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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Periòde d'Obeïd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periòde_d'Obeïd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periòde_d'Uruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periòde_d'Uruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Periòde d'Uruk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periòde_d'Uruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periòde_dei_dinastias_arcaïcas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periòde_dei_dinastias_arcaïcas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Periòde dei dinastias arcaïcas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Periòde_dei_dinastias_arcaïcas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Periòde dei dinastias arcaïcas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Periòde_dei_dinastias_arcaïcas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estructura_intèrna_deis_estats_arcaïcs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estructura_intèrna_deis_estats_arcaïcs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Estructura intèrna deis estats arcaïcs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estructura_intèrna_deis_estats_arcaïcs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relacions_entre_leis_estats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relacions_entre_leis_estats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Relacions entre leis estats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relacions_entre_leis_estats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empèri_d'Akkad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empèri_d'Akkad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Empèri d'Akkad</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Empèri_d'Akkad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Empèri d'Akkad</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Empèri_d'Akkad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'emergéncia_dau_reiaume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'emergéncia_dau_reiaume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>L'emergéncia dau reiaume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'emergéncia_dau_reiaume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_grandei_conquistas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_grandei_conquistas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lei grandei conquistas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_grandei_conquistas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_declin_e_la_fin_de_l'Empèri_d'Akkad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_declin_e_la_fin_de_l'Empèri_d'Akkad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lo declin e la fin de l'Empèri d'Akkad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_declin_e_la_fin_de_l'Empèri_d'Akkad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_neosumerian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_neosumerian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lo periòde neosumerian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lo_periòde_neosumerian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Lo periòde neosumerian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_neosumerian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_segonda_dinastia_de_Lagash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_segonda_dinastia_de_Lagash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>La segonda dinastia de Lagash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_segonda_dinastia_de_Lagash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_tresena_dinastia_d'Ur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_tresena_dinastia_d'Ur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>La tresena dinastia d'Ur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_tresena_dinastia_d'Ur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_amorrita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_amorrita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lo periòde amorrita</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lo_periòde_amorrita-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Lo periòde amorrita</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_amorrita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periòde_d'Isin_e_de_Larsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periòde_d'Isin_e_de_Larsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Periòde d'Isin e de Larsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periòde_d'Isin_e_de_Larsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premiera_dinastia_de_Babilònia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiera_dinastia_de_Babilònia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Premiera dinastia de Babilònia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premiera_dinastia_de_Babilònia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_periòdes_kassita_e_medioassirian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_periòdes_kassita_e_medioassirian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lei periòdes kassita e medioassirian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lei_periòdes_kassita_e_medioassirian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Lei periòdes kassita e medioassirian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lei_periòdes_kassita_e_medioassirian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_dinastia_kassita_de_Babilònia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_dinastia_kassita_de_Babilònia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>La dinastia kassita de Babilònia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_dinastia_kassita_de_Babilònia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_reiaume_dau_Mitani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_reiaume_dau_Mitani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Lo reiaume dau Mitani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_reiaume_dau_Mitani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_medioassirian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_medioassirian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Lo periòde medioassirian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_medioassirian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periòde_neoassirian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periòde_neoassirian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Periòde neoassirian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Periòde_neoassirian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Periòde neoassirian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Periòde_neoassirian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_reiaume_neoassirian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_reiaume_neoassirian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Lo reiaume neoassirian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_reiaume_neoassirian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_assirianas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_assirianas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Crisis assirianas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_assirianas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_formacion_de_l'Empèri_Neoassirian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_formacion_de_l'Empèri_Neoassirian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>La formacion de l'Empèri Neoassirian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_formacion_de_l'Empèri_Neoassirian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_casuda_deis_Assirians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_casuda_deis_Assirians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>La casuda deis Assirians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_casuda_deis_Assirians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periòde_neobabilonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periòde_neobabilonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Periòde neobabilonian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Periòde_neobabilonian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Periòde neobabilonian</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Periòde_neobabilonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_rèine_de_Nabucodonosòr_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_rèine_de_Nabucodonosòr_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Lo rèine de Nabucodonosòr II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_rèine_de_Nabucodonosòr_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_declin_e_la_casuda_de_l'Empèri_Babilonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_declin_e_la_casuda_de_l'Empèri_Babilonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Lo declin e la casuda de l'Empèri Babilonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_declin_e_la_casuda_de_l'Empèri_Babilonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia_après_la_dinastia_neobabiloniana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia_après_la_dinastia_neobabiloniana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Mesopotamia après la dinastia neobabiloniana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia_après_la_dinastia_neobabiloniana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesopotamia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 158 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">158 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A9%D3%A1%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аҩӡыбжьара - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҩӡыбжьара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%B4%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%AB" title="መስጴጦምያ - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መስጴጦምያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بلاد الرافدين - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاد الرافدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A2%DC%97%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="منطقة بين النهرين - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منطقة بين النهرين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%27%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেচ'পটেমিয়া - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেচ'পটেমিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiya" title="Mesopotamiya - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mesopotamiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین‌النهرین - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بین‌النهرین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotam%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mesopotamėjė - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mesopotamėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamya" title="Mesopotamya - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mesopotamya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Месапатамія - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Месапатамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мэсапатамія - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэсапатамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেসোপটেমিয়া - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেসোপটেমিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A0mia" title="Mesopotàmia - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesopotàmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB-s%C5%AB-p%C5%8F%CC%A4-d%C3%A2i-m%C4%AB" title="Mī-sū-pŏ̤-dâi-mī - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mī-sū-pŏ̤-dâi-mī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamya" title="Mesopotamya - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mesopotamya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مێزۆپۆتامیا - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێزۆپۆتامیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mie" title="Mezopotámie - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezopotámie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%AE%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="މެސޮޕޮޓޭމިއާ - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މެސޮޕޮޓޭމިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεσοποταμία - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσοποταμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamio" title="Mezopotamio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezopotamio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamia" title="Mesopotaamia - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesopotaamia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین‌النهرین - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بین‌النهرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie" title="Mésopotamie - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mésopotamie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamien" title="Mesopotaamien - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mesopotaamien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotaamje" title="Mesopotaamje - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mesopotaamje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mheaspat%C3%A1im" title="An Mheaspatáim - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mheaspatáim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" title="美索不達米亞 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="美索不達米亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9zopotami" title="Mézopotami - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mézopotami" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دو روبار میانی - gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="دو روبار میانی" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mesopotámia - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mesopotámia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="મેસોપોટેમીયા - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેસોપોટેમીયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="מסופוטמיה - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסופוטמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटामिया - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेसोपोटामिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamiska" title="Mezopotamiska - naut sorab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mezopotamiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="naut sorab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotami" title="Mezopotami - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mezopotami" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mezopotámia - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezopotámia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%84" title="Միջագետք - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջագետք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%84" title="Միջագետք - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միջագետք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B3p%C3%B3tam%C3%ADa" title="Mesópótamía - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mesópótamía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2" title="メソポタミア - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メソポタミア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotiemia" title="Mesopotiemia - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mesopotiemia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="შუამდინარეთი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუამდინარეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami" title="Mesopotami - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mesopotami" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Қосөзен (өркениет) - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қосөзен (өркениет)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮೆಸೊಪಟ್ಯಾಮಿಯಾ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಸೊಪಟ್ಯಾಮಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%86%8C%ED%8F%AC%ED%83%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%84" title="메소포타미아 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메소포타미아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - komi-permiac" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami" title="Mesopotami - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mesopotami" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotami" title="Mezopotami - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mezopotami" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamija" title="Mesopotamija - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mesopotamija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81_Divupe" title="Senā Divupe - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senā Divupe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%B4p%C3%B4tamia" title="Mesôpôtamia - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mesôpôtamia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Месопотамија - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месопотамија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മെസപ്പൊട്ടേമിയ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെസപ്പൊട്ടേമിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Месопотами" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटेमिया - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेसोपोटेमिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မက်ဆိုပိုတေးမီးယား - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်ဆိုပိုတေးမီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="میون‌رودون - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میون‌رودون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamie" title="Mesopotamie - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mesopotamie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोटामिया - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेसोपोटामिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसोपोतामिया - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेसोपोतामिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesopotamië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotanmie" title="Mésopotanmie - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mésopotanmie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਮੈਸੋਪੋਟਾਮੀਆ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਸੋਪੋਟਾਮੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamia" title="Mezopotamia - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezopotamia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النہرین - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بین النہرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النهرین - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بین النهرین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A2mia" title="Mesopotâmia - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mesopotâmia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мезопотамія - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мезопотамія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميسوپوٽيميا - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميسوپوٽيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මෙසොපොටේමියාව - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෙසොපොටේමියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mia" title="Mezopotámia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mezopotámia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezopotamija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesobotaamiya" title="Mesobotaamiya - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mesobotaamiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Месопотамија - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месопотамија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamia" title="Mésopotamia - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mésopotamia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mesopotamien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மெசொப்பொத்தேமியா - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெசொப்பொத்தேமியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="మెసొపొటేమియా నాగరికత - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెసొపొటేమియా నాగరికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Байнаннаҳрайн - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Байнаннаҳрайн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เมโสโปเตเมีย - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมโสโปเตเมีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%BDa" title="Mesopotamiýa - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mesopotamiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamya" title="Mesopotamya - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mesopotamya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopotamya" title="Mezopotamya - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezopotamya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Месопотамия - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Месопотамия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F" title="Межиріччя - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Межиріччя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بین النہرین - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین النہرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiya" title="Mesopotamiya - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mesopotamiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A0mia" title="Mezopotàmia - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mezopotàmia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_H%C3%A0" title="Lưỡng Hà - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưỡng Hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopot%C3%A4n" title="Mesopotän - volapuc" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mesopotän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mesopotamia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_%C3%B1aari_dex_yi" title="Réewum ñaari dex yi - wòlof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum ñaari dex yi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wòlof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚 - 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mesopotamia.PNG/300px-Mesopotamia.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Mesopotamia.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Mapa de la Mesopotamia antica</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mesopotamia</b> (var. <b>Mesopotàmia</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) es una region <a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">antica</a> situada dins la vau dei <a href="/wiki/Fluvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvi">fluvis</a> <a href="/wiki/Tigre_(riu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigre (riu)">Tigre</a> e <a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a>. Fòrça druda a la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_de_la_P%C3%A8ira" title="Edat de la Pèira">Edat de la Pèira</a>, foguèt lo còr dau premier fogau de sedentarizacion vèrs 7 000 avC. Son <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> es tradicionalament devesit en plusors periòdes associats a un pòble ò un reiaume dominant coma <a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr">Sumèr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> ò l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Assirian" title="Empèri Assirian">Empèri Assirian</a>. Au <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_VII_avC" class="mw-redirect" title="Sègle VII avC">sègle VII avC</a>, la demenicion dei rendiments <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricòlas</a>, consequéncia d'un lòng periòde d'esplecha intensiva de la region, e lei <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra" title="Guèrra">guèrras</a> recurrentas entre lei poissanças mesopotamianas principalas entraïnèron lor declin que s'acabèt per la conquista de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia" title="Babilònia">Babilònia</a> per leis <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Aquemenidas</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neolitic">Neolitic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Neolitic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Neolitic"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo Neolitic de Mesopotamia acomencèt vèrs 7000 avC ambé l'espelida dei premierei culturas agricòlas e dei premiers vilatges. Foguèron lei culturas d'Hassuna (vèrs 6000 avC), de Samarra (vèrs 5700-4900 avC) e de Tell Halaf (vèrs 6000-5300 avC). Vèrs la mitat dau <a href="/wiki/Millenni_IV_abC" title="Millenni IV abC">millenari IV avC</a>, lei Sumerians èran solidament installats en Mesopotamia<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, lor origina es desconeguda e es possible que foguèron presents dins la region dempuei lòngtemps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periòde_d'Obeïd"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_d.27Obe.C3.AFd"></span>Periòde d'Obeïd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde d'Obeïd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Periòde d'Obeïd"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo periòde d'Obeïd es una epòca protoistorica de Mesopotamia aperaquí entre 5000 e 3750 avC. Lo site principau es <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> ambé 19 nivèus d'ocupacion. Aqueu periòde es devesit en cinc epòcas pus pichonas : </p> <ul><li>Obeïd 0.</li> <li>Obeïd 1 onte la cultura d'Obeïd foguèt presenta en Bassa Mesopotamia a l'entorn d'<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>. Foguèt similara a la cultura de Samassa mai presentèt ja de diferéncias.</li> <li>Obeïd 2 onte la cultura d'Obeïd se desvolopèt e se mesclèt ai culturas de Samarra e de Tell Halaf.</li> <li>Obeïd 3 quand la cultura d'Obeïd se desvolopèt egalament en Auta Mesopotamia e sus lei ribas de la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a" title="Mar Mediterranèa">Mar Mediterranèa</a>. Lei vilatges èran pas encar de vilas mai lor talha e lor organizacion venguèron pus importantas. Aquela epòca foguèt tanben marcada per l'aparicion dei premiers cementèris.