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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">penology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 1.0em 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentonvilleiso19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/220px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/330px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pentonvilleiso19.jpg/440px-Pentonvilleiso19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_windows_theory" title="Broken windows theory">Broken windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_efficacy" title="Collective efficacy">Collective efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_analysis" title="Crime analysis">Crime analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization" title="Criminalization">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_association" title="Differential association">Differential association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeling_theory" title="Labeling theory">Labeling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory_(criminology)" title="Rational choice theory (criminology)">Rational choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_and_actuarial_criminology" title="Risk and actuarial criminology">Risk and actuarial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control_theory" title="Social control theory">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">Social learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_theory_(sociology)" title="Strain theory (sociology)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcultural_theory" title="Subcultural theory">Subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_victimisation" title="Secondary victimisation">Secondary victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims' rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Against <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Offence against the state">State</a></li></ul></li> <li>Class <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_crime" title="Blue-collar crime">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">White-collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_case" title="Cold case">Cold case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_crime" title="Perfect crime">Perfect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-order_crime" title="Public-order crime"><span class="nowrap">Public-order</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-corporate_crime" title="State-corporate crime">State-corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_crime" title="Transnational crime">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">Victimless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offender_profiling" title="Offender profiling">Profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">Uniform Crime Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">Crime prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform" title="Criminal justice reform">reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_reform" title="Sentencing reform">sentencing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">Crime statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist school">Positivist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">BJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Incident-Based_Reporting_System" title="National Incident-Based Reporting System">NIBRS</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denunciation_(penology)" title="Denunciation (penology)">Denunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(penology)" title="Deterrence (penology)">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapacitation_(penology)" title="Incapacitation (penology)">Incapacitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">Recidivism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a> in penology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;;padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformative_justice" title="Transformative justice">Transformative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">Retributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice#Utilitarian_justice" title="Justice">Utilitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_school_(criminology)" title="Classical school (criminology)">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_criminology" title="Conflict criminology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_criminology" title="Critical criminology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_criminology" title="Environmental criminology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_criminology" title="Integrative criminology">Integrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_criminology" title="Italian school of criminology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_school_(criminology)" title="Neo-classical school (criminology)">Neo-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist school">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernist school">Postmodernist</a></li> <li>Realism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_realism" title="Left realism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Subfields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Criminology" title="American Society of Criminology">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_criminology" title="Anthropological criminology">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_criminology" title="Conflict criminology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_criminology" title="Cultural criminology">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime"> Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_criminology" title="Environmental criminology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_criminology" title="Experimental criminology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_criminology" title="Public criminology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_criminology" title="Radical criminology">Radical criminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Browse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_criminology_articles" title="Index of criminology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminology_journals" title="Category:Criminology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminology_organizations" title="Category:Criminology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_criminologists" title="List of criminologists">People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminology_and_penology" title="Template:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminology_and_penology" title="Template talk:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminology_and_penology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminology and penology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Participatory justice</b>, broadly speaking, refers to the direct participation of those affected most by a particular decision, in the decision-making process itself: this could refer to decisions made in a court of law or by policymakers. Popular participation has been called "the ethical seal of a democratic society" by <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hengsbach" title="Friedhelm Hengsbach">Friedhelm Hengsbach</a>, a professor of Christian Social Science and Economic and Social Ethics at the Philosophical-Theological College Sankt Georgen in Frankfurt<sup id="cite_ref-Hengsbach_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hengsbach-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the politics of the future" by Gene Stephens, professor of criminology at the University of South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is about people and relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Dal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various authors have claimed that examples of participatory justice date back to civilizations as old as that of the Canadian Aboriginals and Ancient Athenians, even if the terminology had not been in use then.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the society of Canadian Aboriginals, citizens were given the opportunity to give their own account of a dispute in public and determine the proper course of action, which sometimes involved issuing a public apology.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elders were viewed as authorities due to their unique knowledge of the circumstances of community members.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient Athens, large popular courts, made up of 200 to 1000 randomly selected male citizens, shared in both functions of forming and of applying the law.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "participatory justice" itself, however, was first used by Bellevue, Washington-based attorney Claire Sherman Thomas in 1984 to describe the process by which people act as responsible participants in the law making process, thereby contributing to causes of social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, Gene Stephens first used the term to describe an alternative to the adversarial model of justice system used in court.