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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography and political sub-divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_political_sub-divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and political sub-divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_political_sub-divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-County-based_sub-divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County-based_sub-divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>County-based sub-divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County-based_sub-divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council-based_sub-divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council-based_sub-divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Council-based sub-divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council-based_sub-divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Largest settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physical geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_and_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_and_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Languages and dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_and_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plantations_and_civil_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantations_and_civil_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Plantations and civil wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantations_and_civil_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republicanism,_rebellion_and_communal_strife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republicanism,_rebellion_and_communal_strife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Republicanism, rebellion and communal strife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republicanism,_rebellion_and_communal_strife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialisation,_Home_Rule_and_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialisation,_Home_Rule_and_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Industrialisation, Home Rule and partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialisation,_Home_Rule_and_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>1920 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulster</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uladstir" title="Uladstir – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Uladstir" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="أولستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أولستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaidh" title="Ulaidh – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ulaidh" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olster" title="Olster – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Olster" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_S%C3%A9ng" title="Ulster Séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ulster Séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ольстэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ольстэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ольстэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ольстэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AA%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Ълстър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ълстър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAige_Uladh" title="Cúige Uladh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cúige Uladh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_(lalawigan)" title="Ulster (lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ulster (lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinz_Ulster" title="Provinz Ulster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Provinz Ulster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsteri_provints" title="Ulsteri provints – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ulsteri provints" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CE%BB%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Όλστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όλστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Alster" title="Úlster – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Úlster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="اولستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اولستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAige_Uladh" title="Cúige Uladh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cúige Uladh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queiggey_Ulley" title="Queiggey Ulley – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Queiggey Ulley" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2igeamh_Uladh" title="Còigeamh Uladh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còigeamh Uladh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="얼스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얼스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օլսթեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օլսթեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAige_Uladh" title="Cúige Uladh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cúige Uladh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ольстер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ольстер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="אלסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ოლსტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოლსტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Олстер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Олстер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultonia" title="Ultonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ultonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olstera" title="Olstera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Olstera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsteris" title="Alsteris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alsteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алстер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алстер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="اولستر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اولستر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="アルスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouoton%C3%AEn" title="Ouotonîn – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ouotonîn" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="الستر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الستر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="اولسټر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اولسټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Alster" title="Úlster – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Úlster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ольстер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ольстер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1" title="اولسٽر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اولسٽر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алстер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алстер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்ஸ்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்ஸ்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ольстер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ольстер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อัลสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ольстер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ольстер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="السٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="السٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%9C%81" title="阿尔斯特省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔斯特省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%8B%92%E7%9C%81" title="烏勒省 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏勒省" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%9C%81" title="阿爾斯特省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿爾斯特省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ulster" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q93195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="View the content page [c]" 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ulster&params=54.4_N_7.0_W_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-itwiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.4°N 7.0°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.4; -7.0</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional province in the north of Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ulster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ulster (disambiguation)">Ulster (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ulster</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ulaidh</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Ulster Scots-language text"><i lang="sco-ulster">Ulstèr</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster-Scots</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ulster.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ulster"><img alt="Flag of Ulster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Ulster.svg/160px-Flag_of_Ulster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Ulster.svg/240px-Flag_of_Ulster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Ulster.svg/320px-Flag_of_Ulster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="670" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ulster" title="Flag of Ulster">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ulster"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ulster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="338" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster" title="Coat of arms of Ulster">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Ulster"><img alt="Location of Ulster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ulster_locator_map.svg/192px-Ulster_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ulster_locator_map.svg/288px-Ulster_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ulster_locator_map.svg/384px-Ulster_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1807" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sovereign states</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a> (UK)<br /><a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a> (UK)<br /><a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Cavan</a> (ROI) <br /><a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a> (ROI)<br /><a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">Down</a> (UK)<br /><a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> (UK)<br /><a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">Londonderry</a> (UK)<br /><a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">Monaghan</a> (ROI)<br /><a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a> (UK)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_MEP"><a href="#endnote_MEP">[b]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> MEP<br /> 2 <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> MEPs<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a> MEP</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">UK MPs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la" title="Teachta Dála">RoI TDs</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 Sinn Féin MPs<br /> 5 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> MPs<br /> 2 <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a> MPs<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance</a> MP<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">UUP</a> MP<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">TUV</a> MP<br /> 1 Independent MP<br /> 4 <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> TDs<br /> 3 <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> TDs<br /> 2 Fine Gael TDs<br /> 1 Independent TDs</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland)">MLAs</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 Sinn Féin MLAs<br /> 25 DUP MLAs<br /> 8 SDLP MLAs<br /> 9 UUP MLAs<br /> 17 Alliance MLAs<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">PBP</a> MLA<br /> 1 TUV MLA<br />4 Independent MLAs<br /><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Councillors (NI)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">Councillors (ROI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><br /> 122 DUP Cllrs <br /> 105 Sinn Féin Cllrs<br /> 75 UUP Cllrs <br /> 59 SDLP Cllrs <br /> 53 Alliance Cllrs <br /> 8 <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)" title="Green Party (Ireland)">Green</a> Cllrs <br /> 6 TUV Cllrs <br /> 5 People Before Profit Cllrs <br /> 3 <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">PUP</a> Cllr <br /> 2 <a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a> Cllr<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Cross-Community_Labour_Alternative" title="Cross-Community Labour Alternative">CCLA</a> Cllr<br /> 24 Independent Cllrs<br /><br /> 24 Fianna Fáil Cllrs<br /> 17 Sinn Féin Cllrs<br /> 17 Fine Gael Cllrs<br /> 1 Labour Cllr<br /> 1 Aontú Cllr<br /> 13 Independent Cllrs</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">22,067 km<sup>2</sup> (8,520 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland#Demographics_and_politics" title="Provinces of Ireland">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022 estimate<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_pop"><a href="#endnote_pop">[a]</a></sup>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,217,176</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland#Demographics_and_politics" title="Provinces of Ireland">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">100/km<sup>2</sup> (260/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±0">UTC±0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Time" title="Western European Time">WET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>/<a href="/wiki/Irish_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postcodes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><b>Northern Ireland:</b> <a href="/wiki/BT_postcode_area" title="BT postcode area">BT</a><br /><b>Donegal:</b> <a href="/wiki/Eircode" class="mw-redirect" title="Eircode">Eircodes</a> beginning with F<br /><b>Cavan and Monaghan:</b> <a href="/wiki/Eircode" class="mw-redirect" title="Eircode">Eircodes</a> beginning with A or H7</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telephone area codes</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Northern Ireland:</b> 028 <small>(from Great Britain)</small><br />048 <small>(from Republic of Ireland)</small><br />+44-28 <small>(from rest of world)</small><br /><b>Donegal:</b> +353-74<br /><b>Cavan and Monaghan:</b> +353-4<i>x</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IE-U (Republic of Ireland)<br />GB-NIR (Northern Ireland)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Patron Saints: <a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Moville" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnian of Moville">Finnian of Moville</a><sup id="cite_ref-BriMar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriMar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a> <p>a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_pop"><b><a href="#ref_pop">^</a></b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> census of 2021 results (1,903,100) combined with the preliminary results of <a href="/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland" title="2022 census of Ireland">2022 census of Ireland</a> for Ulster (part of; 314,076).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_MEP"><b><a href="#ref_MEP">^</a></b></span> The counties of Cavan, Monaghan and Donegal are part of the <a href="/wiki/Midlands%E2%80%93North-West_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Midlands–North-West (European Parliament constituency)">Midlands–North-West</a> constituency (4 MEPs); these three counties contain 19.5% of the population of the constituency.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, as the United Kingdom left the EU, there are no MEPs from Northern Ireland.