</li> <li>Obeïd 4 onte lei premiers temples son fachs a <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> e belèu <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. De mai, l'agricultura aigada permetèt una aumentacion dei concentracions umanas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periòde_d'Uruk"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_d.27Uruk"></span>Periòde d'Uruk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde d'Uruk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Periòde d'Uruk"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_d%27Uruk" title="Periòde d'Uruk">periòde d'Uruk</a> es un estadi dau desvolopament de la civilizacion protoistorica de Mesopotamia. Aqueu periòde foguèt identificat per de cavaments dins la vila d'Uruk en Bassa Mesopotamia. Pasmens, aqueu desvolopament regardèt egalament lei regions vesinas dau <a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Pròche Orient</a>. Ansin, lei premiers estats mesopotamians se formèron durant aquela èra enterin que lei premierei vilas e lei premiers sistèmas de comptabilitat o d'escritura<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>D'efèct, l'urbanizacion dei vilas cambièt fortament pendent lo periòde d'Uruk. Per exemple, la superficia d'Uruk foguèt probablament situada entre 230 e 500 ectaras. De mai, la vila de <a href="/wiki/Habuba_Kabira" title="Habuba Kabira">Habuba Kabira</a> en <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> es organizada segon un plan de 22 ectaras a l'interior d'un barri. Aqueu plan tèn de monuments principaus, de carrieras principalas e segondàrias e d'un ensems de residéncias similaras organizadas a l'entorn d'un cort. Leis arquitèctes conoissián donc lei principis fondators d'una vila ambé sei monuments importants e son organizacion intèrna. </p><p>D'autra part, ambé la formacion dei premiers estats, la talha dei monuments aumentèt e la forma dau poder cambièt. Ansin, lo temple D de l'Eanna a una superficia de <span class="nowrap">4 000 m²</span> còntra solament <span class="nowrap">280 m²</span> per aqueu d'Eridu, pus grand temple conegut per lo <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_d%27Obe%C3%AFd" title="Periòde d'Obeïd">periòde d'Obeïd</a>. Lo temple D èra tanben enviroutat per unei temples amb una superficia d'au mens <span class="nowrap">1 000 m²</span> mentre que lo temple d'Eridu èra isolat. Lei tombas presentèron un movement identic. Aquelei fachs mòstran donc un poder pus fòrt e capable de mobilizar de mejans importants durant una durada lònga. Lei representacions dau poder venguèron egalament diferentas pendent lo periòde d'Uruk ambé l'emergéncia d'una figura que lo designa. Lei foncions d'aquelei caps son similaras ai rèis de Sumèr dei sègles seguents : cap de guèrra, cap religiós e constructors. Ansin, lei premiers monuments, dichs « temples », èran pus probablament d'edificis mesclant d'imperatius administratius e culturaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periòde_dei_dinastias_arcaïcas"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_dei_dinastias_arca.C3.AFcas"></span>Periòde dei dinastias arcaïcas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde dei dinastias arcaïcas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Periòde dei dinastias arcaïcas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo periòde dei dinastias arcaïcas (DA) se debanèt entre 2900 e 2334 avC fins a l'unificacion de Mesopotamia per <a href="/wiki/Sargon_d%27Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargon d'Akkad">Sargon I<sup>r</sup> d'Akkad</a>. Aquela epòca es marcada per d'estats encar gaire desvolopats mai que se consolidèron fins a la formacion dau premier empèri de la region. Es devesit en tres periòdes diferents : </p> <ul><li>Lo DA I, entre 2900 e 2750 avC qu'es mau conegut a l'ora d'ara. Sembla que l'influéncia dau periòde precedent e dau centre d'<a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> èra encar importanta maugrat una diversitat culturala pus importanta.</li> <li>Lo DA II, entre 2750 e 2600 avC es lo periòde dei « temps eroïcs » de Mesopotamia ambé lei rèines dei rèis <a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> a <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> e <a href="/wiki/Agga" title="Agga">Agga</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kish" title="Kish">Kish</a>. Pasmens, l'existéncia arqueologica d'aquela epòca es desenant considerada coma dobtosa<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Lo DA III, entre 2600 e 2340 avC, veguèt una expansion fòrta de l'escritura e es devesit en doas èras : <ul><li>Lo DA III A, entre 2600 e 2500 avC, es lo periòde dei tombas reialas d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> e deis archius de <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Fara</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Abu_Salabikh" title="Abu Salabikh">Abu Salabikh</a>.</li> <li>Lo DA III B, entre 2500 e 2350 avC, es lo periòde dau desvolopament de poissanças politicas e la formacion d'un ensems diplomatic pus estendut.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estructura_intèrna_deis_estats_arcaïcs"><span id="Estructura_int.C3.A8rna_deis_estats_arca.C3.AFcs"></span>Estructura intèrna deis estats arcaïcs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Estructura intèrna deis estats arcaïcs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Estructura intèrna deis estats arcaïcs"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Basse_Mesopotamie_DA.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Basse_Mesopotamie_DA.PNG/220px-Basse_Mesopotamie_DA.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Basse_Mesopotamie_DA.PNG/330px-Basse_Mesopotamie_DA.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Basse_Mesopotamie_DA.PNG 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Localizacion dei ciutats principalas de Mesopotamia Bassa au millenari III avC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei ciutats-estats dau periòde arcaïc èran dirigidas per de rèis dichs de maniera diferenta segon lei tèxts. Lo mot pus ancian podriá èsser ŠITA.GIŠ.NAM2 que significariá « senhor de la maça ». Puei, tres tèrmes existisson que son LUGAL, EN e <a href="/wiki/Ens%C3%AD" title="Ensí">ENSÍ</a>. Lo premier es pus frequent, especialament a <a href="/wiki/Kish" title="Kish">Kish</a>, e tendriá un aspèct guerrier e conquistaire. Lo tèrme EN, present a <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, a una connotacion religiosa. Enfin, ENSÍ indicariá la somission dau rèi au dieu principau de la vila. Ansin, aquela diversitat mòstra l'existéncia de situacions variadas entre lei ciutats diferentas. </p><p>Dins aquò, de fachs pareisson constants, au mens per lo periòde DA III. Ansin, lo poder es exercit per un individú unic. Dins lo país de <a href="/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr">Sumèr</a>, l'ideologia reiala es dominada per lo principi de l'eleccion divina mentre que dins lei regions elamitas, es marcada per lo principi dinastic. Leis inscripcions d'aquela epòca mòstran l'importància superiora dei construccions religiosas a respèct dei victòrias militaras. Quina situacion que sigue, lo rèi es donc l'intermediari entre lei dieus e leis umans. L'<a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> reiau de l'epòca seguís aqueleis idèas. Per exemple, l'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A8la_dei_Voutors" title="Estèla dei Voutors">Estèla dei Voutors</a> dau rèi <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> de <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> presenta clarament lo dieu de la vila, <a href="/wiki/Ningirsu" title="Ningirsu">Ningirsu</a>, considerat coma son mèstre vertadier, e lo fach que lo trionf de son armada es sa victòria<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo ròtle dau sobeiran es donc organizat segon dos axes principaus : construire e combatre per lei dieus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relacions_entre_leis_estats">Relacions entre leis estats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Relacions entre leis estats" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Relacions entre leis estats"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Umma2350.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Umma2350.PNG/220px-Umma2350.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Umma2350.PNG/330px-Umma2350.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Umma2350.PNG/440px-Umma2350.PNG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Extension dau reiaume de <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zagesi" title="Lugal-zagesi">Lugal-zagesi</a> vèrs la mitat dau sègle XXIV avC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo periòde dei dinastias arcaïcas es egalament marcat per l'aparicion d'un sistèma de relacions diplomaticas entre lei ciutat-estats. Per exemple, un clavèu d'argiela commemòra l'aliança entre <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a> de <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> vèrs 2500. Es l'acòrd d'aliança pus ancian qu'es conegut a l'ora d'ara. Certanei rèi tenguèron probablament una influéncia preponderanta durant certanei periòdes coma lo rèi <a href="/wiki/Mesalim" title="Mesalim">Mesalim</a> de <a href="/wiki/Kish" title="Kish">Kish</a> qu'arbitrèt un conflicte entre <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> e <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> vèrs 2600. De mai, lei ciutats de Mesopotamia avián lo sentiment de formar entre elei una unitat culturala dicha KALAM (« lo país »). </p><p>Lo periòde dei dinastias arcaïcas es egalament l'epòca dei premierei guèrras documentadas. Ansin, lo DA II es marcat per lei racòntes de <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>. Pasmens, leis informacions pus precisas son per lo DA III B, especialament per lei guèrras recurrentas entre <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> a prepaus d'un territòri aigat nomat GU.EDEN.NA<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Leis inscripcions dei rèis de <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> indican tanben l'existéncia de guèrras ambé de reiaumes de Mesopotamia mai egalament exteriors coma <a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a> o <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>. Certanei rèis establiguèron donc lor dominacion sus la region, especialament en Bassa Mesopotamia : <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> de <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> que bateguèt divèrsei rèis de la region e mai aquelei de <a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> vèrs 2450 avC, <a href="/wiki/Enshakushana" title="Enshakushana">Enshakushana</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> que prenguèt <a href="/wiki/Kish" title="Kish">Kish</a> e capturèt son rèi <a href="/wiki/Enbi-Ishtar" title="Enbi-Ishtar">Enbi-Ishtar</a> vèrs 2430 avC e enfin <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zagesi" title="Lugal-zagesi">Lugal-zagesi</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> que venguèt lo mèstre de tota la Bassa Mesopotamia en 2450 avC<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dos documents de l'epòca, que son l'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A8la_dei_Voutors" title="Estèla dei Voutors">Estèla dei Voutors</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Estendard_d%27Ur" title="Estendard d'Ur">Estendard d'Ur</a>, mòstran l'organizacion e l'armament deis armadas dei dinastias arcaïcas. Presentan de fòrças organizadas a l'entorn d'una falange compacta ambé de soudats fortament armats de lanças e protegits per de grands bloquiers. Tenguèron egalament de maças, d'espasas, d'àpias e de ponhaus mai pas d'arcs. Existiguèt tanben de carris tirats per d'ases. Aquelei carris serviguèron probablament per cargar l'enemic avans l'infantariá. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empèri_d'Akkad"><span id="Emp.C3.A8ri_d.27Akkad"></span>Empèri d'Akkad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Empèri d'Akkad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Empèri d'Akkad"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Extension de l'Empèri d'Akkad a son apogèu durant la segonda mitat dau sègle XXIII avC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo periòde de l'Empèri d'<a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a> durèt d'aperaquí 2334 a 2200 avC. Es documentat per de tauletas d'argiela descubèrtas sus divèrsei sites coma <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> o <a href="/wiki/Adab" title="Adab">Adab</a> en Bassa Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> e <a href="/wiki/Khafadje" title="Khafadje">Khafadje</a> dins la vau de la Diyala, a <a href="/wiki/Susa" class="mw-disambig" title="Susa">Susa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasur" title="Gasur">Gasur</a> en Auta Mesopotamia e <a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Tell Brak</a> en <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquelei tauletas son principalament de documents administratius coma l'enregistrament dei produccions, lei concessions de tèrras... etc. Pasmens, la conoissença de la dinastia d'Akkad es totjorn malaisada car sa capitala, <a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a>, es pas encara localizada. </p><p>D'autra part, l'activitat dei rèis d'<a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a> es coneguda per divèrseis inscripcions e per una produccion literària posteriora e probablament inspirada per lo prestigi dei personatges a partir de la <a href="/wiki/Tresena_dinastia_d%27Ur" title="Tresena dinastia d'Ur">tresena dinastia d'Ur</a> e fins a la fin de la civilizacion de Mesopotamia<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins aquò, es pas totjorn facil de destapar lo verai e lo faus dins aquelei tradicions<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Enfin, lo periòde de la dinastia d'Akkad es egalament documentat