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id="toc-Abbasid_Egypt:_750–935-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Slave market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatimid_Caliphate:_909–1171" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid_Caliphate:_909–1171"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fatimid Caliphate: 909–1171</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fatimid_Caliphate:_909–1171-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fatimid Caliphate: 909–1171 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fatimid_Caliphate:_909–1171-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_trade_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_market_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_market_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Slave market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_market_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Female slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Male slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatimid_harem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid_harem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Fatimid harem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatimid_harem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayyubid_Sultanate:_1171–1250" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayyubid_Sultanate:_1171–1250"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ayyubid Sultanate: 1171–1250</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ayyubid_Sultanate:_1171–1250-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ayyubid Sultanate: 1171–1250 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ayyubid_Sultanate:_1171–1250-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_trade_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_market_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_market_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Slave market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_market_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_Sultanate:_1250–1517" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_Sultanate:_1250–1517"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mamluk Sultanate: 1250–1517</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mamluk_Sultanate:_1250–1517-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mamluk Sultanate: 1250–1517 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_Sultanate:_1250–1517-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_trade_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_market_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_market_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Slave market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_market_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_slaves_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_slaves_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Female slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_slaves_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harem_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harem_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Harem slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harem_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_slaves_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_slaves_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Male slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_slaves_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Military slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_dimension_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_dimension_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Racial dimension of slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_dimension_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Egypt:_1517–1805" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Egypt:_1517–1805"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ottoman Egypt: 1517–1805</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ottoman_Egypt:_1517–1805-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ottoman Egypt: 1517–1805 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Egypt:_1517–1805-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_trade_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_market_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_market_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Slave market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_market_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Ali_dynasty:_1805–1953" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Ali_dynasty:_1805–1953"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Muhammad Ali dynasty: 1805–1953</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Muhammad_Ali_dynasty:_1805–1953-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Muhammad Ali dynasty: 1805–1953 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Ali_dynasty:_1805–1953-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_trade_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_market_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_market_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Slave market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_market_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultural_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Agricultural slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harem_slavery_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harem_slavery_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Harem slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harem_slavery_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_slavery_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_slavery_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Military slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_slavery_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Abolition and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLATIN(1896)_p479_A_SLAVE_DOWE_ON_THE_NILE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/SLATIN%281896%29_p479_A_SLAVE_DOWE_ON_THE_NILE.jpg/220px-SLATIN%281896%29_p479_A_SLAVE_DOWE_ON_THE_NILE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/SLATIN%281896%29_p479_A_SLAVE_DOWE_ON_THE_NILE.jpg/330px-SLATIN%281896%29_p479_A_SLAVE_DOWE_ON_THE_NILE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/SLATIN%281896%29_p479_A_SLAVE_DOWE_ON_THE_NILE.jpg/440px-SLATIN%281896%29_p479_A_SLAVE_DOWE_ON_THE_NILE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>SLATIN(1896) p479 A SLAVE DOWE ON THE NILE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egipto,_1882_%22Mercado_de_esclavos%22_(21663624022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egipto%2C_1882_%22Mercado_de_esclavos%22_%2821663624022%29.jpg/220px-Egipto%2C_1882_%22Mercado_de_esclavos%22_%2821663624022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egipto%2C_1882_%22Mercado_de_esclavos%22_%2821663624022%29.jpg/330px-Egipto%2C_1882_%22Mercado_de_esclavos%22_%2821663624022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Egipto%2C_1882_%22Mercado_de_esclavos%22_%2821663624022%29.jpg/440px-Egipto%2C_1882_%22Mercado_de_esclavos%22_%2821663624022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="2444" /></a><figcaption>Egipto, 1882 "Mercado de esclavos" (21663624022)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Slave_Trade_In_Egypt_-_Negresses_From_Siwah_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Slave_Trade_In_Egypt_-_Negresses_From_Siwah_1894.jpg/220px-The_Slave_Trade_In_Egypt_-_Negresses_From_Siwah_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Slave_Trade_In_Egypt_-_Negresses_From_Siwah_1894.jpg/330px-The_Slave_Trade_In_Egypt_-_Negresses_From_Siwah_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/The_Slave_Trade_In_Egypt_-_Negresses_From_Siwah_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The Slave Trade In Egypt - Negresses From Siwah 1894</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtisane_au_Caire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Courtisane_au_Caire.jpg/220px-Courtisane_au_Caire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Courtisane_au_Caire.jpg/330px-Courtisane_au_Caire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Courtisane_au_Caire.jpg/440px-Courtisane_au_Caire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Courtisane au Caire</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Certificate_of_slavery_liberation_-_Police_of_Egypt_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Certificate_of_slavery_liberation_-_Police_of_Egypt_1900.jpg/220px-Certificate_of_slavery_liberation_-_Police_of_Egypt_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Certificate_of_slavery_liberation_-_Police_of_Egypt_1900.jpg/330px-Certificate_of_slavery_liberation_-_Police_of_Egypt_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Certificate_of_slavery_liberation_-_Police_of_Egypt_1900.jpg/440px-Certificate_of_slavery_liberation_-_Police_of_Egypt_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Certificate of slavery liberation - Police of Egypt 1900</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Slavery in Egypt</b> existed up until the early 20th century. It differed from the previous <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">slavery in ancient Egypt</a>, being managed in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> from the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a> until the practice stopped in the early 20th-century, having been gradually phased out when the slave trade was banned in the late 19th century. </p><p>During the Islamic history of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> were mainly focused on three categories: male slaves used for soldiers and bureaucrats, female slaves used for sexual slavery as concubines, and female slaves and <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> used for domestic service in <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harems</a> and private households. At the end of the period, there were a growing agricultural slavery. The people enslaved in Egypt during Islamic times mostly came from Europe and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (which were referred to as "white"), or from the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and Africa South of the Sahara through the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a> (which were referred to as "black"). British pressure led to the abolishment of slave trade successively between 1877 and 1884. Slavery itself was not abolished, but it gradually died out after the abolition of the slave trade, since no new slaves could be legally acquired, and existing slaves were given the right to apply for freedom. Existing slaves were noted as late as the 1930s. </p><p>To this day, Egypt remains a source, transit, and destination country for human trafficking, particularly forced labor and forced prostitution (cf. <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">human trafficking in Egypt</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbasid_Egypt:_750–935"><span id="Abbasid_Egypt:_750.E2.80.93935"></span>Abbasid Egypt: 750–935</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abbasid Egypt: 750–935"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">History of concubinage in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Islamic views on concubinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_(Arabic)" title="Abd (Arabic)">Abd (Arabic)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khawal" title="Khawal">Khawal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></div> <p>Egypt was under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in 750–935. The institution of slavery therefore followed the institution of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a>, although it did have its own local character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade">Slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One slave route was from people with whom Egypt had a treaty. Egypt and Nubia maintained peace on the basis of the famous <a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqṭ</a> treaty, in which Nubia annually supplied slaves to Egypt, and Egypt textiles and wheat to Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baqt did not allow for direct slave raids to Nubia, however Egypt did purchase Nubian slaves captured by the Buja tribes living in the Eastern Desert of Nubia, as well as Buja slaves captured by Nubians; Egypt also conducted slave raids to Nubia or Buja whenever they broke the conditions of the treaty. Private Egyptian slave traders also conducted slave raids from Egypt's African hinterland using local violations of the peace agreements as a pretext.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian slave traders often gave wrong origin of their captives on the slave market, making it impossible to know if the slaves had been captured from a people with whom Egypt had a peace agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second route was from areas with whom Egypt had no treaty, which in Islamic law made slave raids legal. Slave merchants also traded in people captured from nations with whom Muslim authorities had no peace agreement. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria">History of the Patriarchs</a> noted that slave raids were conducted against the coasts of Byzantine Asia Minor and Europe, during which "Muslims carried off the Byzantines from their lands and brought a great number of them to Egypt (or Fusṭāṭ [Miṣr])".