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NASA Spinoff - Tech Briefs

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#000;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:81,101,167;text-decoration:none;background-image:none}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-sm)}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-secondary-color);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.nav-link{display:block;padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color);background:0 0;border:0}.nav-fill .nav-item{flex:1 1 auto;text-align:center}.nav-fill .nav-item .nav-link{width:100%}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 0.65);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 0.8);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 1);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 1);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 1);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%2833, 37, 41, 0.75%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb), 0.15);--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:0.25rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x);background-image:var(--bs-gradient);font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.navbar>.container,.navbar>.container-fluid{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{padding-top:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);padding-bottom:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);margin-right:var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);white-space:nowrap}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-collapse{flex-basis:100%;flex-grow:1;align-items:center}.navbar-toggler{padding:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-navbar-color);background-color:transparent;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius)}@media (min-width:576px){.navbar-expand-sm{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse{display:flex!important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler{display:none}}body:before{display:none}.navbar-dark{--bs-navbar-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);--bs-navbar-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:transparent;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:none}.breadcrumb{display:flex;list-style:none;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:0;--bs-breadcrumb-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg:transparent;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#6c757d;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#6c757d;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-alert-link-color:inherit;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700;color:var(--bs-alert-link-color)}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-primary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-primary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-primary-text-emphasis)}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-secondary-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-secondary-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-secondary-text-emphasis)}.alert-native,.alert-success,.alert-validation{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-success-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-success-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-success-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-success-text-emphasis)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-info-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-info-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-info-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-info-text-emphasis)}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-warning-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-warning-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-warning-text-emphasis)}.alert-danger,.alert-error{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-danger-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-danger-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-danger-text-emphasis)}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-light-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-light-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-light-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-light-text-emphasis)}.alert-cleanup,.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-dark-text-emphasis)}.alert-inverse{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-inverse-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-inverse-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-inverse-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-inverse-text-emphasis)}.alert-navbar{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-navbar-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-navbar-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-navbar-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-text-emphasis)}.alert-navitem{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-navitem-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-navitem-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-navitem-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-navitem-text-emphasis)}.alert-lightgray{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-lightgray-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-lightgray-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-lightgray-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-lightgray-text-emphasis)}.alert-advertising,.alert-color-indigo{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-indigo-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-indigo-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-indigo-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-indigo-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-cyan,.alert-notice{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-cyan-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-cyan-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-cyan-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-cyan-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-blue,.alert-criticalcss{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-blue-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-blue-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-blue-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-blue-text-emphasis)}.alert-cache,.alert-color-orange{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-orange-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-orange-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-orange-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-orange-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-red{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-red-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-red-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-red-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-red-text-emphasis)}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-color-yellow{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-yellow-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-yellow-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-yellow-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-yellow-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-teal,.alert-topic{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-teal-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-teal-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-teal-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-teal-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-green{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-green-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-green-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-green-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-green-text-emphasis)}.alert-cloudinary,.alert-color-pink{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-pink-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-pink-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-pink-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-pink-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-black{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-black-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-black-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-black-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-black-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-white{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-white-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-white-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-white-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-white-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-gray{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-gray-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-gray-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-gray-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-gray-text-emphasis)}.alert-color-gray-dark{--bs-alert-color:var(--bs-color-gray-dark-text-emphasis);--bs-alert-bg:var(--bs-color-gray-dark-bg-subtle);--bs-alert-border-color:var(--bs-color-gray-dark-border-subtle);--bs-alert-link-color:var(--bs-color-gray-dark-text-emphasis)}.btn-close{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color);--bs-btn-close-color:#000000;--bs-btn-close-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-btn-close-opacity:0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity:0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(50, 74, 152, 0.