CINXE.COM

Britannica Student Encyclopaedia

<html><head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://student.britannica.com:80/original?content_id=1606","20071216235544","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1197849344"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <title>Britannica Student Encyclopaedia</title><base href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/"><link href="/web/20071216235544cs_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/include/oec_tables.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><link href="/web/20071216235544cs_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/include/bcom-student.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><script src="/web/20071216235544js_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/include/popupdictStudent.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/web/20071216235544js_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/include/britannica.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/web/20071216235544js_/http://student.britannica.com/include/highlight.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/web/20071216235544js_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/include/commonscripts.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/web/20071216235544js_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/include/melingo.js" type="text/javascript"></script><meta name="keywords" content="britannica, reference, encyclopedia, dictionary, atlas, trivia, history, art, science, politics, sports, timeline, Africa, Asia, Russia, Australia, Oceania, Europe, North America, South America, World, browse, alphabet, collegiate, searches, heritage"><meta name="description" content="Explore the updated online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of articles, biographies, videos and photos along with access to the Britannica Student Encyclopedia, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, and Merriam-Webster's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus."></head><body bgcolor="#7EA335" onload="init_highlight_query();sessionMelingo()"><div><div class="clear"><div class="header"><!-- component context="/2.0" path="/student/studentAccipterAdsContent.jsp" --><!-- cached --><!-- Generated Sun Dec 16 17:56:53 CST 2007 --> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> document.writeln(AAMB1); </script><!-- /component --><!-- component context="2.0" path="/student/header.jsp" --><!-- cached --><!-- Generated Sun Dec 16 17:56:53 CST 2007 --> <div id="headerTop"> <a name="TOP"></a> <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/"><img border="0" src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/ebolcf06_hdr_logo.gif" alt="Encyclop鎑ia Britannica Online Student Edition" width="440" height="40" id="bcomLogo"/></a> <div id="welcome"> <div id="welcomeText"> Already a member? </div><a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/memberlogin">LOGIN</a> </div> </div> <div id="headerMiddle"> <img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/ebolcf06_hdr_tagline.gif" alt="Sharing knowledge since 1768" width="223" height="13" id="headerTagline"/> <div id="headerLinks"> <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/" target="_self">Home</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/https://safe.britannica.com/registration/freeTrial.do?partnerCode=EBOSE_FTHEADER" target="_self">Free Trial</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://corporate.britannica.com/ebose_tour.pdf" target="_blank">Guided燭our</a> </div> </div> <div id="headerBottom"> <form name="searchform" action="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/search" method="get"> <img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/ebolc05_hdr_search.gif" width="65" height="13" alt="Search:"/> <input type="text" value="" size="24" height="10" class="copy" name="query"> <select name="ct"> <option value="ebi" selected>Britannica Online</option> <option value="dict">Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus</option> </select> <input type="image" src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/ebolc05_hdr_go.gif" width="22" height="22" name="searchSubmit" id="searchSubmit" alt="Go" border="0" onmouseover="this.src='/bcom/images/ebolc05_hdr_go_ro.gif'; return true;" onmouseout="this.src='/bcom/images/ebolc05_hdr_go.gif'; return true;"> </form> </div><!-- /component --></div></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" class="clear"><tr><td bgcolor="#ADC58A" valign="top"><div class="leftBar"><!-- component context="2.0" path="/bolse/bolse_nonart_gutter.jsp" --><!-- Generated Sun Dec 16 17:57:52 CST 2007 --> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" width="151"> <tr> <td> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="artcopy"><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bolse/art/bolse_leftcol_mwlogo.gif" vspace="5" alt="Merriam-Webster"><br>Unsure of the meaning of a word? Double-click it to look it up in <i>Merriam-Webster's</i> Dictionary.