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Undang-undang - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber_utama_undang-undang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_utama_undang-undang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sumber utama undang-undang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_utama_undang-undang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_yang_utama_di_dunia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_perundangan_yang_utama_di_dunia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sistem perundangan yang utama di dunia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sistem_perundangan_yang_utama_di_dunia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sistem perundangan yang utama di dunia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_yang_utama_di_dunia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_Common_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_perundangan_Common_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sistem perundangan Common Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_Common_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_sivil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_perundangan_sivil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sistem perundangan sivil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_sivil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_adat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_perundangan_adat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sistem perundangan adat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_adat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_agama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_perundangan_agama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sistem perundangan agama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_agama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_Sosialis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_perundangan_Sosialis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sistem perundangan Sosialis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_perundangan_Sosialis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badan_undang-undang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badan_undang-undang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Badan undang-undang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Badan_undang-undang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Badan undang-undang</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Badan_undang-undang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undang-undang_khusus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undang-undang_khusus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Undang-undang khusus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undang-undang_khusus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undang-undang_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undang-undang_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Undang-undang umum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undang-undang_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undang-undang_prosedur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undang-undang_prosedur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Undang-undang prosedur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undang-undang_prosedur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undang-undang_antarabangsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undang-undang_antarabangsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Undang-undang antarabangsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undang-undang_antarabangsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falsafah_perundangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falsafah_perundangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Falsafah perundangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falsafah_perundangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antropologi_undang-undang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antropologi_undang-undang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Antropologi undang-undang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antropologi_undang-undang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amalan_undang-undang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amalan_undang-undang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Amalan undang-undang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amalan_undang-undang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salah_faham_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salah_faham_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Salah faham umum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Salah_faham_umum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Salah faham umum</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Salah_faham_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keadilan_disamakan_dengan_undang-undang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keadilan_disamakan_dengan_undang-undang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Keadilan disamakan dengan undang-undang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keadilan_disamakan_dengan_undang-undang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undang-undang_dibuat_oleh_peguam_atau_undang-undang_boleh_diubah_oleh_peguam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undang-undang_dibuat_oleh_peguam_atau_undang-undang_boleh_diubah_oleh_peguam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Undang-undang dibuat oleh peguam atau undang-undang boleh diubah oleh peguam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undang-undang_dibuat_oleh_peguam_atau_undang-undang_boleh_diubah_oleh_peguam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidak_memahami_dan_seterusnya_tidak_dapat_membezakan_undang-undang_bersifat_substantif_dengan_undang-undang_bersifat_prosedural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidak_memahami_dan_seterusnya_tidak_dapat_membezakan_undang-undang_bersifat_substantif_dengan_undang-undang_bersifat_prosedural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Tidak memahami dan seterusnya tidak dapat membezakan undang-undang bersifat substantif dengan undang-undang bersifat prosedural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidak_memahami_dan_seterusnya_tidak_dapat_membezakan_undang-undang_bersifat_substantif_dengan_undang-undang_bersifat_prosedural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemenangan_dan_kekalahan_sesuatu_kes_di_mahkamah_ditentukan_semata-mata_oleh_peguam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemenangan_dan_kekalahan_sesuatu_kes_di_mahkamah_ditentukan_semata-mata_oleh_peguam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Kemenangan dan kekalahan sesuatu kes di mahkamah ditentukan semata-mata oleh peguam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemenangan_dan_kekalahan_sesuatu_kes_di_mahkamah_ditentukan_semata-mata_oleh_peguam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apabila_seseorang_itu_didakwa_di_mahkamah_(terutama_di_dalam_kes_jenayah)_maka_orang_itu_adalah_bersalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apabila_seseorang_itu_didakwa_di_mahkamah_(terutama_di_dalam_kes_jenayah)_maka_orang_itu_adalah_bersalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Apabila seseorang itu didakwa di mahkamah (terutama di dalam kes jenayah) maka orang itu adalah bersalah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apabila_seseorang_itu_didakwa_di_mahkamah_(terutama_di_dalam_kes_jenayah)_maka_orang_itu_adalah_bersalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perlembagaan_di_Negara_Lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perlembagaan_di_Negara_Lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Perlembagaan di Negara Lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perlembagaan_di_Negara_Lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_selanjutnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_selanjutnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bacaan selanjutnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_selanjutnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Undang-undang</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 184 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg" title="Reg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ሕግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሕግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreito" title="Dreito – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dreito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܩܢܘܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܢܘܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Իրաւունք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրաւունք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%AAt" title="Drêt – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Drêt" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechu" title="Derechu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derechu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoiterape" title="Tekoiterape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoiterape" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCquq" title="Hüquq – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüquq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="حوقوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حوقوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0r%C3%ACya" title="Sàrìya – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Sàrìya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="আইন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-lu%CC%8Dt" title="Hoat-lu̍t – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-lu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Hukum" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D2%A1%D1%83%D2%A1" title="Хоҡуҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хоҡуҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Права – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Права" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Права – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Права" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कानून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कानून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley" title="Ley – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ley" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྲིམས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲིམས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo" title="Pravo – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pravo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwir_(lezenn)" title="Gwir (lezenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwir (lezenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хуули – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хуули" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dret" title="Dret – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dret" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamalaod" title="Pamalaod – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pamalaod" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2%C4%95%C3%A7-%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA" title="Тивĕç-ирĕк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тивĕç-ирĕк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vo" title="Právo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Právo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai" title="Lai – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Lai" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutemo" title="Mutemo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutemo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drittu" title="Drittu – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Drittu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfraith" title="Cyfraith – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfraith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura" title="Jura – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jura" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95igus" title="Õigus – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Δίκαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίκαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Law" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Права – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Права" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juro" title="Juro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechu" title="Derechu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Derechu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzenbide" title="Zuzenbide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzenbide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuun" title="Kanuun – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kanuun" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit" title="Droit – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjocht" title="Rjocht – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rjocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirit" title="Dirit – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Dirit" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%AD" title="Dlí – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh" title="Leigh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Leigh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C4%81fono" title="Tulāfono – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tulāfono" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagh" title="Lagh – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lagh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito" title="Dereito – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fap-li%CC%8Dt" title="Fap-li̍t – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fap-li̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95" title="법 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doka" title="Doka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Doka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Իրավունք – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="विधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo" title="Pravo – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurocienco" title="Yurocienco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yurocienco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linteg" title="Linteg – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Linteg" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecto" title="Derecto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Derecto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure" title="Jure – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jure" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Барад – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Барад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umthetho" title="Umthetho – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umthetho" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umthetho" title="Umthetho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umthetho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6gfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Lögfræði – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lögfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto" title="Diritto – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="דין – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukum" title="Ukum – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ukum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾನೂನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾನೂನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Хакъ – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Хакъ" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სამართალი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამართალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құқық – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құқық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagha" title="Lagha – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lagha" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Укук – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Укук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sheria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D3%A7%D0%B4" title="Инӧд – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Инӧд" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwa_(dwa)" title="Lwa (dwa) – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lwa (dwa)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drw%C3%A8" title="Drwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Drwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dad" title="Dad – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirito" title="Dirito – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dirito" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ກົດໝາຍ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກົດໝາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ius" title="Ius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieslietas" title="Tieslietas – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tieslietas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit" title="Droit – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Droit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97" title="Teisė – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto" title="Diritto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Diritto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rech" title="Rech – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rech" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9bi-bos%C3%A9mbo" title="Zébi-bosémbo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zébi-bosémbo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lege" title="Lege – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lege" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/flalu" title="flalu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="flalu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jog" title="Jog – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कानून – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कानून" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal%C3%A0na_(mitovy_fanoratra)" title="Lalàna (mitovy fanoratra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lalàna (mitovy fanoratra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="നിയമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dritt" title="Dritt – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Dritt" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ture" title="Ture – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ture" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="कायदा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कायदा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სამართალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სამართალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hukum" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-l%C5%ADk" title="Huák-lŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-lŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreito" title="Dreito – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Dreito" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Эрх зүй – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрх зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1" title="ဥပဒေ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥပဒေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lawa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="कानून – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कानून" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6)" title="法 (法学) – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="法 (法学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Бакъо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бакъо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocht" title="Rocht – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rocht" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov_og_rett" title="Lov og rett – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lov og rett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%C3%A9" title="Loué – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Loué" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drech" title="Drech – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Drech" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huquq" title="Huquq – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Huquq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਾਨੂੰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਨੂੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قنون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قنون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Derecho" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laa" title="Laa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Laa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B" title="ច្បាប់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ច្បាប់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lej" title="Lej – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lej" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristeree" title="Juristeree – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Juristeree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo" title="Prawo – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito" title="Direito – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huq%C4%B1q" title="Huqıq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Huqıq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drept" title="Drept – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drept" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiqa" title="Chiqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chiqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Төрүн – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Төрүн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hulic" title="hulic – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hulic" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deretu" title="Deretu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Deretu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Law" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya" title="Gaya – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Gaya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligji" title="Ligji – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ligji" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liggi" title="Liggi – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liggi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="නීතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නීතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objekt%C3%ADvne_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Objektívne právo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Objektívne právo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo" title="Pravo – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pravo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharci" title="Sharci – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sharci" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="یاسا – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo" title="Pravo – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pravo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum" title="Hukum – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hukum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juridik" title="Juridik – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Juridik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batas" title="Batas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Хокук – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хокук" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="చట్టం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చట్టం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="กฎหมาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎหมาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%E1%BA%ADt_ph%C3%A1p" title="Luật pháp – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luật pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%83%D2%9B" title="Ҳуқуқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуқуқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo" title="Lo – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lo" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%BF%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuk" title="Hukuk – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hukuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmara" title="Mmara – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mmara" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Право – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Право" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="قانون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قانون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faplwd" title="Faplwd – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Faplwd" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derito" title="Derito – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Derito" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detik" title="Detik – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Detik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="法律" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaud" title="Balaud – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balaud" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawu" title="Nawu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Nawu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A5" title="געזעץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געזעץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92fin" title="Òfin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òfin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法律" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1quq" title="Hıquq – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hıquq" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recht" title="Recht – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Recht" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97" title="Teisė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Teisė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A8t" title="Wèt – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wèt" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhum" title="Uhum – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Uhum" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Undang-undang" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Undang-undang" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Undang-undang"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Undang-undang"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Undang-undang" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Undang-undang" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;oldid=6215993" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&amp;page=Undang-undang&amp;id=6215993&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUndang-undang"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUndang-undang"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Undang-undang"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Undang-undang&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Law" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7748" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Bagi bentuk peraturan ini yang diguna pakai sah bernama sedemikian, lihat <a href="/wiki/Perundangan" title="Perundangan">perundangan</a>.</div> <table class="box-Tambah_nota_kaki plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tambah_nota_kaki" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Rencana ini mempunyai senarai <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Memetik_sumber" title="Wikipedia:Memetik sumber">rujukan</a> umum, tetapi <b>kekurangan nota kaki pada <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Memetik_sumber#Petikan_dalam_baris" title="Wikipedia:Memetik sumber">pada kenyataan yang dipetik</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Sila bantu memperbaiki rencana ini dengan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pengesahan" title="Wikipedia:Pengesahan">memasukkan</a> petikan yang lebih tepat.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" class="extiw" title="en:Help:Maintenance template removal">Ketahui cara dan masa untuk membuang pesanan templat ini</a>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg/240px-Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg/360px-Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg/480px-Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stela (laman tidak wujud)">Stela</a> Raja <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> menunjukan berhala Mesir purba <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> membawa <a href="/wiki/Kod_Hammurabi" title="Kod Hammurabi">kod undang-undang</a> kepada raja.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Undang-undang</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>:&#32;<span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">&#8207;<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5953951">.mw-parser-output .script-Adlm{font-family:"Noto Sans Adlam"}.mw-parser-output .script-Aghb{font-family:"Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ahom{font-family:"Noto Serif Ahom"}.mw-parser-output .script-Arab{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh",Harmattan,"Arabic Typesetting","Traditional Arabic","Simplified Arabic","Times New Roman",Arial,"Sakkal Majalla","Microsoft Uighur",Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif}.mw-parser-output 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.script-en-Latf{font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Latg{font-family:Duibhlinn,Ceanannas,Corcaigh,Bunchló,"Bunchló Ársa GC","Bunchlo Arsa GC",Gaelic,Gadelica,Junicode,Cardo}.mw-parser-output .script-Latn{font-family:"Palemonas MUFI","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Garamond Libre","Cormorant Garamond","Cormorant","Cardo","ETBookOT","ETBembo","Junicode","Andron Freefont LAT","PFEFFER MEDIÆVAL","Open Baskerville","Adobe Garamond Pro","Adobe Caslon Pro","Baskerville Ten","Garamond","serif"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Antioch Bible","Serto 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125%;">اوندڠ٢</span>&#8206;</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>&#8206;</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_bahasa_Inggeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a>: <i lang="en">law</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: en is deprecated </span>) dalam <a href="/wiki/Politik" title="Politik">politik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perundangan" title="Perundangan">perundangan</a>, merupakan satu sistem peraturan atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Norma (laman tidak wujud)">norma</a> yang cuba diikuti oleh ahli-ahli <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">masyarakat</a>. Biasanya ini adalah peraturan sesuatu <a href="/wiki/Negara" class="mw-disambig" title="Negara">negara</a>. Jika peraturan-peraturan ini dilanggar, orang yang melanggar peraturan tersebut mungkin dihukum atau didenda oleh <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah" title="Mahkamah">mahkamah</a>. Peraturan ini biasanya dibuat oleh pemerintah negara tersebut supaya rakyatnya boleh hidup, bekerja dan bersosial antara satu sama lain. Kadangkala, undang-undang juga dibuat oleh sekumpulan orang yang berfikiran sama. </p><p>Undang-undang secara lazimnya ditadbir oleh suatu sistem <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah" title="Mahkamah">mahkamah</a> dimana <a href="/wiki/Hakim" title="Hakim">hakim</a> (kadangkala dengan bantuan juri atau lay magistrate) mendengar pertikaian diantara pihak, dan mengaplikasi satu set peraturan untuk memastikan satu keputusan yang adil. Cara dimana undang-undang ditadbir dipanggil <b>sistem perundangan</b>, yang lazimnya berkembang mengikut adat-adat sendiri sesebuah negara. </p><p>Kebanyakan negara mengharapkan <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Penguatkuasaan_undang-undang" title="Penguatkuasaan undang-undang">menguatkuasakan undang-undang</a>. Pegawai polis lazimnya harus terlatih dalam penguatkuasaan undang-undang sebelum mereka dibenarkan melakukan sesuatu dibawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warna_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Warna undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">warna undang-undang</a>, untuk mengeluarkan amaran berbentuk undang-undang dan petikan, untuk mengarahkan satu pencarian atau apa-apa lagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waran_(undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Waran (undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">waran</a> membuat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penangkapan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penangkapan (laman tidak wujud)">penangkapan</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengamal_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengamal undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Pengamal undang-undang</a> lazimnya mesti mendapat latihan secara professional dalam undang-undang sebelum mereka dibenarkan mewakili satu pihak dalam satu mahkamah undang-undang, merangka dokumen undang-undang, atau memberi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan_guaman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan guaman (laman tidak wujud)">bantuan guaman</a>.