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(1925–1958)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_abroad_(1925–1958)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life abroad (1925–1958) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_abroad_(1925–1958)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_and_move_to_Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_and_move_to_Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and move to Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_and_move_to_Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call_to_return_home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_to_return_home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Call to return home</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_to_return_home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Nyasaland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Nyasaland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Return to Nyasaland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Nyasaland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to Nyasaland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Nyasaland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Release_from_prison_and_path_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_from_prison_and_path_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Release from prison and path to independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_from_prison_and_path_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_Malawi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_Malawi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leader of Malawi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leader_of_Malawi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leader of Malawi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_Malawi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1964_cabinet_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_cabinet_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1964 cabinet crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_cabinet_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_constitution_and_consolidation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_constitution_and_consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>New constitution and consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_constitution_and_consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mwanza_Four_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mwanza_Four_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Mwanza Four incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mwanza_Four_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Anti-communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_African_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_African_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Relations with African countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_African_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Relations with South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_Mozambique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_Mozambique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Involvement in Mozambique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_Mozambique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_demise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_demise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Political demise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_demise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mwanza_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mwanza_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Mwanza trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mwanza_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Banda's_Malawi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Banda's_Malawi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Life in Banda's Malawi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_in_Banda's_Malawi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life in Banda's Malawi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Banda's_Malawi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_membership_passcards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_membership_passcards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Party membership passcards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_membership_passcards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malawi_Young_Pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malawi_Young_Pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Malawi Young Pioneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malawi_Young_Pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_of_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_of_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cult of personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_of_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress_code_and_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress_code_and_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Dress code and conservatism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress_code_and_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Women's issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hastings Banda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="هاستينغز باندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاستينغز باندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хастынгс Банда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хастынгс Банда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гастынгс Банда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гастынгс Банда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuzu_Banda" title="Kamuzu Banda – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Χάστινγκς Μπάντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάστινγκς Μπάντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="هستینگز باندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هستینگز باندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%98%EB%8B%A4" title="헤이스팅스 반다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤이스팅스 반다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="हास्टिंग्स बान्डा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हास्टिंग्स बान्डा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="הייסטינגס באנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הייסטינגס באנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%96_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ჰეისტინგზ კამუზუ ბანდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰეისტინგზ კამუზუ ბანდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хастингс Банда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хастингс Банда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="हास्टिंग्ज बंडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हास्टिंग्ज बंडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="هاستينجز باندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاستينجز باندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="ह्यास्टिङ्स् बान्डा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यास्टिङ्स् बान्डा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="ヘイスティングズ・カムズ・バンダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘイスティングズ・カムズ・バンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0,_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Банда, Хастингс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банда, Хастингс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="हास्टिंग्स बान्डा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हास्टिंग्स बान्डा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хејстингс Банда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хејстингс Банда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda" title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hastings Kamuzu Banda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="ஹேஸ்டிங்ஸ் கமுசு பண்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹேஸ்டிங்ஸ் கமுசு பண்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гастингс Камузу Банда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гастингс Камузу Банда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hastings Banda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%A9%86%E7%A5%96%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E8%BE%BE" title="海斯廷斯·卡穆祖·班达 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海斯廷斯·卡穆祖·班达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First president of Malawi from 1964 to 1994</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hastings Kamuzu Banda</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_HK_Banda,_first_president_of_Malawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_HK_Banda%2C_first_president_of_Malawi.jpg/220px-Dr_HK_Banda%2C_first_president_of_Malawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_HK_Banda%2C_first_president_of_Malawi.jpg/330px-Dr_HK_Banda%2C_first_president_of_Malawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_HK_Banda%2C_first_president_of_Malawi.jpg/440px-Dr_HK_Banda%2C_first_president_of_Malawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malawi" title="President of Malawi">President of Malawi</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 July 1966 – 24 May 1994</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> <br /><small>as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Queen of Malawi</a></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bakili_Muluzi" title="Bakili Muluzi">Bakili Muluzi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malawi" title="Prime Minister of Malawi">Prime Minister of Malawi</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 July 1964 – 6 July 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor‑General</th><td class="infobox-data">Sir <a href="/wiki/Glyn_Smallwood_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyn Smallwood Jones">Glyn Smallwood Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Post established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malawi" title="President of Malawi">President</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Akim Kamnkhwala Mtunthama Banda</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kasungu" title="Kasungu">Kasungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa</a><br /><small>(now <a href="/wiki/Kasungu" title="Kasungu">Kasungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1997<span style="display:none">(1997-11-25)</span> (aged 98–99)<br /><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kamuzu_Mausoleum" title="Kamuzu Mausoleum">Kamuzu Mausoleum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Congress_Party" title="Malawi Congress Party">Malawi Congress Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meharry_Medical_College" title="Meharry Medical College">Meharry Medical College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hastings Kamuzu Banda</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 25 November 1997) was the leader of <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> from 1964 to 1994. He served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malawi" title="Prime Minister of Malawi">Prime Minister</a> from independence in 1964 to 1966, when Malawi was a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, the country became a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> and