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<ul id="toc-Islamic_scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction_and_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_and_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Introduction and definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_and_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adultery_and_fornication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adultery_and_fornication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Adultery and fornication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adultery_and_fornication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Quran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Hadith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-View_of_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_of_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>View of scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_of_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anal_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anal_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Anal sex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anal_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Incest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masturbation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masturbation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Masturbation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masturbation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bestiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bestiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Bestiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bestiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusions_in_the_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusions_in_the_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inclusions in the definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusions_in_the_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusation_process_and_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusation_process_and_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accusation process and punishment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accusation_process_and_punishment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accusation process and punishment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accusation_process_and_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sunni practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shi'a_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shi'a_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Shi'a practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shi'a_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Human rights controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%89" title="حد الزنى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حد الزنى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slamda_zina" title="İslamda zina – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslamda zina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="যিনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যিনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81" title="Zinā – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zinā" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina_(Hudud)" title="Zina (Hudud) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zina (Hudud)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7" title="زنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जिना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina" title="Zina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina_(islam)" title="Zina (islam) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zina (islam)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90" title="זינא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זינא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Зинақорлық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зинақорлық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AEna" title="Zîna – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zîna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8)" title="വ്യഭിചാരം(സിന) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യഭിചാരം(സിന)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina" title="Zina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="ズィナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ズィナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Зина – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Зина" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zino" title="Zino – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zino" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina" title="Zina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Зина (прелюбодеяние) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зина (прелюбодеяние)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina" title="Zina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina" title="Zina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7" title="زنا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زنا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="زینا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina" title="Zina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyna" title="Zyna – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Zyna" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7" title="زنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E7%B4%8D_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齊納 (伊斯蘭教) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="齊納 (伊斯蘭教)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204225#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamic legal term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about unlawful sexual intercourse in Islam. For extramarital affairs in general, see <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zina (disambiguation)">Zina (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zina" title="Special:EditPage/Zina">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Zina%22">"Zina"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Zina%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Zina%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Zina%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Zina%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Zina%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiqh" title="Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiqh" title="Template talk:Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Zināʾ</b></i> (<span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd" dir="rtl">زِنَاء</span></span>) or <i><b>zinā</b></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زِنًى</span></span> or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زِنًا</span></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic legal</a> term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">traditional jurisprudence</a>, <i>zina</i> can include <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ill_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shahnaz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shahnaz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Habeeb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habeeb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ill_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shahnaz_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shahnaz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Habeeb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habeeb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ill_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sam_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sam-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hashim_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashim-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ill_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-law_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Zina</i> must be proved by testimony of four Muslim eyewitnesses to the actual act of penetration, confession repeated four times and not retracted later.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offenders must have acted of their own free will.<sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapists could be prosecuted under different legal categories which used normal evidentiary rules.<sup id="cite_ref-aquraishi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aquraishi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making an accusation of <i>zina</i> without presenting the required eyewitnesses is called <i>qadhf</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القذف</span></span>), which is itself a <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a></i> offense.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are very few recorded examples of the <a href="/wiki/Stoning_in_Islam" title="Stoning in Islam">stoning penalty</a> for <i>zinā</i> being implemented legally. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Legal_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal reform">legal reforms</a> introduced in several countries during the 20th century, the procedural requirements for proving the offense of <i>zinā</i> to the standard necessary to impose the stoning penalty were effectively impossible to meet.<sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Zina</i> became a more pressing issue in modern times, as <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> movements and governments employed polemics against public immorality.<sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent decades several countries passed legal reforms that incorporated elements of hudud laws into their legal codes, and many modern Islamists have also disregarded the condition of strict evidence requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nigeria, local courts have passed several stoning sentences, all of which were overturned on appeal or left unenforced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinances" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinances">Hudood Ordinances</a> of 1979 subsumed prosecution of rape under the category of <i>zina</i>, making rape extremely difficult to prove and exposing the victims to jail sentences for admitting illicit intercourse forced upon them,<sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aquraishi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aquraishi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these laws were amended in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to human rights organizations, <a href="/wiki/Stoning_in_Islam" title="Stoning in Islam">stoning to death</a> for <i>zina</i> has also been carried out in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Zina</i> and rape are two different crimes under Islamic Law. Ordinances like the <a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinances" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinances">Hudood Ordinances</a> are not Islamic, in terms of rape and <i>zina.</i> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_scriptures">Islamic scriptures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Islamic scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muslim scholars have historically considered <i>zinā</i> a <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a></i> sin, or crime against God.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned in both Quran and in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_and_definition">Introduction and definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Quran deals with <i>zina</i>ʾ in several places. First is the Qur'anic general rule that commands <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> not to commit <i>zina</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do not go near adultery. It is truly a shameful deed and an evil way.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Isra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Isra">Surah Al-Isra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=32">17:32</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a>, the definitions of <i>zina</i> have been described as all the forms of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>, penetrative or non-penetrative, outside of marriage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Abu Huraira reported Allah's Apostle as saying: “Allah has decreed for every son of Adam his share of zina, which he will inevitably commit. The zina of the eyes is looking, the zina of the tongue is speaking, one may wish and desire, and the private parts confirm that or deny it.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/077-sbt.php#008.077.609">8:77:609</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/033-smt.php#033.6421">33:6421</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adultery_and_fornication">Adultery and fornication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adultery and fornication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quran">Quran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stoning punishment, a form of capital punishment for adultery, is not mentioned in the canonical text of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the rules related to fornication, adultery and false accusations from a husband to his wife or from members of the community to chaste women, can be found in Surah an-Nur (the Light). The <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surah</a> starts by giving very specific rules about punishment for <i>zina</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As for female and male fornicators, give each of them one hundred lashes,1 and do not let pity for them make you lenient in ˹enforcing˺ the law of Allah, if you ˹truly˺ believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a number of believers witness their punishment.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nur" title="An-Nur">Surah An-Nur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=2">24:2</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those who accuse chaste women ˹of adultery˺ and fail to produce four witnesses, give them eighty lashes ˹each˺. And do not ever accept any testimony from them—for they are indeed the rebellious— except those who repent afterwards and mend their ways, then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nur" title="An-Nur">Surah An-Nur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=4">24:4-5</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A.C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan A.C. Brown">Jonathan A.C. Brown</a>, Surah an-Nisa verse 4:25 prescribes punishment for a female slave guilty of a sexual offense as half of the punishment of a free woman:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> But if any of you cannot afford to marry a free believing woman, then ˹let him marry˺ a believing bondwoman possessed by one of you. Allah knows best ˹the state of˺ your faith ˹and theirs˺. You are from one another. So marry them with the permission of their owners, giving them their dowry in fairness, if they are chaste, neither promiscuous nor having secret affairs. If they commit indecency after marriage, they receive half the punishment of free women. This is for those of you who fear falling into sin. But if you are patient, it is better for you. And Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/25/">- Quran 4:25</a> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hadith">Hadith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stoning_of_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stoning_of_woman.jpg/290px-Stoning_of_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stoning_of_woman.jpg/435px-Stoning_of_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stoning_of_woman.jpg/580px-Stoning_of_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><i>The Stoning of an Adulteress</i>, illustration to a manuscript of <i><a href="/wiki/1001_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="1001 Nights">1001 Nights</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sani_ol_molk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sani ol molk">Abu'l Hasan Ghaffari</a> or his atelier. Tehran, 1853–1857</figcaption></figure> <p>The public lashing punishment for fornication and adultery are also prescribed in <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a>, the books most trusted in Islam after Quran, particularly in <i>Kitab Al-Hudud</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-zmh_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zmh-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (January 2016)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>'Ubada b. as-Samit reported: Allah's Messenger as saying: Receive teaching from me, receive teaching from me. Allah has ordained a way for those women. When an unmarried male commits adultery with an unmarried female, they should receive one hundred lashes and banishment for one year. And in case of married male committing adultery with a married female, they shall receive one hundred lashes and be stoned to death.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/017-smt.php#017.4191">17:4191</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ma'iz came to the Prophet and admitted having committed adultery four times in his presence so he ordered him to be stoned to death, but said to Huzzal: If you had covered him with your garment, it would have been better for you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/038-sat.php#038.4364">38:4364</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Sahih_al_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith Sahih al Bukhari">Hadith Sahih al Bukhari</a>, another authentic source of sunnah, has several entries which refer to death by <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Narrated 'Aisha: 'Utba bin Abi Waqqas said to his brother Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas, "The son of the slave girl of Zam'a is from me, so take him into your custody." So in the year of Conquest of Mecca, Sa'd took him and said. (This is) my brother's son whom my brother has asked me to take into my custody." 'Abd bin Zam'a got up before him and said, (He is) my brother and the son of the slave girl of my father, and was born on my father's bed." So they both submitted their case before Allah's Apostle. Sa'd said, "O Allah's Apostle! This boy is the son of my brother and he entrusted him to me." 'Abd bin Zam'a said, "This boy is my brother and the son of the slave girl of my father, and was born on the bed of my father." Allah's Apostle said, "The boy is for you, O 'Abd bin Zam'a!" Then Allah's Apostle further said, "The child is for the owner of the bed, and the stone is for the adulterer," He then said to Sauda bint Zam'a, "Veil (screen) yourself before him," when he saw the child's resemblance to 'Utba. The boy did not see her again till he met Allah.