per d'òbras d'art descubèrtas dins lei butins dei rèis elamitas, especialament a <a href="/wiki/Susa" class="mw-disambig" title="Susa">Susa</a> après lei campanhas militaras còntra <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> durant la segonda mitat dau <a href="/wiki/Millenni_II_abC" title="Millenni II abC">millenni II abC</a>. En revenge, l'estudi dei nivèus arqueologics dei sites ancians es fòrça dificil generalament en causa de l'abséncia d'una cultura materiala o d'una arquitectura diferentas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'emergéncia_dau_reiaume"><span id="L.27emerg.C3.A9ncia_dau_reiaume"></span>L'emergéncia dau reiaume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : L'emergéncia dau reiaume" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'emergéncia dau reiaume"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vèrs 2234 avC, un còp d'estat dins la ciutat de <a href="/wiki/Kish" title="Kish">Kish</a> permetèt la presa dau poder per <a href="/wiki/Sargon_d%27Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargon d'Akkad">Sargon</a> qu'èra un ministre dau rèi <a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a>. Puei, Sargon capitèt de véncer lo rèi pus poderós de Mesopotamia qu'èra <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zagesi" title="Lugal-zagesi">Lugal-zagesi</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>. De fidèus foguèron nomats cap dei vilas principaus de la region. Ansin, Sargon poguèt unificar lei ciutat-estats ancians de Bassa Mesopotamia e d'Akkad que venguèt capitala d'un reiaume vast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_grandei_conquistas">Lei grandei conquistas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei grandei conquistas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei grandei conquistas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après la presa de la Bassa Mesopotamia, Sargon dirigiguèt de campanhas a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88st" title="Èst">èst</a> e au nòrd-èst. Dins l'Auta Mesopotamia, prenguèt probablament <a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a> e belèu <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> en <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>. Pasmens, lei destruccions d'aquelei vilas son de mau datar. Podrián èsser lei consequéncias d'una guèrra locala o tanben de conquistas de <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin" title="Naram-Sin">Naram-Sin</a>, un successor de Sargon. En revenge, una inscripcion de Sargon espereu indica qu'agantèt lei regions mejanas d'<a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a> a <a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a>. </p><p>Lo successor de Sargon foguèt <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> que reinèt probablament a partir de 2279 avC. Son epòca acomencèt per una revòuta fòrça violenta dei vilas de Bassa Mesopotamia dirigida per <a href="/wiki/Kaku" title="Kaku">Kaku</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> ajudat per lei ciutats d'<a href="/wiki/Adab" title="Adab">Adab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabalam" title="Zabalam">Zabalam</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kazallu" title="Kazallu">Kazallu</a>. La repression foguèt relativament malaisada mai capitèt finalament. Foguèt lo premier d'un empèri que subrevisquèt a son fondator. Ansin, Rimush poguèt menar d'expedicions còntra lei reiaumes dau platèu iranian (<a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awan" title="Awan">Awan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Marhashi" title="Marhashi">Marhashi</a>). Son fiu <a href="/wiki/Manishtusu" title="Manishtusu">Manishtusu</a> li succediguèt vèrs 2270 avC. Dirigiguèt d'autrei campanhas dins lei regions iranianas<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Son fiu <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin" title="Naram-Sin">Naram-Sin</a> venguèt rèi vèrs 2254 avC. Foguèt tanben un personatge de l'istòria de Mesopotamia mai amb un imatge pus negatiu per lei generacions seguentas. Coma <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a>, lo començament de son rèine foguèt marcat per una revòuta generalizada de Bassa Mesopotamia, dirigida per <a href="/wiki/Amar-girid" title="Amar-girid">Amar-girid</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> ambé lo sostèn d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adab" title="Adab">Adab</a> o encar <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>, e de <a href="/wiki/Kish" title="Kish">Kish</a> amb una coalicion d'<a href="/wiki/Iphur-Kish" title="Iphur-Kish">Iphur-Kish</a> ajudat per <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eresh" title="Eresh">Eresh</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kazallu" title="Kazallu">Kazallu</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La repression foguèt fòrça saunosa. Menèt après d'expedicions en Auta Mesopotamia onte capitèt d'establir fermament lo poder d'<a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a>. Bateguèt egalament lei rèis d'<a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Marhashi" title="Marhashi">Marhashi</a>. Realizèt tanben unei construccions e reformas per renforçar lo caractèr imperiau de la dinastia. Pasmens, la tradicion repòrta que <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin" title="Naram-Sin">Naram-Sin</a> onorèt pas correctament lo dieu <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, divinitat pus importanta de Bassa Mesopotamia. En consequéncia, lei generacions posterioras considerèron <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin" title="Naram-Sin">Naram-Sin</a> e sei successors coma maudits. E d'efèct, lei darriereis annadas de son rèine foguèron lo començament de la fin per l'Empèri d'Akkad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_declin_e_la_fin_de_l'Empèri_d'Akkad"><span id="Lo_declin_e_la_fin_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri_d.27Akkad"></span>Lo declin e la fin de l'Empèri d'Akkad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo declin e la fin de l'Empèri d'Akkad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo declin e la fin de l'Empèri d'Akkad"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La fin dau rèine de <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin" title="Naram-Sin">Naram-Sin</a> visquèt l'arribada d'un pòple novèu, lei <a href="/wiki/Gutis" title="Gutis">Gutis</a>, per lei montanhas Zagros. Aqueu pòple, barbar per lei Mesopotamians, mandèt unei raids murtriers en Mesopotamia. La casuda d'Akkad es donc generalament supausada d'èsser lo fach dei Gutis coma o indica la <a href="/wiki/Lista_reiala_sumeriana" title="Lista reiala sumeriana">Lista reiala sumeriana</a>. Ansin, lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shar-kali-sharri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shar-kali-sharri (la pagina existís pas)">Shar-kali-sharri</a>, successor de <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin" title="Naram-Sin">Naram-Sin</a>, foguèt marcat per una reculada de l'influéncia d'Akkad maugrat de victòrias còntra leis <a href="/wiki/Amorritas" title="Amorritas">Amorritas</a>, leis Elamitas e lei Gutis pervenguts dins lei regions pròchas d'<a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a>. </p><p>Après <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shar-kali-sharri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shar-kali-sharri (la pagina existís pas)">Shar-kali-sharri</a>, la fin d'<a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Akkad</a> foguèt progressiva car tenguèt tres successors fòrça mau coneguts. Segon la lista reiala, de rèis gutis prenguèron la plaça deis emperaires akkadians. Dins aquò, sembla puslèu qu'un nombre important d'estats e de rèis remplacèron la dominacion d'Akkad coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tish-atal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tish-atal (la pagina existís pas)">Tish-atal</a> a Urkish (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Mozan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Mozan (la pagina existís pas)">Tell Mozan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> a <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> e <a href="/wiki/Utu-hegal" title="Utu-hegal">Utu-hegal</a> a <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lo_periòde_neosumerian"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_neosumerian"></span>Lo periòde neosumerian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde neosumerian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde neosumerian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo periòde neosumerian se debanèt aperaquí après lo reculament dei Gutis durant la mitat dau sègle XXII avC fins a la tombadura de la <a href="/wiki/Tresena_dinastia_d%27Ur" title="Tresena dinastia d'Ur">tresena dinastia d'Ur</a> en <a href="/wiki/-2004" class="mw-redirect" title="-2004">2004 avC</a>. Es caracterizat per un retorn au poder dei regions de <a href="/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr">Sumèr</a>, especialament <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> puei <a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_segonda_dinastia_de_Lagash">La segonda dinastia de Lagash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : La segonda dinastia de Lagash" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La segonda dinastia de Lagash"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après l'afondrament de l'Empèri d'Akkad, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> venguèt tornarmai independenta e una dinastia novèla foguèt creada per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Ningirsu_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Ningirsu Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Ur-Ningirsu I<sup>r</sup></a>. Pasmens, la segonda dinastia de Lagash es pas realament una dinastia au sens actuau dau tèrme car sei sobeirans son pas totei de la mema familha. Aqueu periòde es dominat per lo rèi <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> que reinèt vèrs <a href="/wiki/-2120" class="mw-redirect" title="-2120">2120 avC</a>. Es principalament conegut per son activitat arqueologica e artistica puslèu que per sei succès militars. A laissat un centenau d'inscripcions e a restaurat la màger part dei temples de <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>, especialament aqueu de <a href="/wiki/Ningirsu" title="Ningirsu">Ningirsu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_tresena_dinastia_d'Ur"><span id="La_tresena_dinastia_d.27Ur"></span>La tresena dinastia d'Ur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : La tresena dinastia d'Ur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La tresena dinastia d'Ur"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ur_III.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ur_III.svg/220px-Ur_III.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ur_III.svg/330px-Ur_III.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ur_III.svg/440px-Ur_III.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Extension dau territòri de la <a href="/wiki/Tresena_dinastia_d%27Ur" title="Tresena dinastia d'Ur">tresena dinastia d'Ur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vèrs <a href="/wiki/-2120" class="mw-redirect" title="-2120">2120 avC</a>, lo rèi <a href="/wiki/Utu-hegal" title="Utu-hegal">Utu-hegal</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> vencèt lo rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirigan (la pagina existís pas)">Tirigan</a> dei Gutis. Pasmens, son rèine foguèt cort car foguèt rebutat per de notables de la cort dirigits per <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a>, governador d'<a href="/wiki/Ur_(vila)" title="Ur (vila)">Ur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> reinèt de <a href="/wiki/-2112" class="mw-redirect" title="-2112">2112</a> a <a href="/wiki/-2095" class="mw-redirect" title="-2095">2095 avC</a>. Son rèine es mau conegut mai apareis que dominèt la Bassa Mesopotamia. Menèt tanben una politica de pacificacion ambé la restauracion dei vilas e dei temples principaus, deis omenatges ai dieus, lo desvolopament de l'agricultura aigada e la reconstruccion de rotas. </p><p>Son fiu <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> li succediguèt e realizèt de reformas importantas que serviguèron de basas a l'Empèri d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> durant de decennis<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Se sap pas manco se <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> es a l'origina d'aquela politica o se continuèt l'òbra de son paire, mai en tot cas, foguèt lo cap d'un reiaume e d'una administracion organizats. A partir de <a href="/w/index.php?title=-2070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-2070 (la pagina existís pas)">2070 avC</a>, mandèt de campanhas militaras per assegurar la seguretat dei frontieras. Au <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B2rd" title="Nòrd">nòrd</a>, lei país de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karkhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karkhar (la pagina existís pas)">Karkhar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simurrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simurrum (la pagina existís pas)">Simurrum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbilum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbilum (la pagina existís pas)">Urbilum</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harshi (la pagina existís pas)">Harshi</a> foguèron somés après onze expedicions. Una muralha foguèt bastida entre <a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilaya (la pagina existís pas)">Dilaya</a>. Lei reiaumes elamitas d'<a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Marhashi" title="Marhashi">Marhashi</a> et de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simashki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simashki (la pagina existís pas)">Simashki</a> foguèron tanben somés gràcias a d'alianças matrimonialas. En revenge, lo reiaume de <a href="/wiki/Susa" class="mw-disambig" title="Susa">Susa</a> foguèt conquist per de mejans militars e integrat dins l'Empèri. