in Polish as Mikołaj Kopernik, <a href="/wiki/Wawrzyniec_Grzyma%C5%82a_Go%C5%9Blicki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki">Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki</a> (<i>Laurentius Grimaldius Gosliscius</i>), political thinker and philosopher; <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Kromer" title="Marcin Kromer">Marcin Kromer</a>, writer and geographer; <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Frycz_Modrzewski" title="Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski">Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski</a>, writer and philosopher; <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Skarga" title="Piotr Skarga">Piotr Skarga</a>, Jesuit political reformer; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Stru%C5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Struś">Józef Struś</a>, doctor, scientist, mayor of Poznań; and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_trends_and_periods">Architectural trends and periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architectural trends and periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polish <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> is divided into three main periods.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first period (1500–1550) is often called "Italian", because most of the Renaissance buildings in this time were built by Italian architects invited by Polish nobility mainly from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. During the second period (1550–1600), Renaissance style became common, and included influences from <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> version of the Renaissance as well as beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> style. In the third period (1600–1650), Mannerism became popular, with first notable examples of Baroque (see also, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque in Poland</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_period">First period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wawel_Krakow_June_2006_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wawel_Krakow_June_2006_001.jpg/220px-Wawel_Krakow_June_2006_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wawel_Krakow_June_2006_001.jpg/330px-Wawel_Krakow_June_2006_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wawel_Krakow_June_2006_001.jpg/440px-Wawel_Krakow_June_2006_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>'s courtyard exemplifies first period of the Polish Renaissance</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1499 <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a> was partially consumed by fire. King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander Jagiellon</a> in 1504 appointed Eberhard Rosemberger as the main architect for the renovation. Later, he was replaced by Italian-born Francesco Florentino and, after his death, by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Berrecci" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Berrecci">Bartolomeo Berrecci</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Benedykt_from_Sandomierz" title="Benedykt from Sandomierz">Benedykt of Sandomierz</a>. As a result of their work the Royal Castle was transformed into a Renaissance residence in Florentine style. In the same period other castles and residences were built or rebuilt in the new style, including <a href="/wiki/Drzewica" title="Drzewica">Drzewica</a> (built in 1527–1535), <a href="/wiki/Szyd%C5%82owiec" title="Szydłowiec">Szydłowiec</a> (rebuilt 1509–1532), <a href="/wiki/Ogrodzieniec" title="Ogrodzieniec">Ogrodzieniec</a> (rebuilt 1532–1547) and most notably, <a href="/wiki/Pieskowa_Ska%C5%82a" title="Pieskowa Skała">Pieskowa Skała</a>, rebuilt 1542–1580.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first period of the Polish Renaissance, churches were still build mostly in the Gothic style. In this time, only new chapels surrounding the old churches were sometimes built in the new style. The most prominent of them, the <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Chapel" title="Sigismund's Chapel">Sigismund's Chapel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, was built in 1519–33 by Bartolomeo Berecci.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_period">Second period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland-00542_-_Old_Town_Hall_(30364934345).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Poland-00542_-_Old_Town_Hall_%2830364934345%29.jpg/170px-Poland-00542_-_Old_Town_Hall_%2830364934345%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Poland-00542_-_Old_Town_Hall_%2830364934345%29.jpg/255px-Poland-00542_-_Old_Town_Hall_%2830364934345%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Poland-00542_-_Old_Town_Hall_%2830364934345%29.jpg/340px-Poland-00542_-_Old_Town_Hall_%2830364934345%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Town_Hall" title="Poznań Town Hall">Poznań Town Hall</a>, rebuilt from Gothic style by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_di_Quadro" title="Giovanni Battista di Quadro">Giovanni Battista di Quadro</a>, 1550–55</figcaption></figure> <p>The Renaissance style became most common throughout Poland in its second period. In the northern part of the country, especially in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a> (Gdańsk), there worked a large group of Dutch-born artists. Renaissance style in other parts of Poland varied under local conditions, producing different substyles in each region. Also, some elements of the new Mannerist style were present. Architecture of this period is divided into three regional substyles: "Italian" – mostly in the southern part of Poland, with the most famous artist there being Santi Gucci, the "Dutch" – mostly in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, and the "Kalisz–Lublin style" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">styl kalisko-lubelski</i>) (or the "<a href="/wiki/Lublin_Renaissance" title="Lublin Renaissance">Lublin Renaissance</a>") in central Poland – with most notable examples built in <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Dolny" title="Kazimierz Dolny">Kazimierz Dolny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All over Poland, new castles were constructed, bearing the new quadrilateral shape enclosing a courtyard, with four towers at the corners. Prominent examples include: the castle at <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%82akowice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Płakowice (page does not exist)">Płakowice</a> (16th century), the