he became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malawi" title="President of Malawi">president</a> as a result, ruling until his defeat in 1994. </p><p>After receiving much of his education in ethnography, linguistics, history, and medicine overseas, Banda returned to Nyasaland to speak against <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and advocate independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. He was formally appointed Prime Minister of Nyasaland, and led the country to independence in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, he proclaimed Malawi a republic with himself as the first president. He consolidated power and later declared Malawi a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Congress_Party" title="Malawi Congress Party">Malawi Congress Party</a> (MCP). In 1970, the MCP made him the party's <a href="/wiki/President_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="President for Life">President for Life</a>. In 1971, he became president for Life of Malawi itself. A renowned <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> leader in Africa, he received support from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He generally supported <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, improved the country's <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> and maintained a good educational system relative to other African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, he presided over one of the most repressive regimes in Africa, an era that saw political opponents regularly tortured and murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_cult_of_Hastings_Banda_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_cult_of_Hastings_Banda-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human rights groups estimate that at least 6,000 people were killed, tortured and jailed without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 18,000 people were killed during his rule, according to one estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rule has been characterised as a "highly repressive <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received criticism for maintaining full diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">government</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. By 1993, amid increasing domestic and international pressure, he agreed to hold <a href="/wiki/1993_Malawian_democracy_referendum" title="1993 Malawian democracy referendum">a referendum</a> which ended the one-party system. Soon afterwards, a special assembly ended his life-term presidency and stripped him of most of his powers. Banda ran for president in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Malawian_general_election" title="1994 Malawian general election">democratic elections</a> that followed and was defeated. He died in South Africa in 1997. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kamuzu Banda was born <b>Akim Kamnkhwala Mtunthama Banda</b> near <a href="/wiki/Kasungu" title="Kasungu">Kasungu</a> in Malawi (then <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British Central Africa">British Central Africa</a>) to Mphonongo Banda and Akupingamnyama Phiri. His date of birth is unknown, as it took place when there was no birth registration documentation, but Banda himself often gave his date of birth as 14 May 1906. Later, when presented with evidence of certain tribal customs by a friend, Dr Donal Brody, Banda said: "No one knows the hour, the date, the month or the year in which I was born, although I now accept the evidence that you give me – March or April 1898."<sup id="cite_ref-Brody_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brody-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He left his village school near Mtunthama for his maternal grandparents' home and attended Chayamba Primary School in Chikondwa. In 1908, he moved to Chilanga mission station and was baptised in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Kamnkhwala, meaning "little medicine", was replaced with Kamuzu, which means "little root". The name Kamuzu was given to him because he was conceived after his mother had been given root herbs by a medicine man to cure infertility.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took the <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> of Hastings after being <a href="/wiki/Baptised" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptised">baptised</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> by Dr <a href="/wiki/George_Prentice" title="George Prentice">George Prentice</a>, a Scot, in 1910, naming himself after John Hastings, a Scottish missionary working near his village whom he admired. The prefix "doctor" was earned through his education.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1915–16, he left home on foot with Hanock Msokera Phiri, an uncle who had been a teacher at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Livingstonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Livingstonia">Livingstonia</a> mission school, for Hartley, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Chegutu" title="Chegutu">Chegutu</a>, Zimbabwe). He apparently wanted to enroll at the famous Scottish Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Lovedale_(South_Africa)" title="Lovedale (South Africa)">Lovedale Missionary Institute</a> in South Africa but completed his Standard 8 education without studying there. </p><p>In 1917, he left on foot for <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> in South Africa. He worked at the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> Deep Mine on the Transvaal Reef for several years. During this time, he met Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Vernon" title="William Tecumseh Vernon">William Tecumseh Vernon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> (AME) who offered to pay his tuition fee at a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> school in the United States if he could pay his own passage.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, he left for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_abroad_(1925–1958)"><span id="Life_abroad_.281925.E2.80.931958.29"></span>Life abroad (1925–1958)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life abroad (1925–1958)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Dr_Banda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Young_Dr_Banda.jpg/219px-Young_Dr_Banda.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Young_Dr_Banda.jpg/329px-Young_Dr_Banda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Young_Dr_Banda.jpg/439px-Young_Dr_Banda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1621" /></a><figcaption>A young Hastings Banda</figcaption></figure> <p>Banda studied in the high school section of the Wilberforce Institute, an African American <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">AME</a> college (a member of AME), now known as <a href="/wiki/Central_State_University" title="Central State University">Central State University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce,_Ohio" title="Wilberforce, Ohio">Wilberforce, Ohio</a>, and graduated in 1928<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmopolitan_Malawian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmopolitan_Malawian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a diploma. With his financial support now ended, Banda earned some money on speaking engagements arranged by the <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghanaian</a> educationalist <a href="/wiki/James_Emman_Kwegyir_Aggrey" title="James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey">Kwegyir Aggrey</a>, whom he had met in South Africa. </p><p>Speaking at a <a href="/wiki/Kiwanis" title="Kiwanis">Kiwanis</a> club meeting he met Dr Herald, with whose help he enrolled as a pre-medical student at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>, where he lodged with Mrs W. N. Culmer. At Bloomington, he wrote several essays about his native <a href="/wiki/Chewa_people" title="Chewa people">Chewa tribe</a> for the folklorist <a href="/wiki/Stith_Thompson" title="Stith Thompson">Stith Thompson</a>, who introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>, an anthropologist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, to which, after four semesters, he transferred. During his period there, he collaborated with the Afro-American anthropologist and linguist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna_Watkins" title="Mark Hanna Watkins">Mark Hanna Watkins</a>, providing information on his native <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa language</a>. This led to the publication of a grammar book of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chicago, he lodged with an African-American, Corinna Saunders. He majored in history, graduating with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Philosophy" title="Bachelor of Philosophy">B.Phil.</a> degree in 1931. </p><p>During this time he enjoyed financial support from Mrs Smith, whose husband, Douglas Smith, had made fortunes from patent medicines and <a href="/wiki/Pepsodent" title="Pepsodent">Pepsodent</a> toothpaste and as a member of the Eastman Kodak board. He then, still with financial support from these and other benefactors (including Walter B. Stephenson of the Delta Electric Company), studied medicine at <a href="/wiki/Meharry_Medical_College" title="Meharry Medical College">Meharry Medical College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which he obtained an <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a> degree in 1937.<a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dr._Hastings_Kamuzu_Banda%E2%80%99s_1937_Tennessee_Medical_License.jpg&oldid=817627979">[1]</a> Banda became the second Malawian person to receive a medical degree, following <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sharpe_Malekebu" title="Daniel Sharpe Malekebu">Daniel Sharpe Malekebu</a>. While studying at Meharry Medical College in Tennessee, Banda married Robertine Edmonds in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To practise medicine in territories of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, however, Banda was apparently required to gain a second medical degree; he attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cosmopolitan_Malawian_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmopolitan_Malawian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was subsequently awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery#Scotland" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Scottish triple conjoint diploma</a> (with post-nominals <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh">LRCP(Edin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">LRCS(Edin)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">LRCPSG</a>) in 1941. His studies were funded by stipends of £300 per year from the government of <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> (to facilitate his return there as a doctor) and from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>; neither of these benefactors was aware of the other. (There are conflicting accounts of this. He might still have been funded by Mrs Smith.) When he enrolled for courses in tropical diseases in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, the Nyasaland government terminated his stipend. He was forced to leave Liverpool when he refused on conscientious grounds to be conscripted as an Army doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became an elder of a parish in the Church of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1941 and 1945, he worked as a doctor in <a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>. He was a tenant of Mrs Amy Walton at this time in Alma Place in North Shields and sent a Christmas card to her every year right up until her death in the late-1960s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1944, he met Merene French, the daughter-in-law of one of his patients, and began a relationship with her.