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<li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history_(12th-century_to_17th-century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_(12th-century_to_17th-century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early history (12th-century to 17th-century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_(12th-century_to_17th-century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th-century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th-century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>18th-century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th-century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soba's_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soba's_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Soba's reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soba's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babari's_reign_(1742–1770)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babari's_reign_(1742–1770)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Babari's reign (1742–1770)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babari's_reign_(1742–1770)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_(19th-century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_(19th-century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fall (19th-century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_(19th-century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administrative structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_Gobir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_Gobir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rulers of Gobir</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rulers_of_Gobir-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rulers of Gobir subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_Gobir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-At_Gubur_in_Arabia_and_later_at_Suakin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Gubur_in_Arabia_and_later_at_Suakin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>At Gubur in Arabia and later at Suakin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Gubur_in_Arabia_and_later_at_Suakin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Khartoum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Khartoum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>At Khartoum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Khartoum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Bornu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Bornu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In Bornu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Bornu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Asben" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asben"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In Asben</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Asben-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Alkalawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Alkalawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>At Alkalawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Alkalawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_tree_of_the_rulers_of_Gobir_at_Alkalawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree_of_the_rulers_of_Gobir_at_Alkalawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Family tree of the rulers of Gobir at Alkalawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree_of_the_rulers_of_Gobir_at_Alkalawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobiras" title="Gobiras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gobiras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ゴビール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80" title="Гобір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гобір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gobir" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1533541#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hausa city-state or minor kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Gobir</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1150–1808</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Agadez" title="Sultanate of Agadez">Asben</a> (1150–1450)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birni_Lalle" title="Birni Lalle">Birnin Lalle</a> (1450–1600)</li> <li>Maigali</li> <li>Goran Rami (1685–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkalawa" title="Alkalawa">Alkalawa</a> (1756–1808)</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa animism</a></li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>singular: Bagobiri</li> <li>plural: Gobirawa</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarki_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarki (title) (page does not exist)">Sarki</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 12th-century (at Asben) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ubandoro II (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1801–1808 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yunfa" title="Yunfa">Yunfa</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founding of Birnin Lalle </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15th-century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founding of Goran Rami </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18th-century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declaration of Uthman's jihad </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1804</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of Alkalawa </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1808</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1150</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1808</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sokoto_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gobir</b> (<a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a>: <i>Gobirawa</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Founded by the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> in the 11th century, Gobir was one of the seven original kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausaland</a>, and continued under Hausa rule for nearly 700 years. Its capital was the city of <a href="/wiki/Alkalawa" title="Alkalawa">Alkalawa</a>. In the early 19th century elements of the ruling dynasty fled north to what is today <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> from which a rival dynasty developed