What are Organic Semiconductors? Examples, Advantages and more

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head>  <link rel="preconnect" href="//cdn.shopify.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//cdn.shopify.com"> <link rel="preload" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242" as="style"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.matomo.cloud"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//stats.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//shop.app"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com">  <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];</script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WRVWSTG');</script>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="omK80dho3EyPdBHGxmXmUp2Vkp-ocp7MJfLR3Cz0s0g" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="xKEp_-nP7x29cfuAWtHLv48Ct_b6jpeKwqfZMvOAxbE" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="EB63B887BD3CE1B8D4E50B80A0ECAA4B" /> <meta name="ahrefs-site-verification" content="6c7d0dfa52dac66a14b1b1076f7f2c70ac72eb934e781f22eafa93718ea15121">  <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title> What are Organic Semiconductors? Examples, Advantages and more | Ossila </title><meta name="description" content="Organic semiconductors are materials, ranging from small molecules to polymers, that can transport charge. Find out more." /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431729065668"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841729065669"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801729065669" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-organic-semiconductors" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main.js?v=120109391065215852831729088283"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="What are Organic Semiconductors? Examples, Advantages and more" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Organic semiconductors are materials, ranging from small molecules to polymers, that can transport charge. Find out more." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-organic-semiconductors" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="What are Organic Semiconductors?"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Organic semiconductors are materials, ranging from small molecules to polymers, that can transport charge. Unlike conducting materials, where electrons move freely across the material, organic semiconductors rely on a structure primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms. These atoms are arranged to enable overlap of π-orbitals, allowing electron delocalization within each molecule. This delocalization facilitates electron movement, or conductivity, along the molecule. Additionally, the π-orbitals can overlap with those of neighboring molecules, creating intermolecular electronic coupling. As a result, delocalized electrons can "hop" between molecules in the organic semiconductor, enabling charge transport. These unique properties make organic semiconductors useful in applications like organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaics. On This Page Main Classes of Organic Semiconductors Advantages of Organic Semiconductors Chemistry of Organic Semiconductors Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors Difference between Organic Semiconductors and Inorganic Semiconductors Applications of Organic"> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.start');</script><meta id="shopify-digital-wallet" name="shopify-digital-wallet" content="/8230287/digital_wallets/dialog"> <script async="async" src="/checkouts/internal/preloads.js?locale=en-US"></script> <script id="shopify-features" type="application/json">{"accessToken":"617cbb4d26a0b7cdd5a40372523be336","betas":["rich-media-storefront-analytics"],"domain":"www.ossila.com","predictiveSearch":true,"shopId":8230287,"smart_payment_buttons_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/spb.en.js","dynamic_checkout_cart_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/dynamic-checkout-cart.en.js","locale":"en"}</script> <script>var Shopify = Shopify || {}; Shopify.shop = "ossila.myshopify.com"; Shopify.locale = "en"; Shopify.currency = {"active":"USD","rate":"1.3"}; Shopify.country = "US"; Shopify.theme = {"name":"theme-export-16-32-00","id":144855990488,"schema_name":null,"schema_version":null,"theme_store_id":null,"role":"main"}; Shopify.theme.handle = "null"; Shopify.theme.style = {"id":null,"handle":null}; Shopify.cdnHost = "www.ossila.com/cdn"; Shopify.routes = Shopify.routes || {}; Shopify.routes.root = "/";</script> <script type="module">!function(o){(o.Shopify=o.Shopify||{}).modules=!0}(window);</script> <script>!function(o){function n(){var o=[];function n(){o.push(Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments))}return n.q=o,n}var t=o.Shopify=o.Shopify||{};t.loadFeatures=n(),t.autoloadFeatures=n()}(window);</script> <script id="shop-js-analytics" type="application/json">{"pageType":"page"}</script> <script id="__st">var __st={"a":8230287,"offset":0,"reqid":"0e820d2b-beb6-4e5a-84eb-25639b2b89b2-1732352668","pageurl":"www.ossila.com\/pages\/what-are-organic-semiconductors","s":"pages-113722392792","u":"64c0de9162d3","p":"page","rtyp":"page","rid":113722392792};</script> <script>window.ShopifyPaypalV4VisibilityTracking = true;</script> <script id="captcha-bootstrap">!function(){'use strict';const t='contact',e='account',n='new_comment',o=[[t,t],['blogs',n],['comments',n],[t,'customer']],c=[[e,'customer_login'],[e,'guest_login'],[e,'recover_customer_password'],[e,'create_customer']],r=t=>t.map((([t,e])=>`form[action*='/${t}']:not([data-nocaptcha='true']) input[name='form_type'][value='${e}']`)).join(',');function s(t,e,n=!1){try{const o=window.sessionStorage;for(const[n,c]of Object.entries(JSON.parse(o.getItem(e))))t.elements[n]&&(t.elements[n].value=c);n&&o.removeItem(e)}catch{}}const a='form_key',i=['recaptcha-v3-token','g-recaptcha-response','h-captcha-response','password'],u=()=>{try{return window.sessionStorage}catch{return}},m=t=>t.elements[a],f='form_type',d='cptcha';function p(t){t.dataset[d]=!0}const l=window,h=l.document,_='Shopify',y='ce_forms',E='captcha';let v=!1;((t,e)=>{const n=(g='f06e6c50-85a8-45c8-87d0-21a2b65856fe','https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/storefront-forms-hcaptcha/ce_storefront_forms_captcha_hcaptcha.v1.4.0.iife.js',T={infoText:'Protected by hCaptcha',privacyText:'Privacy',termsText:'Terms'},(t,e,n)=>{const o=l[_][y],c=o.bindForm;if(c)return c(t,g,e,T).then(n);o.q.push([[t,g,e,T],n]),v||(h.body.append(Object.assign(h.createElement('script'),{id:'captcha-provider',async:!0,src:'https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/storefront-forms-hcaptcha/ce_storefront_forms_captcha_hcaptcha.v1.4.0.iife.js'})),v=!0)});var g,T;l[_]=l[_]||{},l[_][y]=l[_][y]||{},l[_][y].q=[],l[_][E]=l[_][E]||{},l[_][E].protect=function(t,e){n(t,void 0,e),p(t)},Object.freeze(l[_][E]),function(t,e,n,l,h,_){const[y,E,v,g]=function(t,e,n){const s=e?o:[],a=t?c:[],i=[...s,...a],u=[...o],m=r(i),f=r(s),d=n&&r(i.filter((([t,e])=>n.includes(e)))),p=r(u),l=t=>()=>t?[...document.querySelectorAll(t)].map((t=>t.form)):[];return[l(m),l(f),l(d),l(p)]}(l,h,_),T=t=>{const e=t.target;return e instanceof HTMLFormElement?e:e&&e.form},S=t=>y().includes(t);t.addEventListener('submit',(t=>{const e=T(t);if(!e)return;const n=S(e)&&!e.dataset.hcaptchaBound&&!e.dataset.recaptchaBound,o=m(e),c=g().includes(e)&&(!o||!o.value);(n||c)&&t.preventDefault(),c&&!n&&(function(t){try{if(!u())return;!function(t){const e=u();if(!e)return;const n=m(t);if(!n)return;const o=n.value;o&&e.removeItem(o)}(t);const e=Array.from(Array(32),(()=>Math.random().toString(36)[2])).join('');!function(t,e){m(t)||t.append(Object.assign(document.createElement('input'),{type:'hidden',name:a})),t.elements[a].value=e}(t,e),function(t,e){const n=u();if(!n)return;const o=[...t.querySelectorAll('input[type="password"]')].map((({name:t})=>t)),c=[...i,...o],r={};for(const[s,a]of new FormData(t).entries())c.includes(s)||(r[s]=a);n.setItem(e,JSON.stringify(r))}(t,e)}catch(e){console.error('failed to persist form',e)}}(e),e.submit())}));const w=(t,e)=>{t&&!t.dataset[d]&&(n(t,e.some((e=>e===t))),p(t))};for(const o of['focusin','change'])t.addEventListener(o,(t=>{const e=T(t);S(e)&&w(e,E())}));const A=e.get('form_key'),b=e.get(f),I=A&&b;t.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',(()=>{const t=E();if(I)for(const e of t)e.elements[f].value===b&&s(e,A);[...new Set([...v(),...y().filter((t=>'true'===t.dataset.shopifyCaptcha))])].forEach((e=>w(e,t)))}))}(h,new URLSearchParams(l.location.search),n,!0,!1,['guest_login'])})()}();</script> <script integrity="sha256-EGCDRYTvIEOXsReXgqGwkAR+5Dl8tickSrieA/ZcQwc=" data-source-attribution="shopify.loadfeatures" defer="defer" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/storefront/load_feature-1060834584ef204397b1179782a1b090047ee4397cb627244ab89e03f65c4307.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script integrity="sha256-HAs5a9TQVLlKuuHrahvWuke+s1UlxXohfHeoYv8G2D8=" data-source-attribution="shopify.dynamic-checkout" defer="defer" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/storefront/features-1c0b396bd4d054b94abae1eb6a1bd6ba47beb35525c57a217c77a862ff06d83f.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.end');</script> <link href="https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com" rel="dns-prefetch"> <script>(function(){if ("sendBeacon" in navigator && "performance" in window) {var session_token = document.cookie.match(/_shopify_s=([^;]*)/);function handle_abandonment_event(e) {var entries = performance.getEntries().filter(function(entry) {return /monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/.test(entry.name);});if (!window.abandonment_tracked && entries.length === 0) {window.abandonment_tracked = true;var currentMs = Date.now();var navigation_start = performance.timing.navigationStart;var payload = {shop_id: 8230287,url: window.location.href,navigation_start,duration: currentMs - navigation_start,session_token: session_token && session_token.length === 2 ? session_token[1] : "",page_type: "page"};window.navigator.sendBeacon("https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/v1/produce", JSON.stringify({schema_id: "online_store_buyer_site_abandonment/1.1",payload: payload,metadata: {event_created_at_ms: currentMs,event_sent_at_ms: currentMs}}));}}window.addEventListener('pagehide', handle_abandonment_event);}}());</script> <script id="web-pixels-manager-setup">(function d(d,e,r,a,n){var o,i,t,s,l=(i=(o={modern:/Edge?\/(1{2}[4-9]|1[2-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Firefox\/(1{2}[4-9]|1[2-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Chrom(ium|e)\/(9{2}|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|(Maci|X1{2}).+ Version\/(15\.\d+|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)([,.]\d+|)( $\w+$|)( Mobile\/\w+|) Safari\/|Chrome.+OPR\/(9{2}|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|(CPU[ +]OS|iPhone[ +]OS|CPU[ +]iPhone|CPU IPhone OS|CPU iPad OS)[ +]+(15[._]\d+|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})[._]\d+)([._]\d+|)|Android:?[ /-](12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})(\.\d+|)(\.\d+|)|Android.+Firefox\/(12[7-9]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+Chrom(ium|e)\/(12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|SamsungBrowser\/([2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+/,legacy:/Edge?\/(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Firefox\/(5[4-9]|[6-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Chrom(ium|e)\/(5[1-9]|[6-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)([\d.]+$|.*Safari\/(?![\d.]+ Edge\/[\d.]+$))|(Maci|X1{2}).+ Version\/(10\.\d+|(1[1-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)([,.]\d+|)( $\w+$|)( Mobile\/\w+|) Safari\/|Chrome.+OPR\/(3[89]|[4-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|(CPU[ +]OS|iPhone[ +]OS|CPU[ +]iPhone|CPU IPhone OS|CPU iPad OS)[ +]+(10[._]\d+|(1[1-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})[._]\d+)([._]\d+|)|Android:?[ /-](12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})(\.\d+|)(\.\d+|)|Mobile Safari.+OPR\/([89]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|Android.