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, he established a practice at the London suburb of <a href="/wiki/Kilburn,_London" title="Kilburn, London">Kilburn</a> and became politically active by joining the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and Fabian Colonial Bureau, which was founded in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banda moved to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1945, buying a practice in the North London suburb of <a href="/wiki/Harlesden" title="Harlesden">Harlesden</a>. </p><p>In 1945, at the behest of Chief Mwase of <a href="/wiki/Kasungu" title="Kasungu">Kasungu</a>, whom he had met in England in 1939, and other politically active Malawians, he represented the <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_African_Congress" title="Nyasaland African Congress">Nyasaland African Congress</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Pan-African_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Pan-African Congress">Fifth Pan-African Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. This conference was attended by other future African leaders, <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With help from sympathetic Britons, he also lobbied in London on behalf of the Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_and_move_to_Ghana">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and move to Ghana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and move to Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banda was actively opposed to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Roy_Welensky" title="Roy Welensky">Sir Roy Welensky</a>, a politician in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, to form a federation between Southern and Northern Rhodesia with Nyasaland, a move which he feared would result in further deprivation of rights for the Nyasaland blacks. The (as he called it) "stupid" federation was formed in 1953. </p><p>It was rumoured with some excitement that he would return to Nyasaland in 1951, but he moved instead to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cosmopolitan_Malawian_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmopolitan_Malawian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in West Africa. He went there partly because of a scandal involving his receptionist in Harlesden, Merene French (Mrs French); despite reports that she became pregnant with his child, this has never been confirmed. Banda was cited as co-respondent in the divorce of Mr French and accused of adultery with Mrs French. She followed Banda to West Africa, but he wanted nothing more to do with her.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalinga_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalinga-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call_to_return_home">Call to return home</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Call to return home"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several influential Congress leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chipembere" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Chipembere">Henry Chipembere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanyama_Chiume" title="Kanyama Chiume">Kanyama Chiume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunduzu_Chisiza" title="Dunduzu Chisiza">Dunduzu Chisiza</a> and <a href="/wiki/T.D.T._Banda" class="mw-redirect" title="T.D.T. Banda">T.D.T. Banda</a> (no relation) pleaded with him to return to Nyasaland to take up leadership of their cause. A delegation sent to the UK met with Banda at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool" title="Port of Liverpool">Port of Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, where he was making arrangements to return to Ghana. He agreed to return, but asked for some time to sort out a few private matters. The delegation returned without him and proceeded to make arrangements for his imminent return. After two false starts, including a fracas between the police and African crowds threatening to storm a <a href="/wiki/BOAC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOAC">BOAC</a> aeroplane rumoured to be carrying Dr Banda at <a href="/wiki/Chileka_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chileka Airport">Chileka Airport</a>, Banda finally made a showing on 6 July 1958<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after an absence of about 42 years. In August, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nkata_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nkata Bay (page does not exist)">Nkata Bay</a>, he was acclaimed as the leader of the Congress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Nyasaland">Return to Nyasaland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to Nyasaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He soon began touring the country, speaking against the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>), and urging its citizens to become members of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyworld.net-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allegedly, he was so out of practice in his native <a href="/wiki/Chichewa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichewa language">Chichewa</a> that he needed an interpreter, a role which was apparently performed by <a href="/wiki/John_Msonthi" title="John Msonthi">John Msonthi</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/John_Tembo" title="John Tembo">John Tembo</a>, who remained close to him for most of his career).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was received enthusiastically wherever he spoke, and resistance to imperialism among the Malawians became increasingly common. By February 1959, the situation had become serious enough that Rhodesian troops were flown in to help keep order, and a state of emergency was declared. On 3 March, Banda, along with hundreds of other Africans, was arrested in the course of "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunrise_(Nyasaland)" title="Operation Sunrise (Nyasaland)">Operation Sunrise</a>". He was imprisoned in Gwelo (now <a href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gweru</a>) in Southern Rhodesia (now <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Congress_Party" title="Malawi Congress Party">Malawi Congress Party</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_African_Congress" title="Nyasaland African Congress">Nyasaland African Congress</a> under a new name) was temporarily assumed by <a href="/wiki/Orton_Chirwa" title="Orton Chirwa">Orton Chirwa</a>, who was released from prison in August 1959. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_from_prison_and_path_to_independence">Release from prison and path to independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Release from prison and path to independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mood in Britain, meanwhile, had long been moving towards <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> due to pressure from its colonies. Banda was released from prison in April 1960 and was almost immediately invited to London for talks aimed at bringing about independence. Elections were held in August 1961. While Banda was technically nominated as Minister of Land, Natural Resources and Local Government, he became de facto Prime Minister of Nyasaland – a title granted to him formally on 1 February 1963. He and his fellow MCP ministers quickly expanded secondary education, reformed the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_Courts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Native Courts (page does not exist)">Native Courts</a>, ended certain colonial agricultural tariffs and made other reforms. In December 1962, <a href="/wiki/R._A._Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Butler">R. A. Butler</a>, British Secretary of State for African Affairs, essentially agreed to end the Federation. </p><p>It was Banda himself who chose the name "Malawi" for the former Nyasaland; he had seen it on an old French map as the name of a "Lake Maravi" in the land of the <a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Bororos</a>, and liked the sound and appearance of the word as "Malawi".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 July 1964, exactly six years after Banda's return to the country, Nyasaland gained independence and renamed itself Malawi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_Malawi">Leader of Malawi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leader of Malawi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964_cabinet_crisis">1964 cabinet crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1964 cabinet crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barely a month after independence, Malawi suffered the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Crisis_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Crisis of 1964">Cabinet Crisis of 1964</a>. Banda had already been accused of autocratic tendencies. Several of Banda's ministers presented him with proposals designed to limit his powers. Banda responded by dismissing four of the ministers. Other ministers resigned in sympathy.<sup id="cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyworld.net-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dissidents fled the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_constitution_and_consolidation_of_power">New constitution and consolidation of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New constitution and consolidation of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Banda_of_Malawi_and_Jomo_Kenyatta_of_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dr_Banda_of_Malawi_and_Jomo_Kenyatta_of_Kenya.jpg/220px-Dr_Banda_of_Malawi_and_Jomo_Kenyatta_of_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dr_Banda_of_Malawi_and_Jomo_Kenyatta_of_Kenya.jpg/330px-Dr_Banda_of_Malawi_and_Jomo_Kenyatta_of_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dr_Banda_of_Malawi_and_Jomo_Kenyatta_of_Kenya.jpg/440px-Dr_Banda_of_Malawi_and_Jomo_Kenyatta_of_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Hastings Banda with <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a> of Kenya, 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Malawi adopted a new constitution on 6 July 1966, in which the country was declared a republic. Banda was elected the country's first president for a five-year term; he was the only candidate. The new document granted Banda wide executive and legislative powers, and also formally made the MCP the only legal party. However, the country had already been a de facto <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> since independence. The new constitution effectively turned Banda's presidency into a legal dictatorship. </p><p>In 1970, a congress of the MCP declared Banda its president for life. In 1971, the legislature declared Banda <a href="/wiki/President_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="President for Life">President for Life</a> of Malawi as well.