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10th-century <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ud%C5%ABd_al-%CA%BF%C4%80lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam">Ḥudūd al-ʿālam</a> claims that Egyptian merchants kidnapped children from the "Blacks" south of Nubia, castrating the boys before trafficking them into Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third route was when slave merchant illegally captured other Egyptians, which was forbidden by law. The captured Egyptians were normally either non-Muslim Egyptians, such as Coptic Christians, or the children of black former slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_market">Slave market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slave market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this period, the perhaps most significant slave market place in Egypt was <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fusṭāṭ</a>. Slave merchants from the Near East, Byzantium, Europe, North Africa and the Mediterranean islands trafficked and sold slaves in Egypt, where according to the Egyptian jurist <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%E1%B9%A3bagh_b._al-Faraj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aṣbagh b. al-Faraj (page does not exist)">Aṣbagh b. al-Faraj</a> (d. 839) "people desire above all imported slaves",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and among the slaves trafficked were slaves of Slavic, European or Anatolian, Berber, and Sudanic African origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merchants sold eunuchs and "slave women (<a href="/wiki/Jawaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaris">jawārī</a>) and female servants (waṣāʾif)", and slaves are mentioned as perform extra-domestic tasks, ran errands, delivered or collected messages or goods, assisted their masters on business journeys or managed affairs during their masters absence, and was used as sex slaves (concubines).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, slaves in Egypt were either born into slavery, or captives of slavers had who imported them from outside the Realm of Islam, and preserved documents suggest that it was imported slaves who dominated Egypt's slave market.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam's encouragement to manumit slaves, and the free status granted to children a slave and master (coupled with the fact that most children born to slaves had free fathers), indicate that Egypt was dependent upon a steady flow of new slaves to uphold the slave population, since few slaves born to slaves became slaves themselves<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless they were born to two slaves rather than to a slave woman and a free man. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fatimid_Caliphate:_909–1171"><span id="Fatimid_Caliphate:_909.E2.80.931171"></span>Fatimid Caliphate: 909–1171</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fatimid Caliphate: 909–1171"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> (909–1171) slaves were trafficked to Egypt via several routes from non-Islamic lands in the South, North, West and East. The system of military slavery expanded during this time period, which created a bigger need for male slaves for use of military slavery. Female slaves were used for sexual slavery as concubines or as domestic servants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade_2">Slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a> continued during the Mamluk Sultanate. Egypt was provided with Black African slaves from the Sudan via their centuries old <a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a> treaty until the 14th-century. </p><p>European <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">saqaliba</a> slaves where provided to Egypt via several routes. The Venetian <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> expanded significantly during this time period. The <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Andalus slave trade">al-Andalus slave trade</a> also provided European slaves, originally imported via the <a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_market_2">Slave market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Slave market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_slaves">Female slaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Female slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female slaves were primarily used as either domestic servants, or as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">concubines (sex slaves)</a>. </p><p>The slave market classified the slave in accordance with racial stereotypes; <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> slave women were seen as ideal for housework, sexual services and childbearing; black slave women as docile, robust and excellent <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurses</a>; <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> (Greek) as slaves who could be entrusted with valuables; <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> women as good child-minders; <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> slave women as accomplished singers, while Indian and Armenian girls were seen as hard to manage and control; the younger girls, the more attractive on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Male_slaves">Male slaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Male slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Male slaves were used for both hard labor, eunuch service, and military slavery. The system of military slaver grew in importance during this time period. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> (909–1171 CE), eunuchs played major roles in the politics of the caliphate's court within the institution of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate">slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate</a>. These eunuchs were normally purchased from slave auctions and typically came from a variety of Arab and non-Arab minority ethnic groups. In some cases, they were purchased from various noble families in the empire, which would then connect those families to the caliph. Generally, though, foreign slaves were preferred, described as the "ideal servants".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once enslaved, eunuchs were often placed into positions of significant power in one of four areas: the service of the male members of the court; the service of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_harem" title="Fatimid harem">Fatimid harem</a>, or female members of the court; administrative and clerical positions; and military service.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, during the Fatimid occupation of Cairo, Egyptian eunuchs controlled military garrisons (<i>shurta</i>) and marketplaces (<i>hisba</i>), two positions beneath only the city magistrate in power. However, the most influential Fatimid eunuchs were the ones in direct service to the caliph and the royal household as chamberlains, treasurers, governors, and attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their direct proximity to the caliph and his household afforded them a great amount of political sway. One eunuch, <a href="/wiki/Jawdhar" title="Jawdhar">Jawdhar</a>, became <i><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">hujja</a></i> to Imam-Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a>, a sacred role in Shia Islam entrusted with the imam's choice of successor upon his death.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were several other eunuchs of high regard in Fatimid history, mainly being <a href="/wiki/Rifq" title="Rifq">Abu'l-Fadi Rifq al-Khadim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barjawan" title="Barjawan">Abu'l-Futuh Barjawan al-Ustadh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rifq was an African eunuch general who served as governor of the Damascus until he led an army of 30,000 men in a campaign to expand Fatimid control northeast to the city of Aleppo, Syria. He was noted for being able to unite a diverse group of Africans, Arabs, Bedouins, Berbers, and Turks into one coherent fight force which was able to successfully combat the <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>, and Byzantines. </p><p>Barjawan was a European eunuch during late Fatimid rule who gained power through his military and political savvy which brought peace between them and the Byzantine empire. Moreover, he squashed revolts in the Libya and the Levant. Given his reputation and power in the court and military he took the reins of the caliphate from his then student <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>; then ruled as the de facto Regent 997 CE. His usurpation of power from the caliph resulted in his assassination in 1000 CE on the orders of al-Hakim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatimid_harem">Fatimid harem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fatimid harem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">History of concubinage in the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Islamic views on concubinage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> (909–1171) built upon the established model of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a> system came to be a role model for the harems of later Islamic rulers, and the same model can be found in subsequent Islamic nations during the Middle Ages, including the harem of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> in Egypt. The Fatimid harem consisted of the same model as the Abbasid harem, and was organized in a model in which the mother took the first rank, followed by slave concubines who became <a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a> when giving birth; enslaved female <a href="/wiki/Jawaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaris">Jawaris</a> entertainers, enslaved female stewardesses named <a href="/wiki/Qahramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Qahramana">qahramana</a>'s, and <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest ranked woman in the Fatimid harem were normally the mother of the Caliph, or alternatively the mother of the heir or a female relative, who was given the title <i>sayyida</i> or <i>al-sayyida al-malika</i> ("queen").<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese,_D._2006_p._75_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese,_D._2006_p._75-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consorts of the Caliph were originally slave-girls whom the Caliph either married or used as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">concubines (sex slaves)</a>; in either case, a consort of the Caliph was referred to as <i>jiha</i> or <i>al-jiha al-aliya</i> ("Her Highness").<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese,_D._2006_p._75_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese,_D._2006_p._75-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concubines of the Fatimid Caliphs were in most cases of Christian origin, described as beautiful singers, dancers and musicians; they were often the subject of love poems, but also frequently accused of manipulating the Caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third rank harem women were slave-girls trained in singing, dancing and playing music to perform as entertainers; this category was sometimes given as diplomatic gifts between male power holders. The lowest rank of harem women were the slave-girls selected to become servants and performed a number of different tasks in the harem and royal household; these women were called <i>shadadat</i> and had some contact with the outside world, as they trafficked goods from the outside world to the harem via the underground tunnels known as <i>saradib</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All (slave) women employed at court were called mustakhdimat or qusuriyyat; women employed in the royal household were called muqimat and those employed in the royal workshops were in Fustat or Qarafa were called munqaqitat.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese,_D._2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese,_D._2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave women worked in royal workshops, arbab al-san'i min al-qusuriyyat, which manufactured clothing and food; those employed at the public worshops were called zahir and those working in the workshops who manufactured items exclusively for the royal household were called khassa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortese,_D._2006_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortese,_D._2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were often about thirty slave women in each workshop who worked under the supervision of a female slave called zayn al-khuzzan, a position normally given a Greek slave woman.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enslaved <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> managed the women of the harem, guarded them, informed them and reported on them to the Caliph, and acted as their link to the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The harem of both the Caliph himself as well as other male members of the upper classes could include thousands of slaves: the vizier Ibn for example had a household of 800 concubines and 4,000 male bodyguards.