ruling as Sarkin Gobir (<i>Sultan of Gobir</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Tibiri" title="Tibiri">Tibiri</a>. In 1975 a reunited traditional sultanate took up residence in <a href="/wiki/Sabon_Birni" title="Sabon Birni">Sabon Birni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to records preserved by the Gobir ruling house, they trace their descent from the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a> (or Kibdawa) of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>. They are said to have migrated from Kabila, north of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, to Gubur in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, where they established their first king (Sarkin Gobir), Bana Turmi. From there, they passed through <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a> to <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Region" title="Agadez Region">Asben</a>, Surukul, <a href="/wiki/Birni_Lalle" title="Birni Lalle">Birnin Lalle</a>, Magali, and finally Goran Rami.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 367–368">: 367–368 </span></sup> </p><p>Historians <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._J._Hogben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. J. Hogben (page does not exist)">S. J. Hogben</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Kirk-Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. M. Kirk-Greene">A. H. M. Kirk-Greene</a> noted that this claim is disputed by some and might have been an invention of <a href="/wiki/Bawa_Jan_Gwarzo" title="Bawa Jan Gwarzo">Bawa Jan Gwarzo</a> (r. 1777–1795) to avoid paying tribute (murgu) to Bornu.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 368">: 368 </span></sup> British historian <a href="/wiki/Murray_Last" title="Murray Last">Murray Last</a> observes that Egyptian merchants before the 15th-century seem to have given the Asben region the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> name 'Gubir'. He also points out that the Coptic word for <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a> is <i>kouper</i>, and it may not be a coincidence that the one time Gobir capital is named Birnin Lalle ('city of henna').<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A manuscript in the possession of the <i>alkali</i> (<a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">chief judge</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Sabon_Birni" title="Sabon Birni">Sabon Birni</a> sheds more light on the tradition. According to this manuscript, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a>, called on Bana Turmi to support him against his enemy Haibura. Wanting to be on the winning side, Bana Turmi sent half of his retainers to support Muhammad and the other half to Haibura. Haibura lost the battle and was slain at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Badr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 368">: 368 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the battle, Muhammad saw a group of Gobirawa fleeing and ordered them to be captured. When they were brought before him, he asked why they had fled, as victory was theirs. They revealed that they had been fighting for Haibura, exposing Bana Turmi's duplicity. Muhammad then declared that the Gobirawa would suffer from divided counsel and internal dissension until the end of time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 368">: 368 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bana Turmi then led the Gobirawa out of Yemen and died at the salt wells of <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a>. His grandson, Bala, then led the Gobirawa further west into the land of Asben, where they aligned with the Idirfunawa of the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Region" title="Adrar Region">Adrar</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 368">: 368 </span></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boub%C3%A9_Gado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boubé Gado (page does not exist)">Boubé Gado</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boub%C3%A9_Gado" class="extiw" title="de:Boubé Gado">de</a>]</span>, some claim that Bana Turmi, whose actual name is Bawo na Turmi, was the son of Bawo and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Bayajidda" title="Bayajidda">Bayajidda</a>. This connects the Gobir tradition with the more well known Bayajidda legend of <a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(12th-century_to_17th-century)"><span id="Early_history_.2812th-century_to_17th-century.29"></span>Early history (12th-century to 17th-century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history (12th-century to 17th-century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png/219px-The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png/329px-The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png/438px-The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>Gobir in the 16th century</figcaption></figure><p>Gobir was one of the seven original kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausaland</a>, tracing a lineage back to the 11th century. It was the northernmost of the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa states</a> and was depended on to protect its sister states from northern adversaries, particularly the Tuareg tribes. From its founding, Gobir had a proud martial reputation, likely stemming from its long history of nomadism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 368">: 368 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the majority of the Gobirawa ('people of Gobir') were Hausa, the ruling dynasty claimed Coptic descent, marking under their eyes with "<a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">the same mark found under the eye of the Pharaohs on the monuments</a>," called <i>takin kaza</i> ('the fowl's footprint') in <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>. This ruling house descended from Bana Turmi, the first Sarkin Gobir, who died at Bilma. They arrived in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Asben region</a> between the 12th and 14th centuries, establishing a state with the <i>Idirfunawa</i> (Hausawa in <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Region" title="Adrar Region">Adrar</a>) they met there.