<sup id="cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyworld.net-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next quarter century, his full title was "His Excellency the Life President of the Republic of Malawi, Ngwazi Dr. H. Kamazu Banda." The title "ngwazi" means "saviour" or "conqueror" in Chichewa. </p><p>Banda was mostly viewed externally as a benign, albeit eccentric, leader, an image fostered by his English-style <a href="/wiki/Three-piece_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-piece suit">three-piece suits</a>, matching <a href="/wiki/Handkerchief" title="Handkerchief">handkerchiefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">walking stick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">fly-whisk</a>. In June 1967, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">encomium</a> " ... pediatrician to his infant nation". However, this image masked a regime that was rigidly authoritarian even by African standards of the time. While the constitution nominally guaranteed all manner of civil liberties, his government paid little attention to them in practice. Banda himself bluntly summed up his approach to ruling the country by saying, "Everything is my business. Everything. Anything I say is law...literally law."<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Malawi, views on him ranged from cult-like devotion to fear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mwanza_Four_incident">The Mwanza Four incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Mwanza Four incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8F%AD%E9%81%94%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8F%AD%E9%81%94%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8F%AD%E9%81%94%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8F%AD%E9%81%94%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8F%AD%E9%81%94%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8F%AD%E9%81%94%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%8F%AD%E9%81%94%E8%A8%AA%E8%8F%AF_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>In 1967, Banda visited Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, three ministers – <a href="/wiki/Dick_Matenje" title="Dick Matenje">Dick Matenje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twaibu_Sangala" title="Twaibu Sangala">Twaibu Sangala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Gadama" title="Aaron Gadama">Aaron Gadama</a> – and Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/David_Chiwanga" title="David Chiwanga">David Chiwanga</a> died in what was labelled officially as a "traffic accident". Banda had invited an "internal debate on pending multiparty democracy" in Malawi. During a cabinet meeting, the three ministers had voiced support for the multiparty idea, effectively challenging Banda's claim to life presidency. Angered, Banda promptly "dissolved cabinet" and announced that parliament would meet immediately. At the end of that sitting of parliament, everyone in the chambers was effectively stripped of their political status. The three men were then rounded up at the Zomba Parliament buildings for questioning. Chiwanga happened on them being tortured in a back room and had to be silenced too. The four were later bundled into Matenje's Peugeot 604 and driven to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thambani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thambani (page does not exist)">Thambani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mwanza_District" title="Mwanza District">Mwanza District</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Blantyre" title="Blantyre">Blantyre</a>, where the accident was staged: sources reported that their car had "overturned while the men had been attempting to escape into neighbouring Mozambique".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, it was found out they had been killed by having tent pins hammered into their heads.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banda ordered a night burial and mandated that the caskets not be opened for a last viewing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anti-communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Banda's presidency, Malawi initially refused to establish diplomatic relations with any of the communist governments of Eastern Europe or Asia<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (however, relations were later established with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>'s <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> in 1985).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banda was one of the few African leaders to support the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, a position he adopted in part due to his hatred of communism.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_African_countries">Relations with African countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relations with African countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While many southern African nations traded with <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>-era South Africa out of economic necessity, Malawi was the only African nation that recognised South Africa and established diplomatic relations with it, including a trade treaty which angered other African leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They threatened to expel Malawi from the Organization of African Unity until Banda left power.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banda responded by accusing other African countries of hypocrisy, saying in a public speech to his parliament: "There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats" (<i>Julius Caesar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Time_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told them to concentrate on convincing the South African government that apartheid was unnecessary. Furthermore, he added that "[African leaders] practice disunity, not unity, while posing as the liberators of Africa. While they play in the orchestra of Pan Africanism, their own Romes are burning".<sup id="cite_ref-Time_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_South_Africa">Relations with South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relations with South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Malawi–South Africa relations">Malawi–South Africa relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-165-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-165-9.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-165-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-165-9.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-165-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-165-9.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-165-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Banda with President <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Banda was the only African ruler to establish diplomatic ties with South Africa during apartheid as well as the Portuguese regime in Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyworld.net-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the cabinet crisis in 1964, Banda became increasingly isolated in African politics.<sup id="cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyworld.net-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, his antipathy for <a href="/wiki/Roy_Welensky" title="Roy Welensky">Roy Welensky</a> and what he denounced as the "stupid federation"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a smokescreen he used to reject the proposed Bangula Hydro-electric dam – proposed to be bigger than the Gezira Dam in Khartoum – that Welensky's Federation had sought and obtained funding for from the British government. Banda went on to blame everything including snails (likely to cause widespread Bilharzia) to abort the project. In turn, the British denied Banda the funding and budgetary support he needed to build his pet dream of a new capital city at <a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a>, in his home region. Hence he turned to South Africa – itself playing geo-political games in the region – which gave him a soft loan of 300 million <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">Rand</a>. The <i>quid pro quo</i> was that Banda had to support South Africa's apartheid policies among fellow African leaders. Hence, on one occasion he paid a state visit to South Africa where he met his South African counterparts at <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a>. Banda once noted that, "It is only contact like this [between South Africa and Malawi] that can reveal to your people that there are civilized people other than white..."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banda's staunch anticommunism also influenced his decision to seek warm relations with South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg/220px-Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg/330px-Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg/440px-Dr_Banda_and_Kenneth_Kaunda_of_Zambia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Banda meeting with Zambian President <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a> in 1975</figcaption></figure><p>After the apartheid era ended and the ANC came to dominate South African politics during the 1990s, relations between Malawi and South Africa threatened to take a downward turn, but a Malawian task force spearheaded by Malawian diplomatic envoys to South Africa including <a href="/wiki/Percy_Kachipande" title="Percy Kachipande">SP Kachipande</a>, and representatives in Malawi, including former diplomat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mr._Phiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mr. Phiri (page does not exist)">Mr. Phiri</a>, arranged for a meeting between the two governments which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>'s first official visit to Malawi as president of the <a href="/wiki/ANC" class="mw-redirect" title="ANC">ANC</a> in the early 1990s. He met with <a href="/wiki/John_Tembo" title="John Tembo">John Tembo</a> and the president. The relations between the two governments continued to be cordial after it was revealed that Banda was secretly helping the ANC during the apartheid era. The Malawi government and South African government continued diplomatic relations. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Involvement_in_Mozambique">Involvement in Mozambique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Involvement in Mozambique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Banda_attending_the_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Conference_in_New_Dheli,_November_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dr_Banda_attending_the_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Conference_in_New_Dheli%2C_November_1983.jpg/222px-Dr_Banda_attending_the_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Conference_in_New_Dheli%2C_November_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dr_Banda_attending_the_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Conference_in_New_Dheli%2C_November_1983.jpg/333px-Dr_Banda_attending_the_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Conference_in_New_Dheli%2C_November_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dr_Banda_attending_the_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Conference_in_New_Dheli%2C_November_1983.jpg/444px-Dr_Banda_attending_the_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Conference_in_New_Dheli%2C_November_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Banda in New Delhi, November 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>Banda's involvement in Mozambique dated back to Portuguese colonial days in Mozambique when Banda supported the Portuguese colonial government and guerrilla forces that worked for it.