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity:1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity:0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter:invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;background:var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity)}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex:1055;--bs-modal-width:500px;--bs-modal-padding:1rem;--bs-modal-margin:0.5rem;--bs-modal-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-modal-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius-lg);--bs-modal-box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius:calc(var(--bs-border-radius-lg) - (var(--bs-border-width)));--bs-modal-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding:1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-modal-title-line-height:1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap:0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin)}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transform:translate(0,-50px)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-modal-border-radius);box-shadow:var(--bs-modal-box-shadow);outline:0}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color);border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius)}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}@media (min-width:576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin:1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-offcanvas-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-offcanvas-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-offcanvas-title-line-height:1.5;position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(-100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*.5);margin:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)) calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)) calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)) auto}.offcanvas-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-offcanvas-title-line-height)}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);overflow-y:auto}.fixed-top{position:fixed;right:0;left:0;z-index:1030;top:0}.float-end{float:right!important}.object-fit-contain{-o-object-fit:contain!important;object-fit:contain!important}.d-inline-block{display:inline-block!important}.d-block{display:block!important}.d-flex{display:flex!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.position-relative{position:relative!important}.w-50{width:50%!important}.w-75{width:75%!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.flex-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.align-content-center{align-content:center!important}.mx-0{margin-right:0!important;margin-left:0!important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}.my-1,.navbar-side-item 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class="hub-overline d-inline-block ps-0 mb-0 col-lg-8 col-md-8 col-sm-8 col-7"> NASA Spinoff</h2> <div class="topics-box row mt-2"> <div class="topics-label col-xl-1 col-sm-2 col-12"> <p class="text-uppercase text-primary">Topics:</p></div> <div class="topics-list col-xl-11 col-sm-10 col-12"> <ul class="breadcrumb pt-0 mb-0"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/tb/spinoff/industrial-productivity-manufacturing-technology"> Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/tb/spinoff/computer-technology"> Computer Technology</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/tb/spinoff/environmental-agricultural-resources"> Environmental and Agricultural Resources</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/tb/spinoff/consumer-home-recreation"> Consumer, Home, and Recreation</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/tb/spinoff/public-safety"> Public Safety</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/tb/spinoff/health-medicine"> Health and Medicine</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/tb/spinoff/transportation"> Transportation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Health and Medicine</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50796-cutting-the-knee-surgery-cord?m=692">Cutting the Knee Surgery Cord</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50796" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>The first FDA-cleared wireless arthroscopic camera for minimally invasive knee surgeries and other orthopedic procedures got early support from NASA through the Adopt a City program, which enabled Glenn...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50796" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50796-cutting-the-knee-surgery-cord?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1716979483/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50796/1000/spinoff-2024-p66-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Computer Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/49975-commercial-space-nasa-has-an-app-for-that?m=692">Commercial Space: NASA Has an App for That</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_49975" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Commercial space vehicles, from satellites to lunar landers, need flight software. Red Canyon Software Inc. uses an open-source program developed by Goddard Space Flight Center to help...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_49975" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/49975-commercial-space-nasa-has-an-app-for-that?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712240270/sites/tb/econa-16x9/49975/1000/spinoff-2024-p10-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Transportation</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/49958-from-shark-searches-to-space-tours?m=692">From Shark Searches to Space Tours</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_49958" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Aurora Flight Sciences incorporates NASA expertise gained through multiple Armstrong Flight Research Center SBIR contracts to develop technology that enables remote piloting of conventional small...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_49958" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/49958-from-shark-searches-to-space-tours?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712780048/sites/tb/econa-16x9/49958/1000/spinoff-2024-p5-fig2.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Transportation</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50079-artificial-eyes-give-pilots-a-new-worldview?m=692">Artificial Eyes Give Pilots a New Worldview</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50079" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Combining ultra-high-definition video streams from multiple cameras on the NASA’s X-59 Quiet SuperSonic Technology X-plane required new video cards to process the data. A contract with...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50079" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50079-artificial-eyes-give-pilots-a-new-worldview?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717032005/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50079/1000/spinoff-2024-p7-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Computer Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/49957-nasa-engineers-help-create-a-virtual-world-of-data?m=692">NASA Engineers Help Create A Virtual World of Data</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_49957" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Using patented technology developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, as well as the founders’ experience creating data visualization systems for JPL, Virtualitics Inc. of...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_49957" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/49957-nasa-engineers-help-create-a-virtual-world-of-data?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1711837714/sites/tb/econa-16x9/49957/1000/spinoff-2024-p4-fig3.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Health and Medicine</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50805-air-treatment-systems-break-down-pollutants-germs?m=692">Air Treatment Systems Break Down Pollutants, Germs</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50805" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Fresh-Aire UV of Jupiter, Florida, developed a line of air purifiers that break down organic contaminants with a process called photocatalytic oxidation (PCO). The company gets its...