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ayyubid_Sultanate:_1171–1250"><span id="Ayyubid_Sultanate:_1171.E2.80.931250"></span>Ayyubid Sultanate: 1171–1250</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ayyubid Sultanate: 1171–1250"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Sultanate">Ayyubid Sultanate</a> (1171–1250) included both Egypt and Syria, and the institution of slavery in these areas thus had a shared history during the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade_3">Slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African slaves were transported in to Egypt via the slave trade from the Sudan. The <a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">baqt</a> treaty was still famously functioning during this time period. The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a> provided African slaves from the West. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> from the provided slaves to the East coast of Egypt. These were mainly Africans. However, there are also Indians noted to have been transported to Egypt via the Red Sea slave trade. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> exported slaves to Egypt primarily via the now <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> during this time period. </p><p>Christian captives from the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> are known to have been enslaved during the two centuries of Christian Crusader rule. This included not only male warriors but also civilians such as women and children. A famous incident was the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Siege of Jerusalem (1187)</a>. 15,000 of those who could not pay the ransom were sold into slavery. According to <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a>, 7,000 of them were men and 8,000 were women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkish and other Asian slaves were exported to Egypt from Central Asia via the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a>. Turkish men were particularly valued as slave soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_market_3">Slave market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Slave market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was a numberical superiority of female slaves over male slaves to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female slaves were primarily used as either domestic maids or as concubines (sex slaves). <a href="/wiki/Shajar_al-Durr" title="Shajar al-Durr">Shajar al-Durr</a> became one of the most famous former slave concubines of the Royal Ayyubid harem. </p><p>A significant market for male slaves to Egypt was the institution of mamluk military slavery, an institution of major importance in the Ayyubid Sultanate. Many of the slave soldiers were of either Turkish or Circassian origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mamluk_Sultanate:_1250–1517"><span id="Mamluk_Sultanate:_1250.E2.80.931517"></span>Mamluk Sultanate: 1250–1517</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mamluk Sultanate: 1250–1517"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo_1317_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo_1317_AD.jpg/220px-Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo_1317_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo_1317_AD.jpg/330px-Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo_1317_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo_1317_AD.jpg/440px-Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Cairo_1317_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 1317 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> era (1250–1517), society in Egypt was founded upon a system of military slavery. Male slaves trafficked for use as military slaves, <i><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a></i>, were a dominating social class in Egypt. Female slaves were used for sexual slavery and domestic maid service. Slaves where imported from several directions. Turkic and Circassian slaves from Central Asia and the Black Sea were imported for military and concubinage; African slaves were imported for labor from the South; and Europeans were imported from the North. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade_4">Slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a> continued during the Mamluk Sultanate. Egypt was provided with Black African slaves via their centuries old <a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a> treaty until the 14th-century. It was during the Mamluk Sultanate that the slaves supplied via the Baqt treaty ended. </p><p>Two main routes from Europe provided Egypt with European slaves. The <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>, managed via the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave traders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave traders</a>, provided Egypt with many of the male slaves used as mamluk slave soldiers. </p><p>The Balkan slave trade was, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>, one of the two main slave supply sources of future <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> soldiers to the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the majority of the slaves trafficked via the Black Sea slave trade to South Europe (Italy and Spain) were girls, since they were intended to become <a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">ancillae</a> maid servants, the majority of the slaves, around 2,000 annually, were trafficked to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate, and in that case most of them boys, since the Mamluk sultanate needed a constant supply of slave soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From at least 1382 onward, the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluks</a> of the Egyptian Mamluk sultanate with slave origin came from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>; around a hundred Circassian males intended for mamluks were being trafficked via the Black Sea slave trade until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 13th-century, Indian boys, women and girls intended for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a>, were trafficked from India to Arabia and to Egypt across the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> via Aden.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Slavery_Throughout_History_2023_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Slavery_Throughout_History_2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_market_4">Slave market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slave market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The slave market were famously dominated by its most significant and influential category, military slavery. Other categories were the common for slavery in Muslim lands, with women used as sex slaves (harem concubines) and domestic slave maids. </p><p>Slavery died out in Western Europe after the 12th century, but the demand for laborers after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> resulted in a revival of slavery in Southern Europe <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_Spain" title="Black Death in Spain">in Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_Spain" title="Black Death in Spain">in Spain</a>, as well as an increase in the demand for slaves in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian (Genoese and Venetian) slave trade from the Black Sea had two main routes; from the Crimea to Byzantine Constantiople, and via <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> to Italy and Spain; or to the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> in Egypt, which received the majority of the slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Roşu,_Felicia_2021_p._35-36_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roşu,_Felicia_2021_p._35-36-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_slaves_2">Female slaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Female slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In parallell with the import of slave boys for the use of military slavery, slave girls were imported for usage as either concubines (sex slaves) or domestic servants, but the information about them are less documented.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The customary <a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sex segregation</a> made it difficult for free Muslim women to work as domestic maidservants, and consequently, the Muslim world used slaves as domestic servants. While the documentation of female slaves are less than that of male Mamluk slaves during the Mamluk Sultanate, female slaves were in fact always more numerous than male slaves; especially in elite household, female slaves always outnumbered male, and slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate has therefore sometimes been referred to as a female phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a male enslaver chose to awknowledge the child he had with a female slave, which was voluntary, then the child would become free and the mother became <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">umm walad</a>, which meant that she could no longer be sold and would be free upon the death of her enslaver; however, as long as he was alive, she would remain a slave and could still be sexually exploited by him, rented out for work, or manumitted and married.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.386_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.386-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harem_slavery">Harem slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Harem slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The harem of the Mamluk sultans was housed in the Citadel al-Hawsh in the capital of Cairo (1250–1517). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk sultanate</a> built upon the established model of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a>, as did its predecessor the Fatimid harem. The mother of the sultan was the highest ranked woman of the harem. The consorts of the Sultan were originally slave girls. The female slaves were supplied to the harem by the slave trade as children; they could be trained to perform as singers and dancers in the harem, and some were selected to serve as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">concubines (sex slaves)</a> of the Sultan, who in some cases chose to marry them.<sup id="cite_ref-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other slave girls served the consorts of the Sultan in a number of domestic tasks as harem servants, known as qahramana or qahramaniyya.<sup id="cite_ref-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harem was guarded by enslaved eunuchs, until the 15th-century supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> and then from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>, served as the officials of the harem. </p><p>The harem of the Mamluk sultans were initially small and moderate, but Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a> (r. 1293–1341) expanded the harem to a major institution, which came to consummate as much luxury and slaves as the infamously luxurious harem of the preceding Fatimid dynasty. The harem of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad expanded ot a larger size than any preceding Mamluk sultan, and he left a harem of 1,200 female slaves at his death, 505 of which were singing girls.<sup id="cite_ref-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married the slave Tughay (d. 1348), who left 1,000 slave girls and 80 eunuchs at her own death.<sup id="cite_ref-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Male_slaves_2">Male slaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Male slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous category of male slaves to the Mamluk Sultanate were the mamluk slave soldiers. However, the mamluk soldiers were elite slaves. Not all male slaves where mamluk soldiers, and the conditions of non-Mamluk male slaves were very different. </p><p>African male slaves were not used as slave soldiers, since they were only considered suitable for lowly domestic tasks, and the Turkish and Circassian mamluk slave soldiers are known to have used African male slaves to attend to their horses and perform menial tasks for them, such as transporting and serving their food.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The condition of a male slave could change under certain conditions. If certain terms where met, a male slave could be allowed to make a manumission contract; in that case, he would be allowed to work and keep the money he earned on his labor, though he would still not be allowed to do things such as testify, or to marry without the permission of hos owner.