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following independence in Malawi, Banda strengthened his relationship with the Portuguese colonial government by appointing <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Jardim" title="Jorge Jardim">Jorge Jardim</a> as Malawi's Honorary Consul in Mozambique in September 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also worked against Liberation Front of Mozambique (<a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a>) forces in Malawi in continued support of the Portuguese colonial forces.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> had designated Malawi as one of the <a href="/wiki/Frontline_States" title="Frontline States">Frontline States</a> to help independence movements in Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1980s, Banda supported both the government and the guerrilla movement during the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozambique civil war">Mozambique civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He successfully gave the Malawi Army and <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Young_Pioneers" title="Malawi Young Pioneers">Malawi Young Pioneers</a> opposing missions in Mozambique from 1987 to 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had the Malawi Army support the Mozambican government, controlled by FRELIMO after the country's independence in 1975, to defend Malawi's interests in Mozambique. This was done formally through an agreement in 1984 with <a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, Banda used the MYP as couriers and active supporters of the Mozambican National Resistance (<a href="/wiki/RENAMO" title="RENAMO">RENAMO</a>), which had been fighting against Machel's government since the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malawi was used to channel foreign aid from South Africa's apartheid government. Machel issued a dossier to Frontline States with evidence that Banda was still supporting the insurgents in spite of the 1984 agreement to stop.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1986, Machel, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a> visited Banda to persuade him to stop supporting RENAMO.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Machel's successor, <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Joaquim Chissano</a>, continued to complain of Malawi's lack of willingness to stop supporting RENAMO.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banda however was trying to keep Malawian interests in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Nacala" title="Port of Nacala">Port of Nacala</a> in Mozambique and did not want to rely on Tanzania and South Africa ports for its imports and exports due to the expense.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mozambique and Malawi came to an agreement to place troops from both countries in <a href="/wiki/Nayuchi" title="Nayuchi">Nayuchi</a> near the port.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidents of Malawi Army members being killed over the course of four years angered the Army because MYP members were involved with the insurgents, essentially pitting the two against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_demise">Political demise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political demise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> sounded the death knell for Banda's naked autocracy. Western leaders and international aid donors no longer had any use for authoritarian anti-Communist regimes in the Third World, all of which came under mounting pressure to democratize. Donors told Banda that he had to implement reforms aimed at making his government transparent and accountable to the people and the international community as a condition for further aid. The British government also stopped their financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1992, Catholic bishops in Malawi issued a Lenten <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_letter" title="Pastoral letter">pastoral letter</a> that criticized Banda and his government. Students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malawi" title="University of Malawi">University of Malawi</a> at Chancellor College and the Polytechnic joined protests and demonstrations to support the bishops, forcing authorities to close the campuses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Dan_Quayle_visits_with_Life_President_Dr._H._Kamuzu_Banda_of_Malawi,_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vice_President_Dan_Quayle_visits_with_Life_President_Dr._H._Kamuzu_Banda_of_Malawi%2C_Africa.jpg/220px-Vice_President_Dan_Quayle_visits_with_Life_President_Dr._H._Kamuzu_Banda_of_Malawi%2C_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vice_President_Dan_Quayle_visits_with_Life_President_Dr._H._Kamuzu_Banda_of_Malawi%2C_Africa.jpg/330px-Vice_President_Dan_Quayle_visits_with_Life_President_Dr._H._Kamuzu_Banda_of_Malawi%2C_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vice_President_Dan_Quayle_visits_with_Life_President_Dr._H._Kamuzu_Banda_of_Malawi%2C_Africa.jpg/440px-Vice_President_Dan_Quayle_visits_with_Life_President_Dr._H._Kamuzu_Banda_of_Malawi%2C_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> with Banda in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1992, <a href="/wiki/Chakufwa_Chihana" title="Chakufwa Chihana">Chakufwa Chihana</a>, a labour unionist, openly called for a national referendum on the political future of Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was arrested before he finished his speech at Lilongwe International Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By October 1992, this mounting pressure from within and from the international community forced Banda to concede to hold <a href="/wiki/1993_Malawian_democracy_referendum" title="1993 Malawian democracy referendum">a referendum</a> on whether to maintain the one-party state. The referendum was held on 14 June 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-kamuzubanda.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamuzubanda.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in an overwhelming vote (64 percent) in favour of multiparty democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, political parties besides the MCP were formed and preparation for the general elections began. Banda worked with the newly forming parties and the church, and made no protest when a special assembly stripped him of his title of President for Life, along with most of his powers.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition from one of the most repressive regimes in Africa to democracy was fairly peaceful.<sup id="cite_ref-kamuzubanda.com_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamuzubanda.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bwezani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Bwezani (page does not exist)">Operation Bwezani</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Malawi">Malawi Army</a> operation to disarm the <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Young_Pioneers" title="Malawi Young Pioneers">Malawi Young Pioneers</a> at the height of the political transition in December 1993. Bwezani means "give back."<sup id="cite_ref-kamuzubanda.com_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamuzubanda.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MYP had a strong network of spies and supporters countrywide at all levels in society.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were Banda's personal security bodyguards and were all trained and indoctrinated in Kamuzuism and military training.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malawi Army did not infiltrate this group before receiving encouragement by protests by the people.<sup id="cite_ref-njas.helsinki.fi_39-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-njas.helsinki.fi-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After some questions about his health, Banda ran in <a href="/wiki/1994_Malawian_general_election" title="1994 Malawian general election">Malawi's first truly democratic presidential election in 1994</a>. He was roundly defeated by <a href="/wiki/Bakili_Muluzi" title="Bakili Muluzi">Bakili Muluzi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyworld.net-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/WaYao" class="mw-redirect" title="WaYao">Yao</a> from the southern region of the country. Banda quickly conceded defeat. ″I wish to congratulate him wholeheartedly and offer him [Muluzi] my full support and cooperation,″ he said on state radio, marking an end to Malawi's 30 years of <a href="/wiki/One_party_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="One party rule">one-party rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party Banda led since taking over from Orton Chirwa in 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Congress_Party" title="Malawi Congress Party">Malawi Congress Party</a>, remains a major force in Malawian politics.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mwanza_trials">Mwanza trials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mwanza trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banda-mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Banda-mausoleum.jpg/220px-Banda-mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Banda-mausoleum.jpg/330px-Banda-mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Banda-mausoleum.jpg/440px-Banda-mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Opening ceremony for the Banda Mausoleum, 14 May 2006 – <a href="/wiki/Lilongwe,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilongwe, Malawi">Lilongwe, Malawi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1995, Banda was arrested and charged with the murder, ten years previously, of former cabinet colleagues. He was acquitted due to lack of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyworld.net-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banda remained quite unrepentant in his opinion of Malawians, calling them "children in politics" and saying they would miss his iron-fisted rule.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A statement of apology was issued on 4 January 1996 in the name of H. Kamuzu Banda to the people of his nation shortly after being acquitted in the Mwanza Trials.<sup id="cite_ref-h-net.org_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-net.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement was met with controversy, suspicion and disdain. It was also questioned whether Banda wrote the statement himself or if someone wrote it on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-h-net.org_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-net.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, he noted that: </p> <blockquote> <p>Systems of government are dynamic and they are bound to change in accordance with the wishes of and aspirations of the people...During my term of office, I selflessly dedicated myself to the good cause of Mother Malawi in the fight against Poverty, Ignorance and Disease among many other issues; but if within the process, those who worked in my government or through false pretence in my name or indeed unknowingly by me, pain and suffering was caused to anybody in this country in the name of nationhood, I offer my sincere apologies. I also appeal for a spirit of reconciliation and forgiveness amongst us all...Our beautiful country has been nicknamed `<a href="/wiki/The_Warm_Heart_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="The Warm Heart of Africa">The Warm Heart of Africa</a>' and we have been admired for our warmth and spirit of hardwork. This admiration calls not only for a need for us to look at our past and present and draw lessons from it, but there is even a greater need for us to look forward to the future in our endeavours to reconstruct and reconcile if we have to move forward at all.