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/089-sbt.php#009.089.293">9:89:293</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Other <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> collections on <i>zina</i> between men and woman include: </p> <ul><li>The stoning (<a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">Rajm</a>) of a Jewish man and woman for having committed illegal sexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a> states that the Prophet, in a case of intercourse between a young man and a married woman, sentenced the woman to <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a><sup id="cite_ref-bhala_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhala-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the young man to <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">flogging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Banishment">banishment</a> for a year. (Sahih Muslim 17:4209) <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rape">Rape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape in Islamic law</a></div> <p>Rape has been defined as <i>zina al-jabr</i> (forceful illicit sex) in the traditional Islamic texts. Few <a href="/wiki/Hadiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiths">hadiths</a> have been found regarding rape in the time of Muhammad. The most popular transmitted hadith given below indicates the ordinance of stoning for the rapist but no punishment and no requirement of four eyewitnesses for the rape victim.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Narrated 'Alqamah bin Wa'il Al-Kindi: From his father: "A woman went out during the time of the Prophet (ﷺ) to go to Salat, but she was caught by a man and he had relations with her, so she screamed and he left. Then a man came across her and she said: 'That man has done this and that to me', then she came across a group of Emigrants (Muhajirin) and she said: 'That man did this and that to me.' They went to get the man she thought had relations with her, and they brought him to her. She said: 'Yes, that's him.' So they brought him to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), and when he ordered that he be stoned, the man who had relations with her, said: 'O Messenger of Allah, I am the one who had relations with her.' So he said to her: 'Go, for Allah has forgiven you.' Then he said some nice words to the man (who was brought). And he said to the man who had relations with her: 'Stone him.' Then he said: 'He has repented a repentance that, if the inhabitants of Al-Madinah had repented with, it would have been accepted from them.'"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jami%60_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami` at-Tirmidhi">Jami` at-Tirmidhi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/17">17:37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/038-sat.php#038.4366">38:4366</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The hadiths declare rape of a free or slave woman as <i>zina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-anisr_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anisr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="View_of_scholars">View of scholars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: View of scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Malik related to me from Nafi that a slave was in charge of the slaves in the khumus and he forced a slave-girl among those slaves against her will and had intercourse with her. Umar ibn al-Khattab had him flogged and banished him, and he did not flog the slave-girl because the slave had forced her.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/085-sbt.php#001.085.081">1:85:81</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muwatta/041-mmt.php#041.41.3.15">41 3.15</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Malik related to me from Ibn Shihab that gave a judgment that the rapist had to pay the raped woman her bride-price. Yahya said that he heard Malik say, "What is done in our community about the man who rapes a woman, virgin or non-virgin, if she is free, is that he must pay the bride-price of the like of her. If she is a slave, he must pay what he has diminished of her worth. The hadd-punishment in such cases is applied to the rapist, and there is no punishment applied to the raped woman. If the rapist is a slave, that is against his master unless he wishes to surrender him."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muwatta/036-mmt.php#036.36.16.14">36 16.14</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>If a confession or the four witnesses required to prove a <i>hadd</i> crime are not available, but rape can be proved by other means, the rapist is sentenced under the <i><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir">ta'zir</a></i> system of judicial discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-irfi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irfi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the eleventh-century Maliki jurist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Abd_al-Barr" title="Ibn 'Abd al-Barr">Ibn 'Abd al-Barr</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-irfi_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irfi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The scholars are unanimously agreed that the rapist is to be subjected to the hadd punishment if there is clear evidence against him that he deserves the hadd punishment, or if he admits to that. Otherwise, he is to be punished (i.e., if there is no proof that the hadd punishment for zina may be carried out against him because he does not confess, and there are not four witnesses, then the judge may punish him and stipulate a punishment that will deter him and others like him). There is no punishment for the woman if it is true that he forced her and overpowered her, which may be proven by her screaming and shouting for help.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Al-Istidhkaar, 7/146</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality in Islam">Homosexuality in Islam</a></div> <p>Islamic teachings (in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i> tradition<sup id="cite_ref-somwr_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somwr-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) presume same-sex attraction, extol abstention and (in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a><sup id="cite_ref-adang_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adang-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-somwr_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somwr-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) condemn consummation. There are no reports relating to homosexuality in the best known and authentic hadith collections of <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a></i>, other canonical collections record a number of condemnations of the "act of the people of Lut" (male-to-male <a href="/wiki/Anal_intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal intercourse">anal intercourse</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-iranica-law_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-law-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Quranic verses are used to propose a prohibition of homosexual activities, including:<sup id="cite_ref-adang_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adang-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-somwr_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somwr-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And ˹remember˺ when Lot scolded ˹the men of˺ his people, ˹saying,˺ “Do you commit a shameful deed that no man has ever done before? You lust after men instead of women! You are certainly transgressors.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27raf" title="Al-A'raf">Surah Al-A'raf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=80">7:80-81</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In another verse, the statement of prophet Lot has been also pointed out, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why do you ˹men˺ lust after fellow men, leaving the wives that your Lord has created for you? In fact, you are a transgressing people.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shu%27ara" title="Ash-Shu'ara">Surah Ash-Shu'ara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/26?startingVerse=165">26:165-166</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some scholars indicate this verse as the prescribed punishment for homosexuality in the Quran: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And the two among you who commit this sin—discipline them. If they repent and mend their ways, relieve them. Surely Allah is ever Accepting of Repentance, Most Merciful.