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> moriguèt en <a href="/wiki/-2047" class="mw-redirect" title="-2047">2047 avC</a> e foguèt remplaçat per son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amar-Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amar-Sin (la pagina existís pas)">Amar-Sin</a>. Reinèt entre <a href="/wiki/-2046" class="mw-redirect" title="-2046">2046</a> e <a href="/wiki/-2038" class="mw-redirect" title="-2038">2038 avC</a>. Continuèt l'esfòrç militar de son paire au nòrd e prenguèt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur (la pagina existís pas)">Assur</a>. De revòutas acomencèron après sa mort au començament dau rèine de son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (la pagina existís pas)">Shu-Sin</a>. Dins aquò d'ara endavant, la menaça majora foguèt leis incursions deis <a href="/wiki/Amorritas" title="Amorritas">amorritass</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (la pagina existís pas)">Shu-Sin</a> deguèt construire una muralha per se parar de sei raids. </p><p>Lo darrier rèi de la dinastia foguèt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Sin (la pagina existís pas)">Ibbi-Sin</a> que reinèt entre <a href="/wiki/-2028" class="mw-redirect" title="-2028">2028</a> e <a href="/wiki/-2004" class="mw-redirect" title="-2004">2004avC</a>. A partir de <a href="/wiki/-2025" class="mw-redirect" title="-2025">2025 avC</a>, certanei regions perifericas retrobèron lor independéncia coma <a href="/wiki/Susa" class="mw-disambig" title="Susa">Susa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> en <a href="/wiki/-2025" class="mw-redirect" title="-2025">2025</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> en <a href="/wiki/-2023" class="mw-redirect" title="-2023">2023</a> e <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> en <a href="/wiki/-2017" class="mw-redirect" title="-2017">2017 avC</a>. Leis assais d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Sin (la pagina existís pas)">Ibbi-Sin</a> per enraiar lo declin d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> capitèron mau. Dirigiguèt una campanha còntra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simurrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simurrum (la pagina existís pas)">Simurrum</a> en <a href="/wiki/-2025" class="mw-redirect" title="-2025">2025</a> e maridèt una de sei filhas ambé lo rèi de Zabshali per equilibrar la poissança creissenta dei rèis de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simashki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simashki (la pagina existís pas)">Simashki</a>. En <a href="/wiki/-2017" class="mw-redirect" title="-2017">2017 avC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> es victima de la famina. Puei, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=-2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-2009 (la pagina existís pas)">2009 avC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a>, governador d'<a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, venguèt egalament independent amb un poder important. Aquel eveniment foguèt decisiu e <a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> foguèt presa per leis Elamitas en <a href="/wiki/-2004" class="mw-redirect" title="-2004">-2004</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Sin (la pagina existís pas)">Ibbi-Sin</a> capturat e emportat en <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lo_periòde_amorrita"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_amorrita"></span>Lo periòde amorrita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde amorrita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde amorrita"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo periòde amorrita se debanèt entre <a href="/wiki/-2004" class="mw-redirect" title="-2004">2004</a> e <a href="/wiki/-1595" class="mw-redirect" title="-1595">1595 avC</a>. Acomencèt per la casuda de l'empèri de la <a href="/wiki/Tresena_dinastia_d%27Ur" title="Tresena dinastia d'Ur">tresena dinastia d'Ur</a> e finiguèt ambé la tombadura de la premièra dinastia de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periòde_d'Isin_e_de_Larsa"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_d.27Isin_e_de_Larsa"></span>Periòde d'Isin e de Larsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde d'Isin e de Larsa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Periòde d'Isin e de Larsa"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'epòca après la fin de l'Empèri d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> es marcada per la dominacion d'<a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>. Ansin, lo rèi d'<a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> capitèt de replegar la garnison elamita d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> e se poguèt presentar coma lo successor de la <a href="/wiki/Tresena_dinastia_d%27Ur" title="Tresena dinastia d'Ur">tresena dinastia</a> d'aquela ciutat. Puei, son successor <a href="/wiki/Shu-ilishu" title="Shu-ilishu">Shu-ilishu</a> faguèt la patz ambé l'Elam e recuperèt l'estatua sacrada dau dieu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanna (la pagina existís pas)">Nanna</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a>, presa pendent lo pilhatge de la vila en -2004<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo poder de la dinastia aumentèt fins a la mòrt d'<a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a>. </p><p>Lo reiaume de <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> seriá estat fondat vèrs <a href="/wiki/-2025" class="mw-redirect" title="-2025">-2025</a> per <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> pendent lo començament de l'afondrament dau reiaume de la tresena dinastia d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a>. Lo réine dau cinquen rèi de la dinastia, <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a>, marca l'eissidor de la vila ambé la presa d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> còntra <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>. Sei successors contunièron la guèrra còntra aquela vila. Vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1898" class="mw-redirect" title="-1898">-1898</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> comencèt donc de trabalhs idraulics fòrça importants per desviar l'aiga de canaus alimentant Isin. Acabats en <a href="/wiki/-1877" class="mw-redirect" title="-1877">-1877</a>, aquelei trabalhs li donèron un avantatge decisiu<sup id="cite_ref-bjm_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjm-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/-1870" class="mw-redirect" title="-1870">-1870</a>, Isin perdiguèt la vila santa de Nippur. Maugrat una reconquista quatre ans pus tard, foguèt un simbòl fòrça important. Isin acumulèt adonc lei revèrs : pèrda d'Ibrat en <a href="/wiki/-1844" class="mw-redirect" title="-1844">-1844</a>, desfacha d'una coalicion unissent <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazallu" title="Kazallu">Kazallu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> e l’<a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> còntra <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> en <a href="/wiki/-1837" class="mw-redirect" title="-1837">-1837</a>, segonda pèrda de Nippur en <a href="/wiki/-1828" class="mw-redirect" title="-1828">-1828</a> e novèla revirada d'una coalicion ambé Uruk, Babilònia, Sutum e Rapiqum en <a href="/wiki/-1809" class="mw-redirect" title="-1809">-1809</a><sup id="cite_ref-bjm_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjm-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>D'aqueu temps, la dinastia en plaça foguèt reversada en <a href="/wiki/-1834" class="mw-redirect" title="-1834">-1834</a> per <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Mabuk" title="Kudur-Mabuk">Kudur-Mabuk</a> qu'aprofichèt una campanha còntra Isin. Nomèt son fiu Warad-Sin rèi de la vila. Un periòde de construccion (temples, canaus) comencèt. En -1802, lo rèi Rim-Sin lancèt son ofensiva finala còntra lo reiaume d'Isin. Prenguèt <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> (<a href="/wiki/-1802" class="mw-redirect" title="-1802">-1802</a>), Al-Damiq (<a href="/wiki/-1799" class="mw-redirect" title="-1799">-1799</a>), Dunnum (<a href="/wiki/-1795" class="mw-redirect" title="-1795">-1795</a>) e assetgèt Isin. Maugrat una intervencion de Babilònia, la vila tombèt en <a href="/wiki/-1794" class="mw-redirect" title="-1794">-1794</a> o <a href="/wiki/-1793" class="mw-redirect" title="-1793">-1793</a>. Es l'apogèu de <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> mai durèt gaire. </p><p>En Auta Mesopotamia, lei reiaumes principaus foguèron aquelei de <a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a> e d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur (la pagina existís pas)">Assur</a>. Un nombre important de reiaumes pichons existissiá egalament, especialament dins la region dau triangle de Khabur coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karana (la pagina existís pas)">Karana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbish (la pagina existís pas)">Urbish</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagar (la pagina existís pas)">Nagar</a> o encara <a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a>, que foguèron la presa dei reiaumes pus poderós. A partir de la fin dau sègle XIX avC e au començament dau sègle seguent, la region foguèt lo teatre de guèrras acarnadas entre <a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a>. Lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsi-Addu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamsi-Addu (la pagina existís pas)">Shamsi-Addu</a> (<a href="/wiki/-1793" class="mw-redirect" title="-1793">1793</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1775" class="mw-redirect" title="-1775">1775 avC</a>) marquèt la dominacion corta d'<a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a> ambé la formacion dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reiaume_d%27Auta_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reiaume d'Auta Mesopotamia (la pagina existís pas)">reiaume d'Auta Mesopotamia</a> qu'englobava <a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a>. Pasmens, après sa mòrt, Mari venguèt tornarmai independenta. Enfin, en <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>, lei dos estats pus grands foguèron lei reiaumes de <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A8p" title="Alèp">Alèp</a>. Lor rivalitat foguèt tanben importanta e sembla qu'Alèp foguèt venceire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premiera_dinastia_de_Babilònia"><span id="Premiera_dinastia_de_Babil.C3.B2nia"></span>Premiera dinastia de Babilònia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Premiera dinastia de Babilònia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Premiera dinastia de Babilònia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Mari.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mari.png/220px-Mari.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mari.png/330px-Mari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mari.png/440px-Mari.png 2x" data-file-width="3207" data-file-height="2359" /></a><figcaption>Estats principaus de la region au començament dau sègle XVIII avC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/220px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/330px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg/440px-Hammurabi%27s_Babylonia_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Extension dau territòri de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> au començament e a la fin dau rèine d'Hammurabi.