<br> &nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </table><!-- /component --></div></td><td valign="top"><!-- component context="2.0" path="/original/bol2_original_article.jsp" --><!-- Generated Sun Dec 16 17:57:53 CST 2007 --> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" class="contentAreaBrowse" height="100%"> <tr> <td class="contentHeader"><span class="arttitle"><span class="titletext">More Britannica Sites</span></span> <br> <span class="artcopy">Encyclop??dia Britannica</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="contentBody"> <div class="toolBar"> <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/original/print?content_id=1606" class="printpage"><span id="printPageText">Print Page</span></a><a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/email/article?email_type=401&amp;content_id=1606" class="emailarticle"><span id="emailArticleText">E-mail Article</span></a> </div> <br> <div class="artcopy">Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica <i>has been the world's most respected reference source for over two centuries. Today Britannica offers a variety of products, designed to fit the needs of different users. Whether you need the full 32-volume</i> Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, <i>an encyclopedia for younger users, or educational teaching materials, Britannica offers an appropriate resource with features and enhancements designed just for you.</i> <br> <br> <b>Shop with Britannica</b> <br>The <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.britannica.com%2F">Britannica Store</a> is built upon Britannica's centuries-long commitment to the thrill of discovery and a lifelong love of learning. In addition to our own Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica print and software products, we've assembled a top-quality collection of reference and learning products, chosen for their educational and entertainment value. We hope you'll also explore our regional online stores for the <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbritannicashop.britannica.co.uk">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com.au%2FProducts">Australia</a>, <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannicaindia.com%2Febstore%2F">India</a>, and <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.co.jp%2F">Japan</a>. <br> <br> <b>Institutional Sites</b> <br> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align=""> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="Encyclop鎑ia Britannica Online" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544im_/http://cache.eb.com/media_db/cda?media_id=1420" height="47"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/dot.gif" height="10" alt=""></td> </tr> </table>For academic institutions, libraries, and corporations, Britannica offers <i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica Online,</i> a wealth of trusted, comprehensive resources designed specifically for serious researchers. The site includes the complete <i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, Britannica Student Encyclopedia, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i> and <i>Thesaurus,</i> videos, and links to editor-selected Internet sites. This diverse set of powerful resources makes <i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica Online</i> an essential addition to every academic, corporate, and research library. For site license subscriptions, please call our Sales Office at 1-800-621-3900.<br> <br> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align=""> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="Encyclop鎑ia Britannica Online School Edition" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544im_/http://cache.eb.com/media_db/cda?media_id=1419" height="46"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/dot.gif" height="10" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> <i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica Online School Edition</i> presents Britannica's renowned educational resources in a student-friendly and engaging site designed especially for teachers and elementary, middle, and high school students. This unique resource brings together three encyclopedias--<i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, Britannica Student Encyclopedia,</i> and <i>Britannica Elementary Encyclopedia</i>--to meet the needs of a variety of reading levels. The site also includes <i>Merriam-Webster's Student Dictionary</i> and <i>Thesaurus. </i>Learning materials covering language arts, mathematics, and science help to reinforce classroom concepts in an enjoyable and interactive manner. In addition, a section specifically for teachers provides worksheets to support effective use of the Internet in the classroom. For site license subscriptions, please call our Sales Office at 1-800-621-3900.