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ulster</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Ulaidh</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈʊlˠiː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʊlˠə]</a></span> or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cúige Uladh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˌkuːɟə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʊlˠə,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʊlˠuː]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a>: <i lang="sco">Ulstèr</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Ulster</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the four traditional or historic <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Irish provinces</a>. It is made up of nine <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties</a>: six of these constitute <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>); the remaining three are in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. </p><p>It is the second-largest (after <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>) and second-most populous (after <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>) of Ireland's four traditional provinces, with <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> being its biggest city. Unlike the other provinces, Ulster has a high percentage of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestants</a>, making up almost half of its population. English is the main language and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a> the main dialect. A minority also speak Irish, and there are <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltachtaí</a></i></span> (Irish-speaking regions) in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> which is home to a quarter of the total Gaeltacht population of the Republic of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also large Irish-speaking networks in southern <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Gaeltacht Quarter, Belfast">Gaeltacht Quarter, Belfast</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster-Scots</a> is also spoken extensively in Counties Antrim, Down, Londonderry, Tyrone and Donegal. <a href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a>, in the east, is the largest lake in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Lough_Erne" title="Lough Erne">Lough Erne</a> in the west is one of its largest lake networks. The main mountain ranges are the <a href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">Mournes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperrins" title="Sperrins">Sperrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Stack_Mountains" title="Blue Stack Mountains">Croaghgorms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derryveagh_Mountains" title="Derryveagh Mountains">Derryveagh Mountains</a>. </p><p>Historically, Ulster lay at the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> world made up of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. According to tradition, in <a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">ancient Ireland</a> it was one of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">fifths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">cúige</i>) ruled by a <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%AD#Rí_ruirech" title="Rí">rí ruirech</a></i></span>, or 'king of over-kings'. It is named after the overkingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a>, in the east of the province, which was in turn named after the Ulaid folk. The other overkingdoms in Ulster were <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Northern Uí Néill">Ailech</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion of Ireland</a> in the twelfth century, eastern Ulster was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster" title="Earldom of Ulster">Earldom of Ulster</a>. By the late fourteenth century the Earldom had collapsed and the <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neill dynasty</a> had come to dominate most of Ulster, claiming the title <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ulster" title="List of kings of Ulster">King of Ulster</a>. Ulster became the most thoroughly Gaelic and independent of Ireland's provinces. Its rulers resisted <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">English encroachment</a> but were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (1594–1603). King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> then colonised Ulster with English-speaking Protestant settlers from Great Britain, in the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>. This led to the founding of many of Ulster's towns. The inflow of Protestant settlers and migrants also led to bouts of <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> violence with Catholics, notably during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 rebellion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armagh_disturbances" title="Armagh disturbances">Armagh disturbances</a>. </p><p>Along with the rest of Ireland, Ulster became part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> in 1801. In the early twentieth century, moves towards <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish self-rule</a> were opposed by many <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a>, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Crisis" title="Home Rule Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</a>. In the last all Ireland election (<a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">1918 Irish general election</a>) counties Donegal and Monaghan returned large <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>) majorities. Sinn Féin candidates ran unopposed in Cavan. Fermanagh and Tyrone had Sinn Féin/Nationalist Party (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>) majorities. The other four Counties of Ulster had Unionist Party majorities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The home rule crisis and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>. Six Ulster counties became Northern Ireland, a self-governing territory within the United Kingdom, while the rest of Ireland became the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, now the Republic of Ireland. </p><p>The term <i>Ulster</i> has no official function for local government purposes in either state. However, for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IE" title="ISO 3166-2:IE">ISO 3166-2:IE</a>, <i>Ulster</i> is used to refer to the three counties of Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan only, which are given country sub-division code "IE-U".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is also used by various organisations such as cultural and sporting bodies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ulster's name ultimately derives from the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaidh</a></i></span>, a group of tribes that once dwelt in this part of Ireland. The Norsemen knew the province as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ulaztir</i></span>, the <i lang="ga"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%ADr#Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tír">tír</a></i> or 'land' (a word borrowed from Irish) of the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Ulaidh</span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-lochlann_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochlann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was then taken into English as <i>Ullister</i> or <i>Ulvester</i>, and later contracted to <i>Ulster</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another, less probable explanation is that the suffix -<i>ster</i> represents the Old Norse element <i lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sta%C3%B0r#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:staðr">staðr</a></i> ('place'), found in names like <a href="/wiki/Lybster" title="Lybster">Lybster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scrabster" title="Scrabster">Scrabster</a> in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-lochlann_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochlann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulster is still known as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cúige Uladh</i></span> in Irish, meaning the province (literally 'fifth') of the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Ulaidh</span></span>. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ulaidh</i></span> has historically been anglicised as <i>Ulagh</i> or <i>Ullagh</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Latinised as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ulidia</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ultonia</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter two have yielded the terms <i>Ulidian</i> and <i>Ultonian</i>. The Irish word for someone or something from Ulster is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ultach</i></span>, and this can be found in the surnames MacNulty, MacAnulty, and Nulty, which all derive from <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Mac an Ultaigh</i></span>, meaning 'son of the Ulsterman'.<sup id="cite_ref-Surnames_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surnames-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> is often referred to as <i>Ulster</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite including only six of Ulster's nine counties. This usage is most common among people in Northern Ireland who are <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cain.ulst.ac.uk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain.ulst.ac.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is also used by the media throughout the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalists</a> object to the use of Ulster in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-cain.ulst.ac.uk_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain.ulst.ac.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_political_sub-divisions">Geography and political sub-divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography and political sub-divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_counties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ulster_counties.svg/270px-Ulster_counties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ulster_counties.svg/405px-Ulster_counties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ulster_counties.svg/540px-Ulster_counties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ulster (coloured), showing Northern Ireland in pink and the Republic of Ireland part in green</figcaption></figure> <p>Ulster has a population of just over two million people and an area of 22,067 square kilometres (8,520 sq mi). About 62% of the area of Ulster is in the UK while the remaining 38% is in the Republic of Ireland. Ulster's biggest city, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, has an urban population of over half a million inhabitants, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_on_the_island_of_Ireland_by_population" title="List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population">second-largest city on the island of Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">10th largest urban area</a> in the UK. Six of Ulster's nine <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">Down</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">Londonderry</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a>, including the former parliamentary boroughs of <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Londonderry_(parliamentary_borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Londonderry (parliamentary borough)">Londonderry</a>, form <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> which remained part of the United Kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> in 1921. Three Ulster counties – <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Cavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">Monaghan</a> – form part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. About half of Ulster's population lives in counties Antrim and Down. Across the nine counties, according to the aggregate UK <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 Census</a> for Northern Ireland, and the ROI 2011 Census for counties Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan, there is a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> majority over <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> of 50.8% to 42.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the traditional counties continue to demarcate areas of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local government in the Republic of Ireland</a>, this is no longer the case in Northern Ireland. Since 1974, the traditional counties have a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">ceremonial</a> role only. <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government in Northern Ireland</a> is now demarcated by 11 districts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County-based_sub-divisions">County-based sub-divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: County-based sub-divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>County</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Area </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#fdd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Aontroma</i></span>; <span title="Ulster Scots-language text"><i lang="sco-ulster">Coontie Anthrim/Antrìm/Entrim</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>618,108 </td> <td>3,088 km<sup>2</sup> (1,192 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#fdd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Ard Mhacha</i></span>; <span title="Ulster Scots-language text"><i lang="sco-ulster">Coontie Airmagh/Armagh</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>174,792 </td> <td>1,327 km<sup>2</sup> (512 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#ddd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">County Cavan</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae an Chabháin</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>81,704 </td> <td>1,932 km<sup>2</sup> (746 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#ddd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Dhún na nGall</i></span> or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Thír Chonaill</i></span>; <span title="Ulster Scots-language text"><i lang="sco-ulster">Coontie Dunnygal/Dinnygal</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>167,084 </td> <td>4,861 km<sup>2</sup> (1,877 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#fdd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae an Dúin</i></span>; <span title="Ulster Scots-language text"><i lang="sco-ulster">Coontie Doon/Doun</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>531,665 </td> <td>2,489 km<sup>2</sup> (961 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#fdd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Fhear Manach</i></span>; <span title="Ulster Scots-language text"><i lang="sco-ulster">Coontie Fermanagh/Fermanay</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>61,170 </td> <td>1,691 km<sup>2</sup> (653 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#fdd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Dhoire</i></span>; <span title="Ulster Scots-language text"><i lang="sco-ulster">Coontie Loonenderrie</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>247,132 </td> <td>2,118 km<sup>2</sup> (818 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#ddd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">County Monaghan</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Mhuineacháin</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>65,288 </td> <td>1,295 km<sup>2</sup> (500 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#fdd;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a> <small>(<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Contae Thír Eoghain</i></span>; <span title="Ulster Scots-language text"><i lang="sco-ulster">Coontie Tyrone/Owenslann</i></span>)</small> </td> <td>177,986 </td> <td>3,266 km<sup>2</sup> (1,261 sq mi) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#fdd;"> <th style="text-align:right;">Total </th> <th style="text-align:right;">2,217,176 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">22,067 km<sup>2</sup> (8,520 sq mi) </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Counties shaded in grey are in the Republic of Ireland. Counties shaded in pink are in