</figcaption></figure> <p>La dinastia amorrita de Babilònia foguèt fondada per lo rèi <a href="/wiki/Sumu-Abum" title="Sumu-Abum">Sumu-Abum</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1894" class="mw-redirect" title="-1894">1894 aC</a>. Pendent lo rèine de son successor, <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1880" class="mw-redirect" title="-1880">1880</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1845" class="mw-redirect" title="-1845">1845 aC</a>), la region de Babilònia sembla fòrça agitada. Per exemple, lei dinastias de <a href="/wiki/Kish" title="Kish">Kish</a> o de <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a> conoguèron unei rèis ambé de rèines corts<sup id="cite_ref-Kupper_53_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupper_53-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sumu-la-El aprofichèt donc la situacion per conquistar <a href="/wiki/Kazallu" title="Kazallu">Kazallu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halambu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halambu (la pagina existís pas)">Halambu</a>, Kish, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuta (la pagina existís pas)">Kuta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anzaqar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anzaqar (la pagina existís pas)">Anzaqar</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barzi (la pagina existís pas)">Barzi</a> e se crear un reiaume notable dins lei regions centralas de Mesopotamia<sup id="cite_ref-Grands_empires_112_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grands_empires_112-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Puei, durant lo rèine dau cinquen rèi de la dinastia, <a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a> (<a href="/wiki/-1813" class="mw-redirect" title="-1813">1813</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1793" class="mw-redirect" title="-1793">1793</a> aC), Babilònia venguèt un reiaume podent rivalizar ambé leis autrei poissanças de la region coma <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a> e subretot <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>. </p><p>L'apogèu de la dinastia foguèt lo rèine d'<a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/-1793" class="mw-redirect" title="-1793">1793</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1750" class="mw-redirect" title="-1750">1750 aC</a>), successor de Sin-Muballit. En <a href="/wiki/1773_aC" class="mw-redirect" title="1773 aC">1773 aC</a> après la mòrt de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsi-Addu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamsi-Addu (la pagina existís pas)">Shamsi-Addu</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mari" class="mw-disambig" title="Mari">Mari</a>, un periòde de guèrras violentas comencèt. D'efèct, <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> sostenguèt la <a href="/wiki/Rev%C3%B2uta_dei_Benjaminitas_de_1773_aC" title="Revòuta dei Benjaminitas de 1773 aC">revòuta dei nomadas benjaminitas</a> còntra Mari. Lo conflicte durèt quatre ans e s'acabèt amb una patz precària fins a <a href="/wiki/-1766" class="mw-redirect" title="-1766">1766 aC</a>. Aquel an, l'<a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> ataquèt <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>. Babilònia e Mari, teoricament vassaus de l'Elam, l'ajudèron a prendre la vila. Pasmens, en <a href="/wiki/-1765" class="mw-redirect" title="-1765">1765 aC</a>, leis aliats ancians se bateguèron entre elei. L'armada elamita foguèt vencuda a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_d%27Hiritum" title="Batalha d'Hiritum">Hiritum</a> per lei fòrças d'Alèp, de Babilònia e de Mari e se repleguèt fin finala en <a href="/wiki/-1763" class="mw-redirect" title="-1763">1763 aC</a>. Larsa qu'assaièt d'aprofichar la guèrra au nòrd per atacar lo sud dau reiaume de Babilònia foguèt rapidament conquistat entre 1764 e 1763 aC totjorn ambé l'ajuda de Mari. Puei, après la conquista d'Eshnunna, devastada per lei guèrras de 1766 e 1765-1763, en 1762, una guèrra novèla aguèt luòc entre Babilònia e Mari, son aliat ancian, per de rasons mau compresas. Ansin, Mari foguèt conquistada vèrs <a href="/w/index.php?title=-1760&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-1760 (la pagina existís pas)">1760</a> e son palais incendiat en <a href="/wiki/-1759" class="mw-redirect" title="-1759">1759</a> per la garnison d'Hammurabi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Iluna" title="Samsu-Iluna">Samsu-Iluna</a> (<a href="/wiki/-1749" class="mw-redirect" title="-1749">1749</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1712" class="mw-redirect" title="-1712">1712 aC</a>), successor d'Hammurabi, temptèt de continuar la politica de son paire mai de revòutas nombrosas esclatèron, coma l'insurreccion dau país de <a href="/wiki/Sum%C3%A8r" title="Sumèr">Sumèr</a> comandada per <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a> (<a href="/wiki/-1741" class="mw-redirect" title="-1741">1741</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1736" class="mw-redirect" title="-1736">1736 aC</a>) que destruguèt tot lo sud dau reiaume. Après Samsu-Iluna, lo territòri babilonian se reduguèt ai regions a l'entorn de Babilònia e finalament, vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1595" class="mw-redirect" title="-1595">1595 aC</a>, una guèrra còntra leis Ititas entraïnèt lo pilhatge de la capitala e la fin de la dinastia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lei_periòdes_kassita_e_medioassirian"><span id="Lei_peri.C3.B2des_kassita_e_medioassirian"></span>Lei periòdes kassita e medioassirian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei periòdes kassita e medioassirian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei periòdes kassita e medioassirian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo nom d'aqueu periòde es pas oficiau e pas encara definit. Se debanèt aperaquí entre <a href="/wiki/-1595" class="mw-redirect" title="-1595">1595</a> e <a href="/wiki/-1080" class="mw-redirect" title="-1080">1080 avC</a>. Foguèt caracterizat per la formacion d'una dinastia kassita a <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a>, dau reiaume dau <a href="/wiki/Mitani" title="Mitani">Mitani</a> au nòrd de la <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> e dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur (la pagina existís pas)">reiaume medioassirian</a>. De mai, leis Ititas tenguèron egalament una influéncia importanta dins lo nòrd de Mesopotamia e en <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_dinastia_kassita_de_Babilònia"><span id="La_dinastia_kassita_de_Babil.C3.B2nia"></span>La dinastia kassita de Babilònia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : La dinastia kassita de Babilònia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La dinastia kassita de Babilònia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La dinastia kassita de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> es fòrça mau coneguda. Adoptèt probablament son plan quadrangular e la vila installèt sa dominacion sus lo <a href="/wiki/Sud" title="Sud">sud</a> dau país après la presa d'<a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> per <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_Ier" title="Burna-Buriash Ier">Burna-Buriash I<sup>r</sup></a>. Au sègle XIII avC, lo reiaume kassita aguèt una poisssança sufisenta per menaçar l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur (la pagina existís pas)">Empèri Assirian</a>. Pasmens, a la fin d'aqueu sègle, leis Assirians capitèron de prendre la ciutat e de pilhar sei muralhas. La dominacion assiriana durèt pas e la dinastia restabliguèt son poder a <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia" title="Babilònia">Babilònia</a> au sègle XII avC. Aquela epòca foguèt puei marcada per lo retorn en fòrça deis Elamitas. Afeblits, lei Kassitas poguèron pas resistir e Babilònia foguèt conquista per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shutruk-Nahhunte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shutruk-Nahhunte (la pagina existís pas)">Shutruk-Nahhunte</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1185" class="mw-redirect" title="-1185">1185</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1160" class="mw-redirect" title="-1160">1160 avC</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_reiaume_dau_Mitani">Lo reiaume dau Mitani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo reiaume dau Mitani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo reiaume dau Mitani"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Mitani" title="Mitani">Mitani</a> es tanben un reiaume mau conegut car sa capitala es pas encara estada descubèrta. De mai, a l'ora d'ara, se ne'n conois ges de site important. Se formèt probablament vèrs lei sègles XVII o XVI avC dins la region dau triangle de Khabur. Venguèt poderós durant la mitat dau sègle XV avC sus lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barattarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barattarna (la pagina existís pas)">Barattarna</a>. Menèt adonc de guèrras còntra leis Egipcians e leis Ititas. Ansin, maugrat un grand nombre de campanhas, l'armada dei faraons capitèron pas de sometre lo país que sa resisténcia permetèt de federar au <a href="/wiki/Mitani" title="Mitani">Mitani</a> divèrsei reiaumes pus pichons. Finalament, lo Mitani gardèt son influéncia sus sei regions sud e lei relacions amb <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> se melhorèron. La situacion còntra leis Ititas foguèt pus complicada en causa de revòutas. Ansin, au començament dau sègle XIV, leis Ititas poguèron assaiar de nominar directament lo rèi dau Mitani. Puei, Assiria, vassala dau Mitani, reprenguèt son independéncia formant una menaça novèla a l'oèst. Lo Mitani foguèt donc devesit en doas regions vassalas deis Ititas e deis Assirians. Enfin, l'Empèri Assirian destruguèt lei rèstas dau Mitani pendent lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmanazar_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmanazar Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Salmanzar I<sup>r</sup></a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1275" class="mw-redirect" title="-1275">1275</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1245" class="mw-redirect" title="-1245">1245 avC</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_periòde_medioassirian"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_medioassirian"></span>Lo periòde medioassirian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde medioassirian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde medioassirian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vassaus dau <a href="/wiki/Mitani" title="Mitani">Mitani</a>, leis Assirians venguèron independents vèrs <a href="/wiki/-1380" class="mw-redirect" title="-1380">1380 avC</a> après lei desfachas mitanianas còntra leis Ititas sus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur-uballit_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur-uballit Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Assur-uballit I<sup>r</sup></a>. Capitèt de s'emparar de <a href="/wiki/Niniva" class="mw-redirect" title="Niniva">Niniva</a> e dei regions orientalas dau reiaume dau Mitani. Puei, lei relacions deis estats mesopotamians foguèron marcadas per lei rivalitats entre Ititas, Assirians e Babilonians. </p><p>Lei rèis <a href="/wiki/Adad-nerari_Ier" title="Adad-nerari Ier">Adad-nerari I<sup>r</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/-1308" class="mw-redirect" title="-1308">1308</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1275" class="mw-redirect" title="-1275">1275 avC</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmanazar_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmanazar Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Salmanazar I<sup>r</sup></a> deguèron defendre militarament sei posicions. Una politica de contraròtle dei territòris e mai de colonizacion foguèt tanben mesa en plaça dins la region de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanigalbat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanigalbat (la pagina existís pas)">Hanigalbat</a>, en Auta Mesopotamia. Lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulti-Ninurta_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukulti-Ninurta Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Tukulti-Ninurta I<sup>r</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/-1244" class="mw-redirect" title="-1244">1244</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1208" class="mw-redirect" title="-1208">1208 avC</a>) veguèt una victòria importanta contre leis Ititas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tudhaliya_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tudhaliya IV (la pagina existís pas)">Tudhaliya IV</a> puei la presa de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulti-Ninurta_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukulti-Ninurta Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Tukulti-Ninurta</a> venguèt donc « rèi d'Assur e de Babilònia ». Pasmens, foguèt assassinat e una crisi dinastica acomencèt enterin que lei Babilònians cochavan leis Assirians. </p><p>Après aquela crisi, lo reiaume assirian foguèt en difficultat e lo rèi novèu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlil-kudurri-usur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur (la pagina existís pas)">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> (<a href="/wiki/-1198" class="mw-redirect" title="-1198">1198</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1193" class="mw-redirect" title="-1193">1193</a>), foguèt capturat per lo rèi de Babilònia. Aquel eveniment entraïnèt la formacion d'una dinastia novèla ambé lo rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninurta-apil-Ekur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninurta-apil-Ekur (la pagina existís pas)">Ninurta-apil-Ekur</a> (<a href="/wiki/-1193" class="mw-redirect" title="-1193">1193</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1180" class="mw-redirect" title="-1180">1180 avC</a>). Pasmens, lei frontieras assirianas foguèron totjorn dificilament defendudas maugrat quauquei succès dins lo Zagros o còntra Babilònia en causa de l'arribada d'enemics novèus coma lei nomadas Ahlamu o leis <a href="/wiki/Aram%C3%A8us" title="Aramèus">Aramèus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teglath-Phasalar_Ier" title="Teglath-Phasalar Ier">Teglath-Phasalar