<br> <br> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align=""> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="Merriam-Webster" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544im_/http://cache.eb.com/media_db/cda?media_id=1421" height="95"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/dot.gif" height="10" alt=""></td> </tr> </table>The world's largest, most comprehensive American dictionary, <i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary Unabridged,</i> is available online for institutional and consumer subscribers. Over 472,000 entries and 140,000 etymologies, as well as numerous examples of words used in context, provide fast and reliable answers to questions about words and language. Powerful search options let you search the different elements of a dictionary entry, find words with similar endings or beginnings, and even solve word games. Each dictionary entry is also linked to <i>Merriam-Webster's Thesaurus,</i> enabling you to find synonyms and antonyms with just one click. Consumers can visit <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-websterunabridged.com%2F"><i>Merriam-Webster Unabridged</i></a> to learn more about subscriptions. Institutions interested in site license subscriptions, please call our Sales Office at 1-800-621-3900. <br> <br> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align=""> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="Mathematics in Context" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544im_/http://cache.eb.com/media_db/cda?media_id=1415" height="110"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/dot.gif" height="10" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> <i>Mathematics in Context,</i> a dynamic, hands-on middle grades mathematics core curriculum program developed in partnership with the University of Wisconsin at Madison and the Freudenthal Institute, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, now has an online component. <i>Mathematics in Context </i>challenges students at all levels with realistic situations showing the relationship between everyday experiences and the abstract mathematical theories behind them. <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.com%2Fmath%2Fmathincontext%2Fonline.htm"><i>MiC Online</i></a> (now hosted by Holt) is the only supplementary resource to include balanced assessment sheets, lesson planners, and interactive manipulatives. It is designed specifically for teachers using the printed <i>Mathematics in Context </i>curriculum program. For site license subscriptions, please call our Sales Office at 1-800-621-3900.<br> <br> <b>Consumer Sites</b> <br> <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fconcise.britannica.com">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</a> includes more than 28,000 short entries, condensed versions of longer articles in<i> Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica.</i> It is the perfect reference source for quick answers about the people, places, and events of yesterday and today, and a wonderful introduction to all Britannica has to offer.<br> <br> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align=""> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="Britannica India" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544im_/http://cache.eb.com/media_db/cda?media_id=1414" height="64"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/dot.gif" height="10" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbritannicaindia.com%2F"><i>Britannica India</i></a> is one of the first Indian Web sites to be launched by an international company. A knowledge center for those seeking thought-provoking and insightful information, <i>Britannicaindia.com</i> provides vast and authoritative Indian content, as well as a guide to the best sites on the Web. The site features news of India from <i>The Hindu</i> and also offers a well-researched perspective on contemporary happenings through News in Context. One can also satisfy one's quest for knowledge through Britannica Bytes--fun-sized facts to inform and entertain.<br> <br> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align=""> <tr> <td><img border="0" alt="Merriam-Webster" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544im_/http://cache.eb.com/media_db/cda?media_id=1421" height="95"></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/dot.gif" height="10" alt=""></td> </tr> </table> <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriamwebster.com"><i>Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i> and <i>Thesaurus</i></a> offer more than 215,000 definitions and over 340,000 synonyms and antonyms. America's bestselling dictionary and thesaurus can be accessed online, making the answers to all your questions about words only a Web site away.<br> <br> <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordcentral.com">Word Central</a> is the place on the Web where kids can learn how much fun words can be. Merriam-Webster's editors developed this site with input from teachers around the country using a language arts curriculum framework. Word Central features <i>Merriam-Webster's Student Dictionary,</i> which is specially edited for students ages 11-14. It contains 65,000 entries, 730 color illustrations, 300 word history paragraphs, 170 synonym paragraphs, and abundant examples showing how words are used in context. Word games, a build-it-yourself dictionary, and a growing teacher resource center make the site even more engaging.