Northern Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council-based_sub-divisions">Council-based sub-divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Council-based sub-divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>Council </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">County Cavan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cavan_County_Council" title="Cavan County Council">Cavan County Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donegal_County_Council" title="Donegal County Council">Donegal County Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">County Monaghan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monaghan_County_Council" title="Monaghan County Council">Monaghan County Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh_and_Omagh" title="Fermanagh and Omagh">Fermanagh and Omagh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh_and_Omagh_District_Council" title="Fermanagh and Omagh District Council">Fermanagh and Omagh District Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Derry_and_Strabane" class="mw-redirect" title="Derry and Strabane">Derry and Strabane</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Derry_and_Strabane_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Derry and Strabane District Council">Derry and Strabane District Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ulster_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ulster District">Mid-Ulster</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ulster_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ulster District Council">Mid-Ulster District Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Causeway_Coast_and_Glens" title="Causeway Coast and Glens">Causeway Coast and Glens</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Causeway_Coast_and_Glens_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Causeway Coast and Glens District Council">Causeway Coast and Glens District Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_and_East_Antrim" title="Mid and East Antrim">Mid and East Antrim</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_and_East_Antrim_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid and East Antrim District Council">Mid and East Antrim District Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antrim_and_Newtownabbey" title="Antrim and Newtownabbey">Antrim and Newtownabbey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antrim_and_Newtownabbey_Borough_Council" title="Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council">Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ards_and_North_Down" title="Ards and North Down">Ards and North Down</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ards_and_North_Down_Borough_Council" title="Ards and North Down Borough Council">Ards and North Down Borough Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armagh,_Banbridge_and_Craigavon" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon">Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armagh,_Banbridge_and_Craigavon_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council">Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_and_Castlereagh" title="Lisburn and Castlereagh">Lisburn and Castlereagh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_and_Castlereagh_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council">Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newry,_Mourne_and_Down" title="Newry, Mourne and Down">Newry, Mourne and Down</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newry,_Mourne_and_Down_District_Council" title="Newry, Mourne and Down District Council">Newry, Mourne and Down District Council</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast City Council</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_settlements">Largest settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Largest settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Settlements in Ulster with at least 14,000 inhabitants, listed in order of population: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> (480,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> (105,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a> (75,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigavon,_County_Armagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigavon, County Armagh">Craigavon</a> (65,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a> (58,400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymena" title="Ballymena">Ballymena</a> (28,700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtownards" title="Newtownards">Newtownards</a> (27,800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a> (27,400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a> (27,200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleraine" title="Coleraine">Coleraine</a> (25,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrim,_County_Antrim" title="Antrim, County Antrim">Antrim</a> (20,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagh" title="Omagh">Omagh</a> (19,800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterkenny" title="Letterkenny">Letterkenny</a> (19,600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larne" title="Larne">Larne</a> (18,200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbridge" title="Banbridge">Banbridge</a> (14,700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a> (14,500)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GDP of the province of Ulster is around €50 billion. Salary levels are the lowest on the island of Ireland. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Largest settlement</th> <th>GDP €</th> <th>GDP per person € </th></tr> <tr> <td>Greater Belfast</td> <td>720,000</td> <td>NI</td> <td>Belfast</td> <td>€20.9 bn</td> <td>€33,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Border_Region,_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Region, Ireland">Border Region</a> (includes two non-Ulster counties)</td> <td>430,000 (roughly half in Ulster)</td> <td>ROI</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letterkenny" title="Letterkenny">Letterkenny</a></td> <td>€10.7 bn</td> <td>€21,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>East of Northern Ireland</td> <td>430,000</td> <td>NI</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ballymena" title="Ballymena">Ballymena</a></td> <td>€9.5 bn</td> <td>€20,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North of Northern Ireland</td> <td>280,000</td> <td>NI</td> <td>Derry</td> <td>€5.5 bn</td> <td>€18,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>West and South of Northern Ireland</td> <td>400,000</td> <td>NI</td> <td>Newry</td> <td>€8.4 bn</td> <td>€19,300 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biggest lake in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a>, lies in eastern Ulster. The province's highest point, <a href="/wiki/Slieve_Donard" title="Slieve Donard">Slieve Donard</a> (848 metres (2,782 ft)), stands in County Down. The most northerly point in Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Malin_Head" title="Malin Head">Malin Head</a>, is in County Donegal, as are the sixth-highest (601 metres (1,972 ft)) sea <a href="/wiki/Cliffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliffs">cliffs</a> in Europe, at <a href="/wiki/Slieve_League" title="Slieve League">Slieve League</a>, and the province's largest island, <a href="/wiki/Arranmore" title="Arranmore">Arranmore</a>. The most easterly point in Ireland is also in Ulster, in <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, and the most westerly point in the UK is in <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>. The longest river in the British Isles, the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">Shannon</a>, rises at the <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Pot" title="Shannon Pot">Shannon Pot</a> in County Cavan with underground tributaries from County Fermanagh. <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanic activity</a> in eastern Ulster led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Antrim_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Antrim Plateau">Antrim Plateau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a>, one of Ireland's three <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. Ulster also has a significant <a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">drumlin</a> belt. The geographical centre of Ulster lies between the villages of <a href="/wiki/Pomeroy,_County_Tyrone" title="Pomeroy, County Tyrone">Pomeroy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrickmore" title="Carrickmore">Carrickmore</a> in County Tyrone. In terms of area, County Donegal is the largest county in all of Ulster. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_through_the_Arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At White Park Bay"><img alt="At White Park Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/House_through_the_Arch.jpg/240px-House_through_the_Arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/House_through_the_Arch.jpg/360px-House_through_the_Arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/House_through_the_Arch.jpg/480px-House_through_the_Arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At White Park Bay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Countryside_west_of_Ballynahinch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_466768.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Countryside west of Ballynahinch"><img alt="Countryside west of Ballynahinch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countryside_west_of_Ballynahinch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_466768.jpg/240px-Countryside_west_of_Ballynahinch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_466768.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countryside_west_of_Ballynahinch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_466768.jpg/360px-Countryside_west_of_Ballynahinch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_466768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countryside_west_of_Ballynahinch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_466768.jpg/480px-Countryside_west_of_Ballynahinch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_466768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Countryside west of Ballynahinch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourne_country_cottage._-_geograph.org.uk_-_495183.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mourne country cottage"><img alt="Mourne country cottage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mourne_country_cottage._-_geograph.org.uk_-_495183.jpg/281px-Mourne_country_cottage._-_geograph.org.uk_-_495183.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mourne_country_cottage._-_geograph.org.uk_-_495183.jpg/422px-Mourne_country_cottage._-_geograph.org.uk_-_495183.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mourne_country_cottage._-_geograph.org.uk_-_495183.jpg/562px-Mourne_country_cottage._-_geograph.org.uk_-_495183.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mourne country cottage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fintown_Railway_on_trackbed_of_CDR_County_Donegal_Railway,_Lough_Finn_(5951398952).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The track of the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee (CDRJC) restored next to Lough Finn, near Fintown station."><img alt="The track of the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee (CDRJC) restored next to Lough Finn, near Fintown station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fintown_Railway_on_trackbed_of_CDR_County_Donegal_Railway%2C_Lough_Finn_%285951398952%29.jpg/240px-Fintown_Railway_on_trackbed_of_CDR_County_Donegal_Railway%2C_Lough_Finn_%285951398952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fintown_Railway_on_trackbed_of_CDR_County_Donegal_Railway%2C_Lough_Finn_%285951398952%29.jpg/360px-Fintown_Railway_on_trackbed_of_CDR_County_Donegal_Railway%2C_Lough_Finn_%285951398952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fintown_Railway_on_trackbed_of_CDR_County_Donegal_Railway%2C_Lough_Finn_%285951398952%29.jpg/480px-Fintown_Railway_on_trackbed_of_CDR_County_Donegal_Railway%2C_Lough_Finn_%285951398952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The track of the <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal_Railways_Joint_Committee" title="County Donegal Railways Joint Committee">County Donegal Railways Joint Committee (CDRJC)</a> restored next to <a href="/wiki/Lough_Finn" title="Lough Finn">Lough Finn</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Fintown_railway_station" title="Fintown railway station">Fintown station</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_approach_of_autumn,_Tardree_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943055.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The approach of autumn, Tardree forest"><img alt="The approach of autumn, Tardree forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_approach_of_autumn%2C_Tardree_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943055.jpg/271px-The_approach_of_autumn%2C_Tardree_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943055.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_approach_of_autumn%2C_Tardree_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943055.jpg/407px-The_approach_of_autumn%2C_Tardree_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943055.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_approach_of_autumn%2C_Tardree_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943055.jpg/542px-The_approach_of_autumn%2C_Tardree_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943055.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The approach of autumn, Tardree forest</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The province's main airport is <a href="/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport" title="Belfast International Airport">Belfast International Airport</a> (popularly called Aldergrove Airport), which is located at <a href="/wiki/Aldergrove,_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldergrove, Northern Ireland">Aldergrove</a>, 11.5 miles northwest of Belfast near <a href="/wiki/Antrim,_County_Antrim" title="Antrim, County Antrim">Antrim</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">George Best Belfast City Airport</a> (sometimes referred to as "the City Airport" or "the Harbour Airport") is another, smaller airport which is located at <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_railway_station,_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydenham railway station, Northern Ireland">Sydenham</a> in Belfast. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Derry_Airport" title="City of Derry Airport">City of Derry Airport</a> is located at <a href="/wiki/Eglinton,_County_Londonderry" title="Eglinton, County Londonderry">Eglinton</a>, 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of the city of <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>. There is also <a href="/wiki/Donegal_Airport" title="Donegal Airport">Donegal Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Aerfort Dhún na nGall</i>), popularly known as Carrickfinn Airport, which is located in <a href="/wiki/The_Rosses" title="The Rosses">The Rosses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railway lines are run by <a href="/wiki/NI_Railways" title="NI Railways">NI Railways</a> (NIR). Belfast to Bangor and Belfast to Lisburn are strategically the most important routes on the network with the greatest number of passengers and largest profit margins. The <a href="/wiki/Belfast-Derry_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast-Derry railway line">Belfast-Derry railway line</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Derry_~_Londonderry_railway_station" title="Derry ~ Londonderry railway station">Derry~Londonderry railway station</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Coleraine_railway_station" title="Coleraine railway station">Coleraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballymoney_railway_station" title="Ballymoney railway station">Ballymoney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballymena_railway_station" title="Ballymena railway station">Ballymena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antrim_railway_station" title="Antrim railway station">Antrim</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lanyon_Place_railway_station" title="Lanyon Place railway station">Lanyon Place</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Grand_Central_station" title="Belfast Grand Central station">Belfast Grand Central</a> is a noted scenic route. Belfast is also connected with <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus_railway_station" title="Carrickfergus railway station">Carrickfergus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larne_Harbour_railway_station" title="Larne Harbour railway station">Larne Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portadown_railway_station" title="Portadown railway station">Portadown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newry_railway_station" title="Newry railway station">Newry</a> and onwards, via the <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(train_service)" title="Enterprise (train service)">Enterprise</a> service jointly operated by NIR and <a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Connolly" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Connolly">Dublin Connolly</a>. </p><p>The main railway lines linking to and from Belfast Grand Central and Belfast Lanyon Place are: </p> <ul><li>The Derry Line and the Portrush Branch</li> <li>The Larne Line</li> <li>The Bangor Line</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Portadown_railway_station" title="Portadown railway station">Portadown</a> Line</li></ul> <p>Only five Irish counties, all in Southern and Western Ulster, currently have no mainline railway. The historic <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Northern Railway of Ireland">Great Northern Railway of Ireland</a> connected them. They are Cavan, Monaghan, Fermanagh, Tyrone and Donegal. A plan to re-link <a href="/wiki/Sligo" title="Sligo">Sligo</a> and Derry through Donegal has been postponed until at least 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_and_dialects">Languages and dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Languages and dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots dialects</a></div> <p>Most people in Ulster speak English. English is taught in all schools in the province; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> (<i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge</i></span></i>) is taught in all schools in the counties that are part of the Republic, and in schools in Northern Ireland, almost exclusively in the Roman Catholic and Irish-medium sectors. In responses to the 2001 census in Northern Ireland 10% of the population had "some knowledge of Irish"<sup id="cite_ref-nisra.gov.uk-Census2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nisra.gov.uk-Census2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4.7% could "speak, read, write and understand" Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-nisra.gov.uk-Census2001_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nisra.gov.uk-Census2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large parts of <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> are <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> areas where <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> is the first language and some people in west Belfast also speak Irish, especially in the "Gaeltacht Quarter".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialect of Irish most commonly spoken in Ulster (especially throughout Northern Ireland and County Donegal) is <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge Thír Chonaill</i></span></i> or Donegal Irish, also known as <i><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeilge Uladh</i></span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a>. Donegal Irish has many similarities to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> is the third most common language. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots dialects</a>, sometimes known by the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <i>Ullans</i>, are also spoken in Counties Down, Antrim, Londonderry and Donegal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="History_and_politics"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History of Ireland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ulster" title="Special:EditPage/Ulster">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ulster is one of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">four Irish provinces</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Place names in Irish">name</a> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cúige Uladh</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˌkuːɟə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʊlˠə]</a></span>), meaning 'fifth of the <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaidh</a>', named for the ancient inhabitants of the region. </p><p>The province's early story extends further back than written records and survives mainly in legends such as the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> of Ulster, formerly called Ulandia, gives examples of "ritual enclosures", such as the <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Ring" title="Giant's Ring">Giant's Ring</a> near Belfast, which is an earth bank about 590 feet (180 m) in diameter and 15 feet (4.5 m) high, in the centre of which there is a <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riordain_66_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riordain_66-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Boyne and its tributary the Blackwater were the traditional southern boundary of the province of Ulster and appear as such in the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></i></span>. According to historian Francis John Byrne the <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> 'possibly still ruled directly in <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">Louth</a> as far as the Boyne in the early seventh century'<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Congal_C%C3%A1ech" title="Congal Cáech">Congal Cáech</a> made a bid for the <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">kingship of Tara</a>. In 637, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moira" title="Battle of Moira">Battle of Moira</a>, known archaically as the Battle of Magh Rath, was fought by the Gaelic High King of Ireland Domhnall II against his foster son King Congal Cáech of Ulster, supported by his ally Domhnall the Freckled (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Domhnall Brecc</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Dalriada" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalriada">Dalriada</a>. The battle was fought near the Woods of Killultagh, just outside the village of Moira in what would become County Down. It was allegedly the largest battle ever fought on the island of Ireland, and resulted in the death of Congal and the retreat of Domhnall Brecc. </p><p>In early medieval Ireland, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Northern Uí Néill">Northern Uí Néill</a>, the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél nEógain">Cenél nEógain</a></i></span> of the province of <a href="/wiki/Ailech" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailech">Ailech</a>, gradually eroded the territory of the province of Ulaidh until it lay east of the <a href="/wiki/River_Bann" title="River Bann">River Bann</a>. The <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Cenél nEógain</i></span> would make <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Tír Eóghain</i></span> (most of which forms modern <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a>) their base. Among the <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High Kings of Ireland</a> were <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_Findliath" title="Áed Findliath">Áed Findliath</a> (died 879), <a href="/wiki/Niall_Gl%C3%BAndub" title="Niall Glúndub">Niall Glúndub</a> (died 919), and <a href="/wiki/Domnall_ua_N%C3%A9ill" title="Domnall ua Néill">Domnall ua Néill</a> (died 980), all of the Cenél nEógain. The province of Ulaidh would survive restricted to the east of modern Ulster until the Norman invasion in the late 12th century. It would only once more become a province of Ireland in the mid-14th century after the collapse of the Norman <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Ulster" title="Earldom of Ulster">Earldom of Ulster</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Neill">O'Neills</a> who had come to dominate the Northern Uí Néill stepped into the power vacuum and staked a claim for the first time the title of "king of Ulster" along with the Red Hand of Ulster symbol. It was then that the provinces of Ailech, Airgialla, and Ulaidh would all merge largely into what would become the modern province of Ulster. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_821113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bronze_statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_821113.jpg/260px-Bronze_statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_821113.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bronze_statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_821113.jpg/390px-Bronze_statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_821113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bronze_statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_821113.jpg/520px-Bronze_statue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_821113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A bronze statue commemorating The <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rathmullan" title="Rathmullan">Rathmullan</a> in north <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Domnall_Ua_Lochlainn" title="Domnall Ua Lochlainn">Domnall Ua Lochlainn</a> (died 1121) and <a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Mac_Lochlainn" title="Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn">Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn</a> (died 1166) were of this dynasty. The <a href="/wiki/Meic_Lochlainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Meic Lochlainn">Meic Lochlainn</a> were in 1241 overthrown by their kin, the clan Ó Néill (see <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neill dynasty</a>). The Ó Néill's were from then on established as Ulster's most powerful Gaelic family. </p><p>The Ó Domhnaill (<a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donnell">O'Donnell</a>) dynasty were Ulster's second most powerful clan from the early thirteenth-century through to the beginning of the seventeenth-century. The O'Donnells ruled over <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Chonaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tír Chonaill">Tír Chonaill</a> (most of modern County Donegal) in West Ulster. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Ireland">Norman invasion</a> of Ireland in the twelfth century, the east of the province fell by conquest to Norman barons, first <a href="/wiki/John_de_Courcy" title="John de Courcy">De Courcy</a> (died 1219), then <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_1st_Earl_of_Ulster" title="Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster">Hugh de Lacy</a> (1176–1243), who founded the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ulster" title="Earl of Ulster">Earldom of Ulster</a> based on the modern counties of Antrim and Down. </p><p>In the 1600s Ulster was the last redoubt of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> way of life, and following the defeat of the Irish forces in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War (Ireland)">Nine Years War</a> (1594–1603) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinsale" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kinsale">battle of Kinsale</a> (1601), <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>'s English forces succeeded in subjugating Ulster and all of Ireland. </p><p>The Gaelic leaders of Ulster, the <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neills</a> and <a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donnell">O'Donnells</a>, finding their power under English <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> limited, decamped <i>en masse</i> in 1607 (the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Europe. This allowed the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">English Crown</a> to plant Ulster with more loyal English and Scottish <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">planters</a>, a process which began in earnest in 1610. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plantations_and_civil_wars">Plantations and civil wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plantations and civil wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Plandáil Uladh</i>) was the organised <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">plantation</a>) of Ulster by people from Great Britain (especially <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>). Private plantation by wealthy landowners began in 1606,<sup id="cite_ref-A.T.Q._Stewart_1989._Page_38_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.T.Q._Stewart_1989._Page_38-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyril_Falls_1996._Pages_156-157_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyril_Falls_1996._Pages_156-157-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perceval-Maxwell_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perceval-Maxwell-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the official plantation controlled by <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I of England</a> (who was also King James VI of Scots) began in 1609. All land owned by Irish chieftains, the <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">Ó Neills</a> and <a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell_dynasty" title="O'Donnell dynasty">Ó Donnells</a> (along with those of their supporters), who fought against the <a href="/wiki/English_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="English Crown">English Crown</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years War</a>, were confiscated and used to settle the colonists. The Counties <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Tyrconnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Cavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Coleraine" title="County Coleraine">Coleraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a> comprised the official Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the counties, including the most heavily colonised Counties <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">Down</a>, were privately colonised.<sup id="cite_ref-A.T.Q._Stewart_1989._Page_38_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.T.Q._Stewart_1989._Page_38-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyril_Falls_1996._Pages_156-157_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyril_Falls_1996._Pages_156-157-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perceval-Maxwell_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perceval-Maxwell-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These counties, though not officially designated as subject to <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a>, had suffered violent depopulation during the previous wars and proved attractive to Private <a href="/wiki/Colonialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialists">Colonialists</a> from nearby Britain. The efforts to attract colonists from England and Scotland to the Ulster Plantation were considerably affected by the existence of British colonies in the Americas, which served as a more attractive destination for many potential emigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The official reason for the Plantation is said to have been to pay for the costly <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this view was not shared by all in the English government of the time, most notably the <a href="/wiki/English_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="English Crown">English Crown</a>-appointed <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Ireland" title="Attorney-General for Ireland">Attorney-General for Ireland</a> in 1609, <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(poet,_born_1569)" title="John Davies (poet, born 1569)">Sir John Davies</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> A barbarous country must be first broken by a war before it will be capable of good government; and when it is fully subdued and conquered, if it be not well planted and governed after the conquest, it will eftsoons return to the former barbarism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Plantation of Ulster continued well into the 18th century, interrupted only by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a>. This Rebellion was initially led by <a href="/wiki/Phelim_O%27Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="Phelim O'Neill">Sir Phelim O'Neill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Sir Féilim Ó Néill</i>), and was intended to overthrow British rule rapidly, but quickly degenerated into attacks on colonists, in which dispossessed Irish slaughtered thousands of the colonists. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">wars</a> (1641–1653, fought against the background of <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">civil war</a> in England, Scotland and Ireland), Ulster became a battleground between the Colonialists and the native Irish. In 1646, an Irish army under command by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Roe_O%27Neill" title="Owen Roe O'Neill">Owen Roe O'Neill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill</i>) inflicted a defeat on a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanter</a> army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benburb" title="Battle of Benburb">Benburb</a> in County Tyrone, but the native Irish forces failed to follow up their victory and the war lapsed into stalemate. The war in Ulster ended with the defeat of the native army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scarrifholis" title="Battle of Scarrifholis">Battle of Scarrifholis</a>, near Newmills on the western outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Letterkenny" title="Letterkenny">Letterkenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, in 1650, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>, the aim of which was to expel all native Irish to the province of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connaught</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forty years later, in 1688–1691, the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> was fought, the belligerents of which were the <a href="/wiki/Williamite" title="Williamite">Williamites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a>. The war was partly due to a dispute over who was the rightful claimant to the <a href="/wiki/British_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="British Throne">British Throne</a>, and thus the supreme monarch of the nascent <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. However, the war was also a part of the greater <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Grand_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Grand Alliance">War of the Grand Alliance</a>, fought between <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">King Louis XIV of France</a> and his allies, and a European-wide coalition, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">Grand Alliance</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">Prince William of Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> and many other states. The Grand Alliance was a cross-denominational alliance designed to stop French eastward colonialist expansion under Louis XIV, with whom <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James II</a> was allied. </p><p>The majority of Irish people were "Jacobites" and supported James II due to his 1687 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence_(1687)" title="Declaration of Indulgence (1687)">Declaration of Indulgence</a> or, as it is also known, The Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience, that granted religious freedom to all denominations in England and Scotland and also due to James II's promise to the Irish Parliament of an eventual right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, James II was deposed in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, and the majority of Ulster <a href="/wiki/Colonialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialists">Colonialists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Williamite" title="Williamite">Williamites</a>) backed <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>. Both the Williamite and Jacobite armies were religiously mixed; William of Orange's own elite forces, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Blue_Guards" title="Dutch Blue Guards">Dutch Blue Guards</a> had a papal banner with them during the invasion, many of them being Dutch Roman Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the war, Irish Jacobites controlled most of Ireland for James II, with the exception of the Williamite strongholds at <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a> in Ulster. The Jacobites <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">besieged Derry</a> from December 1688 to July 1689, ending when a Williamite army from Britain relieved the city. The Williamites based in Enniskillen defeated another Jacobite army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtownbutler" title="Battle of Newtownbutler">battle of Newtownbutler</a> on 28 July 1689. Thereafter, Ulster remained firmly under Williamite control and William's forces completed their conquest of the rest of Ireland in the next two years. The war provided Protestant <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalists</a> with the iconic victories of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">Siege of Derry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> (1 July 1690) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a> (12 July 1691), all of which the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> commemorate each year. </p><p>The Williamites' victory in this war ensured <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a> for over 200 years. The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> in Ireland excluded most of Ulster's population from having any Civil <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a> on religious grounds. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> (descended from the indigenous Irish) and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> (mainly descended from Scottish colonists) both suffered discrimination under the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a>, which gave full political rights only to <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> Protestants (mostly descended from English settlers). In the 1690s, Scottish Presbyterians became a majority in Ulster, due to a large influx of them into the Province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots emigrated to the North American colonies throughout the 18th century (160,000 settled in what would become the United States between 1717 and 1770 alone). </p><p>Disdaining (or forced out of) the heavily English regions on the Atlantic coast, most groups of Ulster-Scots settlers crossed into the "western mountains", where their descendants populated the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a> regions and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a>. Here they lived on the frontiers of America, carving their own world out of the wilderness. The Scots-Irish soon became the dominant culture of the Appalachians from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> to <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. Author (and US Senator) <a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a> puts forth a thesis in his book <i>Born Fighting</i> to suggest that the character traits he ascribes to the Scots-Irish such as loyalty to kin, mistrust of governmental authority, and a propensity to bear arms, helped shape the American identity. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">United States Census, 2000</a>, 4.3 million Americans claimed Scots-Irish ancestry. The areas where the most Americans reported themselves in the 2000 Census only as "American" with no further qualification (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, north-central <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and many other areas in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern US">Southern US</a>) are largely the areas where many Scots-Irish settled, and are in complementary distribution with the areas which most heavily report Scots-Irish ancestry. </p><p>According to the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, 400,000 people in the US were of Irish birth or ancestry in 1790 when the first US Census counted 3,100,000 white Americans. According to the encyclopaedia, half of these Irish Americans were descended from Ulster, and half from the other three provinces of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republicanism,_rebellion_and_communal_strife"><span id="Republicanism.2C_rebellion_and_communal_strife"></span>Republicanism, rebellion and communal strife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Republicanism, rebellion and communal strife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ulster" title="Special:EditPage/Ulster">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of the 18th century saw a calming of sectarian tensions in Ulster. The economy of the province improved, as small producers exported linen and other goods. Belfast developed from a village into a bustling provincial town. However, this did not stop many thousands of Ulster people from emigrating to <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> in this period, where they became known as "<a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scots Irish</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scotch-Irish</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Political tensions resurfaced, albeit in a new form, towards the end of the 18th century. In the 1790s many Roman Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Anglican domination</a> and inspired by the American and French <a href="/wiki/Revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions">revolutions</a> joined in the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> movement. This group (founded in Belfast) dedicated itself to founding a non-<a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> and independent Irish republic. The United Irishmen had particular strength in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">Down</a>. Paradoxically however, this period also saw much sectarian violence between Roman Catholics and Protestants, principally members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (Anglicans, who practised the British state religion and had rights denied to both Presbyterians and Roman Catholics), notably the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Diamond" title="Battle of the Diamond">Battle of the Diamond</a>" in 1795, a faction fight between the rival "<a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a>" (Roman Catholic) and "<a href="/wiki/Peep_O%27Day_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Peep O'Day Boys">Peep O'Day Boys</a>" (Anglican), which led to over 100 deaths and to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">Orange Order</a>. This event, and many others like it, came about with the relaxation of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a> and Roman Catholics began to be allowed to purchase land and involve themselves in the linen trade (activities which previously had involved many onerous restrictions). Protestants, including some Presbyterians, who in some parts of the province had come to identify with the Roman Catholic community, used violence to intimidate Roman Catholics who tried to enter the linen trade. Estimates suggest that up to 7000 Roman Catholics suffered expulsion from Ulster during this violence. Many of them settled in northern <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>. These refugees' linguistic influence still survives in the dialects of Irish spoken in <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a>, which have many similarities to <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a> not found elsewhere in Connacht. Loyalist militias, primarily <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>, also used violence against the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> and against Roman Catholic and Protestant <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republicans</a> throughout the province. </p><p>In 1798 the United Irishmen, led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Joy_McCracken" title="Henry Joy McCracken">Henry Joy McCracken</a>, launched a rebellion in Ulster, mostly supported by Presbyterians. But the British authorities swiftly put down the rebellion and employed severe repression after the fighting had ended. In the wake of the failure of this <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">rebellion</a>, and following the gradual abolition of official religious discrimination after the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> in 1800, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> came to identify more with the State and with their Anglican neighbours, due to their civil rights now being respected by both the state and their Anglican neighbours. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1859_Ulster_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="1859 Ulster Revival">1859 Ulster Revival</a> was a major <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Christian revival</a> that spread throughout Ulster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialisation,_Home_Rule_and_partition"><span id="Industrialisation.2C_Home_Rule_and_partition"></span>Industrialisation, Home Rule and partition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Industrialisation, Home Rule and partition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg/220px-Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg/330px-Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg/440px-Royal_Avenue_Belfast2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3523" data-file-height="2597" /></a><figcaption>Royal Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>. <a href="/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">Photochrom</a> print <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span>–1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, Ulster had the only large-scale industrialisation and became the most prosperous province on the island. In the latter part of the century, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> briefly overtook <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> as the island's largest city. Belfast became famous in this period for its huge <a href="/wiki/Dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dockyard">dockyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> – and notably for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">Sectarian</a> divisions in Ulster became hardened into the political categories of <i><a href="/wiki/Unionist_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist (Ireland)">unionist</a></i> (supporters of the Union with Britain; mostly, but not exclusively, Protestant) and <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">nationalist</a></i> (advocates of repeal of the 1800 Act of Union, usually, though not exclusively, Roman Catholic). Northern Ireland's current politics originate from these late 19th century disputes over <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Movement">Home Rule</a> that would have devolved some powers of government to Ireland. At least a dozen large scale sectarian disturbances/riots occurred in Belfast during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulster Protestants usually opposed Home Rule — fearing for their religious rights calling it "Rome Rule" in an autonomous Roman Catholic-dominated Ireland and also not trusting politicians from the agrarian south and west to support the more industrial economy of Ulster. This lack of trust, however, was largely unfounded as during the 19th and early 20th century important industries in the southernmost region of Cork included brewing, distilling, wool and like Belfast, shipbuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_(Ireland)_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The results of the 1918 Irish general election, in which Sinn Féin and the Irish Parliamentary Party won the majority of votes on the island of Ireland, shown in the color green and light green respectively, with the exception being primarily in the East of the province of Ulster."