+Firefox\/(12[7-9]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+Chrom(ium|e)\/(12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+(UC? ?Browser|UCWEB|U3)[ /]?(15\.([5-9]|\d{2,})|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)\.\d+|SamsungBrowser\/(5\.\d+|([6-9]|\d{2,})\.\d+)|Android.+MQ{2}Browser\/(14(\.(9|\d{2,})|)|(1[5-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})(\.\d+|))(\.\d+|)|K[Aa][Ii]OS\/(3\.\d+|([4-9]|\d{2,})\.\d+)(\.\d+|)/}).modern,t=o.legacy,s=navigator.userAgent,i.test(s)?"modern":(t.test(s),"legacy"));window.Shopify=window.Shopify||{};var c=window.Shopify;c.analytics=c.analytics||{};var u=c.analytics;u.replayQueue=[],u.publish=function(d,e,r){return u.replayQueue.push([d,e,r]),!0};try{self.performance.mark("wpm:start")}catch(d){}var h=[r,"/wpm","/b",n,l.substring(0,1),".js"].join("");!function(d){var e=d.src,r=d.async,a=void 0===r||r,n=d.onload,o=d.onerror,i=document.createElement("script"),t=document.head,s=document.body;i.async=a,i.src=e,n&&i.addEventListener("load",n),o&&i.addEventListener("error",o),t?t.appendChild(i):s?s.appendChild(i):console.error("Did not find a head or body element to append the script")}({src:h,async:!0,onload:function(){var r=window.webPixelsManager.init(d);e(r);var a=window.Shopify.analytics;a.replayQueue.forEach((function(d){var e=d[0],a=d[1],n=d[2];r.publishCustomEvent(e,a,n)})),a.replayQueue=[],a.publish=r.publishCustomEvent,a.visitor=r.visitor},onerror:function(){var e=d.storefrontBaseUrl.replace(/\/$/,""),r="".concat(e,"/.well-known/shopify/monorail/unstable/produce_batch"),n=JSON.stringify({metadata:{event_sent_at_ms:(new Date).getTime()},events:[{schema_id:"web_pixels_manager_load/3.1",payload:{version:a||"latest",bundle_target:l,page_url:self.location.href,status:"failed",surface:d.surface,error_msg:"".concat(h," has failed to load")},metadata:{event_created_at_ms:(new Date).getTime()}}]});try{if(self.navigator.sendBeacon.bind(self.navigator)(r,n))return!0}catch(d){}var o=new XMLHttpRequest;try{return o.open("POST",r,!0),o.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","text/plain"),o.send(n),!0}catch(d){console&&console.warn&&console.warn("[Web Pixels Manager] Got an unhandled error while logging a load error.")}return!1}})})({shopId: 8230287,storefrontBaseUrl: "https://www.ossila.com",extensionsBaseUrl: "https://extensions.shopifycdn.com/cdn/shopifycloud/web-pixels-manager",surface: "storefront-renderer",enabledBetaFlags: [],webPixelsConfigList: [{"id":"shopify-app-pixel","configuration":"{}","eventPayloadVersion":"v1","runtimeContext":"STRICT","scriptVersion":"0220","apiClientId":"shopify-pixel","type":"APP","privacyPurposes":["ANALYTICS","MARKETING"]},{"id":"shopify-custom-pixel","eventPayloadVersion":"v1","runtimeContext":"LAX","scriptVersion":"0220","apiClientId":"shopify-pixel","type":"CUSTOM","privacyPurposes":["ANALYTICS","MARKETING"]}],isMerchantRequest: false,initData: {"shop":{"name":"Ossila","paymentSettings":{"currencyCode":"GBP"},"myshopifyDomain":"ossila.myshopify.com","countryCode":"GB","storefrontUrl":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com"},"customer":null,"cart":null,"checkout":null,"productVariants":[],"purchasingCompany":null},},function pageEvents(webPixelsManagerAPI) {webPixelsManagerAPI.publish("page_viewed", {});},"https://www.ossila.com/cdn","1518c2ba4d2b3301a1e3cb6576947ef22edf7bb6","3c762e5aw5b983e43pc2dc4883m545d5a27",);</script> <script>window.ShopifyAnalytics = window.ShopifyAnalytics || {}; window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta = window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta || {}; window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta.currency = 'USD'; var meta = {"page":{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":113722392792}}; for (var attr in meta) { window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta[attr] = meta[attr]; }</script> <script>window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics = function() { }; </script> <script class="analytics">(function () { var customDocumentWrite = function(content) { var jquery = null; if (window.jQuery) { jquery = window.jQuery; } else if (window.Checkout && window.Checkout.$) { jquery = window.Checkout.$; } if (jquery) { jquery('body').append(content); } }; var hasLoggedConversion = function(token) { if (token) { return document.cookie.indexOf('loggedConversion=' + token) !== -1; } return false; } var setCookieIfConversion = function(token) { if (token) { var twoMonthsFromNow = new Date(Date.now()); twoMonthsFromNow.setMonth(twoMonthsFromNow.getMonth() + 2); document.cookie = 'loggedConversion=' + token + '; expires=' + twoMonthsFromNow; } } var trekkie = window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie = window.trekkie || []; if (trekkie.integrations) { return; } trekkie.methods = [ 'identify', 'page', 'ready', 'track', 'trackForm', 'trackLink' ]; trekkie.factory = function(method) { return function() { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift(method); trekkie.push(args); return trekkie; }; }; for (var i = 0; i < trekkie.methods.length; i++) { var key = trekkie.methods[i]; trekkie[key] = trekkie.factory(key); } trekkie.load = function(config) { trekkie.config = config || {}; trekkie.config.initialDocumentCookie = document.cookie; var first = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; var script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.onerror = function(e) { var scriptFallback = document.createElement('script'); scriptFallback.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptFallback.onerror = function(error) { var Monorail = { produce: function produce(monorailDomain, schemaId, payload) { var currentMs = new Date().getTime(); var event = { schema_id: schemaId, payload: payload, metadata: { event_created_at_ms: currentMs, event_sent_at_ms: currentMs } }; return Monorail.sendRequest("https://" + monorailDomain + "/v1/produce", JSON.stringify(event)); }, sendRequest: function sendRequest(endpointUrl, payload) { // Try the sendBeacon API if (window && window.navigator && typeof window.navigator.sendBeacon === 'function' && typeof window.Blob === 'function' && !Monorail.isIos12()) { var blobData = new window.Blob([payload], { type: 'text/plain' }); if (window.navigator.sendBeacon(endpointUrl, blobData)) { return true; } // sendBeacon was not successful } // XHR beacon var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); try { xhr.open('POST', endpointUrl); xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain'); xhr.send(payload); } catch (e) { console.log(e); } return false; }, isIos12: function isIos12() { return window.navigator.userAgent.lastIndexOf('iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 12_') !== -1 || window.navigator.userAgent.lastIndexOf('iPad; CPU OS 12_') !== -1; } }; Monorail.produce('monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com', 'trekkie_storefront_load_errors/1.1', {shop_id: 8230287, theme_id: 144855990488, app_name: "storefront", context_url: window.location.href, source_url: "//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js"}); }; scriptFallback.async = true; scriptFallback.src = '//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js'; first.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptFallback, first); }; script.async = true; script.src = '//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js'; first.parentNode.insertBefore(script, first); }; trekkie.load( {"Trekkie":{"appName":"storefront","development":false,"defaultAttributes":{"shopId":8230287,"isMerchantRequest":null,"themeId":144855990488,"themeCityHash":"16159948506774673750","contentLanguage":"en","currency":"USD"},"isServerSideCookieWritingEnabled":true,"monorailRegion":"shop_domain"},"Session Attribution":{},"S2S":{"facebookCapiEnabled":false,"source":"trekkie-storefront-renderer","apiClientId":580111}} ); var loaded = false; trekkie.ready(function() { if (loaded) return; loaded = true; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie; var originalDocumentWrite = document.write; document.write = customDocumentWrite; try { window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics.call(this); } catch(error) {}; document.write = originalDocumentWrite; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib.page(null,{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":113722392792}); var match = window.location.pathname.match(/checkouts\/(.+)\/(thank_you|post_purchase)/) var token = match? match[1]: undefined; if (!hasLoggedConversion(token)) { setCookieIfConversion(token); } }); var eventsListenerScript = document.createElement('script'); eventsListenerScript.async = true; eventsListenerScript.src = "//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/shop_events_listener-61fa9e0a912c675e178777d2b27f6cbd482f8912a6b0aa31fa3515985a8cd626.js"; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(eventsListenerScript); })();</script> <script class="boomerang"> (function () { window.BOOMR = window.BOOMR || {}; window.BOOMR.themeName = ""; window.BOOMR.themeVersion = ""; window.BOOMR.shopId = 8230287; window.BOOMR.themeId = 144855990488; })();</script> <script defer src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/perf-kit/shopify-perf-kit-1.0.2.min.js" data-application="storefront-renderer" data-shop-id="8230287" data-render-region="gcp-asia-southeast1" data-page-type="page" data-theme-instance-id="144855990488" data-monorail-region="shop_domain" data-resource-timing-sampling-rate="10" ></script> </head> <body>  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs>  <symbol id="icon-bars" viewBox="0 0 24 28"> <path d="M24 21v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM24 13v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM24 5v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-shopping-cart" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M11 21c0-0.552-0.225-1.053-0.586-1.414s-0.862-0.586-1.414-0.586-1.053 0.225-1.414 0.586-0.586 0.862-0.586 1.414 0.225 1.053 0.586 1.414 0.862 0.586 1.414 0.586 1.053-0.225 1.414-0.586 0.586-0.862 0.586-1.414zM22 21c0-0.552-0.225-1.053-0.586-1.414s-0.862-0.586-1.414-0.586-1.053 0.225-1.414 0.586-0.586 0.862-0.586 1.414 0.225 1.053 0.586 1.414 0.862 0.586 1.414 0.586 1.053-0.225 1.414-0.586 0.586-0.862 0.586-1.414zM7.221 7h14.57l-1.371 7.191c-0.046 0.228-0.166 0.425-0.332 0.568-0.18 0.156-0.413 0.246-0.688 0.241h-9.734c-0.232 0.003-0.451-0.071-0.626-0.203-0.19-0.143-0.329-0.351-0.379-0.603zM1 2h3.18l0.848 4.239c0.108 0.437 0.502 0.761 0.972 0.761h1.221l-0.4-2h-0.821c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1 0 0.053 0.004 0.105 0.012 0.155 0.004 0.028 0.010 0.057 0.017 0.084l1.671 8.347c0.149 0.751 0.57 1.383 1.14 1.811 0.521 0.392 1.17 0.613 1.854 0.603h9.706c0.748 0.015 1.455-0.261 1.995-0.727 0.494-0.426 0.848-1.013 0.985-1.683l1.602-8.402c0.103-0.543-0.252-1.066-0.795-1.17-0.065-0.013-0.13-0.019-0.187-0.018h-16.18l-0.84-4.196c-0.094-0.462-0.497-0.804-0.98-0.804h-4c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 400 400"> <defs> <style> .cls-1 { stroke-width: 0px; } </style> </defs> <path class="cls-1" d="m318.38,297.56l-68.3-68.3c14.49-19.6,23.07-43.84,23.07-70.09,0-65.17-52.83-118-118-118s-118,52.83-118,118,52.83,118,118,118c16.62,0,32.43-3.44,46.78-9.64l73.24,73.24c3.6,3.6,8.43,5.34,13.7,5.34,7.8,0,16.59-3.81,23.81-11.04,5.37-5.37,9.08-11.9,10.46-18.39,1.6-7.54-.14-14.51-4.76-19.13Zm-163.51-71.57c-37.05,0-67.19-30.14-67.19-67.19s30.14-67.19,67.19-67.19,67.19,30.14,67.19,67.19-30.14,67.19-67.19,67.19Z"/> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-navigate_next" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M9.984 6l6 6-6 6-1.406-1.406 4.594-4.594-4.594-4.594z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-star" viewBox="0 0 26 28"> <path d="M26 10.109c0 0.281-0.203 0.547-0.406 0.75l-5.672 5.531 1.344 7.812c0.016 0.109 0.016 0.203 0.016 0.313 0 0.406-0.187 0.781-0.641 0.781-0.219 0-0.438-0.078-0.625-0.187l-7.016-3.687-7.016 3.687c-0.203 0.109-0.406 0.187-0.625 0.187-0.453 0-0.656-0.375-0.656-0.781 0-0.109 0.016-0.203 0.031-0.313l1.344-7.812-5.688-5.531c-0.187-0.203-0.391-0.469-0.391-0.75 0-0.469 0.484-0.656 0.875-0.719l7.844-1.141 3.516-7.109c0.141-0.297 0.406-0.641 0.766-0.641s0.625 0.344 0.766 0.641l3.516 7.109 7.844 1.141c0.375 0.063 0.875 0.25 0.875 0.719z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-envelope" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M28 11.094v12.406c0 