<br /><br /><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sumber_utama_undang-undang">Sumber utama undang-undang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber utama undang-undang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber utama undang-undang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Negara" class="mw-disambig" title="Negara">negara</a> di dunia, undang-undang yang tertinggi ialah dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Akta_Parlimen" title="Akta Parlimen">Akta Parlimen</a>. Di peringkat kerajaan negeri dan tempatan pula terdapat undang-undang seperti <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_negeri" title="Undang-undang negeri">undang-undang negeri</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_kecil" title="Undang-undang kecil">undang-undang kecil</a>. Di bawahnya pula ialah satu sumber undang-undang yang dikenali sebagai "Common Law" yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> dan lazimnya digunakan di negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Komanwel" title="Komanwel">Komanwel</a>. Selain itu, di negara-negara Islam terdapat pula undang-undang <a href="/wiki/Syariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Syariah">syariah</a> berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Al-Quran" title="Al-Quran">Al-Quran</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis">hadis</a>. Sumber undang-undang yang lain termasuklah <a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">adat</a> istiadat dan <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistem_perundangan_yang_utama_di_dunia">Sistem perundangan yang utama di dunia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sistem perundangan yang utama di dunia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sistem perundangan yang utama di dunia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem-sistem_perundangan_dunia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem-sistem perundangan dunia (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem-sistem perundangan dunia</a></i> </p><p>Terdapat beberapa sistem undang-undang di dunia, di antaranya ialah: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_perundangan_Common_Law">Sistem perundangan Common Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Sistem perundangan Common Law" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sistem perundangan Common Law"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></i> </p><p>Sistem perundangan Common Law adalah tradisi Inggeris berdasarkan keputusan-keputusan mahkamah yang dulu mengikat kes-kes seterusnya dengan pengamalan doktrin <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a>. Perlulah difahami bahawa istilah Common Law adalah istilah teknikal dan bukan merujuk kepada makna literal. Sistem ini sekarang diamalkan di <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> (tidak termasuk Quebec), dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>) (negeri Louisiana menggunakan kedua-dua common law dan sistem perundangan sivil Napoleon). Sebagai tambahan, negara-negara lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> beroperasi berdasarkan campuran common law dengan undang-undang adat istiadat dan agama tempatan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_perundangan_sivil">Sistem perundangan sivil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Sistem perundangan sivil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sistem perundangan sivil"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_perundangan_sivil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem perundangan sivil (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem perundangan sivil</a></i> </p><p>Sistem perundangan sivil adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_berkod&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang berkod (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang berkod</a> yang mengunakan satu sistem peraturan komprehensif yang diaplikasi dan ditafsir oleh para hakim. Ia merupakan sistem perundangan yang paling meluas pengamalannya di seluruh dunia dengan 60% daripada penduduk dunia menduduki negara yang ditadbir oleh sistem perundangan sivil. </p><p>Apabila undang-undang sivil dirujuk sebagai sistem perundangan, maka konsepnya perlulah dibezakan dengan istilah undang-undang sivil (yang merujuk kepada jenis undang-undang)di dalam sesebuah negara.Sistem perundangan sivil adalah merujuk kepada sistem perundangan yang berasal daripada sistem perundangan Roman. Sistem perundangan ini diamalkan di kebanyakan negara Eropah. Manakala istilah undang-undang sivil (yang bukan merujuk kepada sistem) adalah merupakan undang-undang yang mengawal kegiatan sivil sesebuah masyarakat seperti undang-undang kontrak, undang-undang tanah dan sebagainya. Selalunya undang-undang yang mengawal kegiatan sivil sesebuah masyarakat dibezakan dengan undang-undang jenayah. </p><p>Pembezaan paling ketara sistem perundangan sivil dengan common law adalah bahawa secara lazimnya, hanya enakmen legislatif adalah mengikat dari segi undang-undang, tetapi bukan kes-kes duluan, kecualilah satu perkara yang serupa telah diputuskan oleh mahkamah yang lebih agung. Tetapi sebagai satu pengamalan yang praktikal, mahkamah-mahkamah biasanya mengikut keputusan mereka yang lalu. Tambahan pula, dalam sesetengah sistem perundangan sivil (sebagai contoh di <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>), tulisan para cendakiawan undang-undang mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat keatas mahkamah-mahkamah. </p><p>Dalam kebanyakan bidang kuasa pusat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_khusus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang khusus (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang khusus</a> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodifikasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodifikasi (laman tidak wujud)">kodifikasi</a> dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_sivil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod sivil (laman tidak wujud)">kod sivil</a>, tetapi di sesetengah bidang seperti di <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, mereka tidak pula dikodifikasikan. Sistem perundangan sivil sebagaimana dinotakan diatas mempunyai asas dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_Rom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang Rom (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang Rom</a>, yang diamalkan oleh para cendakiawan dan mahkamah daripada <a href="/wiki/Zaman_pertengahan_Eropah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman pertengahan Eropah">zaman pertengahan Eropah</a>. Kebanyakan sistem moden kini berbalik kepada gerakan kodifikasi abad ke-19. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_sivil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod sivil (laman tidak wujud)">Kod sivil</a> ramai negara, terutama bekas jajahan Perancis dan Sepanyol menyerupai <i><a href="/wiki/Kod_Napoleon" title="Kod Napoleon">Code Napoléon</a></i> dalam sesetengah hal tetapi tidak untuk kawasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eropah_timur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eropah timur (laman tidak wujud)">Eropah timur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eropah_tengah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eropah tengah (laman tidak wujud)">Eropah tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> dan negara-negara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_timur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia timur (laman tidak wujud)">Asia timur</a>. Dinotakan juga bahawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (laman tidak wujud)">BGB</a> Jerman diolah daripada undang-undang Rom dan tradisi perundangan Jerman sendiri, dan adalah satu pengaruh kepada kod sivil dalam negara lain. </p><p>Kepentingan Code Napoléon tidaklah boleh diperbesarkan kerana ia hanya merangkumi sesetengah cabang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_khusus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang khusus (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang khusus</a>, dimana kod-kod lain pula mentadbir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_koperat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang koperat (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang koperat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_cukai" title="Undang-undang cukai">undang-undang cukai</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_perlembagaan" title="Undang-undang perlembagaan">undang-undang perlembagaan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_perundangan_adat">Sistem perundangan adat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Sistem perundangan adat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sistem perundangan adat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_adat_istiadat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang adat istiadat (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang adat istiadat</a></i> </p><p>Undang-undang adat istiadat adalah sistem perundangan yang telah berkembang mengikut acuannya sendiri dalam sesebuah negara dan telah diadaptasikan mengikut keperluan satu budaya. Notakan juga bahawa undang-undang adat juga boleh relevan dalam bidang kuasa mengikut tradisi perundangan lain dalam bidang atau sesuatu bidang perundangan dimana tiada enakmen legislatif yang wujud. Sebagai contoh, di <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, para cendakiawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_khusus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang khusus (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang khusus</a> sering berkata bahawa undang-undang adat terus wujud, manakala cendakiawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_umum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang umum (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang umum</a> mempertikaikan dakwaan ini. Walau bagaimanapun, mencari contoh yang relaven dari segi praktikal adalah susah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_perundangan_agama">Sistem perundangan agama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Sistem perundangan agama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sistem perundangan agama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_agama" title="Undang-undang agama">Undang-undang agama</a></i> </p><p>Ramai negara mendasarkan sistem perundangan mereka yang berkait agama keatas kawalan agama itu sendiri, sebagai contoh ajaran dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a> yang didasarkan <a href="/wiki/Agama_Yahudi" title="Agama Yahudi">agama Yahudi</a>. Sistem yang paling dominan yang berbentuk begini adalah <a href="/wiki/Syariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Syariah">Syariah</a> atau undang-undang Islam. Pada hari ini, undang-undang ini hidup dalam bentuk yang paling tulen hanyalah di <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a> akan tetapi negara-negara Islam lainnya juga mengamalkan ia dengan campuran sistem perundangan lain, sebagai contoh <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> mengaplikasi sesetengahnya dalam perihal seperti perceraian dan pembahagian harta. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halakha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Halakha (laman tidak wujud)">Halakha</a> atau undang-undang Yahudi diikuti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Yahudi_Orthodoks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama Yahudi Orthodoks (laman tidak wujud)">pengikut orthodoks</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_Yahudi_Konservatif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama Yahudi Konservatif (laman tidak wujud)">pengikut konservatif</a> Yahudi (dalam bentuk berbeza mengikut mazhab) dengan berkait kedua-dua segi agama disamping segi sivil. Akan tetapi berbeza dengan <a href="/wiki/Syariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Syariah">Syariah</a>, tiada negara di dunia kini yang mengamalkan undang-undang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halakha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Halakha (laman tidak wujud)">Halakha</a> dengan sepenuhnya, termasuklah <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> sendiri. </p><p>Pada peringkat yang lebih kecil, masih ada kawasan di dunia ini yang mengamalkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_Kanun_(Gereja_Katolik)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang Kanun (Gereja Katolik) (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang kanun</a> yang diikuti penganut <a href="/wiki/Katolik" title="Katolik">Katolik</a> serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglican (laman tidak wujud)">Anglican</a> dan satu sistem perundangan yang serupa diamalkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gereja_Orthodoks_Timur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gereja Orthodoks Timur (laman tidak wujud)">Gereja Orthodoks Timur</a>. Tetapi, undang-undang kanun Kristian hari ini berkait dengan agama sahaja, tidak seperti Syariah yang merangkumi segala aspek kehidupan seperti harta, kontrak, hubungan perdagangan dan perlindungan ganti rugi) serta undang-undang pentadbiran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_perundangan_Sosialis">Sistem perundangan Sosialis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Sistem perundangan Sosialis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sistem perundangan Sosialis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_Sosialis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang Sosialis (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang Sosialis</a></i> </p><p>Sistem perundangan Sosialis (kadangkala dirujuk sebagai sistem perundangan Komunis) pula telah diamalkan di kebanyakan negara-negara komunis seperti bekas Kesatuan Republik Sosialis Soviet dan China akan tetapi sama seperti ideologinya semakin pudar dan lenyap ketulenannya. Kedua negara yang disebut ini kini lebih cenderung kepada perundangan sivil seperti kebanyakan negara lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Badan_undang-undang">Badan undang-undang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Badan undang-undang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Badan undang-undang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam istilah yang paling meluas, badan undang-undang boleh di bahagikan diatas dasar dimana siapakah pihak-pihak kepada satu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tindakan_(undang-undang)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tindakan (undang-undang) (laman tidak wujud)">tindakan</a>. Adalah hanya untuk bidang perundangan yang kelihatan berbeza mempunyai pertindanan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undang-undang_khusus">Undang-undang khusus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang khusus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Undang-undang khusus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_khusus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang khusus (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang khusus</a></i> </p><p>Cabang undang-undang khusus dalam satu sistem perundangan merangkumi undang-undang yang mengawal pertikaian antara individu peribadi (bukan negara). Cabang ini adalah cabang paling komprehensif undang-undang kerana berkait dengan semua kecederaan bukan jenayah yang dilakukan oleh seseorang kepada orang yang lain. Undang-undang khusus boleh merujuk kepada undang-undang sivil, tetapi tidak boleh dikelirukan dengan sistem perundangan sivil yang diamalkan ramai negara. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_antarabangsa_khusus" title="Undang-undang antarabangsa khusus">Undang-undang antarabangsa khusus</a> adalah lanjutan pertikaian diantara individu yang merentasi persempadanan. Ia merangkumi kesemua <a href="/wiki/Kontrak" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> perdagangan seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bil-bil_muatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bil-bil muatan (laman tidak wujud)">bil-bil muatan</a> (untuk <a href="/wiki/Perkapalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkapalan">perkapalan</a>) dan hak-hak individu seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warisan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Warisan (laman tidak wujud)">warisan</a> harta. Elemen penting undang-undang antarabangsa khusus masih belum dikodifikasikan (sebagai contoh lex situs tempat wajar pemilikan harta) tetapi telah diiktiraf pelbagai negara dengan itu masih wujud sebagai undang-undang adat. </p><p>Apabila tafsiran undang-undang antarabangsa khusus berlainan antara bidang-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidang_kuasa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidang kuasa (laman tidak wujud)">bidang kuasa</a>, muncullah <a href="/wiki/Konflik_undang-undang" class="mw-redirect" title="Konflik undang-undang">konflik undang-undang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undang-undang_umum">Undang-undang umum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Undang-undang umum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_umum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang umum (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang umum</a></i> </p><p>Cabang undang-undang umum, secara umumnya, adalah undang-undang dalam suatu sistem perundangan yang merangkumi organisasi undang-undang pelbagai cabang kerajaan dan institusi-institusi negara, disamping pertikaian diantara negara dan individu peribadi yang bermastautin dalam negara berkenaan. Negara boleh membawa tindakan undang-undang keatas orang untuk <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_jenayah" title="Undang-undang jenayah">perbuatan jenayah</a> mereka, disamping pelanggaran undang-undang regulasi. Undang-undang umum boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga kategori; undang-undang Pentadbiran, Perlembagaan dan Jenayah. </p><p>Berdasarkan prinsip yang sama, individu juga boleh menyaman kerajaan untuk sebarang kesalahan yang ia timbulkan keatasnya. Ini termasuklah dasar pelanggaran regulasi, <a href="/wiki/Legislasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislasi">legislasi</a> dalam perkara yang tidak menjadi bidang mereka, atau pelanggaran hak seseorang individu. Poin kedua-dua yang akhir ini biasanya diberi perlindungan dibawah <a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan" title="Perlembagaan">perlembagaan</a> satu negara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undang-undang_prosedur">Undang-undang prosedur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang prosedur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Undang-undang prosedur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_prosidur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang prosidur (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang prosidur</a></i> </p><p>Undang-undang prosedur mengenai kawasan perundangan yang berkait proses undang-undang. Ini merangkumi sesiapa yang boleh mendapat akses kepada sistem kehakiman, bagaimana suatu bantahan dihantar, dan apakah hak-hak pihak yang terlibat. Secara lazimnya, ini dibawah dalam suatu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_prosidur_sivil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod prosidur sivil (laman tidak wujud)">kod prosidur sivil</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_prosidur_jenayah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod prosidur jenayah (laman tidak wujud)">kod prosidur jenayah</a> sesuatu negara. Akan tetapi ini juga merangkumi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukti_(undang-undang)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukti (undang-undang) (laman tidak wujud)">bukti</a> yang menentukan apakah cara yang boleh digunakan untuk membuktikan fakta, disamping undang-undang berkenaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganti_rugi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganti rugi (laman tidak wujud)">ganti rugi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undang-undang_antarabangsa">Undang-undang antarabangsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang antarabangsa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Undang-undang antarabangsa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_antarabangsa" title="Undang-undang antarabangsa">Undang-undang antarabangsa</a></i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_antarabangsa" title="Undang-undang antarabangsa">Undang-undang antarabangsa</a> adalah undang-undang berkenaan antara <a href="/wiki/Negara_(politik)" title="Negara (politik)">negara</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Individu" title="Individu">individu</a>-individu negara-negara berasingan, atau <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_antarabangsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasi antarabangsa">organisasi antarabangsa</a>. Kedua-dua sumber utama cabang ini adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_adat_istiadat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang adat istiadat (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang adat istiadat</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Triti (laman tidak wujud)">triti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Falsafah_perundangan">Falsafah perundangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Falsafah perundangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Falsafah perundangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_perundangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Falsafah perundangan (laman tidak wujud)">Falsafah perundangan</a></i> </p><p>Falsafah perundangan adalah satu cabang <a href="/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah">falsafah</a> yang mengkaji persoalan asas mengenai undang-undang dan sistem perundangan seperti "Apakah itu undang-undang?", "Apakah kriteria untuk pengesahan undang-undang?", "Apakah perhubungan diantara moraliti dan undang-undang?" dan persoalan-persoalan serupa lain. </p><p>Dalam tradisi Barat terdapat beberapa sekolah pemikiran tentang asas falsafah undang-undang. Pertamanya, terdapat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_semulajadi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang semulajadi (laman tidak wujud)">undang-undang semulajadi</a>, yang cuba untuk menerangkan undang-undang sebagai satu kualiti yang berada dalam manusia yang dianugerahkan oleh alam. Kedua, terdapat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivisme (laman tidak wujud)">positivisme</a> yang mempercayai bahawa undang-undang hanyalah seratus-peratus ciptaan manusia yang digunakan masyarakat untuk menjaga keamanan sosial. Ketiganya terdapat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Realisme_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Realisme undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">realisme undang-undang</a> yang mempercayai bahawa undang-undang adalah satu peraturan yang dikenakan sesuka hati, berdasarkan kepercayaan dan kecenderungan para hakim sahaja. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretasisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretasisme (laman tidak wujud)">Intepretasisme undang-undang</a> adalah satu teori kontemporari undang-undang yang berlainan daripada positivisme dan undang-undang semulajadi. Tradisi Timur juga mempunyai falsafah perundangan tersendiri seperti <a href="/wiki/Legalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalisme">legalisme</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antropologi_undang-undang">Antropologi undang-undang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Antropologi undang-undang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Antropologi undang-undang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Maruah" title="Maruah">Maruah</a></i> </p><p>Undang-undang mempunyai satu dimensi <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologi</a>. Ia telah diiktiraf ahli falsafah <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> bahawa sehingga sekarang, undang-undang dibentuk oleh masyarakat yang diperintahnya. Satu kontinum dimana pelbagai masyarakat boleh diletak membezakan "budaya undang-undang" dengan "budaya <a href="/wiki/Maruah" title="Maruah">maruah</a>". Untuk mempunyai satu <a href="/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya">budaya</a> undang-undang, masyarakat mesti berada dalam satu keadaan dimana ada satu kerajaan wujud yang penguasaannya adalah susah untuk dielak serta diiktiraf sebagai sah. Orang perseorangan mengambil pertikaian mereka kepada kerajaan dan agen mereka untuk penyelesaian. Keadaan ini dibezakan dengan budaya maruah dimana kepatuhan kepada hak dan barangan orang lain didasarkan ketakutan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balas_dendam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balas dendam (laman tidak wujud)">balas dendam</a> yang mungkin menimpa mereka sekiranya mereka bertindak melanggarinya. </p><p>Budaya undang-undang mesti dijagai. Ia boleh menghilang dengan kepatuhan terhadap undang-undang yang beransur-ansur lenyap, yang berlaku sekiranya kerajaan terlalu lemah untuk menguatkuasakannya, ataupun larangan ketat yang cuba menghampuskan amalan-amalan yang telah sekian lama wujud dalam budaya atau <a href="/wiki/Subbudaya" title="Subbudaya">subbudaya</a> satu masyarakat (sebagai contoh, pengamalan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dowri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dowri (laman tidak wujud)">dowri</a> di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>). Apabila satu budaya undang-undang lenyap, ada kemungkinan besar budaya <a href="/wiki/Maruah" title="Maruah">maruah</a> naik menggantikannya. </p><p>Perbezaan diantara budaya undang-undang dan budaya maruah adalah bersifat antropologi; ia tidak merangkumi falsafah perundangan atau satu sudut penglihatan dalaman undang-undang. Dalam budaya maruah, kebanyakan orang masih bersetuju bahawa undang-undang "masih wujud". Para ahli falsafah undang-undang juga masih memanggil peraturan-peraturan mereka undang-undang untuk pelbagai tujuan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah undang-undang</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amalan_undang-undang">Amalan undang-undang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Amalan undang-undang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Amalan undang-undang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalan_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalan undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Amalan undang-undang</a> lazimnya dikawal oleh satu organisasi kerajaan atau satu badan regulasi bebas seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_peguam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan peguam (laman tidak wujud)">persatuan peguam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majlis_peguam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Majlis peguam (laman tidak wujud)">majlis peguam</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">persatuan undang-undang</a>. Untuk mengamalkan undang-undang, badan regulasi berkenaan mesti mengesahkan pengamal berkenaan. Biasanya ini memestikan pembelajaran undang-undang selama tiga atau empat tahun di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakulti_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakulti undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">fakulti undang-undang</a> sesebuah universiti atau di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekolah_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekolah undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">sekolah undang-undang</a> bebas. Kemudiannya, pelajar yang tamat pengajian undang-undangnya diberi ijazah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Laws&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bachelor of Laws (laman tidak wujud)">Bachelor of Laws</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachelor_of_Civil_Law&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bachelor of Civil Law (laman tidak wujud)">Bachelor of Civil Law</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juris_Doctor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Juris Doctor (laman tidak wujud)">Juris Doctor</a>. Selepas ini pula satu peperiksaan kemasukan (seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemasukan_bar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemasukan bar (laman tidak wujud)">kemasukan bar</a>) perlu diduduki. Sesetengah negara pula mewajibkan satu lagi kelayakan vokasional sebelum seseorang dibenarkan mengamalkan undang-undang. Dalam kes dimana seseorang ingin menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrister&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrister (laman tidak wujud)">barrister</a>, ini akan bersambungkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijazah_barrister-at-law&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ijazah barrister-at-law (laman tidak wujud)">Ijazah barrister-at-law</a> diikuti oleh pengajaran oleh satu lagi barrister berpengalaman. </p><p>Ijazah undang-undang lajutan juga sering dikejari, walaupun meraka adalah ijazah akademik dan tidak diperlukan untuk pengamalan undang-undang. Ini merangkumi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Master of Laws (laman tidak wujud)">Master of Laws</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Legal_Studies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Master of Legal Studies (laman tidak wujud)">Master of Legal Studies</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Laws&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor of Laws (laman tidak wujud)">Doctor of Laws</a>. </p><p>Selepas diakreditasi, seseorang peguam biasaya akan berkerja di satu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firma_guaman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Firma guaman (laman tidak wujud)">firma guaman</a>, dalam satu <a href="/wiki/Kamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamar">kamar</a> sebagai satu pengamal sendiri, untuk satu kerajaan atau sebagai penasihat satu badan koperat. Satu lagi pilihan adalah untuk menjadi penyelidik undang-undang yang memberi perkhidmatan secara permintaan selidikan undang-undang melalui satu perkhidmatan komesial atau secara bebas. Ramai orang yang terlatih dalam bidang perundangan menggunakan ilmu mereka diluar bidang undang-undang secara keseluruhan. </p><p>Satu komponen signifikan kepada pengamalan undang-undang dalam tradisi common law melibatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyelidikan_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyelidikan undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">penyelidikan undang-undang</a> untuk mengenalpasti situasi perundangan terkini. Ini biasanya merangkumi pencarian dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelopor_(undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelopor (undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">loporan kes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodikal_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodikal undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">periodikal undang-undang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Legislasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislasi">legislasi</a>. Pengamalan undang-undang juga merangkumi penyediaan dokumen seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayuan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rayuan (laman tidak wujud)">rayuan</a> mahkamah, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taklimat_(undang-undang)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Taklimat (undang-undang) (laman tidak wujud)">taklimat</a> yang berpengaruh, <a href="/wiki/Kontrak" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a>, surat-surat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warisan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Warisan (laman tidak wujud)">warisan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_amanah" title="Undang-undang amanah">amanah</a>. Rundingan dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyelesaian_pertikaian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyelesaian pertikaian (laman tidak wujud)">penyelesaian pertikaian</a> juga merupakan sebahagian penting pengamalan undang-undang mengikut bidang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salah_faham_umum">Salah faham umum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Salah faham umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Salah faham umum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keadilan_disamakan_dengan_undang-undang">Keadilan disamakan dengan undang-undang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Keadilan disamakan dengan undang-undang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Keadilan disamakan dengan undang-undang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebahagian masyarakat berpendapat keadilan itu adalah undang-undang dan undang-undang adalah adil. Sebenarnya jika dilihat daripada aspek definisi moden undang-undang, keadilan berbeza dengan undang-undang. </p><p>Idealnya suatu undang-undang itu adalah adil. Namun realitinya undang-undang tidak semestinya adil. Sebagai contoh sesuatu rang undang-undang akan menjadi undang-undang yang sah apabila diluluskan oleh Parlimen. Namun, tidak semestinya undang-undang tersebut akan dirasa adil oleh semua ahli masyarakat. </p><p>Walau bagaimanapun jika dilihat undang-undang daripada falsafah Undang-undang Islam, maka umat Islam yang berpengetahuan percaya bahawa Undang-undang Islam adalah adil kerana ia bersumberkan daripada Allah yang mempunyai sifat adil. Jika ada sebahagian manusia memandang Undang-undang Islam itu sebagai tidak adil, mereka sebenarnya tidak memahami hikmah disebalik Allah menetapkan sesuatu undang-undang Islam tersebut dan bukannya Allah berlaku tidak adil kepada manusia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undang-undang_dibuat_oleh_peguam_atau_undang-undang_boleh_diubah_oleh_peguam">Undang-undang dibuat oleh peguam atau undang-undang boleh diubah oleh peguam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang dibuat oleh peguam atau undang-undang boleh diubah oleh