><img alt="The results of the 1918 Irish general election, in which Sinn Féin and the Irish Parliamentary Party won the majority of votes on the island of Ireland, shown in the color green and light green respectively, with the exception being primarily in the East of the province of Ulster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg/230px-1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg/345px-1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg/460px-1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_%28Ireland%29_map_-_winning_party_vote_share_by_constituency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The results of the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">1918 Irish general election</a>, in which Sinn Féin and the Irish Parliamentary Party won the majority of votes on the island of Ireland, shown in the color green and light green respectively, with the exception being primarily in the East of the province of Ulster.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thousands of unionists, led by the Dublin-born barrister <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">James Craig</a>, signed the "<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a>" of 1912 pledging to resist Home Rule. This movement also set up the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF). In April 1914, the UVF assisted with the landing of 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">German</a> rifles with 3,000,000 rounds at <a href="/wiki/Larne" title="Larne">Larne</a> by blockading authorities. (See <a href="/wiki/Larne_gunrunning" class="mw-redirect" title="Larne gunrunning">Larne gunrunning</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Curragh_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Curragh Incident">Curragh Incident</a> showed it would be difficult to use the British army to enforce home rule from Dublin on Ulster's unionist minority. </p><p>In response, Irish republicans created the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>, part of which became the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1917–22)">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) – to seek to ensure the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Act_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule Act 1914">Home Rule Bill</a>. Upon the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I" title="Ireland and World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, 200,000 Irishmen, both Southern and Northern, of all religious sects volunteered to serve in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. This had the effect of interrupting the armed stand-off in Ireland. As the war progressed, in Ireland, opposition to the War grew stronger, reaching its peak in 1918 when the British government proposed laws to extend <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> to all able bodied Irishmen during the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Conscription Crisis</a>. </p><p>In the aftermath of World War I, the political party <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> ("Ourselves") won the majority of votes in the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">1918 Irish general election</a>, this political party pursued a policy of complete independent self-determination for the island of Ireland as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in_Manifesto_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinn Féin Manifesto 1918">Sinn Féin campaign Manifesto of 1918</a>, a great deal more than the devolved government/<a href="/wiki/Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule">Home Rule</a> advocated by the (I.P.P) <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>. Following the Sinn Féin victory in these elections the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">Irish Declaration of Independence</a> was penned and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicanism">Irish republicans</a> launched a guerrilla campaign against British rule in what became the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (January 1919 – July 1921). The fighting in Ulster during the Irish War of Independence generally took the form of street battles between Protestants and Roman Catholics in the city of Belfast. Estimates suggest that about 600 civilians died in this communal violence, the majority of them (58%) Roman Catholics (see <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_(1920%E2%80%931922)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Troubles (1920–1922)">The Troubles (1920–1922)</a>). The IRA remained relatively quiescent in Ulster, with the exception of the south <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a> area, where <a href="/wiki/Frank_Aiken" title="Frank Aiken">Frank Aiken</a> led it. A lot of IRA activity also took place at this time in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> and the City of <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, where one of the main Republican leaders was <a href="/wiki/Peadar_O%27Donnell" title="Peadar O'Donnell">Peadar O'Donnell</a>. Hugh O'Doherty, a <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> politician, was elected mayor of Derry at this time. In the <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">First Dáil</a>, which was elected in late 1918, Prof. <a href="/wiki/Eoin_Mac_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Eoin Mac Néill">Eoin Mac Néill</a> served as the Sinn Féin T.D. for <a href="/wiki/Londonderry_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Londonderry City (UK Parliament constituency)">Londonderry City</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920_to_present">1920 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1920 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History of Northern Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_and_politics_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland">Demographics and politics of Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics of the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a>, first mooted in 1912, was introduced with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>, which gave a form of "Home rule" self-government to two areas, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ireland (1921–22)">Southern Ireland</a>, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>", consisting of six of Ulster's central and eastern counties, both within a continuing <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Dissatisfaction with this led to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, which formally ceased on 11 July 1921. Low-level violence, however, continued in Ulster, causing <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> in the south to order a boycott of Northern products in protest at attacks on the Nationalist community there. The Partition was effectively confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> of 6 December 1921. One of the primary stipulations of the treaty was the transformation of Ireland into a self-governing British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (which later became the sovereign <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>), but with the option of a continuation of the home rule institution of Northern Ireland, still within the United Kingdom, if the Northern Ireland Parliament (already in existence) chose to opt out of the Irish Free State. All parties knew that this was certain to be the choice of the Ulster Unionists who had a majority in the parliament, and immediately on the creation of the Free State they resolved to leave it. </p><p>Following the Anglo Irish treaty, the exact border between the new dominion of the Irish Free State and the future <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, if it chose to opt out, was to be decided by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Boundary_Commission" title="Irish Boundary Commission">Irish Boundary Commission</a>. This did not announce its findings until 1925, when the line was again drawn around six of Ulster's nine counties, with no change from the partition of 1920. </p><p>Electorally, voting in the six <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> counties of Ulster tends to follow religious or sectarian lines; noticeable religious demarcation does not exist in the South Ulster counties of Cavan and Monaghan in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. County Donegal is largely a Roman Catholic county, but with a large <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> minority. Generally, Protestants in Donegal vote for the political party <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> ("Family of the Irish").<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, religious sectarianism in politics has largely disappeared from the rest of the Republic of Ireland. This was illustrated when <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Hamilton_Childers" title="Erskine Hamilton Childers">Erskine H. Childers</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> member and <a href="/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la" title="Teachta Dála">Teachta Dála</a> (TD, a member of the lower house of the National Parliament) who had represented Monaghan, won election as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a> after having served as a long-term minister under <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoisigh</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lemass" title="Seán Lemass">Seán Lemass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lynch" title="Jack Lynch">Jack Lynch</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> freely organises in counties Donegal, Cavan and Monaghan, with several Orange parades taking place throughout County Donegal each year. The only major Orange Order march in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> takes place every July in the village of <a href="/wiki/Rossnowlagh" title="Rossnowlagh">Rossnowlagh</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Ballyshannon" title="Ballyshannon">Ballyshannon</a>, in the south of County Donegal. </p><p>As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Northern Ireland has seven Roman Catholic members of parliament, all members of Sinn Féin (of a total of 18 from the whole of Northern Ireland) in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a>; and the other three counties have one Protestant T.D. of the ten it has elected to <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, the Lower House of the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Republic of Ireland. At present (August 2007) County Donegal sends six T.D.'s to Dáil Éireann. The county is divided into two constituencies: Donegal North-East and Donegal South-West, each with three T.D.'s. County Cavan and County Monaghan form the one constituency called Cavan-Monaghan, which sends five T.D.'s to the Dáil (one of whom is a Protestant). </p><p>The historic <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ulster" title="Flag of Ulster">Flag of Ulster</a> served as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Banner" title="Ulster Banner">Ulster Banner</a> (often referred to as the Flag of Northern Ireland), which was the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland">Government of Northern Ireland</a> until the proroguing of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Stormont</a> parliament in 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sherard" title="William Sherard">William Sherard</a> (1659–1728) was the first biologist in Ulster.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The border has divided association football teams since 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Football_Association" title="Irish Football Association">Irish Football Association</a> (the I.F.A.) oversees the sport in N.I., while the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland" title="Football Association of Ireland">Football Association of Ireland</a> (the F.A.I.) oversees the sport in the Republic. As a result, separate international teams are fielded and separate championships take place (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Football League">Irish Football League</a> in Northern Ireland, <a href="/wiki/League_of_Ireland" title="League of Ireland">League of Ireland</a> in the rest of Ulster and Ireland). Anomalously, <a href="/wiki/Derry_City_F.C." title="Derry City F.C.">Derry City F.C.</a> has played in the League of Ireland since 1985 due to crowd trouble at some of their Irish League matches prior to this. The other major Ulster team in the League of Ireland is <a href="/wiki/Finn_Harps" class="mw-redirect" title="Finn Harps">Finn Harps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ballybofey" title="Ballybofey">Ballybofey</a>, County Donegal. When Derry City F.C. and Finn Harps play against each other, the game is usually referred to as a 'North-West Derby'. There have been cup competitions between I.F.A. and F.A.I. clubs, most recently the <a href="/wiki/Setanta_Sports_Cup" title="Setanta Sports Cup">Setanta Sports Cup</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>, the professional rugby team representing the province and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Irish Rugby Football Union">IRFU</a> Ulster Branch, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Rugby" title="Ulster Rugby">Ulster Rugby</a>, compete in the <a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a> along with teams from <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, Italy, South Africa and the other Irish Provinces (<a href="/wiki/Leinster_Rugby" title="Leinster Rugby">Leinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster_Rugby" title="Munster Rugby">Munster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connacht_Rugby" title="Connacht Rugby">Connacht</a>). They also compete in Europe's main club rugby tournament, the European Rugby Champions Cup, which they won (as the Heineken Cup) back in 1999. Notable Ulster rugby players include Willy John McBride, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kyle" title="Jack Kyle">Jack Kyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gibson_(rugby_union)" title="Mike Gibson (rugby union)">Mike Gibson</a>. The former is the most capped <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lions">British and Irish Lion</a> of all time, having completed four tours with the Lions in the sixties and seventies. At international level players from Ulster join with those from the other 3 provinces to form the island-wide Ireland team. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a> (which include <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ulster_GAA" title="Ulster GAA">Ulster</a> counties play the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Football_Championship" title="Ulster Senior Football Championship">Ulster Senior Football Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Hurling_Championship" title="Ulster Senior Hurling Championship">Ulster Senior Hurling Championship</a>. In football, the main competitions in which they compete with the other Irish counties are the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Football Championship">All-Ireland Senior Football Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_(Ireland)" title="National Football League (Ireland)">National Football League</a>, while the Ulster club champions represent the province in the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Football_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship">All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship</a>. Hurling teams play in the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship">All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Hurling_League" title="National Hurling League">National Hurling League</a> and <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship">All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship</a>. The whole province fields a team to play the other provinces in the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway Cup">Railway Cup</a> in both football and hurling. Gaelic Football is by far the most popular of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">GAA</a> sports in Ulster but hurling is also played, especially in <a href="/wiki/Antrim_GAA" title="Antrim GAA">Antrim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armagh_GAA" title="Armagh GAA">Armagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derry_GAA" title="Derry GAA">Derry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Down_GAA" title="Down GAA">Down</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Hockey_Union" title="Ulster Hockey Union">Ulster Hockey Union</a> organises <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> in the province and contributes substantially to the all-island hockey team.