<sup id="cite_ref-h-net.org_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-net.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_Banda's_Malawi"><span id="Life_in_Banda.27s_Malawi"></span>Life in Banda's Malawi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Life in Banda's Malawi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_membership_passcards">Party membership passcards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Party membership passcards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All adult citizens were required to be members of the MCP. Party cards had to be carried at all times and presented at random police inspections. The cards were sold, often by Banda's <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Young_Pioneers" title="Malawi Young Pioneers">Malawi Young Pioneers</a> (MYP). In some cases, these youths even sold cards for unborn children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malawi_Young_Pioneers">Malawi Young Pioneers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malawi Young Pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Young_Pioneers" title="Malawi Young Pioneers">Malawi Young Pioneers</a> were the notorious paramilitary wing of the MCP, used to intimidate and harass the public.<sup id="cite_ref-kamuzubanda.com_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamuzubanda.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pioneers bore arms, conducted espionage and intelligence operations, and were trusted bodyguards for Banda.<sup id="cite_ref-kamuzubanda.com_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamuzubanda.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They helped foster the culture of fear that prevailed during his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-kamuzubanda.com_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamuzubanda.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult_of_personality">Cult of personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cult of personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banda was the subject of an extensive <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every business building was required to have an official picture of him hanging on the wall, and no poster, clock or picture could be higher than his portrait. Before every film, a video of Banda waving to the people was shown while the anthem played. When Banda visited a city, a contingent of women were expected to greet him at the airport and dance for him. A special cloth, bearing the president's picture, was the required attire for these performances. Houses of worship required government approval to operate, and some faiths such as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> were banned entirely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All films shown in cinemas were first viewed by the Malawi Censorship Board and edited for content. Nudity and other socially or politically unacceptable content were barred and movies could not even show couples kissing. Videotapes had to be sent to the Censorship Board to be viewed. Once edited, the film was given a sticker stating that it was now suitable for viewing and sent back to the owner. Items to be sold in bookshops were also edited. Pages, or parts of pages, were cut out of magazines like <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Communist literature, erotic magazines, and <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>'s <i>Africa on a Shoestring</i> were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass media–a single radio station, a single daily newspaper, and a single weekly newspaper – were tightly controlled and mainly served as outlets for government propaganda, while the government refused to introduce television.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, wealthier Malawians bought sets as monitors for their VCRs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowledge of pre-Banda history was discouraged, and many books on these subjects were <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">burned</a>. Banda allegedly persecuted some of the northern tribes (particularly the Tumbuka), banning their language and books as well as teachers from certain tribes. Foreigners who broke any of these rules were often declared Prohibited Immigrants and deported.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress_code_and_conservatism">Dress code and conservatism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dress code and conservatism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His government supervised the people's lives very closely. Early in his rule, Banda instituted a dress code rooted in his socially conservative predilections. Women were not allowed to wear see-through clothing, to have visible cleavages, trousers,<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were not allowed to wear skirts or dresses that went above the knees. The only exception to this was at vacation resorts and country clubs, where they could not be seen by the general public. Banda explained that these restrictions were not designed to oppress women, but instill respect and dignity for them. Men's hair had to be no longer than collar length, and foreign visitors at the airport were given mandatory haircuts if necessary. Any man who ventured into public with long hair could also be seized by police and subjected to an involuntary haircut. </p><p>Even foreigners coming into Malawi were subject to Banda's dress code. In the 1970s, prospective visitors to the country were informed of the following requirement for obtaining <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visas</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>Female passengers will not be permitted to enter the country if wearing short dresses or trouser-suits, except in transit or at Lake Holiday resorts or National parks. Skirts and dresses must cover the knees to conform with Government regulations. The entry of 'hippies' and men with long hair and flared trousers is forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_issues"><span id="Women.27s_issues"></span>Women's issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Women's issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banda founded Chitukuko Cha Amai m'Malawi (CCAM) to address the concerns, needs, rights and opportunities for women in Malawi. This institution motivated women to excel in education and government and encouraged them to play more active roles in their community, church and family. The foundation's National Advisor was <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Kadzamira" title="Cecilia Kadzamira">Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira</a>, the official hostess for the former president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hastings_Banda" title="Special:EditPage/Hastings Banda">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1964, after serving as a government minister in the colonial administration, Banda adopted a macroeconomic policy aimed at accelerating economic development for the betterment of Malawians. He settled on the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Whitman Rostow">Rostow</a> model of "catch up" economics, wherein Malawi would vigorously pursue <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Import substitution industrialisation">import substitution industrialisation</a> (ISI). This entailed both a quest for "self-sufficiency" for Malawi – becoming less reliant on its former colonial master – and growth of an industrial base that could ensure Malawi was capable of producing its own goods and services. Such capacity would then be used to catch up and even overtake the West. An infrastructure development program was initiated under the Development Policies (<a href="/w/index.php?title=DEVPOLs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DEVPOLs (page does not exist)">DEVPOLs</a>) documents that Malawi adopted from 1964 onwards. Much of this development was funded through the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Development_and_Marketing_Corporation" title="Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation">Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">Government-owned corporation</a> or parastatal formed to promote the Malawian economy by increasing the volume of agricultural exports and to develop new foreign markets for Malawian agricultural produce. At its foundation, ADMARC was given the power to finance the economic development of any public or private organisation. From its formation it was involved in the diversion of resources from smallholder farming to tobacco <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estates</a>, often owned by members of the ruling elite. This led to corruption, abuse of office and inefficiency in ADMARC, </p><p>The country's infrastructure benefited through massive road construction programs. With the decision to shift the capital city from <a href="/wiki/Zomba,_Malawi" title="Zomba, Malawi">Zomba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a> (against vociferous objections from the British preference for the economically healthy and well-developed <a href="/wiki/Blantyre,_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Blantyre, Malawi">Blantyre</a>), a new road was built linking Blantyre and Zomba to Lilongwe. The Capital City Development Corporation (CCDC) in Lilongwe was itself a beehive of infrastructure development, supported by planning and funds from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">apartheid-era South Africa</a>. The British refused to finance the move to Lilongwe. The CCDC became the sole development agent for Lilongwe; putting up roads, the government seat at Capital Hill, etc. Other infrastructure entities were added, such as Malawi Hotels Limited, which undertook massive projects such as the Mount Soche, Capital Hotel and Mzuzu Hotel. On the industrial side, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawi_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawi Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Malawi Development Corporation</a> (MDC) was tasked with setting up industries and other businesses. Meanwhile, Dr. Banda's own <a href="/wiki/Press_Corporation_Limited" title="Press Corporation Limited">Press Corporation Limited</a> and MYP's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spearhead_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spearhead Corporation (page does not exist)">Spearhead Corporation</a> embarked on business initiatives that lead to an economic boom during the mid- to late 1970s. </p><p>However, by 1979–1980, the bubble had burst due to the global economic crisis set in motion by the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the Arabs in 1973. Rising oil prices and falling global commodity prices combined to wreak havoc on a fragile and landlocked Malawian economy based on an insular and indefensible ISI macroeconomic strategy. Increasingly, the economy was rearranged into a political tool to serve the consumption needs of the emerging Malawian middle-class and thus render it less prone to revolution. </p><p>Banda personally founded <a href="/wiki/Kamuzu_Academy" title="Kamuzu Academy">Kamuzu Academy</a>, a school modeled on <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>, at which Malawian children were taught <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> by expatriate classics teachers, and disciplined if they were caught speaking Chichewa.