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both definitions of participatory justice relate to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a>, which shares similar aspirations: to provide the government with democratic legitimacy and make for a more inclusive, transparent, equal society, by allowing citizens to participate directly in political decision-making and lawmaking processes that affect their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rare cases, it also refers to the use of <a href="/wiki/The_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet">the Internet</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> <a href="/wiki/Reality_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality show">reality show</a> to catch a perpetrator.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_system">Judicial system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Judicial system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Participatory justice can refer to the use of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution" title="Alternative dispute resolution">alternative dispute resolution</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conciliation" title="Conciliation">conciliation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a>, in criminal and civil courts, instead of, or before, going to court.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes called "community dispute resolution".<sup id="cite_ref-NYCourts_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCourts-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NGOs (<a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">Non-governmental organizations</a>) may get involved in the administration of criminal justice.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCourts_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCourts-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conference20032_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conference20032-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the National Advisory Commission of Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, delays in sentencing and lack of protection of rights of the accused contribute to attitudes of legal cynicism.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a large cohort of citizens, the guilty are freed while the innocent, and often the black and poor, are harassed.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participatory justice model, in turn, attempts to restore public confidence in the legal system. </p><p>Whereas the adversarial and disposition system is often slow-functioning, expensive, and inconsistent, the participatory justice model is a cheap and efficient way of resolution-making.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYCourts_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCourts-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than rely on expensive attorneys and expert witnesses, the model relies on volunteers from the community, who are trained in mediation and counseling techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution is often achieved quicker, because, by reaching a consent agreement implemented by all parties involved, there is no possibility of re-litigation.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the participatory justice model, cooperation is valued instead of competition and reconciliation instead of winner-take-all. The need to protect the public and to respect the rights of ordinary citizens to a free but secure society are considered.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn helps preserve positive relationships between the parties involved.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCourts_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCourts-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern-day Canada, for instance, community members are involved in almost every step of the judicial process, even before people are arrested and sent to court; community organizations establish working partnerships with police to focus attention on growing social problems, like child abandonment or housing code violations, and prevent crime.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only does the participatory justice model promote inclusion, according to several authors, but also socioeconomic equality. The adversarial/dispositional system requires enforcing laws that often represent the will of those with the most educational and monetary resources.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Stephens points out, most people who are perpetrators in a particular incident, whether civil or criminal, had also been victims at some point, so every person's circumstances should be taken into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stahn mentions the importance of consulting victims at the reparation stage to determine whether they really believe the person who committed the crime against them is deserving of incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-stahn20152_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stahn20152-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once used primarily in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, participatory justice has been "exported" to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prison_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prison-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, participatory justice serves as a crucial check on state power, that legitimizes the rule of law itself. As long as citizens believe in their ability to contribute to the law making and evaluation process, public consensus supports the rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without consensus, the government must rely on the letter of the law and threat of prosecution to maintain order; the government might resort to censorship and surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law becomes "instead of a vehicle of justice, the instrument of a bureaucratic, institutionalized, dehumanized government."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, by reducing legal cynicism in communities, participatory justice effectively decreases the likelihood that the state will respond to this cynicism through use of overly punitive justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once used primarily in Scandinavia, Asia, and Africa, participatory justice has been "exported" to the United States and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dal_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIAJ_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAJ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in a variety of cases, including between "<a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">Landlords</a> and Tenants, Neighbours, Parents and Children, Families and Schools, Consumers and Merchants ... [and] <a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">victims of crime</a> and offenders."<sup id="cite_ref-NYCourts_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCourts-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For war-torn countries, participatory justice can promote coexistence and reconciliation, through an emphasis on universal participation.<sup id="cite_ref-stephens19862_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stahn20152_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stahn20152-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An online and self-financed form of participatory justice, called the crowdjury system, has been promoted as an improved way of managing trials in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witnesses to a crime can upload evidence online into a secure vault.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data can then be organized into useful knowledge by groups of 9 to 12 self-selected volunteers with expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a defendant pleads guilty, they can propose a form of restoration, as a way to avoid harsher punishment; if they do not plead, an online trial will be held with a massive randomly-selected jury.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants in the evidence review process will receive monetary compensation through Bitcoin or alt coin. According to crowdjury's proponents, this will help the government cut costs and create a more transparent judicial process.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of the participatory justice model cite its purpose to often humiliate a particular party.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inkiko-Gacaca, a system of community courts established in 2002 to respond to the large number of suspected perpetrators imprisoned after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, is a famous example.