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.386_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.386-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_slavery">Military slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 935 to 1250, Egypt was controlled by dynastic rulers, notably the <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a>. Throughout these dynasties, thousands of Mamluk servants and guards continued to be used and even took high offices. The Mamluks were essentially enslaved mercenaries. Originally the Mamluks were <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">slaves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic origin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordBusinessGroup_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordBusinessGroup-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowasser_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poliak_1942_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poliak_1942-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isichei_1997_192_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isichei_1997_192-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the institution of military slavery spread to include <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordBusinessGroup_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordBusinessGroup-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowasser_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poliak_1942_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poliak_1942-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GPG_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPG-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordBusinessGroup_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordBusinessGroup-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowasser_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbs_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordBusinessGroup_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordBusinessGroup-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowasser_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poliak_1942_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poliak_1942-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker,_Paul_E._2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker,_Paul_E._2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Poliak_1942_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poliak_1942-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as peoples from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowasser_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-István_Vásáry_2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-István_Vásáry_2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowasser_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowasser_1984-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-István_Vásáry_2005_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-István_Vásáry_2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T._Pavlidis_2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T._Pavlidis_2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>). </p><p>This increasing level of influence among the Mamluk worried the Ayyubids in particular. Because Egyptian Mamluks were enslaved Christians, Islamic rulers did not believe they were true believers of Islam despite fighting for wars on behalf of Islam as slave soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1250, a Mamluk rose to become sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mamluk Sultanate survived in Egypt from 1250 until 1517, when Selim captured Cairo on 20 January. Although not in the same form as under the Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class and the Mamluks and the Burji family succeeded in regaining much of their influence, but as vassals of the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Waterson,_The_Mamluks_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Waterson,_The_Mamluks-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_dimension_of_slavery">Racial dimension of slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Racial dimension of slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Islam">slavery in Islamic</a> Law, non-Muslim people from non-Muslim lands were legitimate to enslave by Muslims. There were thus no particular ethnicity targeted for slavery, but rather slaves of many different ethnicities. However, this did not exclude racism. Slaves where regarded to have different abilities depending on their ethnicity, and seen as suitable for different tasks because of these stereotypes, which where described in various manuals and handbooks for slave traders and slave buyers of the time. </p><p>Skin color was attributed certain abilities and classified in a system in which different races were attributed different traits depending on the color of their skin. In the Arab world, a mid skin tone was often preferred, since it was closer to the Arab skin color, while both darker and lighter skin colors were percieved as something negative. Slaves with a very light-skinned skin color were seen as vicious, evil, disloyal and untruthful; slaves of reddish-white skin color were praised as clever, intelligent, knowledgeable and with a trait for reason and wisdom; Brownish skin color were seen as brave, determined and fearless; however people with full Black African skin color were seen as fearful, cowardly, ill-disposed, rash and more inclined to evil than good.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author al-Amshati described the racial stereotypes of slaves depending on race extensively in his work. The most appreciated slave races in the market were Turkic people and Circassians, who where the two preferred races acquired for use as Mamluk soldiers. al-Amshati described Turks as a race of moderate temperament, sturdy in body, with a beautiful well-proportioned physique and gloomy of mien, and Turkish children as clean, healthy, clever, skillful and pretty; Turks from Khurasan where considered the best on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next best race were the Circassians, who were stereotyped as braver than the Turks, "always ready strike first blow" and with excellent group solidarity, suitable for soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However they where haughty if untrained, lacked work ethic and the patience and perseverance necessary for long military campaigns, and required hard training: if given rigorous training, however, they could become both excellent soldiers as well as religious scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black Africans were seen as excellent slaves, suitable for lowly domestic labor. al-Amshati described "Abyssinians" (Africans) as physically weak slaves who often fall ill; however they had a long number of traits suitable for slavery such as being of strong character, rightheous, patient, obedient, intelligent, shrewd and prudent, and African women as particularly docile; however Black children were described as sly, decietful, malicious and thieving of character.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African slaves where not considered suitable for arts such as singing and dancing, and where not used for mamluk elite slavery, but mainly for lowly labor and domestic tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 14th century, a significant number of slaves came from <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and racist attitudes occurred, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> historian Al-Abshibi (1388–1446) writing that "[i]t is said that when the [black] slave is sated, he fornicates, when he is hungry, he steals."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek (<i>rumi</i>) male slaves where seen as obedient, serious, loyal, trustworthy, intelligent and parsimonious, with good manners and excellent knowledge of the scienses; Greek female slaves where characterized as impertinent, but still suited for household tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The least popular slave races where Armenians and Europeans. They were not considered to be loyal and obedient slaves but rather unwilling and defiant and possessed of a number of traits making them hard to control for usage as slaves. Armenian slaves were described as strong and of good health and looks, but also as dishonest, lazy, greedy, unreliable, morose and of a character to neglect personal hygiene; and they were said to be good for nothing but hard physical labor, and required frequent chastisement and punishment to obey.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Light-skinned Franks (a term for Europeans) were, in the case of men, described as rough, courageous, miserly, stupid and uneducated, strongly religious, skilled in a number of manual tasks but not trustworthy slaves; while female Frankish (European) slaves were referred to as coarse, cruel and merciless if kept as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankish (European) children, however, where popular and described as excellent slaves; courageous, slender and rosy-cheeked.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_Egypt:_1517–1805"><span id="Ottoman_Egypt:_1517.E2.80.931805"></span>Ottoman Egypt: 1517–1805</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ottoman Egypt: 1517–1805"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_Eyalet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1795).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Egypt_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281795%29.png/220px-Egypt_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281795%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Egypt_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281795%29.png/330px-Egypt_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281795%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Egypt_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281795%29.png/440px-Egypt_Eyalet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281795%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption>Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1795)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mamluk Sultanate was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a> was ruled directly by the Ottoman Empire via Ottoman governors until 1805. Slavery in Ottoman Egypt mainly continued the same system established during the Mamluk Sultanate. White slaves were made in to Mamluk soldiers and their concubines and wives, while Black African slaves were used for domestic service and hard labor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade_5">Slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The slave trade to Ottoman Egypt followed already established routes. African slaves were provided via the ancient slave trade from the Sudan and the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> was closed down, but the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a> continued, now managed no longer by Italian slave merchants but by the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire, known as the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a>. Slaves trafficked from the Crimean slave trade could be sold far away in the Mediterranean and the Middle East; a Convent in Sinai in Egypt is for example noted to have bought a male slave originating from Kozlov in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies,_Brian_2014_p._25_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies,_Brian_2014_p._25-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_market_5">Slave market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Slave market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egypt in the Ottoman period was still dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> military slavery. Mamluk soldiers in this period were still often white slaves. While the old supply source of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a> had been closed, male mamluk slaves where often Circassian or from Georgia, trafficked via the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> aristocrats, who were themselves often Circassian or from Georgia (trafficked via the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>), preferred to marry women of similar ethnicity, while black slave women were used as domestic maids, and the majority of the wives and concubines of the Mamluk have been referred to as "white slaves".<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white slave women bought to become concubines and wives of the Mamluks were often from the Caucasus (Circassians or Georgian) who were sold to slave traders by their poor parents.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.se_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.se-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was common practice for the men of the Egyptian Mamluk upper class to marry a woman who had previously been the slave concubine of either themselves or another Mamluk, and the practice of marrying the concubine or the widow of another Mamluk were a way of normal Mamluk alliance policy. The marriage between <a href="/wiki/Murad_Bey" title="Murad Bey">Murad Bey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nafisa_al-Bayda" title="Nafisa al-Bayda">Nafisa al-Bayda</a>, widow of Ali Bey al-Kabir, was an example of this marriage policy, similar to that of Shawikar Qadin, the concubine of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman_Katkhuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uthman Katkhuda (page does not exist)">Uthman Katkhuda</a> (d. 1736), who were given in marriage by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Rahman_Jawish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Rahman Jawish (page does not exist)">Abd al-Rahman Jawish</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahum_Katkhuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahum Katkhuda (page does not exist)">Ibrahum Katkhuda</a> (d. 1754) after the death of Uthman Katkhuda.