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the school's alumni have assumed leadership roles in medicine, academia and business in Malawi and abroad. The school remains one of Banda's most lasting legacies and he said of it: "I did not wish my sons and daughters to have to travel abroad to obtain an education as I did." It is claimed, probably incorrectly and unfairly, that he spent almost all the country's education budget on this project,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while increasingly ignoring the needs and welfare of the greater majority [80%] of Malawians toiling in the rural areas. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Rural_Development_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Rural Development Program (page does not exist)">National Rural Development Program</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_Growth_Centers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural Growth Centers (page does not exist)">Rural Growth Centers</a> were tentative and belated policies aimed at diverting rural populations from moving to the few urban areas which Banda's ISI macroeconomic policies had created and were now being battered by the arrival of more and more rural people seeking better opportunities. </p><p>Eventually, with the collapse of the Cold War, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> arrived, imposing a series of <a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programs">Structural Adjustment Programs</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1987. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wealth">Wealth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Wealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is believed that during his rule, Banda accumulated at least US$320 million in personal assets,<sup id="cite_ref-Tenthani_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tenthani-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thought to be invested in everything from agriculture to mining interests in South Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banda had no known heirs but had a vast fortune that is run by his family.<sup id="cite_ref-Tenthani_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tenthani-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unmarried when he died. <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Kadzamira" title="Cecilia Kadzamira">Cecilia Kadzamira</a> was the official hostess or first lady of Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Tenthani_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tenthani-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She essentially ruled the country with her uncle, <a href="/wiki/John_Tembo" title="John Tembo">John Tembo</a>, during Banda's last years. </p><p>His affair and relationship with Merene French remains largely a mystery. He had rejected companionship and marriage and turned his back on the Englishwoman who extramaritally bore his son.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Jumani_Johansson" title="Jumani Johansson">Jumani Johansson</a> (1973–2019) claimed to be the son of the late president and was seeking DNA testing through the courts of Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-nationmw.net_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationmw.net-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand niece Jane Dzanjalimodzi was the former executrix of his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-nationmw.net_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationmw.net-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hastings_Banda" title="Death and state funeral of Hastings Banda">Death and state funeral of Hastings Banda</a></div> <p>Banda suffered from heart failure for several years. In 1997, he was admitted to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre before being transferred to South Africa, where he died on 25 November 1997. His funeral took place on 3 December, with several African heads of state in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malawi" title="President of Malawi">President of Malawi</a></li> <li>Similar protests under his rule: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992%E2%80%931993_Malawian_protests" title="1992–1993 Malawian protests">1992–1993 Malawian protests</a> that led to his departure in 1994</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Dr+Hastings+Banda&rft.date=1997-11-27&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fobituary-dr-hastings-banda-1296534.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cosmopolitan_Malawian-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cosmopolitan_Malawian_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cosmopolitan_Malawian_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cosmopolitan_Malawian_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/09/archives/man-in-the-news-cosmopolitan-malawian-hastings-kamuzu-banda.html">"Man in the News; Cosmopolitan Malawian; Hastings Kamuzu Banda"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 9 September 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Man+in+the+News%3B+Cosmopolitan+Malawian%3B+Hastings+Kamuzu+Banda&rft.date=1964-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F09%2F09%2Farchives%2Fman-in-the-news-cosmopolitan-malawian-hastings-kamuzu-banda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1937" class="citation journal cs1">Watkins, Mark Hanna (1937). "A Grammar of Chichewa: A Bantu Language of British Central Africa". <i>Language</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 5–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F522167">10.2307/522167</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/522167">522167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=A+Grammar+of+Chichewa%3A+A+Bantu+Language+of+British+Central+Africa&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-158&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F522167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F522167%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Mark+Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk1_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk1_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/a-classic-dictator-1576491.html">"A Classic Dictator"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 8 October 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/a-classic-dictator-1576491.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=A+Classic+Dictator&rft.date=1995-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fa-classic-dictator-1576491.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbughuni2023" class="citation web cs1">Mbughuni, Azariah (8 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azariambughuni.blogspot.com/2023/10/hastings-kamuzu-banda-marriage-to.html?m=1">"Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda Married Robertine Edmonds in the United States in 1934"</a>. <i>United Africa</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Africa&rft.atitle=Dr.+Hastings+Kamuzu+Banda+Married+Robertine+Edmonds+in+the+United+States+in+1934&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft.aulast=Mbughuni&rft.aufirst=Azariah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazariambughuni.blogspot.com%2F2023%2F10%2Fhastings-kamuzu-banda-marriage-to.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeindlingMarianne_Colloms2019" class="citation web cs1">Weindling, Dick; Marianne Colloms (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kilburnwesthampstead.blogspot.com/2019/01/hastings-banda-and-his-english-mistress.html">"Hastings Banda and his English Mistress"</a>. <i>History of Kilburn and West Hampstead</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Kilburn+and+West+Hampstead&rft.atitle=Hastings+Banda+and+his+English+Mistress&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.aulast=Weindling&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft.au=Marianne+Colloms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkilburnwesthampstead.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fhastings-banda-and-his-english-mistress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/blcas/fabian-cb.html">"Commonwealth and African Studies Bodleian Library"</a>. Bodleian Library, Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+and+African+Studies+Bodleian+Library&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library%2C+Oxford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodley.ox.ac.uk%2Fdept%2Fscwmss%2Fwmss%2Fonline%2Fblcas%2Ffabian-cb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdiSherwood1995" class="citation book cs1">Adi, Hakim; Sherwood, Marika (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7mfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited</i></a>. New Beacon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873201-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873201-12-1"><bdi>978-1-873201-12-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1945+Manchester+Pan-African+Congress+Revisited&rft.pub=New+Beacon+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-873201-12-1&rft.aulast=Adi&rft.aufirst=Hakim&rft.au=Sherwood%2C+Marika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7mfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalinga-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalinga_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalinga2012" class="citation book cs1">Kalinga, Owen (2012). <i>Historical Dictionary of Malawi</i> (4th ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810859616" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810859616"><bdi>978-0810859616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Malawi&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0810859616&rft.aulast=Kalinga&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyworld.net-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyworld.net_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad48">"History of Malawi"</a>. Historyworld.net. 31 December 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Malawi&rft.pub=Historyworld.net&rft.date=1963-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dad48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6dyAAAAMAAJ&q=%22a+Chewa+with+a+good+grasp%22"><i>Kamuzu Banda of Malawi: A Study in Promise, Power, and Paralysis (Malawi Under Dr Banda) (1961 to 1993)</i></a>, John Lloyd Lwanda, Dudu Nsomba Publications, 1993, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attorney General v Malawi Congress Party & Ors. (Civil Appeal 22 of 1996) [1997] MWSC 1 (30 January 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22Lake+Maravi+on+an+old+French+map%22">New encyclopedia of Africa</a>, Volume 1, John Middleton, Joseph Calder Miller, Thomson/Gale, 2008, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw 2005, 8 & <i>Mwanza Road Incident Report</i> (Limbe, Malawi, 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, Harold D., Margarita Dobert, Gordon C. McDonald, James McLaughlin, Barbara Marvin, and Donald P. Whitaker (1975). <i>Area Handbook for Malawi</i>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.gov.mw/index.php/styles/bilateral-relations/asia/110-bilateral-relations/asia/161-malawi-north-korea-relations">"Malawi – North Korea Relations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815042147/https://foreignaffairs.gov.mw/index.php/styles/bilateral-relations/asia/110-bilateral-relations/asia/161-malawi-north-korea-relations">Archived</a> 15 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Republic of Malawi. Accessed on 18 January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalinga, Owen J. M. (2012). <i>Historical Dictionary of Malawi</i>, Fourth Edition, p. xxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, Dobert, McDonald, McLaughlin, Marvin, and Whitaker (1975). <i>Area Handbook for Malawi</i>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215145817/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836951,00.html">"Malawi: Heroes or Neros?