castle at <a href="/wiki/Brzeg" title="Brzeg">Brzeg</a>, (rebuilt from a Gothic stronghold in 1544–60), the castle at <a href="/wiki/Niepo%C5%82omice" title="Niepołomice">Niepołomice</a> (rebuilt after a fire in 1550–71), the castle at <a href="/wiki/Baran%C3%B3w_Sandomierski" title="Baranów Sandomierski">Baranów Sandomierski</a> (built in 1591–1606 by Santi Gucci), and the castle at <a href="/wiki/Krasiczyn" title="Krasiczyn">Krasiczyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many cities erected new buildings in the Renaissance style. New <a href="/wiki/Sukiennice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukiennice">Cloth Hall (Sukiennice)</a> in Kraków was built. City halls were built or rebuilt in: <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a> (demolished) and in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. Also, entire towns were often redesigned. Examples of Renaissance urban planning survived into modern times in <a href="/wiki/Szyd%C5%82owiec" title="Szydłowiec">Szydłowiec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gda%C5%84sk_Zielona_Brama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gda%C5%84sk_Zielona_Brama.jpg/220px-Gda%C5%84sk_Zielona_Brama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gda%C5%84sk_Zielona_Brama.jpg/330px-Gda%C5%84sk_Zielona_Brama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gda%C5%84sk_Zielona_Brama.jpg/440px-Gda%C5%84sk_Zielona_Brama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2884" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Green_Gate" title="Green Gate">Green Gate</a> in Gdańsk</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples of Pomeranian Renaissance which developed under the influence of Northern Europe rather than Italy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> were: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Golden Gate (Gdańsk)">Green Gate</a> in Gdańsk (built in 1564–1568 by Hans Kramer), Upland Gate in Gdańsk (finished by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_den_Blocke" title="Willem van den Blocke">Willem van den Blocke</a> in 1588), Great Arsenal in Gdańsk (built in 1602–1606 by <a href="/wiki/Anthonis_van_Obbergen" title="Anthonis van Obbergen">Anthonis van Obbergen</a>), and the Old City Hall in Gdańsk (built in 1587–1595, probably by Anthonis van Obbergen). </p><p>Characteristic laicization of life during Renaissance and Reformation resulted in only minor development in sacral architecture. Mainly chapels were being built in the Renaissance style, but some churches were also rebuilt including: Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a> (rebuilt after fire by architects <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Gianotis" title="Bernardino de Gianotis">Bernardino de Gianotis</a>, Cini, Filippo di Fiesole and later again by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_di_Quadro" title="Giovanni Battista di Quadro">Giovanni Battista di Quadro</a>); and, the Collegiate in <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82tusk" title="Pułtusk">Pułtusk</a> (rebuilt by John Batista of Venice). Only a few new churches were founded, such as the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> of St. Thomas in <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_period">Third period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renaissances_houses_in_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Renaissances_houses_in_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87.JPG/220px-Renaissances_houses_in_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Renaissances_houses_in_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87.JPG/330px-Renaissances_houses_in_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Renaissances_houses_in_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87.JPG/440px-Renaissances_houses_in_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="1601" /></a><figcaption>"Armenian houses" in <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A fire at <a href="/wiki/Wawel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel">Wawel</a> and the moving of the capital to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in 1596 halted the development of Renaissance in Kraków, as well as in Danzig. Also, the rising power of the Jesuits and the <a href="/wiki/Counterreformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterreformation">Counterreformation</a> gave impetus to the development of <a href="/wiki/Mannerist_architecture_and_sculpture_in_Poland" title="Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland">Mannerist</a> architecture and a new style – the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> (see also, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Poland" title="Baroque in Poland">Baroque in Poland</a>). The most important example of the ascending <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> architecture in Poland is a complex of houses in <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Dolny" title="Kazimierz Dolny">Kazimierz Dolny</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Polish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Renaissance" title="Lublin Renaissance">Lublin Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerist_architecture_and_sculpture_in_Poland" title="Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland">Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1385–1569)">History of Poland (1385–1569)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Castle,_Szczecin" title="Ducal Castle, Szczecin">Ducal Castle, Szczecin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_in_Poland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=88093">"Montelupi"</a>. <i>encyklopedia.interia.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyklopedia.interia.pl&rft.atitle=Montelupi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.interia.pl%2Fhaslo%3Fhid%3D88093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mik_cul-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_cul_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Miko%C5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael J. Mikoś">Michael J. Mikoś</a>, <i>Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology</i>. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-257-0">978-0-89357-257-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staropolska.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/Cultural_r.html">Cultural Background</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mik_lit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mik_lit_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Miko%C5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael J. Mikoś">Michael J. Mikoś</a>, <i>Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology</i>. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89357-257-0">978-0-89357-257-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staropolska.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/Literary_r.html">Literary Background</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nowahistoria.interia.pl/historia-polski-do-1795/news-mikolaj-rej-i-jan-kochanowski-najwybitniejsi-przedstawiciele,nId,2337754">"Mikołaj Rej i Jan Kochanowski - najwybitniejsi przedstawiciele polskiego odrodzenia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Miko%C5%82aj+Rej+i+Jan+Kochanowski+-+najwybitniejsi+przedstawiciele+polskiego+odrodzenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnowahistoria.interia.pl%2Fhistoria-polski-do-1795%2Fnews-mikolaj-rej-i-jan-kochanowski-najwybitniejsi-przedstawiciele%2CnId%2C2337754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Lee1993" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Lee (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petergreat0000lees/page/65"><i>Peter the Great</i></a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petergreat0000lees/page/65">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09279-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09279-5"><bdi>0-415-09279-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-09279-5&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetergreat0000lees%2Fpage%2F65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Rzhevsky1998" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Rzhevsky (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00nich"><i>The Cambridge Companion to modern Russian culture</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00nich/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47799-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47799-9"><bdi>0-521-47799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+modern+Russian+culture&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-47799-9&rft.au=Nicholas+Rzhevsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElaine_Rusinko2003" class="citation book cs1">Elaine Rusinko (2003). <i>Straddling borders: literature and identity in Subcarpathian Rus</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3711-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3711-9"><bdi>0-8020-3711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straddling+borders%3A+literature+and+identity+in+Subcarpathian+Rus&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8020-3711-9&rft.au=Elaine+Rusinko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamenskii1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Каменский, Александр Борисович">Kamenskii, Aleksandr B.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span> (1997). David Griffiths (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YM-uLTdKHGoC&dq=Mohyla%27s&pg=PA36"><i>The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World</i></a>. Translated by David Grittiths. <a href="/wiki/Armonk,_New_York" title="Armonk, New York">Armonk, New York</a> and London, England: M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-575-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-575-2"><bdi>1-56324-575-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+Searching+for+a+Place+in+the+World&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56324-575-2&rft.aulast=Kamenskii&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYM-uLTdKHGoC%26dq%3DMohyla%2527s%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Rempel" class="citation web cs1">Gerhard Rempel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230346/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/07tartar.html">"The Tartar yoke"</a>. <i>mars.wnec.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/07tartar.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mars.wnec.edu&rft.atitle=The+Tartar+yoke&rft.au=Gerhard+Rempel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.wnec.edu%2F~grempel%2Fcourses%2Frussia%2Flectures%2F07tartar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_NimmrichterWolfgang_KautekManfred_Schreiner2007" class="citation book cs1">Johann Nimmrichter; Wolfgang Kautek; Manfred Schreiner (2007). <i>LACONA 6 proceedings</i>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-72129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-72129-1"><bdi>978-3-540-72129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LACONA+6+proceedings&rft.pages=125&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-72129-1&rft.au=Johann+Nimmrichter&rft.au=Wolfgang+Kautek&rft.au=Manfred+Schreiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The much admired Sigismund Chapel, called "the pearl of the Renaissance north of the Alps" by foreign scholars</i>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Slabey_Rouček1949" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Slabey Rouček (1949). <i>Slavonic encyclopaedia</i>. Philosophical Library. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavonic+encyclopaedia&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Joseph+Slabey+Rou%C4%8Dek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegel1989" class="citation news cs1">Segel, Harold B. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VoFks1eW75oC&dq=john+lasco+polish+renaissance&pg=PA10">"Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470-1543"</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801422868" title="Special:BookSources/0801422868"><bdi>0801422868</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Renaissance+Culture+in+Poland%3A+The+Rise+of+Humanism%2C+1470-1543&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0801422868&rft.aulast=Segel&rft.aufirst=Harold+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVoFks1eW75oC%26dq%3Djohn%2Blasco%2Bpolish%2Brenaissance%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Av4mmihf6isC&dq=maciej+of+miech%C3%B3w+polish+renaissance&pg=PA375">"Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Upsaliensis"</a>. BRILL. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004226470" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004226470"><bdi>978-9004226470</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Acta+Conventus+Neo-Latini+Upsaliensis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004226470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAv4mmihf6isC%26dq%3Dmaciej%2Bof%2Bmiech%25C3%25B3w%2Bpolish%2Brenaissance%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarvounis2016" class="citation news cs1">Varvounis, Miltiades (14 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DjDDQAAQBAJ&dq=j%C3%B3zef+stru%C5%9B+polish+renaissance&pg=PT41">"Made in Poland: The Women and Men Who Changed the World"</a>. Xlibris Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781524596644" title="Special:BookSources/9781524596644"><bdi>9781524596644</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Made+in+Poland%3A+The+Women+and+Men+Who+Changed+the+World&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.isbn=9781524596644&rft.aulast=Varvounis&rft.aufirst=Miltiades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DjDDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dj%25C3%25B3zef%2Bstru%25C5%259B%2Bpolish%2Brenaissance%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Busch, Bernd Lohse, Hans Weigert, <i>Baukunst der Renaissance in Europa. Von Spätgotik bis zum Manierismus</i>, Frankfurt af Main, 1960<br />Wilfried Koch, <i>Style w architekturze</i>, Warsaw 1996<br />Tadeusz Broniewski, <i>Historia architektury dla wszystkich</i> Wydawnictwo Ossolineum, 1990<br />Mieczysław Gębarowicz, <i>Studia nad dziejami kultury artystycznej późnego renesansu w Polsce</i>, Toruń 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medievalheritage.eu/en/main-page/heritage/poland/pieskowa-skala-castle/">"PIESKOWA SKAŁA – CASTLE"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PIESKOWA+SKA%C5%81A+%E2%80%93+CASTLE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedievalheritage.eu%2Fen%2Fmain-page%2Fheritage%2Fpoland%2Fpieskowa-skala-castle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickel2003" class="citation news cs1">Bickel, Alan M. (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6rRj5hei8C&dq=sigismund%27s+chapel+built+by+bartolomeo+berecci&pg=PA76">"The Fall of Stara Ves"</a>. Infinity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780741417572" title="Special:BookSources/9780741417572"><bdi>9780741417572</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Stara+Ves&rft.date=2003-12&rft.isbn=9780741417572&rft.aulast=Bickel&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbh6rRj5hei8C%26dq%3Dsigismund%2527s%2Bchapel%2Bbuilt%2Bby%2Bbartolomeo%2Bberecci%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.kurierlubelski.pl/odkrywamy-lublin-szlakiem-renesansu/ar/12417860">"Odkrywamy Lublin: Szlakiem renesansu"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Odkrywamy+Lublin%3A+Szlakiem+renesansu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.kurierlubelski.pl%2Fodkrywamy-lublin-szlakiem-renesansu%2Far%2F12417860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zabytek.pl/en/obiekty/krasiczyn-krasiczyn-zespol-zamkowo-palacowy">"KRASICZYN – THE CASTLE AND PARK COMPLEX"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=KRASICZYN+%E2%80%93+THE+CASTLE+AND+PARK+COMPLEX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzabytek.pl%2Fen%2Fobiekty%2Fkrasiczyn-krasiczyn-zespol-zamkowo-palacowy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zabytek.pl/en/obiekty/zamosc-zespol-kosciola-kolegiackiego-(ob-katedralnego)-pw-zmar">"THE COMPLEX OF THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH (CURRENTLY HAVING THE STATUS OF A CATHEDRAL) OF THE RESURRECTION OF OUR LORD AND OF ST THOMAS THE APOSTLE"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=THE+COMPLEX+OF+THE+COLLEGIATE+CHURCH+%28CURRENTLY+HAVING+THE+STATUS+OF+A+CATHEDRAL%29+OF+THE+RESURRECTION+OF+OUR+LORD+AND+OF+ST+THOMAS+THE+APOSTLE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzabytek.pl%2Fen%2Fobiekty%2Fzamosc-zespol-kosciola-kolegiackiego-%28ob-katedralnego%29-pw-zmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lubelskie">"Lubelskie"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Outline of the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_studies" title="Renaissance studies">Renaissance studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Renaissance" title="Brick Renaissance">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes" title="History of Italian Renaissance domes">Italian domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism_(Spanish_architecture)" title="Purism (Spanish architecture)">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance_architecture" title="Venetian Renaissance architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_literature" title="French Renaissance literature">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_literature" title="Spanish Renaissance literature">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre#Renaissance_theatre" title="History of theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#The_Renaissance_by_region" title="Outline of the Renaissance">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art_in_Bergamo_and_Brescia" title="Renaissance art in Bergamo and Brescia">Bergamo and Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Ferrara" title="Renaissance in Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Renaissance_art" title="Florentine Renaissance art">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Lombardy" title="Renaissance in Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Renaissance" title="Roman Renaissance">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Renaissance" title="Sicilian Renaissance">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Urbino" title="Renaissance in Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance" title="Venetian Renaissance">Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Renaissance" title="Saxon Renaissance">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser_Renaissance" title="Weser Renaissance">Weser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iberian peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#Renaissance_lists" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_figures" title="List of Renaissance figures">Figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_humanists" title="List of Renaissance humanists">Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_structures" title="List of Renaissance structures">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_and_dagger" title="Cloak and dagger">Cloak and dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_renaissances" title="Medieval renaissances">Medieval renaissances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">12th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_reenactment" title="Renaissance reenactment">Reenactment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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