peguam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Undang-undang dibuat oleh peguam atau undang-undang boleh diubah oleh peguam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebahagian ahli masyarakat berdebat dengan peguam dengan mengatakan sesuatu undang-undang itu tidak adil. Perbincangan adalah sesuatu yang baik. Namun ada sampai suatu peringkat sebahagian ahli masyarakat seolah-olah mempersalahkan peguam berkenaan ketidakadilan sesuatu undang-undang seakan-akan persepsi mereka bahawa peguamlah yang membuat undang-undang ataupun peguam boleh mengubah sesuatu undang-undang sekiranya ia tidak adil. </p><p>Seperti yang dinyatakan sebelum ini undang-undang dibuat oleh badan yang membuat undang-undang. Di dalam sistem pemerintahan berparlimen, maka undang-undang dibuat oleh Parlimen. Manakala sebahagian undang-undang dibuat oleh Dewan Undangan Negeri. Ahli-ahli Parlimen dan Dewan Undangan Negeri adalah terdiri daripada ahli-ahli politik yang memenangi pilihanraya sesebuah negara atau negeri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidak_memahami_dan_seterusnya_tidak_dapat_membezakan_undang-undang_bersifat_substantif_dengan_undang-undang_bersifat_prosedural">Tidak memahami dan seterusnya tidak dapat membezakan undang-undang bersifat substantif dengan undang-undang bersifat prosedural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Tidak memahami dan seterusnya tidak dapat membezakan undang-undang bersifat substantif dengan undang-undang bersifat prosedural" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tidak memahami dan seterusnya tidak dapat membezakan undang-undang bersifat substantif dengan undang-undang bersifat prosedural"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada ketikanya seseorang awam berjumpa peguam dan dengan yakin meminta peguam mengeluarkan saman terhadap seseorang lain yang katakanlah telah meminjam wang berjumlah RM10,000.00 tetapi masih gagal membayar pada waktu yang ditetapkan. Orang awam tersebut yakin bahawa dia akan menang kes tuntutannya kerana baginya adalah jelas orang itu meminjam daripadanya dan masih tidak membayar hutang. Namun orang awam tersebut hampa apabila diberitahu oleh peguam bahawa mungkin beliau tidak akan berjaya dengan tuntutan samannya. Kenapa boleh jadi demikian? </p><p>Perkara begini berlaku kerana si orang awam tersebut hanya melihat daripada aspek undang-undang substantif iaitu haknya untuk mendapat wang yang telah ia pinjamkan kepada seseorang dan tanggungjawab seseorang itu untuk membayar balik wang tersebut manakala peguam pula melihat lebih menyeluruh termasuk peluang kejayaan tuntutan tersebut daripada aspek undang-undang prosedural. Sebahagian ahli masyarakat tidak menyedari bahawa terdapat undang-undang prosedur iaitu undang-undang yang mengawal bagaimana membuktikan sesuatu tuntutan seperti undang-undang keterangan dan undang-undang prosedur sivil. Sebagai contoh, sekiranya seseorang itu tidak dapat membuktikan tuntutannya seperti yang dikehendaki oleh undang-undang keterangan, maka seseorang itu mungkin akan gagal di dalam tuntutannya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kemenangan_dan_kekalahan_sesuatu_kes_di_mahkamah_ditentukan_semata-mata_oleh_peguam">Kemenangan dan kekalahan sesuatu kes di mahkamah ditentukan semata-mata oleh peguam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Kemenangan dan kekalahan sesuatu kes di mahkamah ditentukan semata-mata oleh peguam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kemenangan dan kekalahan sesuatu kes di mahkamah ditentukan semata-mata oleh peguam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebahagian masyarakat salah anggap bahawa menang atau kalah sesuatu kes di mahkamah ditentukan semata-mata oleh peguam. Sekiranya menang kes maka peguam yang mengendalikan kes itu dianggap handal. Sehingga ada juga kata-kata negatif (dalam konteks kes jenayah) bahawa peguam melepaskan orang yang telah melakukan kesalahan jenayah. </p><p>Ada pula menyalahkan peguam secara mutlak jika kalah sesuatu kes sehingga boleh membawa kepada kesan negatif yang ekstrem seperti menyebabkan peguam itu dibenci, didendam malah mungkin dibunuh. </p><p>Kedua-dua fahaman tersebut adalah silap. Memang benar peguam akan menggunakan pengetahuan dan kemahirannya untuk memenangi sesuatu kes namun ia masih dalam batas undang-undang. Peguam tidak boleh membuat sesuatu di luar batas undang-undang. Peguam terikat dengan peraturan-peraturan seperti undang-undang keterangan seperti "dengarcakap" (hearsay), "kebolehterimaan keterangan" (admissibility) dan sebagainya. </p><p>Peguam hanya membantu menyampaikan undang-undang dan fakta (melalui saksi-saksi), namun yang membuat keputusan mutlak sama ada seseorang itu menang atau kalah, didapati bersalah atau tidak bersalah adalah terletak pada mahkamah yang membicarakan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apabila_seseorang_itu_didakwa_di_mahkamah_(terutama_di_dalam_kes_jenayah)_maka_orang_itu_adalah_bersalah"><span id="Apabila_seseorang_itu_didakwa_di_mahkamah_.28terutama_di_dalam_kes_jenayah.29_maka_orang_itu_adalah_bersalah"></span>Apabila seseorang itu didakwa di mahkamah (terutama di dalam kes jenayah) maka orang itu adalah bersalah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Apabila seseorang itu didakwa di mahkamah (terutama di dalam kes jenayah) maka orang itu adalah bersalah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Apabila seseorang itu didakwa di mahkamah (terutama di dalam kes jenayah) maka orang itu adalah bersalah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di dalam masyarakat Malaysia secara umumnya, apabila seseorang itu ditangkap dan didakwa, maka sebahagian masyarakat telah menganggap bahawa orang yang didakwa (juga dikenali dengan panggilan "tertuduh") itu adalah bersalah. Sebahagian ahli masyarakat berpendapat demikian dengan menggunakan kaedah logik "simple" yang digambarkan dengan peribahasa Melayu "Takkan pokok bergoyang kalau tiada angin". Maksud peribahasa itu di dalam kes seseorang yang didakwa ialah "takkan orang itu ditangkap dan didakwa kalau dia tidak bersalah". </p><p>Malangnya masyarakat kurang menyedari bahawa seseorang didakwa berdasarkan bukti yang diperolehi pada ketika itu. Namun banyak faktor lain yang perlu dipertimbangkan sebelum seseorang itu disabitkan bersalah oleh mahkamah. Mahkamah perlu menilai banyak faktor lain termasuklah juga adakah tertuduh difitnah, teraniaya dan sebagainya. </p><p>Bayangkanlah sekiranya mahkamah tidak teliti lalu mensabitkan seseorang melakukan kesalahan membunuh orang dengan niat. Maka orang tersebut dijatuhkan hukuman gantung sampai mati. Apakah implikasinya jika setelah orang tersebut digantung, didapati kemudian ada bukti menunjukkan bahawa orang tersebut teraniaya oleh orang lain? Bolehkah nyawa orang yang digantung itu dikembalikan? Itulah di antara sebabnya di dalam kes-kes jenayah, mahkamah amat berhati-hati membicarakan sesuatu kes jenayah dan akan membebaskan tertuduh sekiranya mahkamah berpendapat pihak pendakwa gagal membuktikan kes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350819">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px;padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="dacing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/P_derecho.svg/31px-P_derecho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/P_derecho.svg/47px-P_derecho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/P_derecho.svg/62px-P_derecho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Undang-undang" title="Portal:Undang-undang">Portal Undang-undang </a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_sivil" title="Undang-undang sivil">Undang-undang sivil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_jenayah" title="Undang-undang jenayah">Undang-undang jenayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Senarai 613 undang-undang Bible (Mitzvah)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_Al-Quran_dan_Hadis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang Al-Quran dan Hadis (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang Al-Quran dan Hadis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambaran_keseluruhan_topik_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gambaran keseluruhan topik undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Gambaran keseluruhan topik undang-undang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peguam" title="Peguam">Peguam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_cabang_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai cabang undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai cabang undang-undang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_topik_berkait_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai topik berkait undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai topik berkait undang-undang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_istilah_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai istilah undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai istilah undang-undang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_pakar_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai pakar undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai pakar undang-undang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_penyingkatan_istilah_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai penyingkatan istilah undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai penyingkatan istilah undang-undang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_undang-undang_kes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai undang-undang kes (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai undang-undang kes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_firma_guaman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai firma guaman (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai firma guaman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perlembagaan_di_Negara_Lain">Perlembagaan di Negara Lain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Perlembagaan di Negara Lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perlembagaan di Negara Lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perlembagaan dan undang-undang berbeza di negara yang berbeza. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan_Jepun" title="Perlembagaan Jepun">Perlembagaan Jepun</a> - Perlembagaan yang digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan_Rusia" title="Perlembagaan Rusia">Perlembagaan Rusia</a> - Perlembagaan yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat">Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat</a> - perlembagaan yang digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan_Azerbaijan" title="Perlembagaan Azerbaijan">Perlembagaan Azerbaijan</a> - Perlembagaan yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan_Greek_1844" title="Perlembagaan Greek 1844">Perlembagaan Greek 1844</a> - Perlembagaan yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece">Greece</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Turki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan Turki (laman tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan Turki</a> - Perlembagaan yang digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, contoh: undang-undang keluarga peguam;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_United_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan United Kingdom (laman tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan United Kingdom</a> - perlembagaan yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan_Korea_Utara" title="Perlembagaan Korea Utara">Perlembagaan Korea Utara</a> - Perlembagaan yang digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan_Malaysia" title="Perlembagaan Malaysia">Perlembagaan Malaysia</a> - Perlembagaan yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_selanjutnya">Bacaan selanjutnya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Bacaan selanjutnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bacaan selanjutnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blackstone, William, Sir. <i>An analysis of the laws of England: to which is prefixed an introductory discourse on the study of the law.