1.375-1.125 2.5-2.5 2.5h-23c-1.375 0-2.5-1.125-2.5-2.5v-12.406c0.469 0.516 1 0.969 1.578 1.359 2.594 1.766 5.219 3.531 7.766 5.391 1.313 0.969 2.938 2.156 4.641 2.156h0.031c1.703 0 3.328-1.188 4.641-2.156 2.547-1.844 5.172-3.625 7.781-5.391 0.562-0.391 1.094-0.844 1.563-1.359zM28 6.5c0 1.75-1.297 3.328-2.672 4.281-2.438 1.687-4.891 3.375-7.313 5.078-1.016 0.703-2.734 2.141-4 2.141h-0.031c-1.266 0-2.984-1.437-4-2.141-2.422-1.703-4.875-3.391-7.297-5.078-1.109-0.75-2.688-2.516-2.688-3.938 0-1.531 0.828-2.844 2.5-2.844h23c1.359 0 2.5 1.125 2.5 2.5z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-phone" viewBox="0 0 22 28"> <path d="M22 19.375c0 0.562-0.25 1.656-0.484 2.172-0.328 0.766-1.203 1.266-1.906 1.656-0.922 0.5-1.859 0.797-2.906 0.797-1.453 0-2.766-0.594-4.094-1.078-0.953-0.344-1.875-0.766-2.734-1.297-2.656-1.641-5.859-4.844-7.5-7.5-0.531-0.859-0.953-1.781-1.297-2.734-0.484-1.328-1.078-2.641-1.078-4.094 0-1.047 0.297-1.984 0.797-2.906 0.391-0.703 0.891-1.578 1.656-1.906 0.516-0.234 1.609-0.484 2.172-0.484 0.109 0 0.219 0 0.328 0.047 0.328 0.109 0.672 0.875 0.828 1.188 0.5 0.891 0.984 1.797 1.5 2.672 0.25 0.406 0.719 0.906 0.719 1.391 0 0.953-2.828 2.344-2.828 3.187 0 0.422 0.391 0.969 0.609 1.344 1.578 2.844 3.547 4.813 6.391 6.391 0.375 0.219 0.922 0.609 1.344 0.609 0.844 0 2.234-2.828 3.187-2.828 0.484 0 0.984 0.469 1.391 0.719 0.875 0.516 1.781 1 2.672 1.5 0.313 0.156 1.078 0.5 1.188 0.828 0.047 0.109 0.047 0.219 0.047 0.328z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-left" viewBox="0 0 21 28"> <path d="M18.297 4.703l-8.297 8.297 8.297 8.297c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406l-2.594 2.594c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-11.594-11.594c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l11.594-11.594c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l2.594 2.594c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 19 28"> <path d="M17.297 13.703l-11.594 11.594c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-2.594-2.594c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l8.297-8.297-8.297-8.297c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l2.594-2.594c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l11.594 11.594c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26.297 12.625l-11.594 11.578c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-11.594-11.578c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.031 0-1.422l2.594-2.578c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l8.297 8.297 8.297-8.297c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l2.594 2.578c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.031 0 1.422z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-up" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26.297 20.797l-2.594 2.578c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-8.297-8.297-8.297 8.297c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-2.594-2.578c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.031 0-1.422l11.594-11.578c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l11.594 11.578c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.031 0 1.422z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 26 28"> <path d="M20 21c0-0.547-0.453-1-1-1s-1 0.453-1 1 0.453 1 1 1 1-0.453 1-1zM24 21c0-0.547-0.453-1-1-1s-1 0.453-1 1 0.453 1 1 1 1-0.453 1-1zM26 17.5v5c0 0.828-0.672 1.5-1.5 1.5h-23c-0.828 0-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5v-5c0-0.828 0.672-1.5 1.5-1.5h7.266l2.109 2.125c0.578 0.562 1.328 0.875 2.125 0.875s1.547-0.313 2.125-0.875l2.125-2.125h7.25c0.828 0 1.5 0.672 1.5 1.5zM20.922 8.609c0.156 0.375 0.078 0.812-0.219 1.094l-7 7c-0.187 0.203-0.453 0.297-0.703 0.297s-0.516-0.094-0.703-0.297l-7-7c-0.297-0.281-0.375-0.719-0.219-1.094 0.156-0.359 0.516-0.609 0.922-0.609h4v-7c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h4c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1v7h4c0.406 0 0.766 0.25 0.922 0.609z"></path> </symbol> </defs> </svg> <form method="post" action="/localization" id="hidden-country-currency-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="shopify-localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization" /><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓" /><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" /><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/pages/what-are-organic-semiconductors" /><input type="hidden" id="hidden-country-currency-select" name="country_code" value=""></form> <noscript><iframe class="noscript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WRVWSTG" height="0" width="0"></iframe></noscript> <div id="hamburger-menu-button"> <svg class="icon icon-bars"><use xlink:href="#icon-bars"></use></svg> </div>  <div id="mobile-navbar"> <div class="mobile-navbar-container"> <nav id="mobile-navbar-nav" class="mobile-navbar-row">  <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/cart"> <svg class="icon icon-shopping-cart"><use xlink:href="#icon-shopping-cart"></use></svg><span id='cart-notification-dot'class="invisible"></span>View Cart / Quote </a> <div role="separator" class="divider" id="empty-divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_equipment">Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_equipment" class="mobile-nav-collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_thin_film_coating">Thin Film Coating <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_thin_film_coating"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/dip-coater">Dip Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/slot-die-coater">Slot Die Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater">Spin Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater?variant=49558270476504">Spin Coater Advanced</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater-syringe-pump-bundle">Spin Coating Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/syringe-pump">Syringe Pump</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/dual-syringe-pump">Dual Syringe Pump</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_sample_preparation">Sample Preparation <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_sample_preparation"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/analytical-balance">Analytical Balance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/microbalances">Microbalance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/uv-ozone-cleaner">UV Ozone Cleaner</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_cleanroom_equipment">Cleanroom Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_cleanroom_equipment"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/glove-box">Glove Box</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood">Laminar Flow Hood</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_electrical_characterization">Electrical Characterization <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_electrical_characterization"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984">Four-Point Probe</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system">Four-Point Probe Plus</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/led-measurement-system">LED Measurement System</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/potentiostat">Potentiostat</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-cell-iv-test-system">Solar Cell I-V Test System</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/xtralien-source-measure-unit-source-meter">Source Measure Unit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/micromanipulator">Micromanipulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/test-boards">Electrical Test Boards</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_solar_simulators">Solar Simulators <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_solar_simulators"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-simulator">Solar Simulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-simulator-iv-test-system-bundle">Solar Cell Testing Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/indoor-solar-simulator">Indoor Light Simulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/solar-simulators">All Solar Simulators</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_surface_characterization">Surface Characterization <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_surface_characterization"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/contact-angle-goniometer">Contact Angle Goniometer</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984">Four-Point Probe</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system">Four-Point Probe Plus</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_electrochemistry">Electrochemistry Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_electrochemistry"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/potentiostat">Potentiostat</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemical-cells">Electrochemical Cells</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/photoelectrochemical-cells">Photoelectrochemical Cells</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrodes">Electrodes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemistry">All Electrochemistry Supplies</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_spectroscopy">Spectroscopy Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_spectroscopy"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/optical-spectrometer">USB Spectrometer</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/optical-spectroscopy-bundle">Optical Spectroscopy Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=light-source#browse-products">LED Light Sources</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=optical-filter#browse-products">Optical Filters</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy">All Spectroscopy Equipment</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_linear_stages">Motion Control <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_linear_stages"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/linear-stage">Linear Stages</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/micromanipulator">Micromanipulator</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_life_sciences">Life Sciences <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_life_sciences"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/glove-box">Glove Box</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood">Laminar Flow Hood</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/analytical-balance">Analytical Balance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/microbalances">Microbalance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/micropipette-variable-volume">Micropipette</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/syringe-pump">Syringe Pump</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/quartz-coated-microscope-slides">Microscope Slides</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies">Laboratory Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/life-sciences">All Life Science Equipment</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_materials">Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_materials" class="mobile-nav-collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_building_blocks">Chemistry Building Blocks <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_building_blocks"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/fluorinated-building-blocks">Fluorinated Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/heterocyclic-building-blocks">Heterocyclic Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/non-heterocyclic-building-blocks">Non-heterocyclic Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/building-blocks">All Chemistry Building Blocks</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_monomers">Monomers <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_monomers"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/boronate-monomers">Boronate Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/stannylated-monomers">Organotin Compounds</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dibromo-monomers">Dibromo Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/carbaldehyde-monomers">Carbaldehyde Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/diamines-dianhydrides">Diamines & Dianhydrides</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/monomers">All Monomers</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_organometallic">Organometallic Chemistry <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_organometallic"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/mof-ligands">MOF Ligands</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cof-ligands">COF Ligands</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/organic-frameworks">All Porous Organic Frameworks</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_low_dimensional">Low Dimensional Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_low_dimensional"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/quantum-dots">Nanodots and Quantum Dots</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes">Carbon Nanotubes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/2d-materials">2D Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/low-dimensional-materials">All Low Dimensional Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_battery">Battery Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_battery"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cathode-active-materials">Cathode Active Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/anode-active-materials">Anode Active Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/battery-materials">All Battery Materials </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_optoelectronic">Optoelectronic Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_optoelectronic"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/photonic-and-optical-materials">Photonic & Optical Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/liquid-crystals">Liquid Crystals</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/optoelectronic-materials">All Optoelectronic Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_fullerenes_nfas">Fullerenes and NFAs <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_fullerenes_nfas"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors">Fullerene Acceptors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors">Non-Fullerene Acceptors</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_polymers">Semiconducting Polymers <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_polymers"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/opv-polymers">OPV Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/ofet-and-oled-polymers">OFET and OLED Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/interface-polymers">Interface Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/luminosyn-polymers">Luminosyn™ Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/semiconducting-polymers">All Semiconducting Polymers</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_perovskites">Perovskite Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_perovskites"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-inks">Perovskite Inks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-precursor-materials">Perovskite Precursors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-interface-materials">Perovskite Interface Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/perovskite-quantum-dots">Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/self-assembled-monolayers">Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-materials">All Perovskite Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dssc-materials">DSSC Dyes & Electrolytes</a> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_semiconducting_molecules">Semiconducting Molecules <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_semiconducting_molecules"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/transport-layer-materials">Transport Layer Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/host-materials">Host Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dopant-materials">Dopant Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/tadf-materials">TADF Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/sublimed-materials">High Purity Sublimed Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/semiconducting-molecules">All Semiconducting Molecules</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_organic_conductors">Organic Conductors <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_organic_conductors"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Complexes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/small-molecule-opv-donors">Small Molecule OPV Donors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cathode-interlayer-materials">Cathode Interlayer Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/green-energy-materials">Green Energy Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/organic-conductors">All Organic Conductors </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/materials">Popular and New Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication" id="">Substrates & Fabrication </a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_supplies">Laboratory Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_supplies" class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication">Substrates & Fabrication</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemistry">Electrochemistry Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy">Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/solution-making">Solution Making Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/equipment-accessories">Equipment Accessories</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies">General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider" id="empty-divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_careers">Join The Team <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_careers" class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/careers">Careers Home</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/how-to-apply">How to Apply</a> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/resources">Resources</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/account/login">Log In</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/account/register">Create Account</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="header-container"> <div id="top-banner" class="affix"> <div class="container"> <span id="top-banner-default-message">FREE shipping to <span class='country-name'></span> on qualifying orders when you spend <span class='OssilaCurrencyExchange' data-type='freeshipping'></span> or more<span id="country-banner-eu-short">, <a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">processed by Ossila BV</a></span>. <span class='localise'><span data-region='GB'>All prices ex. VAT.</span></span></span> <span id="top-banner-fallback-message">Qualifying orders ship free worldwide! Fast, secure, and backed by the Ossila guarantee.</span> <span id="top-banner-geoip-message"><a id="top-banner-geoip-link" href="#" >It looks like you are visiting from <span class='country-name'></span>, <span class="top-banner-link-cta">click to shop in <span id='suggested-currency'></span></span></a> or <a class="top-banner-link-cta access-bar-location" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#choose-country-modal" >change country</a>.</span> <span id="country-banner-eu">Orders to the EU are processed by <a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping" class="top-banner-link-cta">our EU office</a>.</span> </div> </div>  <div id="full-width-quick-access-bar" class="affix"> <div class="container">  <a href="/pages/careers">Join the Team</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> <span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/worldwide-shipping">Shipping</a> <span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span><a class="access-bar-link-style-two" href="/account/login">Log In</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/account/register">Create Account</a><span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span> <a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#choose-country-modal" title="Change location" class="access-bar-location"><span id="country-picker-link">Worldwide</span><b>, </b><span class="OssilaCurrencyExchangeCode">$ USD  </span> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAASCAQAAAAwXnw3AAAADklEQVR42mNkYGAkHQEAAjcAE0gePCMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" id="country-flag" alt="Flag" width="18" height="13" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> </div>  <div id="full-width-logo-bar" class="affix"> <div class="container"> <div class="row">  <div id="ossila-logo-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5ths ossila-logo-container"> <a href="/"> <img id="ossila-logo-cropped" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-cropped-solid.svg?v=90346444705215197591729065669" alt="Ossila" width="112.766" height="47" loading="lazy"/> <div class="translate"> <span data-language="default" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-en.svg?v=172663942863124619311729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="111.766" height="14.250" /></span> <span data-language="nl" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-nl.svg?v=14793549594696857181729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="165.594" height="14.250" /></span> <span data-language="zh-cn" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-zh-cn.svg?v=61077249394089122901729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="58.969" height="14.250" /></span> </div> </a>  </div> <div id="search-and-currency-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8">  <div id="search-bar-container"> <form id="search-bar" action="/search" method="get">  <div id="search-bar-input-group" class="input-group search-bar-input-group"> <input id="search-bar-input" class="form-control search-bar-input" name="q" placeholder="Search for..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button id="search-bar-button" class="btn btn-primary search-bar-button" type="submit" name="search" aria-label="search"><svg class="icon icon-search"><use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></button> </span> </div> </form> </div>  <div id="cart-and-currency-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 cart-and-currency-container"> <div id="cart-container" class="cart-container"> <a href="/cart"><div id="search-bar-cart-button" class="btn btn-primary btn-ossila-green search-bar-cart-button"><svg class="icon icon-shopping-cart"><use xlink:href="#icon-shopping-cart"></use></svg><span id='cart-notification-dot'class="invisible"></span>View Cart / Quote<span id="cart-quantity-badge">0</span></div></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="full-width-top-navbar affix"> <div class="mega-menu-container"> <nav class="mega-menu-navbar"> <ul class="mega-menu-navbar-nav mega-menu-row"> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown mega-menu-col"> <a href="/pages/resources">Resources</a> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a class="mega-menu-dropdown-toggle" href="#">Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/thin-film-coating"> Thin Film Coating<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/dip-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dip Coater</a> <a href="/products/slot-die-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Slot Die Coater <strong>(Upgraded!)</strong></a> <a href="/products/spin-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coater</a> <a href="/products/spin-coater?variant=49558270476504"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coater Advanced</a> <a href="/products/spin-coater-syringe-pump-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coating Kit</a> <a href="/products/syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Syringe Pump</a> <a href="/products/dual-syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dual Syringe Pump</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Sample Preparation</p> <a href="/products/analytical-balance"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Analytical Balance</a> <a href="/products/microbalances"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microbalance</a> <a href="/products/uv-ozone-cleaner"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> UV Ozone Cleaner</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Cleanroom Equipment</p> <a href="/products/glove-box"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Glove Box</a> <a href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laminar Flow Hood</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Electrical Characterization</p> <a href="/collections/test-boards"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrical Test Boards</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe Plus <strong>(New!)