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 369">: 369 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gobir_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gobir_man.jpg/220px-Gobir_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gobir_man.jpg/330px-Gobir_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gobir_man.jpg/440px-Gobir_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>An early 20th-century depiction of a man from Gobir by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Arriens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Arriens (page does not exist)">Carl Arriens</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Arriens" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Arriens">de</a>]</span></figcaption></figure><p>By the 15th-century, Gobir had 'many villages inhabited by shepherds and other herdsmen,' according to <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>. It utilised its large number of artisans and linen weavers to produce and export textiles and shoes, 'made like those of the <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome#Footwear" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a>,' as far as <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> through <a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara</a> traders. However, due to constant pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a>, its economy suffered, and the Gobirawa were forced to move southwards. The Tuaregs had established the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Agadez" title="Sultanate of Agadez">Sultanate of Agadez</a> earlier in the century, replacing Gobir as the dominant power in the Aïr mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After fleeing Asben, the Gobirawa first moved to Maigali and later to Goran Rami, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Sabon_Birni" title="Sabon Birni">Sabon Birni</a>. In the early 18th-century, they moved their capital to <a href="/wiki/Birni_Lalle" title="Birni Lalle">Birnin Lalle</a>. According to the German geographer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a>, who explored the region in the mid 19th-century, after their conquest, the Gobirawa agreed with the Tuaregs that they would not be exterminated and that Tuareg kings should always marry a black woman.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 369">: 369 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th-century">18th-century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th-century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soba's_reign"><span id="Soba.27s_reign"></span>Soba's reign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soba's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1715, together with Agadez, Gobir aided <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zamfara" title="History of Zamfara">Zamfara</a> in its successful revolt against <a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a>, which at the time was the dominant power in western Hausaland. This alliance strengthened the relationship between the Gobirawa and the Zamfarawa. The Gobirawa continued to move peacefully into the fertile Zamfara region, a process that began early in the 18th-century. The rulers of Zamfara initially welcomed them as useful warriors and granted them farms. However, the relationship soon deteriorated after Sarkin Gobir Soba besieged <a href="/wiki/Zabarma" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zabarma">Zabarma</a> for three years, plundering on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Afterward, Soba led his forces across the Niger River to ravage <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a>. They continued the campaign as far south as <a href="/wiki/Ilorin" title="Ilorin">Ilorin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>. Some of the Gobirawa remained in Ilorin, eventually settling there permanently. The Gobirawa community continued to thrive in Ilorin, leading to a close relationship between the Yoruba and the Gobirawa. Today, they are represented in the <a href="/wiki/Ilorin_Emirate" title="Ilorin Emirate">Ilorin Emirate Council</a> by the Sarkin Gobir of Ilorin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_western_Hausaland_in_the_late_18th-century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_western_Hausaland_in_the_late_18th-century.jpg/220px-Map_of_western_Hausaland_in_the_late_18th-century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_western_Hausaland_in_the_late_18th-century.jpg/330px-Map_of_western_Hausaland_in_the_late_18th-century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_western_Hausaland_in_the_late_18th-century.jpg/440px-Map_of_western_Hausaland_in_the_late_18th-century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2505" /></a><figcaption>Map of western Hausaland in the late 18th-century</figcaption></figure><p>Soba resumed his wars in the mid-18th century, attacking a former ally, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Katsina" title="History of Katsina">Katsina</a>. While the Gobirawa were engaged in a seven-year siege against the Katsina city of <a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a>, Agadez descended upon Goran Rami, the capital of Gobir. The Zamfarawa immediately came to Gobir's aid, secretly surrounding the Agadez forces at night with a fence of thorns before launching an attack.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his return after the failed siege of Maradi, Soba immediately set out for revenge, sacking the Agadez cities of <a href="/wiki/Manni" title="Manni">Manni</a> and Adrar. However, his army eventually grew tired of the incessant campaigning and deserted him. Consequently, he was killed by Agadez forces. His son, Gofe, and his daughter, the <i><a href="/wiki/Magajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Magajiya">Magajiya</a></i>, both fell while fighting beside their father.