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text-truncate"> Italie : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Région de l'Italie du Nord-Est, la Vénétie peut se définir de plusieurs façons. Au sens large, c'est la plaine d'Italie du Nord à l'est du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le lac de Garde est le plus grand lac d'Italie, avec une superficie de 370 kilomètres carrés. Il borde la Lombardie au sud-ouest et à l'ouest, la Vénétie à l'est et au sud-est, et le Trentin-Haut-Adige au nord. Dans la région alpine, seuls le lac Léman et celui de Constance sont plus étendus. Situé à 65 mètres d'altitude, il mesure 52 kilomètres de longueur et entre 3 et ..." title="Article : LAC DE GARDE" href="/encyclopedie/lac-de-garde/">lac de Garde</a>, avec ses annexes montagnardes, c'est-à-dire l'essentiel de la région que <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Venise , capitale de la région italienne de Vénétie , est l' un des ports qui se sont développés sur les cordons littoraux et dans les lagunes du fond de l'Adriatique, après l'envasement des ports antiques du delta du Pô et de ses abords (Spina, Adria, puis Ravenne). Sauvée d'un sort semblable par d'incessants travaux (détournement de la Brenta), elle s'est affirmée, au Moyen Âge, ..." title="Article : VENISE" href="/encyclopedie/venise/">Venise</a> a historiquement dominée et organisée. Sensible au prestige du nom de Venise, le nationalisme italien de la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle a étendu le concept de Vénétie aux régions irrédentes de la Vénétie tridentine (Trentin-Haut-Adige actuel) et de la Vénétie julienne (dont la plus grande partie appartient aujourd'hui à la Slovénie). Il ne sera question, ci-après, que de la région administrative de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Institutions typiquement vénitiennes, les scuole sont des confréries d'entraide et de bienfaisance, parmi lesquelles on distinguait les scuole grandi , les plus importantes, les plus actives et les plus riches. Elles apparaissent dès le xiii e siècle : la plus ancienne, Sainte-Marie-de-la-Charité, a été fondée en 1260, celle de Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste l'année suivante. La Républ..." title="Article : LES SCUOLE DE VENISE" href="/encyclopedie/les-scuole-de-venise/">Venise</a> (Veneto), plus restreinte, qui groupait 4 775 000 habitants en 2006 sur 18 377 kilomètres carrés.</p><p>Cette région consiste, pour les trois quarts de son étendue, en une plaine inclinée vers le cours inférieur du Pô à l'ouest, vers l'Adriatique à l'est, et divisée, de part et d'autre d'une zone de résurgences, en une haute plaine sèche, aux sols souvent médiocres, et une basse plaine humide, fertile, mais où la maîtrise des eaux a été difficilement acquise. Accidentée seulement par les monts Berici (444 m, calcaires) et Euganéens (603 m, volcaniques), elle se poursuit identique en Frioul. Elle est le domaine de la petite exploitation (moins de 10 ha) en faire-valoir direct. À la céréaliculture à hauts rendements (maïs, blé ; riz dans le Polésine) s'ajoutent les cultures maraîchères (régions de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="De fondation probablement étrusque, Vérone (Verona), ville de Vénétie , chef-lieu de province, 260 700 habitants en 2006, s'est développée dans un site défensif de méandre. Sa position est celle d'un carrefour : la vallée de l' Adige , qui conduit au Brenner , y débouche sur la plaine du Pô. Sa prospérité médiévale, particulièrement affirmée à l'époque des Scaliger et dont..." title="Article : VÉRONE" href="/encyclopedie/verone/">Vérone</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Ville de Vénétie (Italie du Nord), chef-lieu de province, Padoue (Padova) s'est établie sur le Bacchiglione. Née à l'époque romaine, Padoue s'est développée, au point de rupture de charge entre navigation fluviale et transport terrestre, comme une ville marchande, avant que Venise ne la supplante. Réduite dès lors, en dehors de la fonction universitaire, à un rôle de commandement ..." title="Article : PADOUE" href="/encyclopedie/padoue/">Padoue</a>, Vicence), le vignoble, l'élevage bovin, l'aviculture. La côte, basse et lagunaire, ne possède pas d'autre port notable que Venise. La montagne (Dolomites) n'offre pas de passages commodes vers le nord, mais la Val Sugana permet de gagner la vallée de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'Adige (Fiume Adige) est le plus long fleuve d'Italie après le Pô. Il prend sa source dans le nord du pays, à partir de deux lacs situés juste au-dessous du col de Resia. Il coule ensuite rapidement dans le val