<br> <br> <b>Non-English Sites</b> <br> <br>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, Inc. has offices around the world. For information about products and services offered in other languages, choose from the links below:<br> <br>French - <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.fr%2F">http://www.britannica.fr/</a> (<a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.britannica.com%2Funiversalis_a-z%2FA%2F">list of articles</a>)<br>Japanese - <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.co.jp%2F">http://www.britannica.co.jp/</a> <br>Korean - <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.co.kr%2F">http://www.britannica.co.kr/</a> <br>Chinese (Traditional) - <a href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwordpedia.britannica.com%2F">http://wordpedia.britannica.com/</a> <br> <br> </div> <div> <p> </p> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="backToTop"><a href="#TOP" onmouseover="backtotop.src='/bcom/images/ebol05_backtotop_ro.gif'" onmouseout="backtotop.src='/bcom/images/ebol05_backtotop.gif'"><img name="backtotop" src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/ebol05_backtotop.gif" border="0" alt="Back To Top" height="12" width="76"></a></td> </tr> </table><!-- /component --></td></tr></table><div class="clear"><div class="footertop"><!-- component context="2.0" path="/shared/imgTag.jsp" --><!-- cached --><!-- Generated Sun Dec 16 17:56:41 CST 2007 --><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/dot.gif" alt="" height="1" width="170"/><!-- /component --></div><div class="footerbottom"><!-- component context="2.0" path="/footer/bps_template_new.jsp" --><!-- cached --><!-- Generated Sun Dec 16 17:56:54 CST 2007 --> <div id="footerlinks"><p> <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://corporate.britannica.com/about/">About Us</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://corporate.britannica.com/privacy.html">Privacy Policy</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html">Terms of Use</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html#legalnotices">Legal Notices</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://corporate.britannica.com/help/index.html">Contact Us</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://store.britannica.com/ebolink">Britannica Store</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://concise.britannica.com/">Britannica Concise</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://corporate.britannica.com/syndication">Syndication</a> | RSS Feed: <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/https://account.britannica.com/rss_faq.html"><img src="/web/20071216235544im_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/images/ebolc05_ftr_xml.gif" width="32" height="12" alt="XML"/></a> </p> <p>Other Britannica sites: <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://www.britannica.com.au/">Australia</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://www.britannica.fr/">France</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://www.britannicaindia.com/">India</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://www.britannica.co.kr/">Korea</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://tw.britannica.com/">Taiwan</a> | <a class="footer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216235544/http://www.britannica.co.uk/">United Kingdom</a> | <a class="footer" href="/web/20071216235544/http://student.britannica.com/original?content_id=1606">More</a> </p> <p> &copy; 2007 Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, Inc.</p> </div><!-- /component --><!-- component context="2.0" path="/static/omniture_web_bug.jsp" --><!-- cached --><!-- Generated Sun Dec 16 17:56:54 CST 2007 --> <!-- SiteCatalyst code version: H.1. Copyright 1997-2005 Omniture, Inc. More info available at http://www.omniture.com --> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- var s_account = "ebcomstudent"; //--> </script> <script language="JavaScript" src="/web/20071216235544js_/http://student.britannica.com/bcom/include/s_code.js"></script> <script language="JavaScript"><!