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.se_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.se-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a racial hierarchy among slaves. Male laborers and eunuchs, and female domestic maids were provided via the Trans-Saharan slave trade and the Sudanese slave trade to Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muhammad_Ali_dynasty:_1805–1953"><span id="Muhammad_Ali_dynasty:_1805.E2.80.931953"></span>Muhammad Ali dynasty: 1805–1953</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Muhammad Ali dynasty: 1805–1953"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egypt became de facto independent during the Muhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1914). Slavery was still significant in Egypt during the 19th-century. </p><p>The number of slaves in Egypt has been estimated to be at least 30,000 slaves at any time in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer,_G._1967-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Egypt, the slave concubines in the harems of rich Egyptian men were often Circiassian women, while the concubines of middle-class Egyptians were often Abyssinians; while the male and female domestic slaves of almost all classes of Egyptian society often consisted of Black Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer,_G._1967-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Africans were also used as slave soldiers as well as enslaved agricultural workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer,_G._1967-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slave trade to Egypt was abolished in two stages between 1877 and 1884. Slavery itself was not abolished, but gradually phased out after the ban of the slave trade, and appear to have died out by the 1930s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade_6">Slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan_(1820%E2%80%931824)" title="Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)">Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)</a></div> <p>The Egyptian slave dealers in Egypt were mainly from the Oases and from Upper Egypt. The slave traders were organized in a guild with a shaykh, and divided into dealers in black and white slaves respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer,_G._1967-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cairo was the main depot of slaves and the base of the slave trade, but the annual mawlid of Ṭanṭā was another important occasion for trading in slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer,_G._1967-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African slaves were trafficked to Egypt via several different routes: from Darfur to Asyūṭ; from Sennar to Isnā; from the area of the White Nile; from Bornu and Wadāy by way of Libya; and, finally, from Abyssinia and the East African by way of the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer,_G._1967-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White slaves were trafficked to Egypt from the Black Sea area by way of Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer,_G._1967-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Alexandria expedition of 1807</a>, 400 British prisoners of war captured by Egyptian forces under Muhammad Ali Pasha were marched into Cairo and were either condemned to hard labor or sold into slavery. Colonel Dravetti, now advising Muhammad Ali in Cairo, persuaded the ruler to release the British <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> as a gesture of goodwill, sparing them the (in the Islamic culture) usual fate of becoming slaves to their captors.<sup id="cite_ref-p.76,_Manley,_Ree_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.76,_Manley,_Ree-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_market_6">Slave market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Slave market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png/220px-Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png/330px-Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png/440px-Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="2253" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of Egypt under Muhammed Ali Dynasty, 1805-1880</figcaption></figure> <p>Military slavery, for centuries a major use for male slaves, continued to be a main category for the Egyptian slave market until the mid 19th-century. The domestic or harem sector continued to be a main destination for female slaves and eunuchs. A market for agricultural slaves expanded significantly during the 19th-century. </p><p>In the 19th-century, the supply sources for slaves to Egypt became fewer, and the ethnicity of slaves came to be largely reduced to African slaves, with the exception of a small luxury import of Circassian slave girls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agricultural_slavery">Agricultural slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Agricultural slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of Sudanese in agriculture become fairly common under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> and his successors. Agricultural slavery was virtually unknown in Egypt at this time, but the rapid expansion of extensive farming under Muhammad Ali and later, the world surge in the price of cotton caused by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, were factors creating conditions favourable to the deployment of unfree labour. The slaves worked primarily on estates owned by Muhammad Ali and members of his family, and it was estimated in 1869, that Khedive Isma'il and his family had 2,000 to 3,000 slaves on their main estates as well as hundreds more in their sugar plantations in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowafi198523_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowafi198523-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harem_slavery_2">Harem slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Harem slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The royal <a href="/wiki/Harem_of_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty">harem of the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a> (1805–1914) was modelled after Ottoman example, the khedives being the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> of the Ottoman sultans. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> was appointed vice roy of Egypt in 1805, and by Imperial Ottoman example assembled a harem of slave concubines in the Palace Citadel of Cairo which, according to a traditional account, made his legal wife <a href="/wiki/Amina_Hanim" title="Amina Hanim">Amina Hanim</a> declare herself to henceforth be his wife in name only, when she joined him in Egypt in 1808 and discovered his sex slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial harem</a>, the harem of the khedive was modelled on a system of <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> based on slave concubinage, in which each wife or concubine was limited to having one son.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women harem slaves mostly came from <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a> and were referred to as "white".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The khedive's harem was composed of between several hundreds to over a thousand enslaved women, supervised by his mother, the <i>walida pasha</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his four official wives (<i>hanim</i>) and recognized concubines (<i>qadin</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the majority of the slave women served as domestics to his mother and wives, and could have servant offices such as the <i>bash qalfa</i>, chief servant slave woman of the walida pasha.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enslaved female servants of the khedivate harem were manumitted and married off with a trousseau in strategic marriages to the male freedmen or slaves (<i>kul</i> or <i>mamluk</i>) who were trained to become officers and civil servants as freedmen, in order to ensure the fidelity of their husband's to the khedive when they began their military or state official career.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._26-27_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._26-27-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority of the slave women were selected to become the personal servants (concubines) of the khedive, often selected by his mother:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they could become his wives, and would become free as an <a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a> (or <i>mustawlada</i>) if they had children with their enslaver.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> reportedly had at least 25 consorts (wives and concubines),<sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._32_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._32-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Khedive_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Khedive Ismail">Khedive Ismail</a> fourteen consorts of slave origin, four of whom where his wives.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._32_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._32-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptian elite of bureaucrat families, who emulated the khedive, had similar harem customs, and it was noted that it was common for Egyptian upper-class families to have slave women in their harem, which they manumitted to marry off to male protegees.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._26-27_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._26-27-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This system slowly and gradually started to change after 1873, when <a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik Pasha</a> married <a href="/wiki/Emina_Ilhamy" title="Emina Ilhamy">Emina Ilhamy</a> as his sole consort, making monogamy the fashionable ideal among the elite, after the throne succession had been changed to primogeniture, which favored monogamy.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding of Tewfik Pasha and Emina Ilhamy was the first wedding of a prince that were celebrated, since the princes had previously merely taken slave concubines, who they sometimes married afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._30_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._30-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a> and the elimination of slave concubinage after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a> also contributed to the end of the practice of polygyny in the Egyptian and Ottoman upper classes from the 1870s onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._30_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._30-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid 19th-century, the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms abolished the custom of training male slaves to become military men and civil servants, and replaced them with free students.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_slavery_2">Military slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Military slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibrahim-Mehmet-Seve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ibrahim-Mehmet-Seve.jpg/220px-Ibrahim-Mehmet-Seve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ibrahim-Mehmet-Seve.jpg/330px-Ibrahim-Mehmet-Seve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ibrahim-Mehmet-Seve.jpg/440px-Ibrahim-Mehmet-Seve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> with his son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soliman_Pasha_al-Faransawi" title="Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi">Colonel Sève</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To prepare for the training of his Sudanese slave army, Muhammad Ali sent a corps of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> where, in 1820, he had new barracks built to house them. The head of the military academy at <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> was a French officer who had served under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, Colonel Octave-Joseph Anthelme Sève, who became a Muslim and is known in Egyptian history as <a href="/wiki/Soliman_Pasha_al-Faransawi" title="Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi">Sulayman Pasha al-Faransawi</a>. When they arrived in Aswan, each of the Sudanese was vaccinated and given a calico vest, then instructed in Islam. The exact numbers of Sudanese brought to Aswan and Muhammad Ali's other military training centre at <a href="/wiki/Manfalut" title="Manfalut">Manfalut</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlint1977256_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint1977256-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not known, but it is certain that a great number died en route. Of those who arrived, many died of fevers, chills and the dryness of the climate. Of an estimated 30,000 Sudanese brought to Aswan in 1822 and 1823, only 3,000 survived. </p><p>After 1823, Muhammad Ali's priority was to reduce the cost of garrisoning Sudan, where 10,000 Egyptian infantry and 9,000 cavalries were committed. The Egyptians made increasing use of enslaved Sudanese soldiers to maintain their rule, and relied very heavily on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowafi198519_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowafi198519-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more or less official ratio was established, requiring that Sudan provide 3,000 slaves for every 1,000 soldiers sent to subjugate it. This ratio could not be achieved however because the death rate of slaves delivered to Aswan was so high.