</strong></a> <a href="/products/led-measurement-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> LED Measurement System</a> <a href="/products/potentiostat"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Potentiostat</a> <a href="/products/solar-cell-iv-test-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Cell I-V Test System</a> <a href="/products/xtralien-source-measure-unit-source-meter"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Source Measure Unit</a> <a href="/products/micromanipulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micromanipulator <strong>(Coming Soon!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/solar-simulators"> Solar Simulators<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/solar-simulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Simulator</a> <a href="/products/solar-simulator-iv-test-system-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Cell Testing Kit</a> <a href="/products/indoor-solar-simulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Indoor Light Simulator</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Surface Characterization</p> <a href="/products/contact-angle-goniometer"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Contact Angle Goniometer</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe Plus <strong>(New!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/electrochemistry"> Electrochemistry Supplies<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/potentiostat"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Potentiostat</a> <a href="/collections/electrochemical-cells"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrochemical Cells</a> <a href="/collections/photoelectrochemical-cells"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Photoelectrochemical Cells</a> <a href="/collections/electrodes"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrodes</a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/spectroscopy"> Spectroscopy Equipment<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/optical-spectrometer"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> USB Spectrometer</a> <a href="/products/optical-spectroscopy-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Optical Spectroscopy Kit</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=light-source#browse-products"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> LED Light Sources</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=optical-filter#browse-products"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Optical Filters</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> Motion Control </p> <a href="/collections/linear-stage"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Linear Stages</a> <a href="/products/micromanipulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micromanipulator <strong>(Coming Soon!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/life-sciences"> Life Sciences<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/glove-box"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Glove box</a> <a href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laminar Flow Hood</a> <a href="/products/analytical-balance"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Analytical Balance</a> <a href="/products/microbalances"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microbalance</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/micropipette-variable-volume"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micropipettes</a> <a href="/products/syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Syringe Pump</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/quartz-coated-microscope-slides"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microscope Slides</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a class="mega-menu-dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-hover="dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown"> Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/building-blocks"> Chemistry Building Blocks <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/fluorinated-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Fluorinated Building Blocks </a> <a href="/collections/heterocyclic-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Heterocyclic Building Blocks </a> <a href="/collections/non-heterocyclic-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Non-heterocyclic Building Blocks </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/monomers"> Monomers <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/boronate-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Boronate Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/stannylated-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Organotin Compounds </a> <a href="/collections/dibromo-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dibromo Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/carbaldehyde-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Carbaldehyde Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/diamines-dianhydrides"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Diamines & Dianhydrides </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/organic-frameworks"> Porous Organic Frameworks <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/mof-ligands"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> MOF Ligands </a> <a href="/collections/cof-ligands"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> COF Ligands </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/low-dimensional-materials"> Low Dimensional Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/quantum-dots"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Nanodots and Quantum Dots </a> <a href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Carbon Nanotubes </a> <a href="/collections/2d-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> 2D Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/battery-materials"> Battery Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/cathode-active-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Cathode Active Materials </a> <a href="/collections/anode-active-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Anode Active Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/optoelectronic-materials"> Optoelectronic Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/photonic-and-optical-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Photonic & Optical Materials </a> <a href="/collections/liquid-crystals"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Liquid Crystals </a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> Fullerenes and NFAs </p> <a href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Fullerene Acceptors </a> <a href="/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Non-Fullerene Acceptors </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/semiconducting-polymers"> Semiconducting Polymers <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/opv-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> OPV Polymers </a> <a href="/collections/ofet-and-oled-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> OFET and OLED Polymers</a> <a href="/collections/interface-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Interface Polymers</a> <a href="/collections/luminosyn-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Luminosyn™ Polymers</a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/perovskite-materials"> Perovskite Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-inks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Inks </a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-precursor-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Precursors</a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-interface-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Interface Materials</a> <a href="/products/perovskite-quantum-dots"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <a href="/collections/self-assembled-monolayers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> DSSC Dyes and Electrolytes </p> <a href="/collections/dssc-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> DSSC Dyes & Electrolytes </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/semiconducting-molecules"> Semiconducting Molecules <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/transport-layer-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Transport Layer Materials </a> <a href="/collections/host-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Host Materials </a> <a href="/collections/dopant-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dopant Materials </a> <a href="/collections/tadf-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> TADF Materials </a> <a href="/collections/sublimed-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> High Purity Sublimed Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/organic-conductors"> Organic Conductors <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/pedot"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Polymer Blends </a> <a href="/collections/small-molecule-opv-donors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Small Molecule OPV Donors </a> <a href="/collections/cathode-interlayer-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Cathode Interlayer Materials </a> <a href="/collections/green-energy-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Green Energy Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/materials"> Popular and New Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication">Substrates & Fabrication </a> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a href="#">Laboratory Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu mega-menu-quarter-col" id="menu-supplies"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-full-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Supplies and Accessories</p> <a href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Substrates & Fabrication</a> <a href="/collections/electrochemistry"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrochemistry Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a href="/collections/solution-making"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solution Making Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/equipment-accessories"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Equipment Accessories</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <div id="unsupported-browser-message" class="alert-warning"> <p>It looks like you are using an unsupported browser. You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>What are Organic Semiconductors?</h1> <div class="container"> <img loading="lazy" width="1340" height="280" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/semiconductor_wafer.jpg?v=1728388349&width=1340&height=280&crop=center" alt="semiconductor" class="featured-image"> <p>Organic semiconductors are materials, ranging from small molecules to polymers, that can transport charge. Unlike conducting materials, where electrons move freely across the material, organic semiconductors rely on a structure primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms. These atoms are arranged to enable overlap of π-orbitals, allowing electron delocalization within each molecule. This delocalization facilitates electron movement, or conductivity, along the molecule. Additionally, the π-orbitals can overlap with those of neighboring molecules, creating intermolecular electronic coupling. As a result, delocalized electrons can "hop" between molecules in the organic semiconductor, enabling charge transport. These unique properties make organic semiconductors useful in applications like organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaics.</p> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <p class="h3" style="margin-top: 10px;" data-mce-style="margin-top: 10px;">On This Page</p> <hr> <ul> <li><a href="#classes">Main Classes of Organic Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="#advantages">Advantages of Organic Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="#chemistry">Chemistry of Organic Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="#charge-transport">Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="#organic-vs-inorganic-semiconductors">Difference between Organic Semiconductors and Inorganic Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="#applications">Applications of Organic Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="#limitations">Limitations of Organic Semiconductors</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2 id="classes">Main Classes of Organic Semiconductors</h2> <hr> <p>There are three main classes or types of organic semiconductor; small molecules, polymers and 2D materials. Within these broad categories there are families of organic semiconductor materials that are being explored within different areas of research from organic electronic devices to medical sensors. See the table below for the main classes of organic semiconductors and some example materials:</p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Small Molecule Semiconductors</th> <th>Polymeric Semiconductors</th> <th>2D Organic Semiconductors</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <li>Fullerenes</li> <li><a title="Non-fullerene acceptors, nfas" href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors">Non-Fullerene Acceptors</a></li> <li>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)</li> </td> <td> <li>Classic conjugated polymers</li> <li>Donor-Acceptor (D-A) copolymers</li> <li>Polymeric blends</li> </td> <td> <li>2D Covalent Organic Frameworks</li> <li>Graphene Oxide / Reduced Graphene Oxide</li> <li>Self-Assembled Monolayers</li> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure><img src="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0823/0287/files/conjugated-organic-semiconductors.svg?v=1731056960" width="828" alt="examples of conjugation in organic semiconductors" loading="lazy"> <figcaption>Examples of Conjugation in Organic Semiconductors</figcaption> </figure> <h3>Examples of Organic Semiconductor Materials</h3> <p>For specific examples of organic semiconductor material families—such as fullerenes, non-fullerene acceptors, semiconducting polymers, and semiconducting molecules—explore the collections below:</p> <div class="collection-container"> <div class="collection-tile"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/fullerene-acceptors"> <div class="collection-button background-ossila-blue"> <img alt="Fullerenes" height="109" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/collection-link-fullerene-acceptors.png?width=150" width="150"> <p>Fullerenes</p> </div> </a> <p><a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/fullerene-acceptors">Fullerenes</a></p> <p>Fullerenes and fullerene derivatives with unique properties suitable for electronics.</p> </div> <div class="collection-tile"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors"> <div class="collection-button background-ossila-blue"> <img alt="Non-Fullerene Acceptors" height="109" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/collection-link-non-fullerene-acceptors.png?width=150" width="150"> <p>Non-Fullerene Acceptors</p> </div> </a> <p><a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors">Non-Fullerene Acceptors</a></p> <p>A promising range of alternatives to fullerene-based electron acceptors.</p> </div> <div class="collection-tile"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/semiconducting-polymers"> <div class="collection-button background-ossila-blue"> <img alt="Semiconducting Polymers" height="109" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/collection-link-semiconducting-polymers.png?width=150" width="150"> <p>Semiconducting Polymers</p> </div> </a> <p><a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/semiconducting-polymers">Semiconducting Polymers</a></p> <p>Ideal for bulk heterojunction, OPV, OLED, OFET, and perovskite interfaces.</p> </div> <div class="collection-tile"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/semiconducting-molecules"> <div class="collection-button background-light-blue"> <img alt="Semiconducting Molecules" height="109" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/collection-link-Semiconducting-Molecules.png?width=150" width="150"> <p>Semiconducting Molecules</p> </div> </a> <p><a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/semiconducting-molecules">Semiconducting Molecules</a></p> <p>Organic <span data-mce-fragment="1">small-molecule semiconductors as emmitters, active materials, and more.</span></p> </div> </div> <h2 id="advantages">Advantages of Organic Semiconductors</h2> <hr> <p>Organic semiconductors offer several advantages, especially for applications in flexible and lightweight electronics. Here are some key benefits:</p> <br> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30" data-mce-style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;">Low-cost Preparation</div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30" data-mce-style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;">Light Weight</div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30" data-mce-style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;">Mechanical Flexibility</div> </div> <br> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30" data-mce-style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;">Easy Processing</div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30" data-mce-style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;">Tunable Function Through Molecular Design</div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30" data-mce-style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;">Rich Availability</div> </div> <br> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30">Wide Range of Optical Properties</div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30">Thin Film Formation</div> <div class="col-xs-4"> <img alt="Check Mark" height="30" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tick.svg?v=1613513177" style="float: left; padding-right: 10px;" width="30">Low Energy Consumption</div> </div> <br> <p>These advantages make organic semiconductors stand out from traditional inorganic semiconductors like silicon, positioning them as attractive materials for various applications but especially lightweight and flexible electronic devices.</p> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry of Organic Semiconductors</h2> <hr> <p>Organic semiconducting materials are versatile and can have many components. One of the most crucial components to organic semiconductors is conjugated units. This is where there is an area of sp<sup>2</sup>-hybridised carbons. This kind of bonding means only three of the four valence electrons within carbon atoms hybridise. The fourth electron occupies the perpendicular p<sub>z</sub> orbital.</p> <figure><img alt="Delocalisation of electrons in conjugated organic molecules" class="featured-image" loading="lazy" width="848" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/delocalisation-in-conjugated-molecules.svg?&width=848"> <figcaption>Delocalisation of electrons in conjugated organic molecules</figcaption> </figure> <p>Interactions between these p<sub>z</sub> orbitals form weaker π (bonding) and π* (anti-bonding) orbitals, which flatten the molecule. This planarity facilitates the delocalization of π and π* states across multiple carbon atoms and is known as conjugation. The more conjugation a material possesses the closer the HOMO and LUMO levels are as the difference between the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals reduces.</p> <p>Every sp<sup>2</sup> hybridised carbon that is able to engage in π bonding introduces another variable into the molecular orbitals. The number of p-orbitals increases as the conjugated system grows, with each p-orbital containing both a positive and a negative lobe. This arrangement allows for variations in π-orbital interactions since each lobe can align with either a like-charged or an opposite-charged neighboring lobe. This variability contributes to the richness of the electronic states within the material, offering multiple pathways for electron delocalization across the π-system. As a result, the increased possibilities for orbital overlap enhance the overall stability and flexibility of the molecular orbitals, providing greater control over the material's electronic properties and its suitability for various organic electronic applications.</p> <figure><img src="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0823/0287/files/extended-conjugation.svg?v=1730296957" loading="lazy" alt="extended conjugation"> <figcaption>The different lobes of some p<sub>z</sub> orbitals showing bonding (like-charge) and antibonding (opposite-charge) interactions</figcaption> </figure> <p>The π orbitals of neighboring molecules can also overlap, allowing electrons to spread across multiple layers of semiconducting molecules. This "π–π stacking" is important for helping with electron movement and also lowers the energy needed for light absorption. By combining the inter- and intramolecular electron delocalization with other methods to adjust the HOMO and LUMO energy level gap these organic molecules offer huge advantages. Such features means organic semiconductors have very strong absorption and emission in the visible spectral range making them advantageous for organic electronic applications like photovoltaics and LEDs.</p> <h2 id="charge-transport">Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors</h2> <hr> <p>Charge transport in organic semiconductors is thought to be heavily dependent on the degree of crystallization of the material. The charge transport theories associated with degree of crystallinity is described in the table below:<span data-mce-fragment="1"> <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Lui, C. et al. (2017). A unified understanding of charge transport in organic semiconductors: the..."></span> </span></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>Degree of Crystallinity</th> <th>Charge Transport Mechanism</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Highly Crystalline – disorder free</p> </td> <td> <p>Band-like transport: similar to inorganic semiconductor.</p> </td> <td> <p>Charge carriers move within energy bands formed by strong overlap between molecular orbitals.</p> <p>Fast transport.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Polycrystalline – low disorder</p> </td> <td> <p>Mobility Edge Model</p> <p>Polaron Formation</p> </td> <td> <p>Areas of localized and delocalized states.</p> <p>Local distortion in the material leads to the formation of a "polaron"—a charge combined with its associated molecular distortion.</p> <p>Slower Transport.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Amorphous – highly disordered</p> </td> <td> <p>Hopping</p> <p>Tunnelling</p> </td> <td> <p>Charge carriers hop between molecules via π-stacking.</p> <p>When the distance between molecules is very small, electrons may "tunnel" through the energy barrier separating them instead of hopping over it.</p> <p>Slower Transport.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The first important feature of organic semiconductors (OSCs) is the relatively weak bonding strength and electronic interactions between neighboring molecules, which result in the density of states (DOS) having a narrow Gaussian distribution <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Lui, C. et al. (2017). A unified understanding of charge transport in organic semiconductors: the..."></span> Whether small or polymeric, OSCs are held together by weak van der Waals forces. OSCs have lots of structural defects and strong lattice vibrations as a result. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Lui, C. et al. (2017). A unified understanding of charge transport in organic semiconductors: the..."