</i> 3rd ed. Buffalo, N.Y.: W.S. Hein &amp; Co., 189 pp., 1997. (originally published: Oxford&#160;: Clarendon Press, 1758) <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1575884135" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-57588-413-5</a></li> <li>David, René, and John E. C. Brierley. <i>Major Legal Systems in the World Today: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law.</i> 3d ed. London: Stevens, 1985. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0420473408" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-420-47340-8</a>.</li> <li>Ginsburg, Ruth B. <i>A selective survey of English language studies on Scandinavian law.</i> So. Hackensack, N.J.: F. B. Rothman, 53 pp., 1970. OCLC 86068</li> <li>Glenn, H. Patrick <i>Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law</i> 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 432 pp., 2004. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0199260885" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-926088-5</a></li> <li>Iuul, Stig, et al. <i>Scandinavian legal bibliography.</i> Stockholm: Almqvist &amp; Wiksell, 196 pp., 1961. (series: Acta / Instituti Upsaliensis Iurisprudentiae Comparativae; 4) OCLC 2558738</li> <li>Llewellyn, Karl N. &amp; E. Adamson Hoebel. <i>Cheyenne Way: Conflict &amp; Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence.</i> special ed. New York City: Legal Classics Library, 374 pp., 1992. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0806118555" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8061-1855-5</a></li> <li>Nielsen, Sandro. <i>The Bilingual LSP Dictionary. Principles and Practice for Legal language.</i> Tübingeb.: Gunter Narr Verlag, 308 pp., 1994. (series: Forum für Fachsprachen-Forschung; Bd. 24) <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/3823345338" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8233-4533-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/75px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/100px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Wikibooks</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiversity" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a> Wikibooks mempunyai maklumat lanjut mengenai: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikiversity/School_of_Law" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Wikiversity/School of Law">School of Law</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nb.no/baser/schoyen/5/5.4/">Koleksi Schoyen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ausicl.com">Institut Perbandingan antara Sistem Perundangan Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org">WorldLII - Institut Informasi Perundangan Dunia</a></li> <li>Ensiklopedia Falsafah Stanford: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/law-ideology/">Undang-undang dan Ideologi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/law-language/">Undang-undang dan Bahasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.jurispedia.org/">Undang-undang bersama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206133227/http://en.jurispedia.org/">Diarkibkan</a> 2017-12-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurispedia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurispedia (laman tidak wujud)">Jurispedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpig.org">Institusi Undang-undang dan Dasar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verboso.com/law.html">Definasi Undang-undang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619165900/http://www.verboso.com/law.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-06-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Direktori Undang-undang: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a-law.org/">A - Direktori Undang-undang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.utm.my/4469/">Pengenalan Kepada Undang-Undang Tanah</a></li></ul> <table width="85%" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" style="background:#ccccff;" colspan="3"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Undang-undang</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12" width="10%" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/40px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/60px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/80px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="20%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_perundangan_dunia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem perundangan dunia (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem perundangan</a> </th> <td style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a> | <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_sivil_(sistem_perundangan)" title="Undang-undang sivil (sistem perundangan)">Undang-undang sivil</a> | <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_adat" title="Undang-undang adat">Undang-undang adat</a> | <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_agama" title="Undang-undang agama">Undang-undang agama</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_sosialis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang sosialis (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang sosialis</a> | <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_antarabangsa" title="Undang-undang antarabangsa">Undang-undang antarabangsa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Sumber undang-undang </th> <td style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_statut" class="mw-redirect" title="Undang-undang statut">Undang-undang statut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perundangan" title="Perundangan">Perundangan</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_sivil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod sivil (laman tidak wujud)">Kod sivil</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentafsiran_statut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentafsiran statut (laman tidak wujud)">Pentafsiran statut</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_bukan_statut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang bukan statut (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang bukan statut</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adat_(undang-undang)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adat (undang-undang) (laman tidak wujud)">Adat</a> | <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_kes" title="Undang-undang kes">Undang-undang kes</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ekuiti_(undang-undang)" title="Ekuiti (undang-undang)">Ekuiti</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghukuman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" 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tidak wujud)">Undang-undang sivil</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_kewajipan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang kewajipan (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang kewajipan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kontrak" title="Kontrak">Kontrak</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort</a> | <a href="/wiki/Wasiat" title="Wasiat">Wasiat</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegangan_dan_estat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegangan dan estat (laman tidak wujud)">Pegangan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Mahkamah" title="Mahkamah">Mahkamah</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_perseteruan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem perseteruan (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem perseteruan</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_penyiasiatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem penyiasiatan (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem penyiasiatan</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukti_(undang-undang)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukti (undang-undang) (laman tidak wujud)">Bukti</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kehakiman" title="Kehakiman">Kehakiman</a> | <a href="/wiki/Peguam" title="Peguam">Peguam</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_perundangan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Falsafah perundangan (laman tidak wujud)">Falsafah perundangan</a> </th> <td style="font-size:90%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafah_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Falsafah undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Falsafah undang-undang</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_semulajadi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang semulajadi (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang semulajadi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perundangan_positivisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perundangan positivisme (laman tidak wujud)">Perundangan positivisme</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perundangan_formal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perundangan formal (laman tidak wujud)">Perundangan formal</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perundangan_realiti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perundangan realiti (laman tidak wujud)">Perundangan realiti</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penafsiran_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penafsiran undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Penafsiran undang-undang</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_perundangan_feminis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori perundangan feminis (laman tidak wujud)">Teori perundangan feminis</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_dan_ekonomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang dan ekonomi (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang dan ekonomi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengajian_undang-undang_kritikal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengajian undang-undang kritikal (laman tidak wujud)">Pengajian undang-undang kritikal</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbandingan_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbandingan undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Perbandingan undang-undang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="right" style="font-size:90%"><i>Lihat juga:<a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_cabang_undang-undang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai cabang undang-undang (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai cabang undang-undang</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Kawalan_kewibawaan_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" 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