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=16">4:16</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, there are different interpretations of the last verse where who the Quran refers to as "two among you". Pakistani scholar <a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmed_Ghamidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Javed Ahmed Ghamidi">Javed Ahmed Ghamidi</a> sees it as a reference to premarital sexual relationships between men and women. In his opinion, the preceding Ayat of Sura Nisa deals with prostitutes of the time. He believes these rulings were temporary and were abrogated later when a functioning state was established and society was ready for permanent rulings, which came in Sura Nur, Ayat 2 and 3, prescribing flogging as a punishment for adultery. He does not see stoning as a prescribed punishment, even for married men, and considers the Hadiths quoted supporting that view to be dealing with either rape or prostitution, where the strictest punishment under Islam for spreading "fasad fil ardh", meaning corruption in the land, referring to egregious acts of defiance to the rule of law was carried out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali jurists insist that anal sex between men is a <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a> crime punished with death, however Hanafi jurists argue that the act is immoral and forbidden but does not qualify as a <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a> violation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hadiths consider homosexuality as <i>zina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hmy_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmy-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Abu Dawud state,<sup id="cite_ref-somwr_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somwr-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (January 2016)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-mohelawa_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohelawa-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, the Prophet states that: "If a woman comes upon a woman, they are both adulteresses, if a man comes upon a man, then they are both adulterers.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Al-Tabarani in al-Mu‘jam al-Awat: 4157, Al-Bayhaqi, Su‘ab al-Iman: 5075</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadith mentioning homosexual behavior in women;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurists are agreed that "there is no hadd punishment for lesbianism, because it is not zina. Rather a ta’zeer punishment must be imposed, because it is a sin..'".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> records an example of the casual execution of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the <a href="/wiki/Harem_(household)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harem (household)">harem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a>, in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph's</a> actions as ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some jurists viewed sexual intercourse as possible only for an individual who possesses a <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence those definitions of sexual intercourse that rely on the entry of as little as the <a href="/wiki/Corona_of_glans_penis" title="Corona of glans penis">corona of the phallus</a> into a partner's orifice.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since women do not possess a phallus and cannot have intercourse with one another, they are, in this interpretation, physically incapable of committing <i>zina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anal_sex">Anal sex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anal sex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Anal_sex" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality in Islam § Anal sex</a></div> <p>All Sunni Muslim jurists agree that anal sex is haram (prohibited), based on the hadith of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-ifn_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, according to Twelver Shia Muslim jurists, anal sex is considered <a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">makruh</a> (strongly disliked) but is permissible with the consent of the wife.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars point to the story of <a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lot</a> in the Quran as an example of sodomy being an egregious sin. However multiple others hold the view that the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was not specifically due to the sodomy practiced in those towns, but as a combination of multiple transgressions. The death by stoning for people of Sodom and Gomorrah is similar to the stoning punishment stipulated for illegal heterosexual sex. There is no punishment for a man who sodomizes a woman because it is not tied to procreation. However, other jurists insist that any act of lust in which the result is the injecting of semen into another person constitutes sexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_2006_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_2006-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodomy often falls under that same category as sex between an unmarried man and woman engaging in sexual acts. Male-male intercourse is referred to as <i>liwat</i> while female-female intercourse is referred to as <i>sihaq</i>. Both are considered reprehensible acts but there is no consensus on punishment for either. Some jurists define <i>zināʾ</i> exclusively as the act of unlawful vaginal penetration, hence categorizing and punishing anal penetration in different ways. Other jurists included both vaginal and anal penetration within the definition of <i>zināʾ</i> and hence extended the punishment of the one to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious discourse has mostly focused on such sexual acts, which are unambiguously condemned. The Quran refers explicitly to male-male sexual relations only in the context of the story of Lot, but labels the Sodomites's actions (universally understood in the later tradition as anal intercourse) an "abomination" (female-female relations are not addressed). Reported pronouncements by Muhammad (<i>hadith</i>) reinforce the interdiction on male-male sodomy, although there are no reports of his ever adjudicating an actual case of such an offence; he is also quoted as condemning cross-gender behaviour for both sexes and banishing them from local places, but it is unclear to what extent this is to be understood as involving sexual relations. Several early caliphs, confronted with cases of sodomy between males, are said to have had both partners executed, by a variety of means. While taking such precedents into account, medieval jurists were unable to achieve a consensus on this issue; some legal schools prescribed capital punishment for sodomy, but others opted only for a relatively mild discretionary punishment. There was general agreement, however, that other homosexual acts (including any between females) were lesser offences, subject only to discretionary punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowson_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incest">Incest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Incest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hadith forbids incestuous relationship (<i>zinā bi'l-mahārim</i>), sexual intercourse between someone who is <a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">mahram</a> and prescribes execution as punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hashim_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashim-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: That the Prophet said: "If a man says to another man: 'O you Jew' then beat him twenty times. If he says: 'O you effeminate' then beat him twenty times. And whoever has relations with someone that is a mahram (family member or blood relative) then kill him."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jami%60_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami` at-Tirmidhi">Jami` at-Tirmidhi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/17/46">17:46</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masturbation">Masturbation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Masturbation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Islam and masturbation</a></div> <p>Islamic scripture does not specifically mention masturbation. Like most people prior to the morals of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, pre-modern Islam faced masturbation mostly with indifference.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few <i>hadiths</i> underline this view. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is reported to have said that "it is your fluid, or your member, so do whatever you like, as it were."<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a few <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a></i> demonizing masturbation but these are <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">classified as unreliable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prohibit masturbation scholars (ulama) of <i>fiqh</i> (Islamic jurisprudence) may have invoked the Qur'anic proclamation (Quran 23:1-6) that Muslims must protect their sexual organs, except from their legal spouses (<i>azwājihim</i>) or what their right hands own.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Mālikīs</a> jurists follow suit and seem to categorically prohibit masturbation.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonathan_A.C_2014_p.93_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_A.C_2014_p.93-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab%C5%AB_Bakr_b._al-%CA%BFArab%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abū Bakr b. al-ʿArabī (page does not exist)">Abū Bakr b. al-ʿArabī</a> goes as far as to demonize this practise, stating that it was introduced by <i><a href="/wiki/Shaytan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaytan">šayṭān</a></i> (devil).<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a> states that male masturbation (<i>istimmā<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>) runs afoul of the Qur'anic proclamation (Quran 23:1-6) that Muslims must protect their sexual organs, except from their legal spouses (<i>azwājihim</i>) or what their right hands own.