></span> This means there is some fluctuation in electronic coupling between molecules as they are more free to move. Electronic coupling is typically electron-phonon coupling. This makes determining electronic processes in organic semiconductors quite complicated. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Giannini, S. et al. (2019). Quantum localization and delocalization of charge carriers in organic semiconducting..."></span> </p> <p>In OSCs, electron-phonon coupling occurs because electrons can’t move through the organic material without interacting with molecular vibrations. This interaction has several important effects:</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Polaron Formation:</strong> When an electron or hole moves through an OSC, it can locally distort the molecular structure, creating what’s known as a <strong>polaron</strong>—a combination of the charge carrier and the local distortion. This is considered a "self-trapped" charge andmoves more slowly than a free charge due to the energy cost of maintaining the molecular distortion as it moves. This reduces overall charge mobility.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Impact on Charge Mobility:</strong> Strong electron-phonon coupling in OSCs means that the energy needed for charge carriers to hop from one molecule to another is relatively high. The strength of electron-phonon coupling impacts how strongly a charge carrier is localized within this polaron.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Reorganization energy:</strong> energy cost of overcoming the molecular vibrations between each hop. In materials with high electron-phonon coupling, these vibrations can impede movement, making charge transport thermally activated—meaning that it improves with temperature as thermal energy helps overcome this barrier.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Temperature Dependence</strong>: Due to electron-phonon coupling, the temperature of the material significantly impacts charge transport. As temperature increases, molecular vibrations increase, which can assist charge carriers in hopping between molecules, improving mobility. In contrast, lower temperatures can decrease charge mobility as less thermal energy is available to aid hopping.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Broadening of Energy Levels</strong>: Electron-phonon coupling in OSCs also causes energy levels to fluctuate, particularly due to the organic material's structural flexibility. This can lead to a broadening of energy levels or a Gaussian distribution in the density of states (DOS). A narrow Gaussian distribution means there are only a few energy levels close together, making it more challenging for charge carriers to find states with the energy needed for transport. This broadening effect can increase disorder, further slowing charge mobility.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Hopping and Tunneling in Amorphous Regions</strong>: In highly disordered or amorphous OSCs, electron-phonon coupling influences the mechanisms of hopping and tunneling. For hopping transport, electron-phonon interactions mean that electrons must "jump" between energy states on different molecules. In cases where molecules are very close, tunneling may occur, where charges pass through energy barriers instead of hopping over them. This tunneling is also impacted by electron-phonon coupling, especially in terms of how well charge carriers maintain their path without scattering off of vibrations.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="organic-vs-inorganic-semiconductors">Difference between Organic Semiconductors and Inorganic Semiconductors</h2> <hr> <p>There are a few key differences between organic semiconductors and their inorganic counterparts due to the difference in chemical structure and composition. Here is a summary of some of the key differences:</p> <ul> <li> <strong>Organic semiconductors have low dielectric constants (e):</strong> They don't shield charges from each other as much as inorganic semiconductors. This makes it harder to separate electron-hole pairs and as such they are described as "Frenkel excitons". Good for LEDs but not so good for photovoltaics.</li> </ul> <div class="info-tip-box"> <strong>Note:</strong> Molecular engineering has been used to increase the dielectric constant of organic semiconductors like non-fullerene acceptors. Methods such as asymmetric design and incorporating polar functional groups and side chains have provided an increase in dielectric constant to enhance charge dissociation efficiency.</div> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Organic semiconductors are considered electronically "soft":</strong> The delocalized electrons tend to stay close to a small number of atoms rather than spreading across the whole system. This localizations causes changes in the local electronic structure. Along with low dielectric constant this causes distortion in molecular structure in that area. Therefore the charge carrier is a quasiparticle known as a polaron. When polarons move between different parts of the material, like hopping from one polymer chain to another, it requires a lot of energy because the material has to rearrange itself each time. This reorganization energy slows down the movement of charges, reducing the material’s conductivity.</p> </li> </ul> <div class="info-tip-box"> <strong>Note:</strong> How easily the material can bend or change shape (its "stiffness") affects how much the structure relaxes around the charge. This relaxation can create a noticeable difference between the light absorbed and the light emitted by the material, known as a "Stokes shift." A large Stokes shift is helpful in organic LEDs because it reduces the amount of emitted light that gets reabsorbed by the material, improving efficiency.</div> <ul> <li> <p><strong>For organic semiconductors the limiting factor in charge transport is the "hopping" of charge carriers between molecules:</strong> Due to the asymmetry of organic semiconductors, charge transport can vary significantly throughout the system (anisotropic). For a given molecule, intrachain transport through the conjugated plane will be much faster than intermolecular transport via π–π stacking. Inter-molecular "hopping" requires significant molecular reorganization and is therefore dependent on temperature and electronic disorder. The same disorder impacts how easily excitons diffuse through the system by limiting the energetic accessibility of nearby sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Organic semiconductors are easily processed:</strong> Small molecule organic semiconductors can be easily processed into well-defined high quality films and layered devices without the need for intense heat or ultra-clean conditions. Additionally, the solubility of the molecules can be tuned depending on the desired processing solvent through flexible side chain groups. This tunable solubility means organic semiconductors are solution processed making flexible and highly fracture resistant films.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="applications">Applications of Organic Semiconductors</h2> <hr> <p>OSCs are attractive across science disciplines including chemistry, physics, materials science, medicine, and biology. Crucially, OSCs are becoming key elements in the preparation of flexible, printable, and scalable electronics such as: <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Ahmad, S. (2014). Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and future prospects"></span> </p> <ul> <li>Light-emitting diodes</li> <li>Solar cells</li> <li>Transistors</li> <li>Thermoelectrics</li> <li>Sensors</li> <li>Bioelectronics</li> <li>Biomimetics</li> </ul> <p>Various synthetic and processing technologies offer flexible platforms for developing different functional materials. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Zhang, Q. et al. (2022). Recent Progress in Emerging Organic Semiconductors"></span> Molecular engineering allows organic semiconducting materials to be directly tuned and modified for a given application. Specific optical and electronic properties can be accessed via chemical modifications which make these organic materials particularly exciting candidates for the future of electronic device research.</p> <h2 id="limitations">Limitations of Organic Semiconductors</h2> <hr> <p>Organic semiconductors (OSCs) offer flexibility, tunability, and potential for low-cost production, but they also have limitations that impact their performance and broader application including:</p> <ul> <li> <strong>Low Charge Carrier Mobility:</strong> Charge carrier mobilities in OSCs rarely exceed 10 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, a value which is orders of magnitude lower than in c-Si or graphene, where mobilities in the order of 10<sup>3</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> and 10<sup>6</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Haneef, H. (2019). Charge carrier traps in organic semiconductors: a review on the..."></span> </li> <li> <strong>Stability:</strong> Some organic materials are sensitive to environmental factors like oxygen, moisture, and UV light. They may need to be processed in a <a title="glove box" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/glove-box">glove box</a> to ensure inert conditions and encapsulated to preserve properties. This adds complexity and costs to device production.</li> <li> <strong>Complex Charge Transport Pathways:</strong> As described above, charges can transport via numerous routes with different levels of efficiency. Issues of reorganization energy, slow hopping and tunnelling and strong electron-phonon coupling make pathways complex.</li> <li> <strong>High Exciton Binding Energy:</strong> The low dielectric constants of organic semiconductor materials means that electron-hole pairs are more tightly bound due to less shielding.</li> </ul> <p>Research is ongoing to improve these limitations of organic semiconducting materials. The modifiable nature of organic molecules has lead to significant advancements in tailoring specific properties required for various applications. In particular, non-fullerene acceptors have seen a huge amount of development and expansion within the field of photovoltaics.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors" class="green-banner" data-track-content=""> <p data-content-piece="cta-non-fullerene-acceptors" data-content-name="/pages/what-are-organic-semiconductors">Non-fullerene acceptors</p> <img loading="lazy" alt="NFAs" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/nfas.jpg?v=1730192510&width=600&height=120&crop=left" height="120" width="600"><button>Browse now</button></a> <h2>Learn More</h2> <hr> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-are-non-fullerene-acceptors"><img alt="ITIC features" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/L8-BO-chemical-structure.png?v=1718725075&width=160&height=160&crop=left" width="160" height="160"></a> <a href="/pages/what-are-non-fullerene-acceptors">What are Non-Fullerene Acceptors?</a> <p>Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are organic molecules that, like fullerenes, act as electron acceptors in organic solar cells and other organic electronic devices. However, unlike fullerenes, NFAs lack the hollow cage structure and offer greater flexibility in molecular design, allowing for tunable electronic and optical properties.</p> <a href="/pages/what-are-non-fullerene-acceptors">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-introduction"><img alt="Organic photovoltaics (OPV)" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/OLED-fabrication.jpg?width=160&height=160&crop=center" width="160"></a> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-introduction">Organic Solar Cells: An Introduction to Organic Photovoltaics</a> <p>Organic solar cells, also known as photovoltaics (OPVs), have become widely recognized for their many promising qualities. This page introduces the topic of OPVs, how they work and their development.</p> <a href="/pages/organic-photovoltaics-introduction">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>References</h3> <hr> <ul> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00091j" title="A unified understanding of charge transport in organic semiconductors: the importance of attenuated delocalization for the carriers">A unified understanding of charge transport in organic...