I<sup>r</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/-1116" class="mw-redirect" title="-1116">1116</a>-<a href="/wiki/-1077" class="mw-redirect" title="-1077">1077 avC</a>) foguèt lo darrier rèi assirian poderós d'aquela epòca. Mandèt unei campanhas militaras e pervenguèt d'assegurar lei posicions assirianas dins lei regions nòrd mai leis Aramèus resistiguèron e foguèron pas destruchs. </p><p>Après <a href="/wiki/Teglath-Phasalar_Ier" title="Teglath-Phasalar Ier">Teglath-Phasalar I<sup>r</sup></a>, sei successors foguèron pauc a pauc submergits per leis atacas deis <a href="/wiki/Aram%C3%A8us" title="Aramèus">Aramèus</a>. L'Empèri Assirian perdiguèt finalament sei regions orientalas pendent la segonda mitat dau sègle XI avC e se deguèt replegar a l'entorn d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur (la pagina existís pas)">Assur</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Niniva" class="mw-redirect" title="Niniva">Niniva</a>. Sei rivaus ancians aguèron de dificultats pus importantas car leis Ititas dispareguèron e Babilònia tombèt dins l'anarquia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periòde_neoassirian"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_neoassirian"></span>Periòde neoassirian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde neoassirian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Periòde neoassirian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_reiaume_neoassirian">Lo reiaume neoassirian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo reiaume neoassirian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo reiaume neoassirian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après un sègle X avC malaisat, Assiria capitèt de replegar leis Aramèus durant lo rèine d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-nerari_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adad-nerari II (la pagina existís pas)">Adad-nerari II</a> (<a href="/wiki/-911" class="mw-redirect" title="-911">911</a>-<a href="/wiki/-891" class="mw-redirect" title="-891">891 avC</a>). Puei, mandèt un nombre important de campanhas e pervenguèt de véncer <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a>. Sei successors, coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assurbanipal_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assurbanipal II (la pagina existís pas)">Assurbanipal II</a> (<a href="/wiki/-883" class="mw-redirect" title="-883">883</a>-<a href="/wiki/-859" class="mw-redirect" title="-859">859 avC</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Salmanazar_III" title="Salmanazar III">Salmanazar III</a> (<a href="/wiki/-858" class="mw-redirect" title="-858">858</a>-<a href="/wiki/-824" class="mw-redirect" title="-824">824 avC</a>) continuèron aquela politica d'expansion dins lo Zagros e còntra leis estats neoititas (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit-Adini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bit-Adini (la pagina existís pas)">Bit-Adini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bit-Agusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bit-Agusi (la pagina existís pas)">Bit-Agusi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhu (la pagina existís pas)">Suhu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laqe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laqe (la pagina existís pas)">Laqe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karkemish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karkemish (la pagina existís pas)">Karkemish</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummuhuh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummuhuh (la pagina existís pas)">Kummuhuh</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurgum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurgum (la pagina existís pas)">Gurgum</a>) maugrat una resisténcia importanta en Siria orientala dirigida per lo rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar-Hadad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bar-Hadad (la pagina existís pas)">Bar-Hadad</a> de <a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_assirianas">Crisis assirianas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Crisis assirianas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Crisis assirianas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après <a href="/wiki/Salmanazar_III" title="Salmanazar III">Salmanazar III</a>, lo reiaume assirian traversèt un periòde de crisis pendent lei rèines de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsi-Adad_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamsi-Adad V (la pagina existís pas)">Shamsi-Adad V</a> (<a href="/wiki/-824" class="mw-redirect" title="-824">824</a>-<a href="/wiki/-811" class="mw-redirect" title="-811">811 avC</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-nerari_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adad-nerari III (la pagina existís pas)">Adad-nerari III</a> (<a href="/wiki/-811" class="mw-redirect" title="-811">811</a>-<a href="/wiki/-783" class="mw-redirect" title="-783">783 avC</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur-dan_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur-dan III (la pagina existís pas)">Assur-dan III</a> (<a href="/wiki/-772" class="mw-redirect" title="-772">772</a>-<a href="/wiki/-755" class="mw-redirect" title="-755">755 avC</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur-nerari_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur-nerari V (la pagina existís pas)">Assur-nerari V</a> (<a href="/wiki/-755" class="mw-redirect" title="-755">755</a>-<a href="/wiki/-745" class="mw-redirect" title="-745">745 avC</a>). Una <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_civila" title="Guèrra civila">guèrra civila</a> esclatèt après la mòrt de <a href="/wiki/Salmanazar_III" title="Salmanazar III">Salmanazar</a> que durèt uneis annadas. De mai, lei rèis assirians deguèron afrontar lei turbuléncias de sei regions tributàrias e de sa noblesa qu'obtenguèt de poders pus importants. Divèrsei revòutas toquèron egalament lei vilas dau còr dau reiaume assirian. Enfin, per donar mai de problèmas a la poissança assiriana, lo reiaume d'<a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> butassèt son influéncia en Anatolia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_formacion_de_l'Empèri_Neoassirian"><span id="La_formacion_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri_Neoassirian"></span>La formacion de l'Empèri Neoassirian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : La formacion de l'Empèri Neoassirian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La formacion de l'Empèri Neoassirian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png/220px-Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png/330px-Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png/440px-Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Expansion e declin de l'Empèri Neoassirian.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Urartu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Urartu.png/220px-Urartu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Urartu.png/330px-Urartu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Urartu.png/440px-Urartu.png 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Evolucion territòriala d'Urartu entre 743 e 700 av. JC.</figcaption></figure> <p>En <a href="/wiki/-745" class="mw-redirect" title="-745">745 avC</a>, la dinastia assiriana foguèt reversada per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teglath-Phalasar_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teglath-Phalasar III (la pagina existís pas)">Teglath-Phalasar III</a> (<a href="/wiki/-745" class="mw-redirect" title="-745">745</a>-<a href="/wiki/-727" class="mw-redirect" title="-727">727 avC</a>). Restaurèt lo poder assirian en realizant la transformacion dei reiaumes vassaus en províncias dirigidas per de governadors assirians. De mai, sei reformas de l'armada permetèron de ganhar de batalhas contra l'<a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>, lei reiaumes de Siria e Palestina e prenguèt Babilònia. Ansin, a sa mòrt en <a href="/wiki/-727" class="mw-redirect" title="-727">727 avC</a>, l'Empèri Assirian a plus de rivaus dins la region. Son successor foguèt son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmanazar_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmanazar V (la pagina existís pas)">Salmanazar V</a> (<a href="/wiki/-727" class="mw-redirect" title="-727">727</a>-<a href="/wiki/-722" class="mw-redirect" title="-722">722 avC</a>), celèbre per l'annexion dau <a href="/wiki/Reiaume_d%27Isra%C3%A8l" title="Reiaume d'Israèl">Reiaume d'Israèl</a>, que foguèt a son torn rebutat per <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (<a href="/wiki/-722" class="mw-redirect" title="-722">-722</a>-<a href="/wiki/-705" class="mw-redirect" title="-705">705 avC</a>) e sei successors <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (<a href="/wiki/-704" class="mw-redirect" title="-704">704</a>-<a href="/wiki/-681" class="mw-redirect" title="-681">681</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assarhaddon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assarhaddon (la pagina existís pas)">Assarhaddon</a> (<a href="/wiki/-680" class="mw-redirect" title="-680">680</a>-<a href="/wiki/-669" class="mw-redirect" title="-669">669</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assurbanipal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assurbanipal (la pagina existís pas)">Assurbanipal</a> (<a href="/wiki/-668" class="mw-redirect" title="-668">668</a>-<a href="/wiki/-627" class="mw-redirect" title="-627">627</a>) menèron l'Empèri Assirian a un nivèu de poissança alora inedit dins l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">Istòria</a>. D'efèct, lei principaus país assaièron d'ajudar de revòutas dins lei regions perifericas, mai deguèron adonc afrontar de respòstas directament sus lor territori. Ansin, l'<a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> foguèt devastat per <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> en <a href="/wiki/-714" class="mw-redirect" title="-714">714 avC</a> e deguèt desplaçar seis ambicions vèrs Armenia. Egipte foguèt conquista per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assarhaddon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assarhaddon (la pagina existís pas)">Assarhaddon</a> puei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assurbanipal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assurbanipal (la pagina existís pas)">Assurbanipal</a>. Enfin, lei regions elamitas e lor capitala Susa foguèron pilhadas en <a href="/wiki/-646" class="mw-redirect" title="-646">646 avC</a> totjorn per lei fòrças d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assurbanipal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assurbanipal (la pagina existís pas)">Assurbanipal</a>. </p><p>Dins aquò, la situacion intèrna èra pas establa e lei guèrras civilas foguèron fòrça nombrosas. Lo problèma principau èra lo cas de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> dominada per leis Assirians dempuei lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teglath-Phalasar_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teglath-Phalasar III (la pagina existís pas)">Teglath-Phalasar III</a>. De revòutas se debanèron, dirigidas per de Babilonians, de Caldèus o de princes assirians. Per exemple, foguèt lei cas dau prince caldèu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merodach-baladan_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merodach-baladan II (la pagina existís pas)">Merodach-baladan II</a> a la fin dau sègle VIII avC o dau prince assirian <a href="/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin" title="Shamash-shum-ukin">Shamash-shum-ukin</a> qu'entraïnèt una guèrra civila fòrça saunosa e violenta entre <a href="/wiki/-652" class="mw-redirect" title="-652">652</a> e <a href="/wiki/-648" class="mw-redirect" title="-648">648 avC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_casuda_deis_Assirians">La casuda deis Assirians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : La casuda deis Assirians" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La casuda deis Assirians"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La casuda de l'empèri assirian foguèt rapida entre la fin dau rèine d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assurbanipal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assurbanipal (la pagina existís pas)">Assurbanipal</a> en <a href="/wiki/-627" class="mw-redirect" title="-627">627 avC</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_d%27Harran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha d'Harran (la pagina existís pas)">batalha d'Harran</a> en <a href="/wiki/-609" class="mw-redirect" title="-609">609 avC</a>. Son entraïnament foguèt la guèrra civila entre sei fius <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur-etil-ilani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur-etil-ilani (la pagina existís pas)">Assur-etil-ilani</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin-shar-ishkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sin-shar-ishkun (la pagina existís pas)">Sin-shar-ishkun</a>, probablament governaire o rèi de Babilònia. Lo segond averèt la guèrra en <a href="/wiki/-625" class="mw-redirect" title="-625">625 avC</a> mai <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a>, governaire dau País de la Mar, aprofichèt la situacion