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a> agree with the Mālikīs, and some of them consider masturbation a lesser form of <i>zinā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founder <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a> argued that this encourages men to neglect their wives and may cause the termination of family lineage. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Ḥanafīs</a> have mixed opinions. Most of them are rather critical about, but generally allow for unmarried people, and even obligatory if the alternative is illicit sex.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, diverse are opinions among the <a href="/wiki/Hanbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbal">Ḥanbalīs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taimiyya">Ibn Taimiyya</a>'s statement, a proto-Salaf Hanbalite scholar, that the consensus of early and later jurists (salafan wa-ḫalafan) was to categorically prohibit masturbation, is clearly an overstatement.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a lack of concern about masturbation from Quran and <i>hadiths</i>, Ḥanbalīs generally disliked (<i>makrūh</i>), but not forbid masturbation. However, if one couldn't find a spouse, one would be encouraged to masturbate.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonathan_A.C_2014_p.93_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_A.C_2014_p.93-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who didn't adhere to any of these four major schools are often going into more detail. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%E1%B8%A4azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ḥazm">Ibn Ḥazm</a> explains that "a woman who rubs something against herself (without inserting it) until she climaxes is not guilty of sin; the same is true of a man who masturbates. No scholar, he points out, disagrees that it is perfectly lawful for a person to touch their sex organ (specifying the use of the left hand for men), and since no scriptural text explicitly prohibits masturbation, it must be lawful". However, he adds that it is not appropriate for civilized people to do this.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bestiality">Bestiality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bestiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to hadith, bestiality is defined under <i>zina</i> and its punishment is execution of the accused man or woman along with the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-ill_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-law_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: That the Messenger of Allah said: "Whomever you see having relations with an animal then kill him and kill animal." So it was said to Ibn 'Abbas: "What is the case of the animal?" He said: "I did not hear anything from the Messenger of Allah about this, but I see that the Messenger of Allah disliked eating its meat or using it, due to the fact that such a (heinous) thing has been done with that animal."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jami%60_at-Tirmidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jami` at-Tirmidhi">Jami` at-Tirmidhi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/17/38">17:38</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inclusions_in_the_definition">Inclusions in the definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inclusions in the definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technically, <i>zina</i> only refers to the act of penetration, while non-penetrative sex acts outside of marriage were censured by Muhammad as that which can lead to <i>zina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sharia, the punishment for <i>zina</i> varies according to whether the offender is <i>muhsan</i> (adult, free, Muslim and married at least once) or not <i>muhsan</i> (i.e. a minor, a slave, a non-Muslim or never married). A person only qualifies as <i>muhsan</i> if he or she meets all of the criteria. The punishment for an offender who is <i>muhsan</i> is stoning. (<i><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">rajm</a></i>); the punishment for an offender who is not <i>muhsan</i> is 100 lashes. <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accusation_process_and_punishment">Accusation process and punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Accusation process and punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic law requires evidence before a man or a woman can be punished for <i>zina</i>. These are:<sup id="cite_ref-keciali_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keciali-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-zmh_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zmh-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>A Muslim confesses to <i>zina</i> four separate times. However, if the confessor takes back his words before the punishment is enforced or during the punishment, he/she will be released and set free. The confessor is in fact encouraged to take back their confession.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sengupta_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Four free adult male Muslim witnesses of proven integrity. They must testify that they observed the couple engaged in unlawful sexual intercourse without any doubt or ambiguity. They are able to say that they saw their private parts meet "like the Kohl needle entering the Kohl bottle."</li> <li>Unlike witnesses in most other circumstances, they are neither legally nor morally obliged to testify, and in fact legal texts state that it is morally better if they don't.</li> <li>If any of the witnesses take back their testimony before the actual punishment is enforced, then the punishment will be abandoned, and the witnesses will be punished for the crime of false accusation.</li> <li>The witnesses must give their testimony at the earliest opportunity.</li> <li>If the offense is punished by stoning to death, the witnesses must throw the stones.</li></ol> <p>If a pregnant woman confesses that her baby was born from an illegal relationship then she will be subject to conviction in the Islamic courts. In cases where there are no witnesses and no confession then the woman will not receive punishment just because of pregnancy. Women can fall pregnant without committing illegal sexual intercourse. A woman could be raped or coerced. In this case, she is a victim and not the perpetrator of a crime. Therefore, she cannot be punished or even accused of misconduct merely on the strength of her falling pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-Sengupta_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four witnesses requirement for <i>zina</i> is revealed by Quranic verses 24:11 through 24:13 and various hadiths.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The testimony of women and non-Muslims is not admitted in cases of <i>zina</i> or in other <i>hadd</i> crimes. </p><p>Any witness to or victim of non-consensual sexual intercourse, who accuses a Muslim of <i>zina</i>, but fails to produce four adult, pious male eyewitnesses before a sharia court, commits the crime of false accusation (<i>Qadhf</i>, القذف), punishable with eighty lashes in public.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These requirements made <i>zina</i> virtually impossible to prove in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, there are very few recorded examples of stoning for <i>zina</i> being legally carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Semerdjian2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semerdjian2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 623-year history of the Ottoman Empire, the best-documented and most well-known pre-modern Islamic legal system, there is only one recorded example of the stoning punishment being applied for <i>zina</i>, when a Muslim woman and her Jewish lover were convicted of <i>zina</i> in 1680 and sentenced to death, the woman by stoning and the man by beheading. This was a miscarriage of justice according to the standards of Islamic law: adequate evidence was not produced, and the correct penalty for non-Muslims was 100 lashes rather than death.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some schools of Islamic jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>) created the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Shubha_(Arabic)" title="Shubha (Arabic)">shubha</a></i> (doubt). According to this principle, if there is room for doubt in the perpetrator's mind about whether the sexual act was illegal, he or she should not receive the hadd penalty, but could receive a less severe punishment at the discretion of the judge.<sup id="cite_ref-zmh_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zmh-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurists had varying opinions on what counted as legitimate "doubt" for this purposes. A typical example is a man who has sex with his wife's or his son's slave. This is <i>zina</i> - a man can lawfully have sex only with his own slave. But a man might plausibly believe that he had ownership rights over his wife's or his son's property, and so think that having sex with their slaves was legal. The Ḥanafī jurists of the Ottoman Empire applied the concept of doubt to exempt prostitution from the hadd penalty. Their rationale was that since legal sex is legitimized, in part, by payment (the dower paid by the husband to the wife upon marriage, or the purchase price of a slave), a man might plausibly believe that prostitution, which also involves a payment in return for sexual access, was legal.