</a>, Lui, C. et al., Mater. Horiz. (2017) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11775-9" title="Quantum localization and delocalization of charge carriers in organic semiconducting crystals">Quantum localization and delocalization of charge carriers in...</a>, Giannini, S. et al., Nat Commun (2019) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0267" title="Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and future prospects">Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and...</a>, Ahmad, S., J Polym Eng (2014) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202108701" title="Recent Progress in Emerging Organic Semiconductors">Recent Progress in Emerging Organic Semiconductors</a>, Zhang, Q. et al., Advanced Materials (2022) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC05695E" title="Charge carrier traps in organic semiconductors: a review on the underlying physics and impact on electronic devices">Charge carrier traps in organic semiconductors: a review...</a>, Haneef, H., J. Mater. Chem. C (2019) </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>Contributors</h3> <hr> <p>Written by</p> <p style="text-align: left;" class="no-margin" data-mce-style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pages/our-writers#amelia-wood" title="Author Biography: Amelia Wood">Dr. Amelia Wood</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Application Scientist</p> <p>Diagrams by</p> <p style="text-align: left;" class="no-margin" data-mce-style="text-align: left;"><a href="/pages/our-writers#content-team" title="Our Content Team">Sam Force</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Graphic Designer</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main>  <div class="full-width-footer"> <footer id="footer" class="footer container"> <div class="clearfix footer-elems nav-footer" id="footer-links"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Ossila</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/press-and-media">Press and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/our-writers">Our Writing Team</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/awards-and-testimonials">Awards and Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/feedback">Leave Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/terms-and-conditions">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> <span>Copyright © 2024 Ossila</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Join the Team</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/careers">Careers at Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Collaborate</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/reprinting-permissions">Free Digital Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/conference-fund">Conference Sponsorship for Students</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/outreach-support">Science Outreach Support</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/graduation-awards-sponsorship">Graduation Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/letters-of-support">Letters of Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Your Account</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/account/login">Log In</a></li> <li><a href="/account/register">Create Account</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Order Information</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">Worldwide Shipping Charges</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/returns-and-cancellations">Returns and Cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/warranty-information">Warranty Information</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/distributors">Regional Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/deals-and-discounts">Deals and Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/price-drop-guarantee">Price Drop Guarantee</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Customer Support</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="/pages/contact-us">Send an Enquiry</a></li> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a></li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">Main Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +44 (0)114 2999 180</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 8:00-17:00 (GMT/BST)</li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">EU Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +31 (0)718 081020</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 9:00-17:00 (CET/CEST)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila Ltd</span> <span class="double-right-padding">Company Number 06920105</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number GB 978 2092 81</span> <span>EORI Number GB978209281000</span> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila BV</span> <span class="double-right-padding">CCI number 84102241</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number NL 863097182B01</span> <span>EORI Number NL863097182</span> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="bottom-banner" class="hidden"> <div id="cookie-banner" class="hidden"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <span class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 no-margin pad-half-height">The Ossila website uses cookies for core functionality. By continuing to browse the website you consent to the use of these cookies.</span> <a href="/pages/privacy-policy#cookies" class="col-xs-6 col-sm-2 text-center pad-half-height">More Information</a> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a href="#" class="btn-close">Accept & Close</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="basic_modal" id="basic-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="basic-modal-title" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <p class="modal-title" id="basic-modal-title"></p> <button type="button" class="close basic-modal-close" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body" id="basic-modal-text"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey basic-modal-close">Close</button> <a href="" class="btn btn-ossila-grey" id="basic-modal-link">More Information</a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="currency-modal" id="choose-country-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="choose-country-modal-title" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <p class="modal-title" id="choose-country-modal-title">Choose locale</p> <button type="button" class="close modal-close" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <label class="modal-label" for="countries-dropdown">Select Delivery Country or Region</label> <select class="currency-picker" name="country_dropdown_selector" id="countries-dropdown"></select> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <label class="modal-label" for="currency-picker">Choose Preferred Currency</label> <form method="post" action="/localization" id="currency-modal-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="shopify-localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization" /><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓" /><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" /><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/pages/what-are-organic-semiconductors" /> <select id="country-currency-modal-select" name="country_code" class="currency-picker"> <option selected="true" value="US">United States Dollar, $ USD</option> <option disabled="disabled">----</option> <option data-name="Australian Dollar" value="AU">Australian Dollar, $ AUD</option> <option data-name="British Pound" value="GB">British Pound, £ GBP</option> <option data-name="Bulgarian Lev" value="BG">Bulgarian Lev, лв. BGN</option> <option data-name="Canadian Dollar" value="CA">Canadian Dollar, $ CAD</option> <option data-name="Chilean Peso" value="CL">Chilean Peso, $ CLP</option> <option data-name="Chinese Renminbi Yuan" value="CN">Chinese Renminbi Yuan, ¥ CNY</option> <option data-name="Czech Koruna" value="CZ">Czech Koruna, Kč CZK</option> <option data-name="Danish Krone" value="DK">Danish Krone, kr. DKK</option> <option data-name="Euro" value="NL">Euro, € EUR</option> <option data-name="Hong Kong Dollar" value="HK">Hong Kong Dollar, $ HKD</option> <option data-name="Hungarian Forint" value="HU">Hungarian Forint, Ft HUF</option> <option data-name="Indian Rupee" value="BT">Indian Rupee, ₹ INR</option> <option data-name="Israeli New Sheqel" value="IL">Israeli New Sheqel, ₪ ILS</option> <option data-name="Japanese Yen" value="JP">Japanese Yen, ¥ JPY</option> <option data-name="Malaysian Ringgit" value="MY">Malaysian Ringgit, RM MYR</option> <option data-name="New Taiwan Dollar" value="TW">New Taiwan Dollar, $ TWD</option> <option data-name="New Zealand Dollar" value="CK">New Zealand Dollar, $ NZD</option> <option data-name="Norwegian Krone" value="NO">Norwegian Krone, kr NOK</option> <option data-name="Pakistani Rupee" value="PK">Pakistani Rupee, ₨ PKR</option> <option data-name="Peruvian Sol" value="PE">Peruvian Sol, S/. PEN</option> <option data-name="Philippine Peso" value="PH">Philippine Peso, ₱ PHP</option> <option data-name="Polish Złoty" value="PL">Polish Złoty, zł PLN</option> <option data-name="Romanian Leu" value="RO">Romanian Leu, Lei RON</option> <option data-name="Saudi Riyal" value="SA">Saudi Riyal, ر.س SAR</option> <option data-name="Serbian Dinar" value="RS">Serbian Dinar, РСД RSD</option> <option data-name="Singapore Dollar" value="BN">Singapore Dollar, $ SGD</option> <option data-name="South African Rand" value="SZ">South African Rand, R ZAR</option> <option data-name="South Korean Won" value="KR">South Korean Won, ₩ KRW</option> <option data-name="Swedish Krona" value="SE">Swedish Krona, kr SEK</option> <option data-name="Swiss Franc" value="LI">Swiss Franc,  CHF</option> <option data-name="Thai Baht" value="TH">Thai Baht, ฿ THB</option> <option data-name="United Arab Emirates Dirham" value="AE">United Arab Emirates Dirham, د.إ AED</option> <option data-name="Uruguayan Peso" value="UY">Uruguayan Peso, $ UYU</option> </select> </form> <p class="text-small text-center text-bold no-margin pad-top-half-height">Online orders to <span class="country-name"></span> can only be placed in <span class="forced-currency"></span>. For other payment methods, request a quote or send a purchase order to info@ossila.com to purchase via offline channels.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey modal-close">Close</button> <button type="button" id="save-local-settings" class="btn btn-ossila-green">Close and Save</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="back-to-top-outer"> <a title="Return to the top" class="back-to-top-link" href="#"> <div id="back-to-top-inner">Return to the top</div> </a> </div> </body> </html> <script> // GA4 tracking // container ID is used to access dataLayer get function const gtmContainerId = 'GTM-WRVWSTG'; // Empty object to attach functions to depending on the page type let dataLayerFunctions = {}; // Matomo Tracking var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; // Collection page view for ecommerce trackiong // Product views for ecommerce tracking // Cart view for ecommerce tracking // Track quote requests as ecommerce conversions _paq.push(['disableCookies']); // Disable all cookies _paq.push(['enableJSErrorTracking']); // Track JS errors _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); // tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['trackAllContentImpressions']); (function() { var u="https://ossila.matomo.cloud/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/ossila.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); // ES6 compatibility check (function(){function n(){return typeof Promise!="undefined"&&typeof Symbol=="function"&&typeof Symbol("test")=="symbol"&&typeof Array.from!="undefined"&&typeof Object.assign!="undefined"&&typeof Map!="undefined"&&typeof Set!="undefined"}document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){if(!n()){var e=document.getElementById("unsupported-browser-message");e&&(e.style.display="block")}});})(); </script>

CINXE.COM

What are Organic Semiconductors? Examples, Advantages and more | Ossila