per venir rèi de Babilònia e declarar son independéncia. </p><p>Una guèrra acomencèt en <a href="/wiki/-620" class="mw-redirect" title="-620">620 avC</a> entre <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin-shar-ishkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sin-shar-ishkun (la pagina existís pas)">Sin-shar-ishkun</a> que poguèt pas reprendre Babilònia e mai foguèt replegat en Assiria. En <a href="/wiki/-616" class="mw-redirect" title="-616">616 avC</a>, lei Babilonians recebèron l'ajuda dei Medes dau rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciaxares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciaxares (la pagina existís pas)">Ciaxares</a> (<a href="/wiki/-625" class="mw-redirect" title="-625">625</a>-<a href="/wiki/-584" class="mw-redirect" title="-584">584 avC</a>). Aquela coalicion capitèt de prendre lei vilas principalas d'Assiria (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assur (la pagina existís pas)">Assur</a> <a href="/wiki/-614" class="mw-redirect" title="-614">614</a>, puei Niniva en <a href="/wiki/-612" class="mw-redirect" title="-612">612 avC</a>) e tuar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin-shar-ishkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sin-shar-ishkun (la pagina existís pas)">Sin-shar-ishkun</a> en <a href="/wiki/-612" class="mw-redirect" title="-612">612 avC</a>. Lei darrierei resisténcias assirianas, dirigidas per <a href="/wiki/Assur-Uballit_II" title="Assur-Uballit II">Assur-Uballit II</a> foguèron eliminadas a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harran (la pagina existís pas)">Harran</a> en <a href="/wiki/-609" class="mw-redirect" title="-609">609 avC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periòde_neobabilonian"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_neobabilonian"></span>Periòde neobabilonian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde neobabilonian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Periòde neobabilonian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_rèine_de_Nabucodonosòr_II"><span id="Lo_r.C3.A8ine_de_Nabucodonos.C3.B2r_II"></span>Lo rèine de Nabucodonosòr II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo rèine de Nabucodonosòr II" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo rèine de Nabucodonosòr II"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo fiu de <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabucodonos%C3%B2r_II" title="Nabucodonosòr II">Nabucodonosòr II</a>, li succediguèt en <a href="/wiki/-605" class="mw-redirect" title="-605">605 avC</a> e reinèt fins a <a href="/wiki/-562" class="mw-redirect" title="-562">562 avC</a>. Puei, capitèt divèrsei conquistas en Palestina ambé la presa puei l'annexion dau <a href="/wiki/Reiaume_de_Juda" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiaume de Juda">reiaume de Juda</a> en <a href="/wiki/-586" class="mw-redirect" title="-586">586 avC</a> e la presa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tir (la pagina existís pas)">Tir</a> après un sètge malaisat de 13 ans. Installèt donc solidament sa dominacion dins aquelei regions. De mai, realizèt de trabalhs importants dins Babilònia, especialament la restauracion dei muralhas, lo santuari de Marduk, un nombre important d'autrei temples e l'organizacion generala de la capitala. D'autrei vilas, coma <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borsippa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borsippa (la pagina existís pas)">Borsippa</a> aprofichèron pereu aquela politica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_declin_e_la_casuda_de_l'Empèri_Babilonian"><span id="Lo_declin_e_la_casuda_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri_Babilonian"></span>Lo declin e la casuda de l'Empèri Babilonian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo declin e la casuda de l'Empèri Babilonian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo declin e la casuda de l'Empèri Babilonian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei successors de <a href="/wiki/Nabucodonos%C3%B2r_II" title="Nabucodonosòr II">Nabucodonosòr II</a> pervenguèron de gardar lor territòri maugrat de rèines fòrça corts. Puei, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabonide (la pagina existís pas)">Nabonide</a> venguèt rèi en <a href="/wiki/-656" class="mw-redirect" title="-656">656 avC</a>. Fòrça religiós, privilegièt lo dieu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sin (la pagina existís pas)">Sin</a> en luòga de <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>. Agravada per aquela politica religiosa, la situacion economica dificila de Babilònia entraïnèt una crisi grèva e una partida importanta de la noblesa e dau clergat s'escometèt dau rèi. Ansin, en <a href="/wiki/-539" class="mw-redirect" title="-539">539 avC</a>, durant una guèrra contra la Pèrsia dau rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cir_II_lo_Grand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cir II lo Grand (la pagina existís pas)">Cir II</a>, la vila foguèt presa sensa resisténcia e ambé lo sosten de fòrça abitants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesopotamia_après_la_dinastia_neobabiloniana"><span id="Mesopotamia_apr.C3.A8s_la_dinastia_neobabiloniana"></span>Mesopotamia après la dinastia neobabiloniana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : Mesopotamia après la dinastia neobabiloniana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Mesopotamia après la dinastia neobabiloniana"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après lei casudas deis empèris neoassirian e neobabilonian, Mesopotamia faguèt partida dei país qu'ocupèron la region durant lei sègles seguents : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Empèri Aquemenida</a> de <a href="/wiki/Cir_II_lo_Gran" title="Cir II lo Gran">Cir II</a> de <a href="/wiki/-539" class="mw-redirect" title="-539">539</a> a <a href="/wiki/-331" class="mw-redirect" title="-331">331 avC</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Seleucida" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Seleucida">Empèri Seleucida</a> entre <a href="/wiki/-331" class="mw-redirect" title="-331">331</a> e <a href="/wiki/-130" class="mw-redirect" title="-130">130 avC</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Part" title="Empèri Part">Empèri Part</a> entre <a href="/wiki/-140" class="mw-redirect" title="-140">140 avC</a> e <a href="/wiki/224" class="mw-redirect" title="224">224</a>. Durant aqueu periòde, lei darriers vestigis de la cultura e de la civilizacion dispareguèron.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referéncias"><span id="Refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modificar la seccion : Referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFToscano"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Toscano</span>, Reinat. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2450626">.mw-parser-output span.default a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Lock_icon_blue.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.abonament a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.liure a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.limitat a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.pdf a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}</style><span class="Default"><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toscanoreinat.chez-alice.fr/diconi.pdf">Diccionari de lenga d'òc d’après lo parlar niçard</a></span></span>.  Auba Novèla.</span><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Leonard Woolley, The Sumerians (W. W. Norton & Company: New York, 1965) p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. J. Nissen, P. Damerow e R. K. Englund, <i>Archaic Bookkeeping</i>, Chicago, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. K. Englund, <i>« Texts From the Late Uruk Period »</i>, dins J. Bauer, R. K. Englund e M. Krebernik, <i>Mesopotamien</i>, <i>Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit</i>, Fribourg et Göttingen, 1998, pp. 15-233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.-J. Glassner, <i>Écrire à Sumer : l'invention du cunéiforme</i>, Seuil, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Lormier, <i>Stratigraphies comparées au IIIe millénaire au pays de Sumer. Etudes de cas de Kish, Nippur et des cités de la vallée de la Diyala</i>, éditions UVSQ, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">. Winter, « After the Battle is Over: The ‘Stele of the Vultures’ and the beginning of Historical Narrative in the Ancient Near East », dans H. Kessler and M. S. Simpson (dir.), Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity to the Middle Ages, Washington, 1985, p. 11–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. S. Cooper, The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict, Malibu, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Michalowski dans Sumer 1999-2002, col. 112-114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. R. Foster, « Archives and Record Keeping in Sargonic Mesopotamia », dans Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 72, p. 1–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. R. Foster, « Archives and Empire in Sargonic Mesopotamia », dins K. R. Veenhof (dir.), Cuneiform Archives and Libraries, Leyde, 1986, p. 46–52. B. Lafont, « II. La société sumérienne », dans Sumer 1999-2002, col. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Sollberger et J.-R. Kupper, Inscriptions royales sumériennes et akkadiennes, Paris, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Gelb et B. Kienast, Die altakkadischen Königsinschriften des dritten Jahrtausends v. Chr., Stuttgart, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Frayne, The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early periods, vol. 3/2, Sargonic and Gutian periods : 2334-2113 BC, Toronto, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Liverani, « Model and Actualization, The Kings of Akkad in the Historical Tradition », dans Liverani (dir.) 1993, p. 41-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Michalowski, « Memory and Deed: the Historiography of the political Expansion of the Akkad State », dins Liverani (dir.) 1993, p. 69-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Goodnick-Westenholz, « Objects with Messages: Reading Old Akkadian Royal Inscriptions », dins Bibliotheca Orientalis 55, 1998, p. 44–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. T. Potts, « Reading the Sargonic ‘Historical-Literary' Tradition: Is There a Middle Course? (Thoughts on the Great Revolt against Naram-Sin) », dins T. Abusch et al. (dir.), Historiography in the Cuneiform World Part I, CRRAI 45, Bethesda, 2001, p. 391–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. T. Potts, The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State, Cambridge, 1999, p. 103–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Jacobsen, « Iphur-Lish and Its Times », dans Archiv für Orientforschung 26, 1978-79, p. 1–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Tinney, « A new look at Naram-Sin and the ‘great rebellion' », dans Journal of Cuneiform Studies 47, 1995, p. 1–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Wilcke, « Amar-girids Revolt gegen Naram-Su'en », dans Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 87, 1997, p. 11–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Lafont, <i>« Šulgi »</i>, dans F. Joannès (dir.), Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne, 2001, p. 885-887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luc Bachelot, Francis Joannès, Cécile Michel, Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne, Laffont (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bjm-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bjm_25-0">25,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bjm_25-1">25,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Luc Bachelot, Francis Joannès, Cécile Michel, <i>Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne</i>, Laffont (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kupper_53-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kupper_53_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Robert Kupper, <i>Les nomades en Mésopotamie au temps des rois de Mari</i>, Librairie Droz (1982), p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Robert Kupper, <i>Les nomades en Mésopotamie au temps des rois de Mari</i>, Librairie Droz (1982), p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grands_empires_112-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grands_empires_112_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les grands empires</i>, De Boeck Université (1989), p. 112.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&oldid=2439315">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamia&oldid=2439315</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Mesopotamia" title="Categoria:Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ist%C3%B2ria_d%27Iraq" title="Categoria:Istòria d'Iraq">Istòria d'Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Prov%C3%ADncia_romana" title="Categoria:Província romana">Província romana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Region_de_l%27Orient_Pr%C3%B2chi_ancian" title="Categoria:Region de l'Orient Pròchi ancian">Region de l'Orient Pròchi ancian</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 24 mai de 2024 a 14.28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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