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This principle did not mean that such acts were treated as legal: they remained offenses, and could be punished, but they were not liable for the hadd penalty of 100 lashes or stoning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_practice">Sunni practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sunni practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Persons who are not <i>muhsan</i> (i.e. a slave, a minor, never married) are punished for <i>zina</i> with one hundred lashes in public.<sup id="cite_ref-mohelawa_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohelawa-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of Islamic jurisprudence considers pregnancy as sufficient and automatic evidence, unless there is evidence of rape. Other Sunni schools of jurisprudence rely on early Islamic scholars that state that a fetus can "sleep and stop developing for 5 years in a womb", and thus a woman who was previously married but now divorced may not have committed <i>zina</i> even if she delivers a baby years after her divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also argue that the woman may have been forced or coerced (see section above, 'Accusation process and punishment'). The position of modern Islamic scholars varies from country to country. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> which officially follows the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> fiqh, Section 23(2) through 23(4) of the Syariah (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>) Criminal Offences (Federal Territories) Act 1997 state,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Section 23(2)</b> - Any woman who performs sexual intercourse with a man who is not her lawful husband shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding five thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or to whipping not exceeding six strokes or to any combination thereof. </p><p><b>Section 23(3)</b> - The fact that a woman is <b>pregnant out of wedlock</b> as a result of sexual intercourse performed <b>with her consent</b> shall be <b>prima facie evidence</b> of the commission of an offence under subsection (2) by that woman. </p> <p><b>Section 23(4)</b> - For the purpose of subsection (3), any woman who gives birth to a fully developed child within a period of six qamariah months from the date of her marriage shall be deemed to have been pregnant out of wedlock.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Islamic Laws of Malaysia<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Minimal proof for <i>zina</i> is still the testimony of four male eyewitnesses, even in the case of homosexual intercourse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prosecution of extramarital pregnancy as <i>zina</i>, as well as prosecution of rape victims for the crime of <i>zina</i>, have been the source of worldwide controversy in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwpakistan_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwpakistan-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrwafghan_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwafghan-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shi'a_practice"><span id="Shi.27a_practice"></span>Shi'a practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shi'a practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Again, minimal proof for <i>zina</i> is the testimony of four male eyewitnesses. The Shi'is, however, also allow the testimony of women, if there is <i>at least one male witness</i>, testifying together with <i>six women</i>. All witnesses must have seen the act in its most intimate details, i.e. the penetration (like "a stick disappearing in a kohl container," as the fiqh books specify). If their testimonies do not satisfy the requirements, they can be sentenced to eighty lashes for unfounded accusation of fornication (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kadhf</i></span>). If the accused freely admits the offense, the confession must be repeated <i>four</i> times, just as in Sunni practice. Pregnancy of a single woman is also sufficient evidence of her having committed <i>zina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-adang_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adang-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2017)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_controversy">Human rights controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human rights controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Quran" title="Human rights in the Quran">Human rights in the Quran</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Criminalization_of_premarital_and_extramarital_sex_as_zina_under_sharia_in_Islam.SVG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Criminalization_of_premarital_and_extramarital_sex_as_zina_under_sharia_in_Islam.SVG/360px-Criminalization_of_premarital_and_extramarital_sex_as_zina_under_sharia_in_Islam.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Criminalization_of_premarital_and_extramarital_sex_as_zina_under_sharia_in_Islam.SVG/540px-Criminalization_of_premarital_and_extramarital_sex_as_zina_under_sharia_in_Islam.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Criminalization_of_premarital_and_extramarital_sex_as_zina_under_sharia_in_Islam.SVG/720px-Criminalization_of_premarital_and_extramarital_sex_as_zina_under_sharia_in_Islam.SVG.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Muslim-majority regions with <i>zina</i> laws against consensual premarital and extramarital sex.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>zina</i> and rape laws of countries under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> are the subjects of a global human rights debate.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hundreds of women in Afghan jails are victims of rape or domestic violence.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwafghan_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwafghan-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been criticized as leading to "hundreds of incidents where a woman subjected to rape, or gang rape, was eventually accused of zināʾ" and incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pakistan, over 200,000 <i>zina</i> cases against women, under its Hudood laws, were under process at various levels in Pakistan's legal system in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-hrwpakistan_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrwpakistan-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to thousands of women in prison awaiting trial for <i>zina</i>-related charges, there has been a severe reluctance to even report rape because the victim fears of being charged with <i>zina</i>, because of the un-Islamic nature of Pakistani laws regarding sexual intercourse. Under Islamic laws, rape is not considered to be zina and no punishment falls on the victim. But rape falls under zina in Pakistani law introduced in the 1980s and sometimes becomes punishable. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (January 2016)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Iran has prosecuted many cases of <i>zina</i>, and enforced public stoning to death of those accused between 2001 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Zina</i> laws are one of many items of reform and secularization debate with respect to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, under the influence of the colonial era, many penal laws and criminal justice systems were reformed away from Sharia in Muslim-majority parts of the world. By contrast, in the second half of the 20th century, after respective independence, a number of governments including Pakistan, Malaysia and Iran have reverted to Sharia with traditional interpretations of Islam's sacred texts. <i>Zina</i> and hudud laws have been re-enacted and enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary human right activists refer this as a new phase in the politics of gender in Islam, the battle between forces of traditionalism and modernism in the Muslim world, and the use of religious texts of Islam through state laws to sanction and practice gender-based violence.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to human rights activists, Islamic scholars and Islamist political parties consider 'universal human rights' arguments as impositions of a non-Muslim culture on Muslim people, a disrespect of customary cultural practices and sexual codes that are central to Islam. <i>Zina</i> laws come under hudud –  seen as a crime against Allah; the Islamists refer to this pressure and proposals to reform <i>zina</i> and other laws as contrary to Islam. Attempts by international human rights to reform religious laws and codes of Islam has become the Islamist rallying platforms during political campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Stoning_of_Soraya_M." title="The Stoning of Soraya M.">The Stoning of Soraya M.</a> –  A 2008 <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>-language American drama film adapted from <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Freidoune_Sahebjam" title="Freidoune Sahebjam">Freidoune Sahebjam</a>'s 1990 book <i>La Femme Lapidée</i>, regarding to a mistaken-punishment of a false <i>zina</i> accusation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Islamic criminal jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Islamic family jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islamic sexual jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Modesty in Islam">Modesty in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namus" title="Namus">Namus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah mut‘ah">Nikah mut‘ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_urfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah urfi">Nikah urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum_and_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum and sex">Ma malakat aymanukum and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">Rajm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Islamic views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Islam" title="Repentance in Islam">Repentance in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, R. (2012). "Zinā or Zināʾ". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Semerdjian-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Semerdjian_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSemerdjian2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Semerdjian, Elyse (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0984">"Zinah"</a></span>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zinah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.aulast=Semerdjian&rft.aufirst=Elyse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001%2Facref-9780195305135-e-0984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ill-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ill_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ill_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ill_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ill_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ill_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemerdjian2008" class="citation book cs1">Semerdjian, Elyse (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZzuBMnBKfUC&q=bestiality+zina&pg=PA53"><i>"Off the Straight Path": Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815651550" title="Special:BookSources/9780815651550"><bdi>9780815651550</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Off+the+Straight+Path%22%3A+Illicit+Sex%2C+Law%2C+and+Community+in+Ottoman+Aleppo&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780815651550&rft.aulast=Semerdjian&rft.aufirst=Elyse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZzuBMnBKfUC%26q%3Dbestiality%2Bzina%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shahnaz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shahnaz_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shahnaz_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2011" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Shahnaz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IfJl4J7MAgC&q=adultery+fornication+zina&pg=PA8"><i>Zina, Transnational Feminism, and the Moral Regulation of Pakistani Women</i></a>. UBC Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774841184" title="Special:BookSources/9780774841184"><bdi>9780774841184</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zina%2C+Transnational+Feminism%2C+and+the+Moral+Regulation+of+Pakistani+Women&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780774841184&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Shahnaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IfJl4J7MAgC%26q%3Dadultery%2Bfornication%2Bzina%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habeeb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Habeeb_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habeeb_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkande2015" class="citation book cs1">Akande, Habeeb (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKyPCgAAQBAJ&q=adultery+fornication+zina&pg=PA145"><i>A Taste of Honey: Sexuality and Erotology in Islam</i></a>. Rabaah Publishers. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780957484511" title="Special:BookSources/9780957484511"><bdi>9780957484511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Taste+of+Honey%3A+Sexuality+and+Erotology+in+Islam&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Rabaah+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780957484511&rft.aulast=Akande&rft.aufirst=Habeeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKyPCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dadultery%2Bfornication%2Bzina%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2006" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=prostitution+zina&pg=PA646"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 646. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415966924" title="Special:BookSources/9780415966924"><bdi>9780415966924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+L-Z%2C+index&rft.pages=646&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415966924&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaV-IGZ8VKIC%26q%3Dprostitution%2Bzina%26pg%3DPA646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sam-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sam_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2010" class="citation book cs1">Habib, Samar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9y_TyzK9_5oC&q=homosexuality+zina&pg=PA211"><i>Islam and Homosexuality</i></a> (1st ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+New+Kinship%3A+Reproductive+Technology+and+the+Shariah+in+Lebanon&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781845454326&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwreDKOTXM8C%26q%3Dincest%2Bzina%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hashim-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hashim_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hashim_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamali2019" class="citation book cs1">Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNGaDwAAQBAJ&q=incest+zina&pg=PA94"><i>Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Punishment+in+Islamic+Law%3A+A+Fresh+Interpretation&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190910648&rft.aulast=Kamali&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Hashim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNGaDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dincest%2Bzina%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1999" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Syed (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N24mAQAAIAAJ&q=bestiality+zina"><i>Law relating to fornication (Zina) in the Islamic legal system: a comparative study</i></a>. 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Mir-Hosseini (2011), Criminalizing sexuality: zina laws as violence against women in Muslim contexts, SUR-Int'l Journal on Human Rights, 8(15), pp. 7–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziba Mir-Hosseini (2001), Marriage on Trial: A Study of Islamic Family Law, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860646089" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860646089">978-1860646089</a>, pp. 140–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hina Azam (2012), Rape as a Variant of Fornication (Zina) in Islamic Law: An Examination of the Early Legal Reports, Journal of Law & Religion, Volume 28, 441–459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/023-sbt.php#002.023.413">2:23:413</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhala-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhala_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P8MuP_POzh0C&dq=punishment+for+zina+stoning&pg=PT979">Understanding Islamic Law</a> By Raj Bhala, LexisNexis, May 24, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/sahih-muslim-book-17-punishments-prescribed-by-islam/sahih-muslim-book-017-hadith-number-4209">"Sahih Muslim Book 17, Hadith Number 4209"</a>. 2 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sahih+Muslim+Book+17%2C+Hadith+Number+4209&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhadithcollection.com%2Fsahihmuslim%2Fsahih-muslim-book-17-punishments-prescribed-by-islam%2Fsahih-muslim-book-017-hadith-number-4209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismail Poonwala (2007), The Pillars of Islam: Laws pertaining to human intercourse, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195689075, pp. 448-457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouhdiba,_Abdelwahab1985" class="citation book cs1">Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab (1985). <i>Sexuality in Islam</i>. 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The University of Michigan: Nashriyat. p. 764. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789698983048" title="Special:BookSources/9789698983048"><bdi>9789698983048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Sexuality+in+Islam&rft.place=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=764&rft.pub=Nashriyat&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789698983048&rft.au=Khan%2C+Muhammad+Aftab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anisr-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anisr_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbiad2008" class="citation book cs1">Abiad, Nisrine (2008). <i>Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations: A Comparative Study</i>. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharia%2C+Muslim+States+and+International+Human+Rights+Treaty+Obligations%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Abiad&rft.aufirst=Nisrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/bukhari/89/10">"Bukhari, Book: 89 - Statements made under Coercion, Chapter 6: If a woman is compelled to commit illegal sexual intercourse against her will"</a>. sunnah.