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldorf2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldorf2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cobban2002a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobban2002a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meant to achieve lasting peace through the promotion of restorative justice, Gacaca, according to several authors, has only become more retributive and coercive.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldorf2006_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldorf2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cobban2002a_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobban2002a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cobban2002b_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobban2002b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the process, Tutsi genocide survivors allegedly impose guilt on the Hutu, asking them to confess their deeds, express apologies to all victims and kin, and repay them tangibly, through <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">public shaming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cobban2002a_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobban2002a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cobban2002b_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobban2002b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participatory justice model has also been critiqued for its lack of checks and balances and lack of participation of professional experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1987_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1987-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the negotiators are usually not trained in the collection of evidence and are not privy to the criminal background of the alleged offender, the resolution may be made without full facts and knowledge. Furthermore, the offender's motivation is difficult to assess if the alternative is more formal punishment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_system">Legislative system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legislative system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_2">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Participatory justice can also refer to the rights of individuals and groups to actively participate in policy-making and engage in debates about social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a participatory justice model, rule makers rely on the participation of affected interests rather than on administrators, politicians, and the general population. This often leads to the redistribution of resources and recognition of those whose voices have historically been excluded, due in part to a lack of financial and educational resources to contribute.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Negotiated Rulemaking Act made it a priority to ensure that people most affected by a particular issue, particularly poor people, would be able to take part in the negotiation process; the government provides agency funding to defray costs of participation in rulemaking.<sup id="cite_ref-farrell19912_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrell19912-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giving marginalized groups the chance to participate in the decision making process can help ensure they participate in the community more generally as well. For example, during the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), disabled peoples organizations (DPOs) were engaged in and consulted during the drafting of a comprehensive program that would enable the disabled to participate in the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural life of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-stein20072_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein20072-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, within the CRPD, states were encouraged to involve DPOs when preparing reports for the body meant to monitor the implementation of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-stein20072_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein20072-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguments supporting various participatory justice models in the U.S. have also cited the equal protection clause 14th amendment, protection of individual legal rights, upholding of autonomy, integrationism, and democratic principles in their support.<sup id="cite_ref-farrell19912_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrell19912-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participatory justice models are seen as a way to fight against the paternalistic approach of the government in which legislators choose for citizens, without their input.<sup id="cite_ref-stein20072_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein20072-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-farrell19912_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrell19912-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When affected individuals can participate in the policymaking process, they become viewed as subjects rather than objects.<sup id="cite_ref-stein20072_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein20072-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consensus rule is more administratively efficient in the long run because it avoids lengthy post-enactment litigation. The legislature or administrative body using the participatory justice model also gains legitimacy, since it implies accountability. Participatory justice models have long been used by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> movements. Oftentimes, participation was originally denied not because of institutional or political failure, but because those in question aren’t recognized as in the domain of justice.<sup id="cite_ref-jamieson20072_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamieson20072-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young argues that participatory justice rather than distributive justice was the primary demand of communities like Afton, North Carolina. People objected that they were being subjected to risks and exposure without their consent and without mechanisms to articulate their opposition. The unfortunate reality is that those people who live in countries that will be destroyed first due to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> will not be included in decisions about when decisions are made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms_2">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the common criticisms of participatory justice models is that they might reduce efficiency, like in the environmental justice model discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaswan20092_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaswan20092-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incorporating the voices of all affected interests is a difficult and long process, especially when the issue being decided upon is significantly controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-farrell19912_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrell19912-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaswan20092_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaswan20092-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another disadvantage is that, even when you have a negotiating body and it does include affected interests, it might be difficult for all interests to be equally represented.<sup id="cite_ref-farrell19912_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrell19912-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem, however, can be fixed by providing those negotiating with negotiation skills, as well as development of relevant information and payment of expenses involved in participation, like in the PJ model employed SSA's representative payment program. Another disadvantage of using a participatory justice model is the inexperience of those participating. The participants may not have as much respect for the wide number of legal and ethical considerations that need to be made when writing policy proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, some critics argue that policy experts should be able to mediate the conversations on various policies, especially when modern laws are much more complex than those in places like ancient Athens, where laws were inscribed on panels all over the city and set up in the agora.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_x-change&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community x-change (page does not exist)">Community x-change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet 2.0">Internet 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_criminal_justice" title="Privatization in criminal justice">Privatization in criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_engagement" title="Public engagement">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hengsbach-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hengsbach_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hengsbach" title="Friedhelm Hengsbach">Hengsbach, Friedhelm (S.J.)