-- /* You may give each page an identifying name, server, and channel on the next lines. */ //everyone get event10, add others as needed s.events="event10"; s.products=""; if(s_account == "ebcombolj") { s.charset="SJIS"; } var bcomId = ""; var subjectId = ""; var ck = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i < ck.length; i++){ var tck = ck[i].split('='); if(tck[0].indexOf("bcomID") > -1){ bcomId = tck[1]; } if(tck[0].indexOf("subjectId") > -1) { subjectId = tck[1]; } } var cayenneFrag = document.location.pathname; var tocId = ""; if(cayenneFrag.indexOf("article-") > -1){ tocId = cayenneFrag.substring(cayenneFrag.indexOf("article-") + 8); if(tocId.indexOf("/") > -1){ tocId = tocId.substring(0,tocId.indexOf("/")); } cayenneFrag = cayenneFrag.substring(0,(cayenneFrag.indexOf("article-") + 7)); } var assemblyID = ""; if(cayenneFrag.indexOf("art-") > -1){ assemblyID = cayenneFrag.substring(cayenneFrag.indexOf("art-") + 4); if(assemblyID.indexOf("?") > -1){ assemblyID = assemblyID.substring(0,assemblyID.indexOf("?")); } } if(cayenneFrag.indexOf("art-") > -1){ cayenneFrag = cayenneFrag.substring(0,(cayenneFrag.indexOf("art-") + 3)); } if(cayenneFrag.indexOf("topic-") > -1){ cayenneFrag = cayenneFrag.substring(0,(cayenneFrag.indexOf("topic-") + 5)); } var britCategory = "OTHER"; var britPagename = britCategory + ":" + cayenneFrag; if(cayenneFrag == "/"){ britCategory = "HOME"; britPagename = britCategory; } var query = ""; var source = ""; var partnerCode = ""; var refCode = ""; var britCT = ""; var qs = document.location.search.split('&'); for(var i=0; i < qs.length; i++){ var q = qs[i].split('='); if(q[0].indexOf("source") > -1){ source = q[1]; } if(q[0].indexOf("partnerCode") > -1){ partnerCode = q[1]; } if(q[0].indexOf("ref") > -1){ refCode = q[1]; } if(q[0].indexOf("ct") > -1 && cayenneFrag.indexOf("search") > -1){ britCT = q[1]; } if(q[0].indexOf("query") > -1){ if(s_account == "ebcombolj") { query = document.search.query1.value; } else { query = unescape(q[1]); } } } var britLoggedin = "notloggedin"; var gcc = ""; var britState = ""; var britEncyc = ""; if(cayenneFrag.indexOf("article") > -1){ britState = ""; britEncyc = cayenneFrag.substring(1,(cayenneFrag.substring(1).indexOf("/")+1)); if(britEncyc != "eb" && britEncyc != "ebi" && britEncyc != "ebk" && britEncyc != "ebc" && britEncyc != "comptons" && britEncyc != "elementary"){ britEncyc = "other"; } } var britTitle = ""; var britSection = ""; if(cayenneFrag.indexOf("article") > -1){ s.events += ",event11,prodView"; s.products = britEncyc + ";" + tocId; if(document.title.indexOf(" :: ") > -1 && document.title.indexOf(" --") > -1){ britTitle = document.title.substring(0, document.title.indexOf(" ::")); britSection = document.title.substring(document.title.indexOf(":: ")+ 3, document.title.indexOf(" --")); } else { britTitle = document.title.substring(0, document.title.indexOf(" --")); britSection = britTitle; } britCategory = "ARTICLE"; britPagename = britCategory + ":" + britEncyc + ":" + britTitle + ":" + britSection; s.eVar17="+1"; } if(cayenneFrag.indexOf("search") > -1){ s.events += ",event12"; if(britCT = ""){ britCT = "all"; } britCategory = "SEARCH"; britPagename = britCategory + ":" + britCT; s.eVar18="+1"; } var britTool = ""; if(cayenneFrag.indexOf('print') > -1){ s.events += ",event13"; if(document.location.search.indexOf("fullArticle=true") > -1){ britTool = "printarticle"; } else { britTool = "printpage"; } } if(cayenneFrag.indexOf('email') > -1){ s.events += ",event13"; britTool = "email"; } if(cayenneFrag.indexOf('topic') > -1){ s.events += ",event13"; if(document.location.search.indexOf('typeId=16') > -1){ britTool = "mapsflags"; } else if(document.location.search.indexOf('typeId=17') > -1){ britTool = "images"; } else if(document.location.search.indexOf('typeId=7') > -1){ britTool = "tables"; } else if(document.location.search.indexOf('typeId=21') > -1){ britTool = "media"; } else if(document.location.search.indexOf('typeId=13') > -1){ britTool = "relatedarticles"; } } s.pageName=britPagename; s.channel=document.domain; s.server=""; s.pageType=""; s.prop1=britTitle; s.prop2=britTitle + ":" + britSection; s.prop3=query; s.prop4 = britLoggedin; s.prop5=""; s.prop6=britCT; s.prop7=cayenneFrag; s.prop8=assemblyID; s.prop9=britCategory; /*-- country code --*/ s.prop10=gcc; s.prop11=""; s.prop12=bcomId; /* E-commerce Variables */ s.campaign=source; s.state=""; s.zip=""; s.purchaseID=""; s.eVar1= refCode; s.eVar2=query; s.eVar3=partnerCode; /*-- bcomId -- */ s.eVar4=bcomId; /*-- subjectId --*/ s.eVar5=subjectId; /*-- a/b testing --*/ s.eVar6=""; s.eVar13=britEncyc; s.eVar14=britState; s.eVar15=britTool; s.eVar16="+1"; s.eVar19=""; s.eVar20="out"; /* Hierarchy Variables */ s.hier1=""; /************* DO NOT ALTER ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE ! **************/ var s_code=s.t();if(s_code)document.write(s_code);//--></script> <script language="JavaScript"><!-- if(navigator.appVersion.indexOf('MSIE')>=0)document.write(unescape('%3C')+'\!-'+'-'); //--></script><!--/DO NOT REMOVE/--> <!-- End SiteCatalyst code version: H.1. --><!-- /component --></div></div><!--app150prod--></div></body></html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 23:55:44 Dec 16, 2007 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 17:08:56 Nov 27, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.595 exclusion.robots: 0.029 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.018 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 7.05 LoadShardBlock: 145.221 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 117.853 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 174.236 (2) load_resource: 159.758 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10