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Babari's_reign_(1742–1770)"><span id="Babari.27s_reign_.281742.E2.80.931770.29"></span>Babari's reign (1742–1770)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Babari's reign (1742–1770)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soba's successor, Uban Iche (or Ibn Ashe), was murdered by his son, Babari. Babari took the title of sarki and immediately led raids into Katsina, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kano" title="Sultanate of Kano">Kano</a>, and Shirra in <a href="/wiki/Katagum" title="Katagum">Katagum</a>. After reigning as Sarkin Gobir for 15 years, he began a series of attacks on Zamfara, despite his sister Fara's marriage to Sarkin Zamfara Maroki. The Zamfarawa fiercely defended against these attacks. However, they eventually abandoned their sarki due to his constant taunting whenever they failed to finish off the Gobirawa. Consequently, the Gobirawa ravaged <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birnin_Zamfara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birnin Zamfara (page does not exist)">Birnin Zamfara</a>, the capital of Zamfara, with little resistance. Maroki fled to <a href="/wiki/Kiawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiawa">Kiawa</a>, an ancient hill fortress inhabited by Katsinawa, located about twenty miles east of <a href="/wiki/Kaura_Namoda" title="Kaura Namoda">Kaura Namoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Barth, a 'reliable source' informed him that the destruction of Birnin Zamfara happened around 1756, ninety-seven years before his arrival in Hausaland in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources claim that the capital was destroyed in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokotorivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sokotorivermap.png/220px-Sokotorivermap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sokotorivermap.png/330px-Sokotorivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sokotorivermap.png/440px-Sokotorivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Sokoto-Rima river basin</figcaption></figure><p>Babari then established a new capital on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Rima_River" title="Rima River">Gulbin Rima River</a>. He called this new walled town <i><a href="/wiki/Alkalawa" title="Alkalawa">Alkalawa</a></i> because it was built on the official farmlands (<i>gandu</i>) of the Chief Alkali of Zamfara. These farms were originally given to Gobirawa immigrants by Sarkin Zamfara Malu (or Maliki), the father of Sarkin Zamfara Babba (c. 1715).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_(19th-century)"><span id="Fall_.2819th-century.29"></span>Fall (19th-century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fall (19th-century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gobir is particularly remembered as the chief opponent of <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> reformer <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bawa, a ruler of Gobir, appears to have invited <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">dan Fodio</a> to the area in 1774; dan Fodio made his home in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Degel" title="Degel">Degel</a>, and began preaching. Dan Fodio was given some role in the education of Bawa's nephew and later successor, <a href="/wiki/Yunfa" title="Yunfa">Yunfa</a> (r. 1803–8), but also publicly attacked what he saw as the abuses of the Hausa elite,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly the burden they placed on the poor. Sarki <a href="/wiki/Nafata_of_Gobir" title="Nafata of Gobir">Nafata</a> (r. 1797–98) reversed Bawa's tolerant policy, and feared the increase of arms amongst dan Fodio's followers. The next two rulers vacillated between repressive and liberal measures. When Yunfa took the throne in 1803, he soon found himself in conflict with dan Fodio, and after failing to assassinate him, exiled dan Fodio and his followers from Degel. Dan Fodio responded by assembling the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> Fulani clans into a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadist</a> army, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Fulani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani War">Fulani War</a> and eventually establishing the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>. Despite some initial successes by the forces of Gobir and the other Hausaland states (most notably at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsuntua" title="Battle of Tsuntua">Battle of Tsuntua</a>), dan Fodio managed to conquer the surrounding territory. His forces seized the Gobir capital, <a href="/wiki/Alkalawa" title="Alkalawa">Alkalawa</a>, in October 1808, killing Sarki Yunfa. The state was then partially absorbed into Sokoto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resistance against the Jihadists was continued in the north-east by Sarkin Ali dan Yakubu and Sarki Mayaki. With the help of the Hausa ruler of <a href="/wiki/Katsina" title="Katsina">Katsina</a> the latter built a new capital of Gobir in <a href="/wiki/Tibiri" title="Tibiri">Tibiri</a>, 10 km north of <a href="/wiki/Maradi,_Niger" title="Maradi, Niger">Maradi</a> in 1836. When the Gobir Sultan revolted against the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> that same year, <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Sokoto Sultan Muhammed Bello</a> crushed the rebellion at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gawakuke" title="Battle of Gawakuke">Battle of Gawakuke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In present <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> the old dynasty of the Hausa rulers of Gobir is still continued today. A rival branch of the dynasty has its seat in <a href="/wiki/Sabon_Birni" title="Sabon Birni">Sabon Birni</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. </p><p>The former Sarkin Gobir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammadu_Bawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammadu Bawa (page does not exist)">Muhammadu Bawa</a> ruled in Sabon Birni from 1975 to 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_structure">Administrative structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most of the states of Hausaland, Gobir practiced the <i>sarauta</i> (kingship) system. The head of state was the sarki, appointed by an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> known as the <i>Taran Gobir</i> ('Gobir nine'). The grand electors had to reach a unanimous decision on a successor, and this electoral college also served as the sarki's <a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">council</a>. The sarki exercised authority through three groups of officials: members of the ruling dynasty, public servants, and governors of towns and regions. The highest-ranking titleholder in Gobir, apart from the sarki, was the <i>ubandawaki</i> ('commander of the cavalry'), who was responsible for overseeing the army.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddle_with_cross_from_Gobir.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saddle_with_cross_from_Gobir.png/220px-Saddle_with_cross_from_Gobir.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saddle_with_cross_from_Gobir.png/330px-Saddle_with_cross_from_Gobir.