</a>, "Participatory Justice", essay, n.d., found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040626013653/https://portland.indymedia.org/en/2004/03/282037.shtml">Portland Independent Media website</a>. Accessed July 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephens19862-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephens19862_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens, Gene, "Participatory justice: The politics of the future," <i><a href="/wiki/Justice_Quarterly" title="Justice Quarterly">Justice Quarterly</a></i>, March 1986, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 67-82(16), <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(law)" title="Abstract (law)">abstract</a> found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rjqy/1986/00000003/00000001/art00005">Ingenta Connect website</a>. Accessed July 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dal-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dal_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dal_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law Commission of Canada, "Towards Participatory Justice: A Focus on People and Relationships", abstract found at Dalhousie University Libraries website[permanent dead link]. Accessed July 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrownlee1977" class="citation journal cs1">Brownlee, Peter (May 1977). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.barreaudemontreal.qc.ca&rft.atitle=Participatory+justice+%7C+Barreau+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barreaudemontreal.qc.ca%2Fen%2Favocats%2Fparticipatory-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParticipatory+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCourts-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCourts_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCourts_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCourts_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCourts_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCourts_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">New York State Unified Court System, "Alternative Dispute Resolution: Community Dispute Resolution Centers: Frequently Asked Questions", found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/ip/adr/faq.shtml">New York State Unified Court System government website</a>. 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Accessed July 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stahn20152-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stahn20152_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stahn20152_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Reparative Justice after the Lubanga Appeal Judgment: New Prospects for Expressivism and Participatory Justice or ‘Juridified Victimhood’ by Other Means?” Journal of International Criminal Justice, 13(4), pgs. 801-813</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prison-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prison_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nils_Christie" title="Nils Christie">Christie, Nils</a>, "Limits to Pain", "Chapter 11. Participatory justice," found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/limits_to_pain/chapter11.html">Prison Policy website</a>. Accessed July 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calkins, Peter, and Alice Pell, "North-South partnerships," presentation, SEDPU (Sufficiency Economy, Participatory Development, and Universities), 2003 conference, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206022214/http://www.sepdu.com/powerpoint/Session5_Calkins.pdf">SEDPU website</a>. Accessed July 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAJ-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAJ_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conference brochure, "Participatory Justice in a Global Economy: The New Rule of Law?", October 2003, Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaj-icaj.ca/english/community/Banff2003E.pdf">Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice (CIAJ) website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041121002822/http://www.ciaj-icaj.ca/english/community/Banff2003E.pdf">Archived</a> 2004-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed July 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldorf2006-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waldorf2006_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldorf2006_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldorf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Waldorf, LT (2006). "Rwanda's Failing Experiment in Restorative Justice". <i>Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective</i>: <span class="nowrap">422–</span>434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Restorative+Justice%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+Failing+Experiment+in+Restorative+Justice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E422-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Waldorf&rft.aufirst=LT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParticipatory+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobban2002a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cobban2002a_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cobban2002a_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cobban2002a_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“The legacies of collective violence: the Rwandan genocide and the limits of the law,” Boston Review, 27(2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobban2002b-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cobban2002b_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cobban2002b_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Helena Cobban Replies”, Boston Review, 27(3-4), online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1987-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1987_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C Williams, Victim-Offender Mediation in New Law Journal, London, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiklyBarrett2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tikly, Leon; Barrett, Angeline M. (2011). "Social Justice, Capabilities and the Quality of Education in Low Income Countries". <i>International Journal of Educational Development</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijedudev.2010.06.001">10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.06.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Educational+Development&rft.atitle=Social+Justice%2C+Capabilities+and+the+Quality+of+Education+in+Low+Income+Countries&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijedudev.2010.06.001&rft.aulast=Tikly&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Angeline+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParticipatory+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farrell19912-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farrell19912_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farrell19912_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farrell19912_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farrell19912_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farrell19912_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Doing Unto Others: A Proposal for Participatory Justice in Social Security's Representative Payment Program. U. Pitt. L. Rev, 1991, 53, 883.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stein20072-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stein20072_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stein20072_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stein20072_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stein20072_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, M.A., & Lord, J.E. "Jacobus TenBroek, Participatory Justice, and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." Tex. J. on CL & CR, 2007, 13, 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamieson20072-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jamieson20072_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaieson, D."The heart of environmentalism." Environmental Justice and Environmentalism: The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaswan20092-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaswan20092_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaswan20092_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaswan, A. "Justice in a Warming World." Environmental Forum, 26(4), 2009, 48.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Participatory_justice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.dal.ca/dspace/bitstream/10222/10291/1/Participatory%20Justice%20Report%20Pamphlet%20EN.pdf">The Law Commission of Canada's "Towards Participatory Justice: A Focus on People and Relationships"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>1 language</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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