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50805" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50805-air-treatment-systems-break-down-pollutants-germs?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717853136/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50805/1000/spinoff-2024-p26-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50086-from-magnetic-rocket-fuel-to-semiconductors?m=692">From Magnetic Rocket Fuel to Semiconductors</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50086" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>A liquid with magnetic properties developed by NASA in the 1960s was the basis for ferrofluids now sold by MAGRON, a company in Ansan, South Korea, whose customers use them in...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50086" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50086-from-magnetic-rocket-fuel-to-semiconductors?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712325893/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50086/1000/spinoff-2024-p17-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Environmental and Agricultural Resources</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50085-super-insulation-requires-super-materials?m=692">Super Insulation Requires Super Materials</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50085" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>When developing a new coating to protect buildings from heat buildup, Superior Products InternationaI II Inc. of Shawnee, Kansas reached out to the experts at Marshall Space Flight...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50085" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50085-super-insulation-requires-super-materials?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712325465/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50085/1000/spinoff-2024-p16-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50084-pumping-out-state-of-the-art-design?m=692">Pumping Out State-of-the-Art Design</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50084" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Decades of collaboration on multiple SBIR contracts gave Concepts NREC LLC extensive access to NASA rocket engine expertise. The White River Junction, Vermont-based company incorporates Marshall...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50084" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50084-pumping-out-state-of-the-art-design?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712323606/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50084/1000/spinoff-2024-p15-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50078-ion-thrusters-keep-satellites-going-and-going?m=692">Ion Thrusters Keep Satellites Going and Going</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50078" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>When Orbion Space Technology Inc. of Houghton, Michigan, wanted to bring high-efficiency ion thrusters to the commercial satellite industry, the company entered into agreements with...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50078" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50078-ion-thrusters-keep-satellites-going-and-going?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712269933/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50078/1000/spinoff-2024-p6-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/49989-making-the-most-of-meticulous-measurements?m=692">Making the Most of Meticulous Measurements</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_49989" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>When NASA needed to make sure telescope mirrors were perfectly flat, 4D Technology of Tucson, Arizona, was contracted to develop measuring instruments that could ensure the James Webb Space...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_49989" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/49989-making-the-most-of-meticulous-measurements?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712274533/sites/tb/econa-16x9/49989/1000/spinoff-2024-p14-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Consumer, Home, and Recreation</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/49978-keeping-beds-in-the-goldilocks-zone?m=692">Keeping Beds in the Goldilocks Zone</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_49978" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Using his former experience as an engineer working on spacesuit environmental control systems, the founder of Bedjet LLC of Newport, Rhode Island, designed a cooling system to keep each side of...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_49978" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/49978-keeping-beds-in-the-goldilocks-zone?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712274201/sites/tb/econa-16x9/49978/1000/spinoff-2024-p13-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/49977-nasa-ingredients-for-industrial-expedience?m=692">NASA Ingredients for Industrial Expedience</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_49977" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>When Johnson Space Center wanted to explore ways of cooking food for long term habitation in deep space, Induction Food Systems Inc. of Durham, North Carolina received Small Business...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_49977" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/49977-nasa-ingredients-for-industrial-expedience?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1712241741/sites/tb/econa-16x9/49977/1000/spinoff-2024-p12-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Consumer, Home, and Recreation</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50806-temperature-regulating-clothing-additive-heats-up?m=692">Temperature-Regulating Clothing Additive Heats Up</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50806" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>A highly emissive coating that NASA invented to protect the heat shield on a planned spaceplane in the 1990s was licensed and turned into the Emisshield product line. Now it’s been...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50806" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50806-temperature-regulating-clothing-additive-heats-up?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717853430/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50806/1000/spinoff-2024-p27-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50804-webb-telescope-made-simulation-software-better?m=692">Webb Telescope Made Simulation Software Better</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50804" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Developers of the James Webb Space Telescope relied heavily on simulation software, work that helped advance the whole field of integrated modeling. In particular, the Goddard Space...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50804" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50804-webb-telescope-made-simulation-software-better?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1716988190/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50804/1000/spinoff-2024-p86-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50803-nasas-moon-shot-launched-commercial-fuel-cell-industry?m=692">NASA’s Moon Shot Launched Commercial Fuel Cell Industry</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50803" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>The first practical fuel cells were developed for Johnson Space Center in preparation for NASA’s Apollo missions because batteries would have weighed too much. The group...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50803" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50803-nasas-moon-shot-launched-commercial-fuel-cell-industry?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717851887/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50803/1000/spinoff-2024-p84-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Public Safety</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50802-where-the-wildfires-are?m=692">Where the Wildfires Are</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50802" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Technosylva Inc.’s wildfire monitoring service combines Landsat Earth-observation data with other fire resources, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to predict, monitor, and support post-fire...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50802" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50802-where-the-wildfires-are?