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saddle_with_cross_from_Gobir.png/440px-Saddle_with_cross_from_Gobir.png 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>A saddle made by Gobir artisans</figcaption></figure> <p>The officials of the central government consisted of:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Court dignitaries</b> who managed palace and city affairs, acting as intermediaries between the sarki and regional governments.</li> <li><b>Guild representatives</b> appointed from skilled craftspeople, such as blacksmiths, weavers, dyers, tanners, masons, butchers, and hunters. They managed relations with various trades and occupations, particularly in collecting state dues.</li> <li><b>Representatives of indigenous groups</b> within the state.</li> <li><b>Representatives of immigrant groups</b>, each with designated officials. For example, the <i>Sarkin Azbin</i> managed relations with the Tuaregs living in Gobir, while the <i>Sarkin Fulani</i> did the same for the Fulbe.</li> <li>The <i><b>mallamai</b></i> (Islamic scholars).</li></ol> <p>Today at <a href="/wiki/Tibiri" title="Tibiri">Tibiri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, a 'rump state' of Gobir still exists, ruled by the pre-jihad aristocracy of Gobir. The head or priest-chief of the animists, known as the <i>Sarkin Anna</i>, is considered the 'brother' and, in some sense, the 'equal' of the Sarkin Gobir. According to local tradition, the Sarkin Anna held a similar position in the original Gobir polity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sarkin Anna is also the custodian of the royal regalia of Gobir, which includes a sabre, two bracelets (one gold and one silver), a bow, and a quiver.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another powerful titleholder in Gobir was the <i>Inna</i>, an office typically given to the sarki's sister. She served as the high priestess of the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Bori cult</a>, representing the <i>Takurabow</i> or Inna Baka ('the Black Inna'), the dynastic goddess of Gobir.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers_of_Gobir">Rulers of Gobir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rulers of Gobir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This sections lists the holders of the title of <i>Sarkin Gobir</i> ('lord of Gobir').<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 415–417">: 415–417 </span></sup> The list is derived from the Sokoto Provincial <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">Gazetteer</a> compiled by <a href="/wiki/P._G._Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="P. G. Harris">P G Harris</a>, a British colonial administrator. Other lists exist, including one by <a href="/w/index.php?title=E_J_Arnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E J Arnett (page does not exist)">E J Arnett</a> (another colonial official), which was based on a list found at Yankaba (located in <a href="/wiki/Nasarawa,_Kano_State" title="Nasarawa, Kano State">Nassarawa, Kano</a>). Although there are discrepancies, especially in the earlier names, all known lists agree on Bana Turmi as the first king.: 415–417 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Gubur_in_Arabia_and_later_at_Suakin">At Gubur in Arabia and later at Suakin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: At Gubur in Arabia and later at Suakin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol><li>Bana Turmi</li> <li>Gubur</li> <li>Sanakafo</li> <li>Majigi</li> <li>Sarki</li> <li>Bartuwatuwa</li> <li>Bartadawa</li> <li>Bartakiskia</li> <li>Kartaki</li> <li>Sagimma</li> <li>Baran Kwammi</li> <li>Masawana Jimri Gaba</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Khartoum">At Khartoum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: At Khartoum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><ol start="13"><li>Ciroma</li><li>Dan Goma</li><li>Sakidamma</li><li>Matsaura</li><li>Duguma</li><li>Zaberma</li><li>Umi</li><li>Gozo</li><li>Banizam</li><li>Beyamusi</li><li>Gosi</li><li>Jimri Gaba</li><li>Ciroma II</li><li>Majejeri</li><li>Kasimu</li><li>Cida</li></ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Bornu">In Bornu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Bornu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><ol start="29"><li>Gojo</li><li>Dara</li><li>Jelani</li><li>Bataji</li><li>Babba</li><li>Munzakka</li><li>Munzakka II</li><li>Munzakka III</li><li>Alazi</li><li>Kana Ju'un</li><li>Baciri</li><li>Hunda</li><li>Dalla Gungumi</li><li>Dalla Kure</li><li>Hammadmi</li><li>Humadi</li><li>Arkal</li><li>Babba</li><li>Humdu</li><li>Ubandoma</li><li>Baciri II</li><li>Ubandoma (possibly Ubandoro)</li><li>Ubandoma II</li><li>Baciri III</li></ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Asben">In Asben</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Asben"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><ol start="53"><li>Ubandoro II</li><li>Abdulla</li><li>Keji</li><li>Dunsumi</li><li>Akwai Allah</li><li>Zamai</li><li>Falali</li><li>Gintsarana</li><li>Dalla</li><li>Baciri IV</li><li>Muhammadu</li><li>Dara</li><li>Ciroma III</li><li>Mundagas</li><li>Baran Kwammi</li><li>Ashafa</li><li>Baciri V</li><li>Bustadana Gingama</li><li>Ashafa Dara</li><li>Kawami</li><li>Mundagas II</li><li>Ciroma IV</li><li>Muhamman</li><li>Kazgaba</li><li>Muhammadu</li><li>Maji</li><li>Ciroma V</li><li>Arkal II</li><li>Usmanu</li><li>Ushuwa</li><li>Makuwa</li><li>Muhammadu Dan Ciroma (c. 1715)</li><li>Baciri VI</li><li>Muhamman Mai Gici</li><li>Akali</li><li>Arkal III</li><li>Muhammadu</li><li>Soba</li><li>Uban Iche (Ibn Ashe)</li></ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Alkalawa">At Alkalawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: At Alkalawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table width="50%|" class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nº </th> <th>Name </th> <th colspan="2">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">92 </td> <td align="center">Babari </td> <td align="center">1742 </td> <td align="center">1770 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">93 </td> <td align="center">Dan Gudi </td> <td align="center">1770 </td> <td align="center">1777 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">94 </td> <td align="center">Gambai </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">1777 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">95 </td> <td align="center">Bawa Jan Gwarzo </td> <td align="center">1777 </td> <td align="center">1795 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">96 </td> <td align="center">Yakuba </td> <td align="center">1795 </td> <td align="center">1801 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">97 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nafata_of_Gobir" title="Nafata