Venosta, puis vers le sud-est, après Merano. Ayant reçu les eaux de l'Isarco à Bolzano , l'Adige s'oriente vers le sud et son cours moyen traverse la région du Trentin-Haut-Adi..." title="Article : ADIGE" href="/encyclopedie/adige/">Adige</a> et, de là, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le col du Brenner (Brenner, Brennero : « passage ») est, avec le Gothard helvétique, l'une des voies majeures de franchissement des Alpes . Bien que cette région soit maintenant sectionnée par la frontière austro-italienne, elle ne forme qu'une seule unité géographique et ethnique. Sur le trajet le plus direct entre l'Allemagne du Sud et la plaine du Pô, le seuil du Brenner est un ens..." title="Article : BRENNER" href="/encyclopedie/brenner/">Brenner</a>.</p><p>La suprématie vénitienne a marqué profondément l'organisation de l'espace régional : Venise a monopolisé le trafic maritime, conquis la terre ferme, soumis à son pouvoir les villes qui avaient coordonné, dès le <span class="pc">xiii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, la reconquête agricole des terres basses abandonnées lors des invasions barbares. Malgré son déclin, elle a su conserver son rôle de capitale régionale. Surpeuplée, la Vénétie a connu, après la Première Guerre mondiale, une émigration massive ; l'industrie n'a connu un véritable essor qu'après 1944. Padoue, Vérone, Vicence se sont développées plus vite que Venise qui, par ailleurs, conserve la direction administrative, maintient son rôle touristique, étoffe ses fonctions portuaires et industrielles concentrées à Porto Marghera et à Mestre. En raison de cet essor, le solde migratoire est positif depuis la fin des années 1960.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Michel ROUX</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T314121_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="ROUX, Michel"><a title="Auteur : Michel ROUX" rel="author" href="/auteurs/michel-roux/"><strong>Michel ROUX</strong></a> : professeur émérite </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : VÉNÉTIE" href="/carte-mentale/venetie/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT314121_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie par pays" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/"> Géographie par pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie de l'Europe" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-europe/"> Géographie de l'Europe </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Italie, géographie"> <a title="Classification : Italie, géographie" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-europe/italie-geographie/"> Italie, géographie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT314121_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT010003" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Italie : carte administrative" href="/media/italie-carte-administrative-at010003/"> <img id="AT010003" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/0/csm_at010003_e5cb74c46c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Italie : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Italie." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1821" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Italie : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT314121_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/padoue/"> <span class="rg">PADOUE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Michel ROUX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">200 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Ville de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Région de l'Italie du Nord-Est, la Vénétie peut se définir de plusieurs façons. Au sens large, c'est la plaine d'Italie du Nord à l'est du lac de Garde , avec ses annexes montagnardes, c'est-à-dire l'essentiel de la région que Venise a historiquement dominée et organisée. Sensible au prestige du nom de Venise, le nationalisme italien de la fin du xix e siècle a étendu le concept ..." title="Article : VÉNÉTIE" href="/encyclopedie/venetie/">Vénétie</a> (Italie du Nord), chef-lieu de province, Padoue (Padova) s'est établie sur le Bacchiglione. Née à l'époque romaine, Padoue s'est développée, au point de rupture de charge entre navigation fluviale et transport terrestre, comme une ville marchande, avant que ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/andrea-palladio/"> <span class="rg">PALLADIO </span><span class="pc">ANDREA </span><span class="rm">(1508-1580)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Daniel RABREAU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 316 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : PALLADIO ANDREA (1508-1580)" href="/encyclopedie/andrea-palladio/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Villa Rotonda, Vicence - crédits : Merilyn Thorold, Bridgeman Images " width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/6/csm_ph992819_cf132f9f1a.