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahmy200288_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahmy200288-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad Ali's Turkish and Albanian troops that partook in the Sudan campaign were not used to weather conditions of the area and attained fevers and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> while there with tensions emerging and demands to return to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahmy200289_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahmy200289-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition the difficulties of capturing and raising an army from Sudanese male slaves during the campaign were reasons that led Muhammad Ali toward eventually recruiting local Egyptians for his armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahmy200289_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahmy200289-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_and_aftermath">Abolition and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Abolition and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman Empire granted Egypt the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867. <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a> (Khedive from 1863 to 1879) and <a href="/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha" title="Tewfik Pasha">Tewfik Pasha</a> (Khedive from 1879 to 1892) governed Egypt as a quasi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty until the British occupation of 1882, after which it came under British influence. The British initiated an anti-slavery campaign and led policy changes regarding slavery in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a> or Anglo-Egyptian Convention for the Abolition of Slavery in 1877 officially banned the slave trade to Sudan, thus formally putting an end on the import of slaves from Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudan was at this time the main import of male slaves to Egypt. This ban was followed in 1884 by a ban on the import of white women; this law was directed against the import of white women (mainly from Caucasus and usually Circassians via the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a>), which were the preferred choice for harem concubines among the Egyptian upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The import of male slaves from Sudan as soldiers, civil service and eunuchs, as well as the import of female slaves from Caucasus as harem women were the two main sources of slave import to Egypt, thus these laws were, at least on paper, major blows on Slavery in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery itself was not banned, only the import of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However a ban on the sale on existing slaves was introduced alongside a law giving existing slaves the legal right to apply for manumission at the British Consulate or at four Manumission Bureaus established in different parts of the country, and thousands of slaves used the opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British abolitionists in Egypt opened a home for former female slaves to assist them and protect them from falling victim to <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">prostitution in Egypt</a>, which was in operation from 1884 until 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Abolition._2013_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abolition._2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While slavery as such was not outright banned, the effect of the reforms in practice phased out slavery during the following decades. By the early 20th-century, slavery in Egypt was no longer visibly common place enough to be the target of Western criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901 a French observer shared his impression that slavery in Egypt was over "in fact and in law"; the Egyptian census of 1907 no longer listed any slaves, and in 1911 Repression of Slave Trade Departments were closed and transferred to Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-Abolition._2013_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abolition._2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti slavery reforms gradually diminished the Khedive harem, though the harem of the Khedive as well as the harems of the elite families still maintained a smaller amount of both male eunuchs as well as slave women until at least <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khedive <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt" title="Abbas II of Egypt">Abbas II of Egypt</a> are noted to have bought six "white female slaves" for his harem in 1894, ten years after this had formally been banned, and his mother still maintained sixty slaves as late as 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, editor of the progressive Egyptian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Man%C4%81r_(magazine)" title="Al-Manār (magazine)">al-Manar</a></i>, condemned the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Mui_tsai" title="Mui tsai">Chinese slave girls</a> for concubinage and denied that it should be seen as legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, Egypt answered the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> (ACE) of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, who conducted a global slavery investigation in 1934-1939, that there were no longer any slavery in Egypt, and that no new slaves could be imported via the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a>, since they policed the waters of the Red Sea outside Egypt, preventing any import of slaves via the Red Sea coast.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_route_of_the_Soudan_Caravan_from_Assiut_to_Darfur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Englishman William George Browne rode with the Darb Al Arbain caravan in the 1790s; it delivered "Slaves, male and female" to Egypt[75]"><img alt="Englishman William George Browne rode with the Darb Al Arbain caravan in the 1790s; it delivered "Slaves, male and female" to Egypt[75]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Map_of_the_route_of_the_Soudan_Caravan_from_Assiut_to_Darfur.jpg/120px-Map_of_the_route_of_the_Soudan_Caravan_from_Assiut_to_Darfur.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Map_of_the_route_of_the_Soudan_Caravan_from_Assiut_to_Darfur.jpg/179px-Map_of_the_route_of_the_Soudan_Caravan_from_Assiut_to_Darfur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Map_of_the_route_of_the_Soudan_Caravan_from_Assiut_to_Darfur.jpg/239px-Map_of_the_route_of_the_Soudan_Caravan_from_Assiut_to_Darfur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="3354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Englishman <a href="/wiki/William_George_Browne" title="William George Browne">William George Browne</a> rode with the <a href="/wiki/Darb_Al_Arbain" class="mw-redirect" title="Darb Al Arbain">Darb Al Arbain</a> caravan in the 1790s; it delivered "Slaves, male and female" to Egypt<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabslavers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A depiction of slaves being transported across the Sahara Desert"><img alt="A depiction of slaves being transported across the Sahara Desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg/120px-Arabslavers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg/180px-Arabslavers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabslavers.jpg/240px-Arabslavers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A depiction of slaves being transported across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Slave_Boat_on_the_Nile_(1884)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Slave Boat on the Nile (1884)"><img alt="Modern Slave Boat on the Nile (1884)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Modern_Slave_Boat_on_the_Nile_%281884%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/120px-Modern_Slave_Boat_on_the_Nile_%281884%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Modern_Slave_Boat_on_the_Nile_%281884%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/180px-Modern_Slave_Boat_on_the_Nile_%281884%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Modern_Slave_Boat_on_the_Nile_%281884%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/240px-Modern_Slave_Boat_on_the_Nile_%281884%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern Slave Boat on the Nile (1884)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The slave market in Cairo. Wellcome V0050649"><img alt="The slave market in Cairo. Wellcome V0050649" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg/120px-The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg/180px-The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg/240px-The_slave_market_in_Cairo._Wellcome_V0050649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="2254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The slave market in Cairo. Wellcome V0050649</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_Market._(c.1830)_-_TIMEA_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slave Market (c.1830) - TIMEA cropped"><img alt="Slave Market (c.1830) - TIMEA cropped" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slave_Market._%28c.1830%29_-_TIMEA_cropped.jpg/120px-Slave_Market._%28c.1830%29_-_TIMEA_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slave_Market._%28c.1830%29_-_TIMEA_cropped.jpg/180px-Slave_Market._%28c.1830%29_-_TIMEA_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slave_Market._%28c.1830%29_-_TIMEA_cropped.jpg/240px-Slave_Market._%28c.1830%29_-_TIMEA_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slave Market (c.1830) - TIMEA cropped</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A slave market in Cairo. Drawing by David Roberts, circa 1848."><img alt="A slave market in Cairo. Drawing by David Roberts, circa 1848." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg/120px-A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg/180px-A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg/240px-A_slave_market_in_Cairo-David_Roberts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A slave market in Cairo. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a>, circa 1848.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Soudanese_slave-girls,_recently_captured_at_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group of Soudanese slave-girls, recently captured at Cairo"><img alt="Group of Soudanese slave-girls, recently captured at Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Group_of_Soudanese_slave-girls%2C_recently_captured_at_Cairo.jpg/120px-Group_of_Soudanese_slave-girls%2C_recently_captured_at_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Group_of_Soudanese_slave-girls%2C_recently_captured_at_Cairo.jpg/180px-Group_of_Soudanese_slave-girls%2C_recently_captured_at_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Group_of_Soudanese_slave-girls%2C_recently_captured_at_Cairo.jpg/240px-Group_of_Soudanese_slave-girls%2C_recently_captured_at_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Group of Soudanese slave-girls, recently captured at Cairo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_the_life_and_works_of_Jean_L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_(1892)_(14740175136).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gérôme - the life and works of Jean Léon Gérôme (1892) (14740175136)"><img alt="Gérôme - the life and works of Jean Léon Gérôme (1892) (14740175136)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_the_life_and_works_of_Jean_L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%281892%29_%2814740175136%29.jpg/96px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_the_life_and_works_of_Jean_L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%281892%29_%2814740175136%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_the_life_and_works_of_Jean_L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%281892%29_%2814740175136%29.jpg/143px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_the_life_and_works_of_Jean_L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%281892%29_%2814740175136%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_the_life_and_works_of_Jean_L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%281892%29_%2814740175136%29.jpg/191px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_the_life_and_works_of_Jean_L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%281892%29_%2814740175136%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gérôme - the life and works of Jean Léon Gérôme (1892) (14740175136)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Negress_waiting_to_be_sold_in_the_Slave_Bazaar,_Cairo_-_Curzon_Robert_-_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Negress waiting to be sold in the Slave Bazaar, Cairo - Curzon Robert - 1849"><img alt="Negress waiting to be sold in the Slave Bazaar, Cairo - Curzon Robert - 1849" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Negress_waiting_to_be_sold_in_the_Slave_Bazaar%2C_Cairo_-_Curzon_Robert_-_1849.jpg/100px-Negress_waiting_to_be_sold_in_the_Slave_Bazaar%2C_Cairo_-_Curzon_Robert_-_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Negress_waiting_to_be_sold_in_the_Slave_Bazaar%2C_Cairo_-_Curzon_Robert_-_1849.jpg/150px-Negress_waiting_to_be_sold_in_the_Slave_Bazaar%2C_Cairo_-_Curzon_Robert_-_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Negress_waiting_to_be_sold_in_the_Slave_Bazaar%2C_Cairo_-_Curzon_Robert_-_1849.jpg/200px-Negress_waiting_to_be_sold_in_the_Slave_Bazaar%2C_Cairo_-_Curzon_Robert_-_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Negress waiting to be sold in the Slave Bazaar, Cairo - Curzon Robert - 1849</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Nabut_and_Negro_Slaves_in_Cairo_MET_DP138840.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abu Nabut and Negro Slaves in Cairo"><img alt="Abu Nabut and Negro Slaves in Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Abu_Nabut_and_Negro_Slaves_in_Cairo_MET_DP138840.jpg/94px-Abu_Nabut_and_Negro_Slaves_in_Cairo_MET_DP138840.