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is also played in Ulster, especially in Northern Ireland and East Donegal.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulster enters two teams into the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Ireland#Inter-Provincial_Series" title="Cricket in Ireland">Interprovincial Series</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Knights_(cricket_team)" title="Northern Knights (cricket team)">North Knights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Warriors" title="North West Warriors">North West Warriors</a>, who are the respective representative teams of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cricket_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cricket Union">Northern Cricket Union</a> (NCU) and the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Cricket_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Cricket Union">North West Cricket Union</a> (NWCU). </p><p>Golf is, however, by far the most high-profile sport and the sport that Ulster has succeeded at more than any other. Ulster has produced many great players over the years, from <a href="/wiki/Fred_Daly_(golfer)" title="Fred Daly (golfer)">Fred Daly</a> winning The Open Championship in 1947 at the Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake to most recently <a href="/wiki/Rory_McIlroy" title="Rory McIlroy">Rory McIlroy</a> winning the US Open and <a href="/wiki/Darren_Clarke" title="Darren Clarke">Darren Clarke</a> winning The Open Championship in 2011. Ulster also has another Major winner in <a href="/wiki/Graeme_McDowell" title="Graeme McDowell">Graeme McDowell</a>, who also won the US Open in 2010. The Open Championship returned to Ulster, after 68 years, in 2019 at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Portrush_Golf_Club" title="Royal Portrush Golf Club">Royal Portrush Golf Club</a>. </p><p>In horse racing, specifically National Hunt, Ulster has produced the most dominant jockey of all time, <a href="/wiki/Tony_McCoy" title="Tony McCoy">Tony McCoy</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_Ireland_Rally" title="Circuit of Ireland Rally">Circuit of Ireland Rally</a> is an annual <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">automobile</a> <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rally</a> held in Ulster since 1931. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ulster" title="Culture of Ulster">Culture of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Ulster">Kings of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ulster-related_topics" title="List of Ulster-related topics">List of Ulster-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulidia_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulidia (kingdom)">Ulidia (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster-Scots_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster-Scots people">Ulster-Scots people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="NI_Assembly_Election_2022" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2022/northern-ireland/results">"Northern Ireland Assembly Election Results 2022"</a>. BBC. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+Assembly+Election+Results+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Felection%2F2022%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BriMar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BriMar_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Challoner, Richard. <i>A Memorial of Ancient British Piety: or, a British Martyrology</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA128">p. 128</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229003051/https://books.google.com/books?id=U3BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA128">Archived</a> 29 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. W. Needham, 1761. Accessed 14 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Northern%20Ireland,in%20Northern%20Ireland%20was%20768%2C900.">"2021 Census"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus%2F2021-census%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520population%2520of%2520Northern%2520Ireland%2Cin%2520Northern%2520Ireland%2520was%2520768%252C900.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cso.ie/">"FP003 Preliminary Population 2022 & FP005 Components of Population Change 2016 to 2022"</a>. 23 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FP003+Preliminary+Population+2022+%26+FP005+Components+of+Population+Change+2016+to+2022&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.cso.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Census of Ireland 2016: 296,120 out of 1,521,592 total.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdni.gov.uk/alternative_formats_in_ulster_scots">Ulster Scots – Ulstèr-Scotch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125100715/http://www.drdni.gov.uk/alternative_formats_in_ulster_scots">Archived</a> 25 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NI Department for Regional Development.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/1410/ulster-s-hiddlin-swaatch">Ulster's Hiddlin Swaatch – Culture Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622164601/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/1410/ulster-s-hiddlin-swaatch">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dr Clifford Smyth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/moneacastleus.pdf">Guide to Monea Castle – Ulster-Scots version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830193417/http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/moneacastleus.pdf">Archived</a> 30 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Department of the Environment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227120523/http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/annual_report_2010_ulster_scots.pdf">"North-South Ministerial Council: 2010 Annual Report in Ulster Scots"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/annual_report_2010_ulster_scots.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North-South+Ministerial+Council%3A+2010+Annual+Report+in+Ulster+Scots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northsouthministerialcouncil.org%2Fannual_report_2010_ulster_scots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401014648/http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/ulster_scots_nsmc_2009_annual_report-3.pdf">"North-South Ministerial Council: 2009 Annual Report in Ulster Scots"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/ulster_scots_nsmc_2009_annual_report-3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North-South+Ministerial+Council%3A+2009+Annual+Report+in+Ulster+Scots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northsouthministerialcouncil.org%2Fulster_scots_nsmc_2009_annual_report-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930130326/http://www.tourismireland.com/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=646377f0-74e6-41ae-a616-2aecd44397eb">"Tourism Ireland: 2008 Yearly Report in Ulster Scots"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourismireland.com/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=646377f0-74e6-41ae-a616-2aecd44397eb">the original</a> on 30 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+Ireland%3A+2008+Yearly+Report+in+Ulster+Scots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourismireland.com%2FCMSPages%2FGetFile.aspx%3Fguid%3D646377f0-74e6-41ae-a616-2aecd44397eb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=GA&Geog_Code=02">"Results"</a>. <i>census.cso.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526060346/http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=GA&Geog_Code=02">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.cso.ie&rft.atitle=Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus.cso.ie%2Fsapmap2011%2FResults.aspx%3FGeog_Type%3DGA%26Geog_Code%3D02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/h1918.htm">The Irish Election of 1918</a> (Report). Northern Ireland Elections<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Election+of+1918&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Felections%2Fh1918.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-1, 19 February 2010, which gives <i>Ulster</i> as the official English name and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Ulaidh</i></span> as the official Irish name of the province, citing "Ordnance Survey Office, Dublin 1993" as its source – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-1_corrected_2010-02-19.pdf">http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-1_corrected_2010-02-19.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203140951/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-1_corrected_2010-02-19.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochlann-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lochlann_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochlann_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerfelt1958" class="citation journal cs1">Sommerfelt, Alf (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotheque.idbe-bzh.org/data/cle_207/lochlann__volume__i.pdf">"The English Forms of the Names of the Main Provinces of Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lochlann: A Review of Celtic Studies</i>. <b>1</b>. Oslo University Press: 223–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164057/http://bibliotheque.idbe-bzh.org/data/cle_207/lochlann__volume__i.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lochlann%3A+A+Review+of+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+English+Forms+of+the+Names+of+the+Main+Provinces+of+Ireland&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=223-7&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Sommerfelt&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliotheque.idbe-bzh.org%2Fdata%2Fcle_207%2Flochlann__volume__i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Ulster" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Ulster">"Ulster"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ulster&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DUlster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005035727/http://www.libraryireland.com/topog/D/Down-County-of.php">"County Down"</a>, <i>A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland</i>, 1837, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryireland.com/topog/D/Down-County-of.php">the original</a> on 5 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=County+Down&rft.date=1837&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryireland.com%2Ftopog%2FD%2FDown-County-of.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFFXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31">"Publications"</a>. 26 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609173717/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFFXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publications&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFFXAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Surnames-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Surnames_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Bell2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Bell (2003). <i>The book of Ulster Surnames</i>. The Blackstaff Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85640-602-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85640-602-3"><bdi>0-85640-602-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+Ulster+Surnames&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=The+Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85640-602-3&rft.au=Robert+Bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Ulster">"the definition of Ulster"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220062027/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ulster">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAIN+Archive+-+Conflict+and+Politics+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Terms+on+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Fglossary.htm%23U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328202513/https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/britain-ireland-france-and-low-countries/british-and-irish-political-geography/ulster">"Ulster Facts, information, pictures"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Ulster.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Ulster+Facts%2C+information%2C+pictures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1O214-Ulster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans-Pritchard2009" class="citation news cs1">Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (7 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410191513/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/5121728/Ireland-imposes-emergency-cuts.html">"Ireland imposes emergency cuts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurostat+-+Data+Explorer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2FsubmitViewTableAction.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derrydaily.net/2013/09/16/derry-sligo-train-link-railed-out/">"DERRY-SLIGO TRAIN LINK "RAILED OUT" | Derry Daily"</a>. 16 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208141640/http://www.derrydaily.net/2013/09/16/derry-sligo-train-link-railed-out/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DERRY-SLIGO+TRAIN+LINK+%22RAILED+OUT%22+%7C+Derry+Daily&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derrydaily.net%2F2013%2F09%2F16%2Fderry-sligo-train-link-railed-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nisra.gov.uk-Census2001-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nisra.gov.uk-Census2001_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nisra.gov.uk-Census2001_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/Census/Census2001Output/UnivariateTables/uv_tables1.html#irish%20language">Census 2001 Output</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214080902/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/Census2001Output/UnivariateTables/uv_tables1.html#irish%20language">Archived</a> 14 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaugh" class="citation web cs1">Melaugh, Dr Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/language/pritchard04.htm">"CAIN: Key Issue: Language: Pritchard, R.M.O. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Key+Issue%3A+Language%3A+Pritchard%2C+R.M.O.+%282004%29+Protestants+and+the+Irish+Language%3A+Historical+Heritage+and+Current+Attitudes+in+Northern+Ireland.&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Dr+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Flanguage%2Fpritchard04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg1972" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, R. J. (1972). "The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries in Ulster". In Wakelin, Martyn F. 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London: Athlone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-11128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-485-11128-6"><bdi>978-0-485-11128-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scotch-Irish+Dialect+Boundaries+in+Ulster&rft.btitle=Patterns+in+the+Folk+Speech+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Athlone+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-485-11128-6&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatternsinfolksp0000wake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riordain_66-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riordain_66_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiordain1966" class="citation book cs1">Riordain, S. O. (1966). <i>Antiquities of the Irish Countryside</i>. University Paperbacks (reprint ed.). London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Irish+Countryside&rft.place=London&rft.series=University+Paperbacks&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Riordain&rft.aufirst=S.