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> La <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme basilique est ambigu : sous sa forme latine, basilica , il n'est que la translittération d'un adjectif grec qui signifie « royal » ; s'il désigne d'abord essentiellement – mais pas seulement – le hall qui, sur le forum des villes de l'Empire romain, abrite négociants, banquiers et magistrats (basilique « judiciaire »), il en vient aussi à s'appliquer très tôt à..." title="Article : BASILIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/basilique/">basilique</a> ou le théâtre olympique de Vicence, la Rotonda : autant d'édifices qui symbolisent pour l'amateur éclairé l'œuvre de l' architecte italien Andrea Palladio. Un seul programme architectural résume même son génie : la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot latin « villa » désigne proprement une exploitation agricole ; on en vint par la suite à l'appliquer aux résidences de plaisance, dans les campagnes ou sur les plages, sans lien avec sa fonction agricole initiale. D'origine romaine, la villa, en référence à cette époque historique idéalisée, connaît un regain d'intérêt à partir de la Renaissance . Des traités vont alors ..." title="Article : VILLA, histoire" href="/encyclopedie/villa-histoire/">villa</a>, cœur aristocratique de la vie...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/paolo-veneziano/"> <span class="rg">VENEZIANO </span><span class="pc">PAOLO </span><span class="rm">(actif entre 1310 et 1358)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Geneviève de LA COSTE-MESSELIÈRE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">345 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : VENEZIANO PAOLO (actif entre 1310 et 1358)" href="/encyclopedie/paolo-veneziano/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="La Vierge et l'Enfant, P. Veneziano - crédits : A. De Gregorio/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/7/csm_ph100076_ce6eadcc72.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le premier nom qui apparaisse dans l'histoire de la peinture vénitienne. Ses œuvres connues, qui s'échelonnent de 1321 (polyptyque <em>de Dignano</em>) à 1358 (<em>Couronnement de la Vierge</em>, coll. Frick, New York), sont étroitement liées à l'art byzantin de l'époque, qu'il peut avoir connu grâce...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/venise/#c94996"> <span class="rg">VENISE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Anna PALLUCCHINI</span> , <span rel="author">Michel ROUX</span> et <span rel="author">Freddy THIRIET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 052 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">16 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : VENISE" href="/encyclopedie/venise/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Grand Canal de Venise - crédits : Deejpilot/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/7/csm_ph998801_d3085ffd47.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...romain, les centres importants étaient tous situés sur la terre ferme : <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La ville de Ravenne, située actuellement en terre ferme à 12 km de l'Adriatique, mais fondée dans une zone lagunaire, doit sa fortune à cette localisation, analogue, toutes proportions gardées, au site de Venise . Centre indigène puis romain, la cité connaît une certaine prospérité grâce à l'installation sous Auguste d'un important port de guerre. Alors que ce port commençait à s..." title="Article : RAVENNE" href="/encyclopedie/ravenne/">Ravenne</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Ville de Vénétie (Italie du Nord), chef-lieu de province, Padoue (Padova) s'est établie sur le Bacchiglione. Née à l'époque romaine, Padoue s'est développée, au point de rupture de charge entre navigation fluviale et transport terrestre, comme une ville marchande, avant que Venise ne la supplante. Réduite dès lors, en dehors de la fonction universitaire, à un rôle de commandement ..." title="Article : PADOUE" href="/encyclopedie/padoue/">Padoue</a> et surtout Aquilée, métropole religieuse et port sur le confin vénéto-istrien. Mais, avec les invasions barbares, la route terrestre perdit son intérêt au profit de la route lagunaire. 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