of Gobir">Nafata</a> </td> <td align="center">1801 </td> <td align="center">1803 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">98 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Yunfa" title="Yunfa">Yunfa</a> </td> <td align="center">1803 </td> <td align="center">1808 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_tree_of_the_rulers_of_Gobir_at_Alkalawa">Family tree of the rulers of Gobir at Alkalawa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Family tree of the rulers of Gobir at Alkalawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Ibn Ashe</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Babari<br /><small>1742– 1770</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Dan Gudi<br /><small>1770–1777</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Bawa Jan Gwarzo<br /><small>1777–1795</small></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Yakuba<br /><small>1795–1801</small></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Nafata<br /><small>1801–1803</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Yunfa<br /><small>1803–1808</small></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citation">Citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHogbenKirk-Greene1966" class="citation book cs1">Hogben, S. J.; Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emiratesofnorthe0000sjho/"><i>The Emirates Of Northern Nigeria A Preliminary Survey Of Their Historical Traditions</i></a>. Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emirates+Of+Northern+Nigeria+A+Preliminary+Survey+Of+Their+Historical+Traditions&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Hogben&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Kirk-Greene%2C+A.+H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femiratesofnorthe0000sjho%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGobir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLast2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Last" title="Murray Last">Last, Murray</a> (2010-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004185432/Bej.9789004185425.i-310_004.xml">"3. Ancient Labels And Categories: Exploring The 'Onomastics' Of Kano"</a>, <i>Being and Becoming Hausa</i>, Brill, p. 69, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18543-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18543-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Being+and+Becoming+Hausa&rft.atitle=3.+Ancient+Labels+And+Categories%3A+Exploring+The+%27Onomastics%27+Of+Kano&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18543-2&rft.aulast=Last&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004185432%2FBej.9789004185425.i-310_004.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGobir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGado1986" class="citation book cs1">Gado, Boubé (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000070527">"Possible contacts between the central valley of the Nile and the River Niger area"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000070511"><i>Libya antiqua</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102376-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102376-4"><bdi>92-3-102376-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Possible+contacts+between+the+central+valley+of+the+Nile+and+the+River+Niger+area&rft.btitle=Libya+antiqua&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=92-3-102376-4&rft.aulast=Gado&rft.aufirst=Boub%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000070527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGobir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lange, Dierk (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467180">"An Assyrian Successor State in West Africa. The Ancestral Kings of Kebbi as Ancient Near Eastern Rulers"</a>. <i>Anthropos</i>. <b>104</b> (2): 373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0257-9774-2009-2-359">10.5771/0257-9774-2009-2-359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0257-9774">0257-9774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467180">40467180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=An+Assyrian+Successor+State+in+West+Africa.+The+Ancestral+Kings+of+Kebbi+as+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Rulers&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=373&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0257-9774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40467180%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F0257-9774-2009-2-359&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Dierk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40467180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGobir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1979" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, J. 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(1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/181513">"Towards a Less Orthodox History of Hausaland"</a>. <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 179–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700017011">10.1017/S0021853700017011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/181513">181513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Less+Orthodox+History+of+Hausaland&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-201&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F181513%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700017011&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=J.+E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F181513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGobir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHama1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Boubou_Hama" title="Boubou Hama">Hama, Boubou</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FH05AQAAIAAJ"><i>Histoire du Gobir et de Sokoto</i></a> (in French). 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Röll Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3897541157" title="Special:BookSources/3897541157"><bdi>3897541157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cult-Dramatic+Re-Enactments+of+the+Bayajidda+Legend+During+the+New+Year+Festivals+of+Hausaland&rft.btitle=Ancient+kingdoms+of+West+Africa&rft.pub=J.H.