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 113, Byrne, Francis John, Irish kings and high-kings, Batsford, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-5882-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-5882-8">0-7134-5882-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.T.Q._Stewart_1989._Page_38-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A.T.Q._Stewart_1989._Page_38_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A.T.Q._Stewart_1989._Page_38_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1989" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, A. T. Q. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thenarowgroundstewart"><i>The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster</i></a> (Rev. ed.). London: Faber and Faber Ltd. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-15485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-15485-2"><bdi>978-0-571-15485-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrow+Ground%3A+The+Roots+of+Conflict+in+Ulster&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-571-15485-2&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=A.+T.+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthenarowgroundstewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyril_Falls_1996._Pages_156-157-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyril_Falls_1996._Pages_156-157_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyril_Falls_1996._Pages_156-157_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalls1996" class="citation book cs1">Falls, Cyril (1996). <i>The Birth of Ulster</i>. London: Constable and Company Ltd. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-476610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-476610-5"><bdi>978-0-09-476610-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Ulster&rft.place=London&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Constable+and+Company+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-09-476610-5&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perceval-Maxwell-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perceval-Maxwell_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perceval-Maxwell_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerceval-Maxwell1999" class="citation book cs1">Perceval-Maxwell, M. (1999). <i>The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James I</i>. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901905-44-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901905-44-4"><bdi>978-0-901905-44-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Migration+to+Ulster+in+the+Reign+of+James+I&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-901905-44-4&rft.aulast=Perceval-Maxwell&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. Jackson, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tommy McKearney, "Northern Ireland: From Imperial Asset to International Encumbrance", in Journal of World-Systems Theory, vol. 22 issue 1, p. 110; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/636/741">http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/636/741</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222211848/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/636/741">Archived</a> 22 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/planters/es10.shtml">Wars and Conflicts – Plantation of Ulster – English and Scottish Planters – 1641 Rebellion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026131712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/planters/es10.shtml">Archived</a> 26 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1890" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John (1890). Morley, Henry (ed.). <i>A Discovery of the True Cause Why Ireland Was Never Entirely Subdued Nor Brought Under Obedience of the Crown of England Until the Beginning of His Majesty's Happy Reign</i>. London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd. pp. 218–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Discovery+of+the+True+Cause+Why+Ireland+Was+Never+Entirely+Subdued+Nor+Brought+Under+Obedience+of+the+Crown+of+England+Until+the+Beginning+of+His+Majesty%27s+Happy+Reign&rft.place=London&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=George+Routledge+and+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113032754/https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro100.shtml">"A Short History of Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro100.shtml">the original</a> on 13 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ireland&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthernireland%2Fashorthistory%2Farchive%2Fintro100.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2006). <i>Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9759-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-9759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+The+Great+Crisis+of+the+British+Monarchy%2C+1685%E2%80%931720&rft.place=London&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9759-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagennis1998" class="citation journal cs1">Magennis, Eoin (1998). "A 'Beleaguered Protestant'?: Walter Harris and the Writing of <i>Fiction Unmasked</i> in Mid-18th-Century Ireland". <i>Eighteenth-Century Ireland</i>. <b>13</b>: 6–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Feci.1998.8">10.3828/eci.1998.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30064327">30064327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256129781">256129781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+%27Beleaguered+Protestant%27%3F%3A+Walter+Harris+and+the+Writing+of+Fiction+Unmasked+in+Mid-18th-Century+Ireland&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=6-111&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256129781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30064327%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Feci.1998.8&rft.aulast=Magennis&rft.aufirst=Eoin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabushka2008" class="citation book cs1">Rabushka, Alvin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taxatio_rab_2008_00_1086/page/279"><i>Taxation in Colonial America, 1607–1775</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taxatio_rab_2008_00_1086/page/279">279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13345-4"><bdi>978-0-691-13345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxation+in+Colonial+America%2C+1607%E2%80%931775&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13345-4&rft.aulast=Rabushka&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaxatio_rab_2008_00_1086%2Fpage%2F279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Randall M. (30 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o7bkGF4DytgC&q=half+of+these+Irish+Americans+were+descended+from+Ulster&pg=PA333"><i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life in America [4 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-06536-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-06536-1"><bdi>978-0-313-06536-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Daily+Life+in+America+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-06536-1&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Randall+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do7bkGF4DytgC%26q%3Dhalf%2Bof%2Bthese%2BIrish%2BAmericans%2Bwere%2Bdescended%2Bfrom%2BUlster%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, John (1921), <i>History of Belfast</i>, Belfast, W. & G. Baird, pgs 272 & 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/32717516/1919-Cork-Its-Trade-and-Commerce">"Cork: Its Trade and Commerce"</a>. <i>Scribd</i>. 1919. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Cork%3A+Its+Trade+and+Commerce&rft.pages=168&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F32717516%2F1919-Cork-Its-Trade-and-Commerce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117120323/http://www.ladlass.com/intel/archives/006991.html">"The future's bright for Donegal's Orangemen"</a>. <i>Intelligence</i>. Independent Irish. 11 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ladlass.com/intel/archives/006991.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+future%27s+bright+for+Donegal%27s+Orangemen&rft.date=2004-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladlass.com%2Fintel%2Farchives%2F006991.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deane, C.D. 1983. <i>The Ulster Countryside</i>. p.81 Century Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hackney, P. (ed) <i>Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North- east of Ireland</i>. Third edition. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast.p.3 – 10 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85389-446-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85389-446-9">0-85389-446-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=47">"Football Association of Ireland"</a>. <i>www.fai.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207101708/http://www.fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=47">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fai.ie&rft.atitle=Football+Association+of+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.ie%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D32%26Itemid%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/hockey/50209912">"Ireland hockey: Seven Ulster players in squad for Olympic qualifier against Canada"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i>. 28 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029124619/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/hockey/50209912">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Ireland+hockey%3A+Seven+Ulster+players+in+squad+for+Olympic+qualifier+against+Canada&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fhockey%2F50209912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarryO'Leary1995" class="citation book cs1">McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (8 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPtXDMarWTEC&q=cricket+belfast+protestant&pg=PA225"><i>Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631183495" title="Special:BookSources/9780631183495"><bdi>9780631183495</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Northern+Ireland%3A+Broken+Images&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995-06-08&rft.isbn=9780631183495&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPtXDMarWTEC%26q%3Dcricket%2Bbelfast%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deane, C. Douglas (1983). <i>The Ulster Countryside</i>. Century Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903152-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-903152-17-7">0-903152-17-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Braidwood, J. 1964. <i>Ulster Dialects, An Introductory Symposium</i> Ulster Folk Museum.</li> <li>Faulkner, J. and Thompson, R. 2011. <i>The Natural History of Ulster.</i> National Museums of Northern Ireland. Publication No. 026. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900761-49-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-900761-49-0">0-900761-49-0</a></li> <li>Morton, O. 1994. <i>Marine Algae of Northern Ireland.</i> Ulster Museum, Belfast. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900761-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-900761-28-8">0-900761-28-8</a></li> <li>Sheane, Michael. <i>Ulster Blood.</i> Ilfracombe: Arthur H. Stockwell, 2005.</li> <li><i>Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland.</i> Third edition. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulster&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ulster" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ulster">Ulster</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=PR&Geog_Code=4#T3_300">Census 2011 – Ulster Irish language stats</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616044940/http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/1996/payt.pdf">"Inconvenient Peripheries: Ethnic Identity and the United Kingdom Estate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/1996/payt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inconvenient+Peripheries%3A+Ethnic+Identity+and+the+United+Kingdom+Estate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.ac.uk%2Fjournals%2Fpdf%2F5%2F1996%2Fpayt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(96.8 KB)</span> The cases of "Protestant Ulster" and Cornwall, by Professor Philip Payton</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ulster"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ulster">"Ulster" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ulster&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlster" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Counties_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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data-file-width="226" data-file-height="270" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Leitrim" title="County Leitrim">Leitrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Roscommon" title="County Roscommon">Roscommon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">Sligo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_trad_counties_named.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ireland_trad_counties_named.svg/80px-Ireland_trad_counties_named.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ireland_trad_counties_named.svg/120px-Ireland_trad_counties_named.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ireland_trad_counties_named.svg/160px-Ireland_trad_counties_named.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Leinster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="338" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_Carlow" title="County Carlow">Carlow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">Dublin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown" title="Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown">Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingal" title="Fingal">Fingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dublin" title="South Dublin">South Dublin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Kildare" title="County Kildare">Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Kilkenny" title="County Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Laois" title="County Laois">Laois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Longford" title="County Longford">Longford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">Louth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">Meath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Offaly" title="County Offaly">Offaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">Westmeath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">Wexford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">Wicklow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Munster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">Tipperary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ulster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="338" /></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a></i><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a></i><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Cavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">Down</a></i><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a></i><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">Londonderry</a></i><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">Monaghan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a></i><sup><small>†</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></i> denote non-administrative counties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">Brackets</a> denote non-traditional counties.</li> <li><sup><small>†</small></sup>denotes non-administrative counties of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93195#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078510-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139457">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981288j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981288j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ulster (Severní Irsko a Irsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131212&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560831605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7340c1ff-5c2b-4871-b557-efbaa557ee17">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ulster&params=54.4_N_7.0_W_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-itwiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.4°N 7.0°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.4; -7.0</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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