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 14 April 1967. 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color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Clive Harber, Sussex Academic Press, 1997, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw 2005, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChagunda2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chagunda, Chance (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/cea/6446">"Development Aid, Democracy and Sustainable Development in Malawi - 1964 to date"</a>. <i>Cadernos de Estudos Africanos</i> (41): 145–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcea.6446">10.4000/cea.6446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10071%2F31790">10071/31790</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+de+Estudos+Africanos&rft.atitle=Development+Aid%2C+Democracy+and+Sustainable+Development+in+Malawi+-+1964+to+date&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=145-164&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10071%2F31790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcea.6446&rft.aulast=Chagunda&rft.aufirst=Chance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fcea%2F6446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tenthani-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tenthani_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tenthani_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tenthani_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tenthani, Raphael (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/752462.stm">"Mystery of the Banda millions"</a> BBC News 17 May 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/obituary/1997/11/27/hastings-banda">"Hastings Banda | The Economist"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 27 November 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Hastings+Banda+%7C+The+Economist&rft.date=1997-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fobituary%2F1997%2F11%2F27%2Fhastings-banda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationmw.net-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationmw.net_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationmw.net_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmw.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11367:kamuzus-grand-niece-quits-jumani-case&catid=63:local-news&Itemid=62">"Kamuzu's grand-niece quits Jumani case"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kamuzu%27s+grand-niece+quits+Jumani+case&rft.pub=Nationmw.net&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmw.net%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D11367%3Akamuzus-grand-niece-quits-jumani-case%26catid%3D63%3Alocal-news%26Itemid%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevenzo2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sevenzo, Farai (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3137481">"Bedtime for Banda"</a>. <i>Transition</i> (85): 4–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3137481">3137481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transition&rft.atitle=Bedtime+for+Banda&rft.issue=85&rft.pages=4-29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3137481%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sevenzo&rft.aufirst=Farai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3137481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/1997-12-03-malawians-bury-banda/">"Malawians bury Banda"</a>. 3 December 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malawians+bury+Banda&rft.date=1997-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F1997-12-03-malawians-bury-banda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Banda, Hastings Kamuzu". <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (2004 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banda%2C+Hastings+Kamuzu&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hulec, Otakar and <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ol%C5%A1a,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Olša, Jr.">Jaroslav Olša, Jr.</a> (2008). <i>Dějiny Zimbabwe, Zambie a Malawi</i> (in Czech, translation of title: History of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi), Nakladatelství Lidové noviny.</li> <li>Lwanda, John Lloyd, (1993). <i>Kamuzu Banda of Malawi: A Study in Promise, Power, and Paralysis</i>, Dudu Nsomba Publications.</li> <li>Meredith, Martin (2005). <i>The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair</i>, Public Affairs.</li> <li>Mgawi, KJ (2005). <i>Tracing the Footsteps of Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda</i>. Dzuka Publications, Blantyre.</li> <li>Muluzi, Bakili (with Yusuf M. Juwayeyi, Mercy Makhambera, Desmond D. Phiri), (1999). <i>Democracy with a Price: The History of Malawi since 1900</i>. Jhango Heinemann, Blantyre.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Mwakikagile" title="Godfrey Mwakikagile">Mwakikagile, Godfrey</a>, (2006). <i>Africa After Independence: Realities of Nationhood</i>. Johannesburg, South Africa: Continental Press.</li> <li>Ross, Andrew C. (2009). <i>Colonialism to cabinet crisis: a political history of Malawi</i>, African Books Collective, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99908-87-75-6" title="Special:BookSources/99908-87-75-6">99908-87-75-6</a>. This gives extensive biographical detail on Hastings Banda.</li> <li>Rotberg, Robert I, (1965). <i>The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004]. <i>Power Mad!</i> [<i>Šílenství mocných</i>] (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7359-002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7359-002-4"><bdi>978-80-7359-002-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Mad%21&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Metafora&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-80-7359-002-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort1974" class="citation book cs1">Short, Philip (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/banda0000shor"><i>BANDA</i></a></span>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710076311" title="Special:BookSources/9780710076311"><bdi>9780710076311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BANDA&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780710076311&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbanda0000shor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHastings+Banda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>van Donge, Jan Kees (1995). <i>Kamuzu's legacy: the democratisation of Malawi</i>. <a href="/wiki/African_Affairs" title="African Affairs">African Affairs</a>, Vol 94, No 375.</li> <li>Williams, T. David (1978). <i>Malawi, the Politics of Despair</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>.</li> <li>Willie Molesi, <i>Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8332308994" title="Special:BookSources/979-8332308994">979-8332308994</a></li> <li>Willie Molesi, <i>Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities</i>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8334767546" title="Special:BookSources/979-8334767546">979-8334767546</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Banda&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030508010815/http://www.giles.34sp.com/where.htm">Information on Banda's fortune</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050728113010/http://www.greatepicbooks.com/banda.html">Official Biography of Kamuzu Banda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921110635/http://www.politicalarticles.net/blog/2008/09/15/african-dictators-kamuzu-banda-the-control-freak/">Kamuzu Banda: The Control Freak</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hastings_Banda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>(none)</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Nyasaland">Prime Minister of Nyasaland</a> </b><br />1961–1964 (de facto until 1963) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">himself as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malawi" title="Prime Minister of Malawi">Prime Minister of Malawi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">himself as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Nyasaland">Prime Minister of Nyasaland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malawi" title="Prime Minister of Malawi">Prime Minister of Malawi</a> </b><br />1964–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">himself as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malawi" title="President of Malawi">President</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as Head of State<br />Himself as Head of Government</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malawi" title="President of Malawi">President of Malawi</a> </b><br />1966–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bakili_Muluzi" title="Bakili Muluzi">Bakili Muluzi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Malawi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Malawi" title="Template:Heads of State of Malawi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Malawi" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Malawi"><abbr title="Discuss this 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/60px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/90px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/120px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President (from 1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakili_Muluzi" title="Bakili Muluzi">Muluzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">B. Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Banda" title="Joyce Banda">J. Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mutharika" title="Peter Mutharika">P. Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Chakwera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184945#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184945#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184945#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118657003">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082034">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144372546">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144372546">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35974981">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2017965520&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p119751895">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=103248">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810620106005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007349753005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1169804">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118657003.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079860575">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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