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717851228/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50802/1000/spinoff-2024-p80-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Transportation</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50801-new-energy-source-powers-subsea-robots-indefinitely?m=692">New Energy Source Powers Subsea Robots Indefinitely</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50801" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>A former NASA engineer licensed technology he had developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to power sensors on the marine floats that calibrated NASA’s Aquarius satellite...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50801" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50801-new-energy-source-powers-subsea-robots-indefinitely?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717850909/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50801/1000/spinoff-2024-p76-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Computer Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50800-unfurling-antennas-let-tiny-satellites-do-big-things?m=692">Unfurling Antennas Let Tiny Satellites Do Big Things</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50800" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>A license, SBIR funding, and a contract to develop a deployable antenna, all from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, as well as a former JPL chief engineer, helped Tendeg LLC of...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50800" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50800-unfurling-antennas-let-tiny-satellites-do-big-things?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717932629/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50800/1000/spinoff-2024-p74-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Health and Medicine</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50799-semiconductor-research-leads-to-revolution-in-dental-care?m=692">Semiconductor Research Leads to Revolution in Dental Care</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50799" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Research into growing crystals for electronics at NASA’s short-lived Electronics Research Center led to an agency patent for repairing teeth by growing crystals of...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50799" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50799-semiconductor-research-leads-to-revolution-in-dental-care?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717932230/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50799/1000/spinoff-2024-p72-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Health and Medicine</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50798-medical-grade-smartwatch-can-monitor-astronauts-patients?m=692">Medical-Grade Smartwatch Can Monitor Astronauts, Patients</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50798" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>A research consortium backed by Johnson Space Center funded the development of a wearable device that could monitor the vital signs and activities of astronauts in space or...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50798" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50798-medical-grade-smartwatch-can-monitor-astronauts-patients?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717931873/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50798/1000/spinoff-2024-p70-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Transportation</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50797-nasa-gives-the-world-a-brake?m=692">NASA Gives the World a Brake</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50797" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Thanks to exclusive patent licenses for a radical new disc brake design, Orbis Brakes Inc. of Santa Rosa, California, incorporates Marshall Space Flight Center structural materials expertise into a more...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50797" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50797-nasa-gives-the-world-a-brake?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1716979884/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50797/1000/spinoff-2024-p68-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50795-rocket-manufacturing-meets-science-friction?m=692">Rocket Manufacturing Meets Science Friction</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50795" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>SBIR funding from Langley Research Center let a team from Aeroprobe Corporation try out additive friction stir deposition, a new method for 3D printing with metal. The work demonstrated...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50795" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50795-rocket-manufacturing-meets-science-friction?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1717930967/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50795/1000/spinoff-2024-p62-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Health and Medicine</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50789-concentrating-on-microbes?m=692">Concentrating on Microbes</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50789" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>SBIR funding for InnovaPrep LLC of Drexel, Missouri, led to a bioconcentration system for testing air and water quality on the space station and improved the company’s commercial technology. The funding...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50789" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50789-concentrating-on-microbes?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1716982976/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50789/1000/spinoff-2024-p59-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Environmental and Agricultural Resources</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50788-oil-drillers-environmentalists-agree-on-small-sensitive-spectrometer?m=692">Oil Drillers, Environmentalists Agree on Small, Sensitive Spectrometer</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50788" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Technical assistance and STTR funding from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory helped Optoknowledge Systems Inc. (OKSI) develop a compact spectrometer for sensing...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50788" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50788-oil-drillers-environmentalists-agree-on-small-sensitive-spectrometer?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1716980320/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50788/1000/spinoff-2024-p57-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Industrial Productivity & Manufacturing Technology</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50787-ultrasonic-inspections-protect-astronauts-boat-owners?m=692">Ultrasonic Inspections Protect Astronauts, Boat Owners</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50787" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Aerospace Corporation spent two years working under funding from Langley Research Center to develop an ultrasonic scanner capable of detecting subsurface defects in the Orion...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50787" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50787-ultrasonic-inspections-protect-astronauts-boat-owners?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1716979290/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50787/1000/spinoff-2024-p53-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Environmental and Agricultural Resources</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50786-taking-the-pulse-of-earth?m=692">Taking the Pulse of Earth</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50786" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>By combining NASA satellite data and imagery with proprietary artificial intelligence developed by terraPulse, Inc. the North Potomac, MD-based business makes it possible for companies to monitor changes to...</div></div> <div id="feed_below_50786" class="col-xl-4 pe-0 col-lg-5 d-lg-flex d-none"> <a class="w-100" href="/component/content/article/50786-taking-the-pulse-of-earth?m=692"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1716892485/sites/tb/econa-16x9/50786/1000/spinoff-2024-p50-fig1.jpeg' class='object-fit-contain w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></a></div></div></div> <div itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting"><div class="item-wrapper row mx-0 px-0"> <div class="col-xl-8 px-0 col-lg-7 col-12"> <div class="col-12 ps-0 pe-lg-2 pe-0"> <h6 class="overline"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-newspaper me-1"></i> Spinoff: Environmental and Agricultural Resources</h6> <h5> <a href="/component/content/article/50785-next-level-farming?m=692">Next-Level Farming</a></h5></div> <div class="ps-0 pe-lg-2 col-12 pe-0"> <div id="feed_inside_50785" class="float-end pb-2 col-md-6 col-5 ps-sm-2 d-lg-none d-flex px-0"></div> <p>Closed-environment plant-growth data and expertise developed at Kennedy Space Center through research into bioregenerative life support that 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