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Abu_Nabut_and_Negro_Slaves_in_Cairo_MET_DP138840.jpg/141px-Abu_Nabut_and_Negro_Slaves_in_Cairo_MET_DP138840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Abu_Nabut_and_Negro_Slaves_in_Cairo_MET_DP138840.jpg/189px-Abu_Nabut_and_Negro_Slaves_in_Cairo_MET_DP138840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abu Nabut and Negro Slaves in Cairo </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abyssinian_Female_Slave_(1878)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abyssinian Female Slave (1878) - TIMEA"><img alt="Abyssinian Female Slave (1878) - TIMEA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Abyssinian_Female_Slave_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/100px-Abyssinian_Female_Slave_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Abyssinian_Female_Slave_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/150px-Abyssinian_Female_Slave_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Abyssinian_Female_Slave_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/200px-Abyssinian_Female_Slave_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abyssinian Female Slave (1878) - TIMEA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunshway_incident_prisoners_appeal_for_forgiveness.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunshway incident prisoners appeal for forgiveness."><img alt="Dunshway incident prisoners appeal for forgiveness." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dunshway_incident_prisoners_appeal_for_forgiveness.jpg/120px-Dunshway_incident_prisoners_appeal_for_forgiveness.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dunshway_incident_prisoners_appeal_for_forgiveness.jpg/180px-Dunshway_incident_prisoners_appeal_for_forgiveness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dunshway_incident_prisoners_appeal_for_forgiveness.jpg/240px-Dunshway_incident_prisoners_appeal_for_forgiveness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dunshway incident prisoners appeal for forgiveness.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking in Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruning, J. (2020). Slave Trade Dynamics in Abbasid Egypt: The Papyrological Evidence, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 63(5-6), 682-742. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341524">https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341524</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press., p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El Cheikh, N. M. (2017). Guarding the harem, protecting the state: Eunuchs in a fourth/tenth-century Abbasid court. In Celibate and Childless Men in Power (pp. 65–78). Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gul, R., Zafar, N., & Naznin, S. (2021). Legal and Social Status of Eunuchs Islam and Pakistan. sjesr, 4(2), 515–523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHöfertMesleyTolino2017" class="citation book cs1">Höfert, A.; Mesley, M. M.; Tolino, S, eds. (15 August 2017). <i>Celibate and Childless Men in Power: Ruling Eunuchs and Bishops in the Pre-Modern World</i> (1st ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315566658" title="Special:BookSources/9781315566658"><bdi>9781315566658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celibate+and+Childless+Men+in+Power%3A+Ruling+Eunuchs+and+Bishops+in+the+Pre-Modern+World&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.isbn=9781315566658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marmon, S. E. (1995). Eunuchs and sacred boundaries in Islamic society. 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Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cortese,_D._2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese,_D._2006_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortese,_D._2006_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Cameron_Lyons,_D._E._P._Jackson1984" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm Cameron Lyons, D. E. P. Jackson (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGR5M0druJIC&q=al+adil+jerusalem+8%2C000+women&pg=PA277"><i>Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521317399" title="Special:BookSources/9780521317399"><bdi>9780521317399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Holy+War&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780521317399&rft.au=Malcolm+Cameron+Lyons%2C+D.+E.+P.+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGR5M0druJIC%26q%3Dal%2Badil%2Bjerusalem%2B8%252C000%2Bwomen%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagedorn, J. H. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.se/books/edition/Domestic_Slavery_in_Syria_and_Egypt_1200/jKrkEAAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=Ayyubid+egypt+slavery&printsec=frontcover%7CDomestic">Slavery in Syria and Egypt, 1200–1500</a>. Tyskland: Bonn University Press.30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill. p. 32-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200–1860. (2016). Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Slavery_Throughout_History_2023-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Global_Slavery_Throughout_History_2023_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roşu,_Felicia_2021_p._35-36-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roşu,_Felicia_2021_p._35-36_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 35-36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slavery in the Black Sea Region, C.900–1900: Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. (2021). Nederländerna: Brill. p.342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p.302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.386-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.386_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.386_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p.386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levanoni,_A._2021_p._184_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levanoni, A. (2021). A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāsir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slavery_1420._p.390-391-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_1420._p.390-391_27-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p.390-391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordBusinessGroup-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordBusinessGroup_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordBusinessGroup_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordBusinessGroup_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordBusinessGroup_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/warrior-kings-look-history-mamluks">"Warrior kings: A look at the history of the Mamluks"</a>. <i>The Report – Egypt 2012: The Guide</i>. Oxford Business Group. 2012. pp. 332–334. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925104321/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/warrior-kings-look-history-mamluks">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Mamluks, who descended from non-Arab slaves who were naturalised to serve and fight for ruling Arab dynasties, are revered as some of the greatest warriors the world has ever known. Although the word <i>mamluk</i> translates as "one who is owned", the Mamluk soldiers proved otherwise, gaining a powerful military standing in <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">various Muslim societies</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. They would also go on to hold political power for several centuries during a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt</a>. [...] Before the Mamluks rose to power, there was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">long history of slave soldiers in the Middle East</a>, with many recruited into Arab armies by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid rulers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in the ninth century. The tradition was continued by the dynasties that followed them, including the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a> (it was the Fatimids who built the foundations of what is now Islamic <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>). For centuries, the rulers of the Arab world recruited men from the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. It is hard to discern the precise ethnic background of the Mamluks, given that they came from a number of ethnically mixed regions, but most are thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">from the Caucasus</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a>). The Mamluks <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Military_slavery" title="Conscription">were recruited forcibly to reinforce the armies</a> of Arab rulers. As outsiders, they had no local loyalties, and would thus fight for whoever owned them, not unlike <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>. Furthermore, the Turks and Circassians had a ferocious reputation as warriors. The slaves were either purchased or abducted as boys, around the age of 13, and brought to the cities, most notably to Cairo and its <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Citadel</a>. Here <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion#Islam" title="Forced conversion">they would be converted to Islam</a> and would be put through a rigorous military training regime that focused particularly on <a href="/wiki/Horsemanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsemanship">horsemanship</a>. A code of behaviour not too dissimilar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">European knights</a>' <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Chivalry">Code of Chivalry</a> was also inculcated and was known as <i><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">Furusiyya</a></i>. As in many military establishments to this day the authorities sought to instil an esprit de corps and a sense of duty among the young men. The Mamluks would have to live separately from the local populations in their garrisons, which included the Citadel and <a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhoda Island">Rhoda Island</a>, also in Cairo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Report+%E2%80%93+Egypt+2012%3A+The+Guide&rft.atitle=Warrior+kings%3A+A+look+at+the+history+of+the+Mamluks&rft.pages=332-334&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Foverview%2Fwarrior-kings-look-history-mamluks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stowasser_1984-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stowasser_1984_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowasser1984" class="citation journal cs1">Stowasser, Karl (1984). "Manners and Customs at the Mamluk Court". <i><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas_(journal)" title="Muqarnas (journal)">Muqarnas</a></i>. <b>2</b> (The Art of the Mamluks). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 13–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523052">10.2307/1523052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992">0732-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523052">1523052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191377149">191377149</a>. <q>The Mamluk slave warriors, with an empire extending from <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, remained for the next two hundred years the most formidable power of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> – champions of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni orthodoxy">Sunni orthodoxy</a>, guardians of <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Islam's holy places</a>, their capital, Cairo, the seat of the Sunni caliph and a magnet for scholars, artists, and craftsmen uprooted by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol upheaval in the East</a> or drawn to it from all parts of the Muslim world by its wealth and prestige. Under their rule, Egypt passed through a period of prosperity and brilliance unparalleled since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a>. [...] They ruled as a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, aloof and almost totally isolated from the native population, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, and their ranks had to be replenished in each generation through fresh imports of slaves from abroad. Only those who had grown up outside Muslim territory and who entered as slaves in the service either of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> himself or of one of the Mamluk <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> were eligible for membership and careers within their closed military caste. The offspring of Mamluks were free-born Muslims and hence excluded from the system: they became the <i>awlād al-nās</i>, the "sons of respectable people", who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk <i>ḥalqa</i> troops. Some two thousand slaves were imported annually: <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Qipchaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbec Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Manners+and+Customs+at+the+Mamluk+Court&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=The+Art+of+the+Mamluks&rft.pages=13-20&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0732-2992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191377149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523052%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1523052&rft.aulast=Stowasser&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poliak_1942-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poliak_1942_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poliak_1942_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poliak_1942_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poliak_1942_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliak2005" class="citation book cs1">Poliak, A. N. (2005) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVGdl09xAp4C&pg=PA27">"The Influence of C̱ẖingiz-Ḵẖān's Yāsa upon the General Organization of the Mamlūk State"</a>. In Hawting, Gerald R. (ed.). <i>Muslims, Mongols, and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles Published in the "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies"</i>. Vol. 10. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 27–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X0009008X">10.1017/S0041977X0009008X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1393-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1393-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/609130">609130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155480831">155480831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+C%CC%B1%E1%BA%96ingiz-%E1%B8%B4%E1%BA%96%C4%81n%27s+Y%C4%81sa+upon+the+General+Organization+of+the+Maml%C5%ABk+State&rft.btitle=Muslims%2C+Mongols%2C+and+Crusaders%3A+An+Anthology+of+Articles+Published+in+the+%22Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%22&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=27-41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X0009008X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155480831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F609130%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1393-6&rft.aulast=Poliak&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVGdl09xAp4C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isichei_1997_192-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isichei_1997_192_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsichei1997" class="citation book cs1">Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic"><i>A History of African Societies to 1870</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00isic/page/192">192</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+African+Societies+to+1870&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Isichei&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofafrican00isic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPG-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPG_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2006" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, Andrew James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/15"><i>A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275986018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275986018"><bdi>978-0275986018</bdi></a>. <q>By the late fourteenth century Circassians from the north Caucasus region had become the majority in the Mamluk ranks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Modern+Egypt%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Conquest+to+the+Ramadan+War&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0275986018&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Andrew+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitaryhistoryo00andr%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">А.Ш.Кадырбаев, Сайф-ад-Дин Хайр-Бек – абхазский "король эмиров" Мамлюкского Египта (1517–1522), "Материалы первой международной научной конференции, посвященной 65-летию В.Г.Ардзинба". Сухум: АбИГИ, 2011, pp. 87–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Philipp, Ulrich Haarmann (eds), <i>The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society</i>. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Hathaway, <i>The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaglis</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Relations of the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt with Their Homeland in the Last Decades of the Eighteenth Century". Daniel Crecelius and Gotcha Djaparidze. <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>, Vol. 45, No. 3 (2002), pp. 320–341. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-4995">0022-4995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbs-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbs_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCC4ffbOv_YC&pg=PA19">Basra, the failed Gulf state: separatism and nationalism in southern Iraq</a></i>, p. 19, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> By Reidar Visser</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hathaway, Jane (February 1995). "The Military Household in Ottoman Egypt". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 39–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020743800061572">10.1017/s0020743800061572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62834455">62834455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Military+Household+in+Ottoman+Egypt&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-52&rft.date=1995-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020743800061572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62834455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker,_Paul_E._2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker,_Paul_E._2002_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Paul E. <i>Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources</i> (London, I. B. Tauris, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-István_Vásáry_2005-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-István_Vásáry_2005_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-István_Vásáry_2005_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">István Vásáry (2005) Cuman and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T._Pavlidis_2011-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T._Pavlidis_2011_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Pavlidis, <i>A Concise History of the Middle East</i>, Chapter 11: "Turks and Byzantine Decline". 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Philipp & Ulrich Haarmann. <i>The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicole <i>The Mamluks 1250–1570</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Waterson,_The_Mamluks-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_Waterson,_The_Mamluks_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Waterson, "The Mamluks"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Philipp, Ulrich Haarmann (1998). The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/93"><i>Race and Slavery in the Middle East</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505326-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceslaveryinmid0000lewi%2Fpage%2F93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies,_Brian_2014_p._25-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies,_Brian_2014_p._25_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Brian (2014). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55283-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55283-2">978-1-134-55283-2</a>. p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jutta Sperling, Shona Kelly Wray, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkSOAgAAQBAJ&dq=Nafisa+al-Badya&pg=PA218">Gender, Property, and Law in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Communities in</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.se-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.se_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.se_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Ann Fay, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoqiAgAAQBAJ&q=18th-century+seclusion+cairo+harem">Unveiling the Harem: Elite Women and the Paradox of Seclusion in Eighteenth</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baer,_G._1967-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baer,_G._1967_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baer, G. (1967). Slavery in Nineteenth Century Egypt. The Journal of African History, 8(3), 417-441. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700007945">10.1017/S0021853700007945</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.76,_Manley,_Ree-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.76,_Manley,_Ree_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manley & Ree, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowafi198523-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowafi198523_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMowafi1985">Mowafi 1985</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 31-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M. Cuno: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYP3CgAAQBAJ&dq=Walida+Pasha+harem&pg=PA20">Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early ...</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._25_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._42_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._26-27-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._26-27_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._26-27_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 26-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._32-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._32_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._32_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 19-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._30-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._30_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuno,_K._M._2015_p._30_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Syracuse University Press. p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint1977256-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlint1977256_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlint1977">Flint 1977</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowafi198519-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowafi198519_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMowafi1985">Mowafi 1985</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahmy200288-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahmy200288_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFahmy2002">Fahmy 2002</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahmy200289-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahmy200289_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahmy200289_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFahmy2002">Fahmy 2002</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/Slavery/reviews/ansariS.html">"The Harem, Slavery and British Imperial Culture: Anglo-Muslim Relations in the Late-Nineteenth Century, a history book review"</a>. <i>archives.history.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Harem%2C+Slavery+and+British+Imperial+Culture%3A+Anglo-Muslim+Relations+in+the+Late-Nineteenth+Century%2C+a+history+book+review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.history.ac.uk%2Fhistory-in-focus%2FSlavery%2Freviews%2FansariS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abolition._2013-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abolition._2013_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abolition._2013_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition. (2013). USA: Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuno, K. M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Egypten: Syracuse University Press. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2007). Eunuchs and Concubines in the History of Islamic Southeast Asia. Manusya: Journal of Humanities, 10(4), 8-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01004001">https://doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01004001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ur.booksc.me/book/51463083/09c5c1">"DARB EL ARBA'IN. THE FORTY DAYS' ROAD | W. B. K. Shaw | download"</a>. <i>ur.booksc.me</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ur.booksc.me&rft.atitle=DARB+EL+ARBA%27IN.+THE+FORTY+DAYS%27+ROAD+%7C+W.+B.+K.+Shaw+%7C+download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fur.booksc.me%2Fbook%2F51463083%2F09c5c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahmy2002" class="citation book cs1">Fahmy, Khaled (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ID7-26p9G78C&q=dysentery"><i>All the Pasha's men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt</i></a>. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774246968" title="Special:BookSources/978-9774246968"><bdi>978-9774246968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Pasha%27s+men%3A+Mehmed+Ali%2C+his+army+and+the+making+of+modern+Egypt&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9774246968&rft.aulast=Fahmy&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DID7-26p9G78C%26q%3Ddysentery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint1977" class="citation book cs1">Flint, John E. (28 January 1977). <i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i>. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521207010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521207010"><bdi>978-0521207010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977-01-28&rft.isbn=978-0521207010&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowafi1985" class="citation book cs1">Mowafi, Reda (1 March 1985). <i>Slavery, Slave Trade and Abolition Attempts in Egypt and the Sudan 1820-1882</i>. Humanities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9124313494" title="Special:BookSources/978-9124313494"><bdi>978-9124313494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+Slave+Trade+and+Abolition+Attempts+in+Egypt+and+the+Sudan+1820-1882&rft.pub=Humanities+Press&rft.date=1985-03-01&rft.isbn=978-9124313494&rft.aulast=Mowafi&rft.aufirst=Reda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavery_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">Slavery in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Turkey" title="Slavery in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavery_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavery_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&oldid=1259893294">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&oldid=1259893294</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Category:Slavery in Egypt">Slavery in 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