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Murray and Will Roscoe (1997), Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814774687" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814774687">978-0814774687</a>, New York University Press, pp. 88–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adang-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adang_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adang_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adang_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Camilla Adang (2003), Ibn Hazam on Homosexuality, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantara" class="extiw" title="fr:Qantara">Al Qantara</a>, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-law-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica-law_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowson2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rowson, Everett K. 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Vol. XII/4. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. pp. 441–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037">10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517035334/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality-ii">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Najib bin Abdul Kadir; Mazlan bin Ibrahim; Khader bin Ahmad; Murshidi bin Mohd Noor; Saiful Azhar bin Saadon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam.gov.my/images/ePenerbitan/Hadis-hadis_Sahih_Berkaitan_Perlakuan_LGBT_BI.pdf">"Hadith Sahih on Behaviour of LGBT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>islam.gov.my</i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government of Malaysia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20559.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on Nov 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Attorney+General%27s+Chambers+of+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Laws+of+Malaysia+-+Act+559+-+Syariah+Criminal+Offences+%28Federal+Territories%29+Act+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agc.gov.my%2FAkta%2FVol.%252012%2FAct%2520559.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wao.org.my/file/file/Malaysian%20NGO%20CEDAW%20Alternative%20Report%202012%206MB.pdf">CEDAW and Malaysia</a> Women's Aid Organization, United Nations Report (April 2012), page 83–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrwpakistan-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrwpakistan_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrwpakistan_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k5/pdf/pakist.pdf">Pakistan</a>", Human Rights Watch (January 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrwafghan-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrwafghan_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrwafghan_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/features/afghanistan-moral-crimes">Afghanistan - Moral Crimes</a>", Human Rights Watch (March 26, 2012); "Some women and girls have been convicted of zina, sex outside of marriage, after being raped or forced into prostitution. Zina is a crime under Afghan law, punishable by up to 15 years in prison."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziba Mir-Hosseini (2011), Criminalizing sexuality: zina laws as violence against women in Muslim contexts, SUR - Int'l Journal on Human Rights, 15, pp. 7–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haideh Moghissi (2005), Women and Islam: Part 4 Women, sexuality and sexual politics in Islamic cultures, Taylor & Francis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32420-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32420-3">0-415-32420-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KUGLE (2003), Sexuality, diversity and ethics in the agenda of progressive Muslims, In: SAFI, O. (Ed.). Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism, Oxford: Oneworld. pp. 190–234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LAU, M. (2007), Twenty-Five Years of Hudood Ordinances: A Review, Washington and Lee Law Review, n. 64, pp. 1291–1314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229095410/http://www.hrcp-web.org/NCSW_Report.cfm">"National Commission on the status of women's report on Hudood Ordinance 1979"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrcp-web.org/NCSW_Report.cfm">the original</a> on 2007-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Commission+on+the+status+of+women%27s+report+on+Hudood+Ordinance+1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrcp-web.org%2FNCSW_Report.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BAGHI, E. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranhumanrights.org/2008/08/baghibloodiedstone/">The Bloodied Stone: Execution by Stoning</a> International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE13/001/2008/en">End Executions by Stoning - An Appeal</a> AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, 15 Jan 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehman J. (2007), The sharia, Islamic family laws and international human rights law: Examining the theory and practice of polygamy and talaq, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 21(1), pp. 108–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SAFWAT (1982), Offences and Penalties in Islamic Law. Islamic Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 149–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss A. M. (2003), Interpreting Islam and women's rights implementing CEDAW in Pakistan, International Sociology, 18(3), pp. 581–601</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KAMALI (1998), Punishment in Islamic Law: A Critique of the Hudud Bill of Kelantan Malaysia, Arab Law Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 203–234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">QURAISHI, A (1996), Her Honor: An Islamic Critique of the Rape Laws of Pakistan from a Woman-Sensitive Perspective, Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 18, pp. 287–320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. SAJOO (1999), Islam and Human Rights: Congruence or Dichotomy, Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, vol. 4, pp. 23–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. ALI (2003), Progressive Muslims and Islamic Jurisprudence: The Necessity for Critical Engagement with Marriage and Divorce Law, In: SAFI, O. (Ed.). Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism, Oxford: Oneworld, pp. 163–189</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Calder, Norman, Colin Imber, and R. Gleave. <i>Islamic Jurisprudence in the Classical Era</i>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UP, 2010.</li> <li>Johnson, Toni, and Lauren Vriens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/religion/islam-governing-under-sharia/p8034">"Islam: Governing Under Sharia."</a>, Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., 24 Oct. 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.</li> <li>Karamah: Muslim Women Lawyers for Human Rights, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/islam/gender/karamah_zina.pdf">"Zina, Rape, and Islamic Law: An Islamic Legal Analysis of the Rape Laws in Pakistan."</a> 26 Nov. 2011.</li> <li>Khan, Shahnaz. "Locating The Feminist Voice: The Debate On The Zina Ordinance." Feminist Studies 30.3 (2004): 660–685. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.</li> <li>McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bandung2.co.uk/books/Files/Religion/The%20Cambridge%20Companion%20to%20the%20Quran.pdf">The Cambridge Companion to the Qurʼān</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2006</li> <li>Peters, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-8168">"Zinā or Zināʾ (a.)."</a> Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN. 17 November 2011</li> <li>Peters, R. "The Islamization of criminal law: A comparative analysis", in WI, xxxiv (1994), 246–74.</li> <li>Quraishi, Asifa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mwlusa.org/topics/marriage&divorce/islamic_legal_analysis_of_zina.htm">"Islamic Legal Analysis of Zina Punishment of Bariya Ibrahim Magazu, Zamfara, Nigeria."</a> Muslim Women's League. Muslim Women's League, 20 Jan. 2001</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zina" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Zina">Zina</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/sharia-implementation-in-northern-nigeria/vol_5_4_chapter_6_part_III.pdf">Zina prosecution in Katsina State, Northern Nigeria</a> Proceedings and Judgments in the Amina Lawal Case (2002)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/religion/islam-governing-under-sharia/p8034">Sharia Law</a>get<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705191356/http://www.asmasociety.org///perspectives/article_8.html">Articles and Opinions: American Muslims need to speak out against violations of Islamic Shariah law</a> (Asma Society)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&pg=PA43">Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary – Zina Chapter</a></i>, p. 43, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Hisham M. Ramadan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/05/21/afghanistan-surge-women-jailed-moral-crimes">Afghanistan: Surge in Women Jailed for 'Moral Crimes'</a> Zina in Afghanistan, Human Rights Watch (May 21, 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4620065.stm">Mukhtar Mai – history of a rape case</a>, Pakistan, BBC News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/fate-of-another-royal-found-guilty-of-adultery-1753012.html">Fate of another royal found guilty of adultery</a> Zina in Saudi Arabia, The Independent (2009), UK</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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