+R%C3%B6ll+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3897541157&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Dierk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdierklange.com%2Fpdf%2Ffulltexts%2Fhausa%2F02-Cult-Dramatic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGobir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackBoyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Mack, Beverly B.; Boyd, Jean (22 May 2000). <i>One Woman's Jihad: Nana Asma'u, Scholar and Scribe</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Woman%27s+Jihad%3A+Nana+Asma%27u%2C+Scholar+and+Scribe&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000-05-22&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Beverly+B.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGobir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobir&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Usman dan Fodio." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>, accessed September 30, 2005.</li> <li>F. Daniel. "Shehu dan Fodio." <i>Journal of the Royal African Society</i> 25.99 (Apr 1926): 278-283.</li> <li>Kühme, Walter. <i>Das Königtum von Gobir</i>, Hamburg 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubou_Hama" title="Boubou Hama">Boubou Hama</a>. <i>Histoire du Gobir et de Sokoto.</i> Présence africaine (Paris/Dakar), 1967.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html">List of rulers of Gobir</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528000007/http://www.diafrica.org/nigeriaop/Vishigh/phd3.htm">Igba Rumun Vishigh. CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM IN DIALOGUE: NORTHWEST NIGERIA, 1960-1990.</a> University of Jos, Nigeria (1997).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010737/http://www.yantaru.org/essentialshehu.pdf">Muhammad Sharee. Shehu Uthman Dan Fuduye'</a>. Institute of Islamic - African Studies (1999).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227111409/http://nigerdiaspora.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3609:la-vie-dune-cour-de-chefferie-le-gobir-hier-et-aujourdhui&catid=16:soci&Itemid=66">La vie d'une cour de chefferie : le Gobir hier et aujourd'hui</a>. Zeinabou Gaoh, ONEP Maradi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Sahel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Sahel (page does not exist)">Le Sahel</a> (Niger). 30 October 2009.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nigerian_traditional_states" title="Template:Nigerian traditional states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nigerian_traditional_states" title="Template talk:Nigerian traditional states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nigerian_traditional_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nigerian traditional states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nigerian_traditional_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_traditional_states" title="List of Nigerian traditional states">Nigerian traditional states</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaie_Emirate" title="Agaie Emirate">Agaie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_Emirate" title="Bade Emirate">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_Emirate" title="Bauchi Emirate">Bauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bida_Emirate" title="Bida Emirate">Bida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biu_Emirate" title="Biu Emirate">Biu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgu_Emirate" title="Borgu Emirate">Borgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borno_Emirate" title="Borno Emirate">Borno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaturu_Emirate" title="Damaturu Emirate">Damaturu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikwa_Emirate" title="Dikwa Emirate">Dikwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fika_Emirate" title="Fika Emirate">Fika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombe_Emirate" title="Gombe Emirate">Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumel_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumel Emirate">Gumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilorin_Emirate" title="Ilorin Emirate">Ilorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontagora_Emirate" title="Kontagora Emirate">Kontagora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapai_Emirate" title="Lapai Emirate">Lapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muri,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muri, Nigeria">Muri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potiskum_Emirate" title="Potiskum Emirate">Potiskum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleja_Emirate" title="Suleja Emirate">Suleja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yauri_Emirate" title="Yauri Emirate">Yauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zazzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pategi_Emirate" title="Pategi Emirate">Patigi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akure_Kingdom" title="Akure Kingdom">Akure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny" title="Kingdom of Bonny">Bonny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_Kingdom" title="Igala Kingdom">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo_Kingdom" title="Iwo Kingdom">Iwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_Kingdom" title="Kalabari Kingdom">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbwada" title="Kumbwada">Kumbwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nembe_Kingdom" title="Nembe Kingdom">Nembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpe" title="Okpe">Okpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom" title="Ondo Kingdom">Ondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opobo" title="Opobo">Opobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Warri" title="Kingdom of Warri">Warri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hausa Kingdom (page does not exist)">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassa_Nge_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassa Nge Kingdom (page does not exist)">Bassa Nge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Akpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Akwa Akpa">Akwa Akpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_Alake" class="mw-redirect" title="Egba Alake">Egba Alake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoani_Confederacy" title="Idoani Confederacy">Idoani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isedo" title="Isedo">Isedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oke_Ila" title="Oke Ila">Oke Ila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukari_Federation" title="Wukari Federation">Wukari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1533541#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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