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This new volume brings together both new editors and new contributors, to take a fresh look at Russian and Soviet aviation in the twentieth century. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, new archives have become available as well as new perspectives, and all the contributors to this new volume have based their research on newly available material. 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While some chapters update those in the 1977\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR4","page_number":"iv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e 2. Aeronautics ( Federation ) 3. Air power \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e 4. Air power Russia ( Federation ) Russia I. Higham , Robin II . Greenwood , John T. III . Hardesty . Von , 1939- 629.1\u0026#39;3\u0026#39;0947\u0026#39;0904 ISBN 0-7146-4784-5 ( cloth )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cpynoFM-Jf4C\u0026pg=PR4\u0026vq=Soviet+Union"},{"page_id":"PR11","page_number":"xi","snippet_text":"... Soviet History from Florida State University . His research interests include the participation of Soviet pilots in the Korean War and the Soviet Air Force during the Second World War . Dr O\u0026#39;Neill is ... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e Contributors xi."},{"page_id":"PR13","page_number":"xiii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e and the subsequent trans- formation in the political face of the former communist bloc have wrought changes in Russia which may yet prove as fundamental as those brought about by Lenin\u0026#39;s seizure of power in 1917. As we move\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e aviation . Such a lacuna in English - language historical literature , of course , has prompted myth and ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e did Westerners acquire a context to understand more fully the historical weaknesses and strengths of Russian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA3","page_number":"3","snippet_text":"... Soviets recovered during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 , not so much in quality as in quantity and in the effective use of tactical air power . Then the rules of the game changed again . The \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e found itself naked and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e was already launched on the second Five - Year Plan and was approaching the third . Most developments in Russian aviation were now tied into diplo- matic , military , political , economic , scientific and technological\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA8","page_number":"8","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e , the Russian dictator refused to believe this intelligence . Thus just before dawn on 22 June 1941 Soviet forces were surprised by the German assault which very quickly wiped out some 1,500 aircraft on Russian airfields in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA10","page_number":"10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e had been much less affected than the West by the multiple revolutions in aviation of the years 1934-45 which had such a great impact on the invisible infrastructure . The Soviets did adopt the technical revolution , for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e dispose of the quotas of aircraft which they produced . India became another client who tested MiGs and Sukhois against Pakistan\u0026#39;s American and British - built machines , both sides finding that older air- craft were more\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e and the destruction of nuclear missiles , the former enemies joined together to man Soyuz space stations . In the meantime , the nuclear deterrent strategy had proved to be the unusable weapon because of mutually assured\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e . Breaking down mental blocks by tourism has been a relatively recent development . On the other hand , for the internal development of aviation , the general mechanization of Russia , especially in the Second World War\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e were by choice isolated societies with great suspicions of Westerners , the patterns of aviation development within the country have mirrored those outside . In part this was inevitable not only because in tackling common\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... SOVIET PRISM Any historical reconstruction of early flight in Russia must begin with a consideration of Soviet historiography . For over seven decades the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e embraced an official history of aviation that became normative for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA23","page_number":"23","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e . Later , the Bolsheviks would build on the Kuchino legacy by recruiting Zhukovskiy to organize TsAGI ( Tsentral\u0026#39;nyy aerogidrodinamicheskiy institut ) , the Central Institute of Aero- Hydrodynamics . TsAGI became the Soviet\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA36","page_number":"36","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e rule . The old network of aero clubs had been shattered , factories were closed or destroyed , the old pre ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e a world- class air power was the indigenous aviation community , which possessed considerable talent and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA38","page_number":"38","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e Air Force . The effects of industrialization played an important role in connection with the First and Second ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e . Smushkevich \u0026#39; had a straightforward way about him which made people like him very readily\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA39","page_number":"39","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e military avia- tion was unstable in the post - Civil War period . In 1922 A. V. Sergeev handed over command ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e lacked only rubber ( which could be synthesized ) . During the First Five - Year Plan ( 1928-32 ) , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e mechanics . Others note the benefits of simplicity as enabling fast and even makeshift repairs under field ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e clandes- tinely . In exchange , the \u003cb\u003eSoviets\u003c/b\u003e would acquire technical knowledge for their own aviation\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... Soviets in developing their aluminum industry . The Soviets also borrowed from the United States ; for example , the I - 16 fighter used a Wright Cyclone engine built under license in the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e . Another boon to the Soviet\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e modernization , it served as an exemplar of modernity . The aviation industry was one of the few real ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e ( see Acknowledgements and Further Reading ) , terms it \u0026#39; the legitimizing function of technology \u0026#39; . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e theorists including A. N. Lapchinsky and V. V. Khripin stressed the importance of strate- gic bombing ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e , nearly 900 aircraft . That same year , V. V. Khripin , the deputy chief of the VVS under Alksnis , proclaimed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e supported the Spanish Republicans through a mostly Communist \u0026#39; International Brigade \u0026#39; of volunteers . The Soviets provided aircraft and other military equipment beginning in October 1936 , and sent military specialists to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e aircraft and pilots were sent to China , \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e instructors trained Chinese pilots , and \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e pilots flew ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e medal . The French air attaché to China reported that his \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e counter- part outlined a number of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA50","page_number":"50","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e medal – one of only three pilots at the time to have been twice - decorated . There were some real successes at Khalkin Gol . Soviet logistics per- formed impressively ; four months of supplies had been transported and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA50-IA8","page_number":"50","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e air heroes of the interwar years . Courtesy of the National Air and Space Museum . 10 Artem I. Mikoyan , famed Soviet aircraft designer . Courtesy of the National Air and Space Museum . 13 GASOLINE AIR CORPS U. S. ARM 12\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA55","page_number":"55","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e experience at Khalkin Gol and in Finland ; both those conflicts revealed the need for close co - operation ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e was suddenly extended to include the Baltic states , a large portion of Poland , and annexations in Finland\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA62","page_number":"62","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e Air Forces fought against Germany from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. This chapter provides some perspectives ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e in 1991 and continues to permeate the new Russian Air Force of the post - \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e era . As such , the \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA66","page_number":"66","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e , and especially the Western and Kiev Special Military Districts , where the airfield network was poorly developed and lacked sufficient dispersal fields . The Russian seizure of additional territory from Poland , Rumania\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e tactical air organization . From 1942 on , the zveno , para , and gruppa were the basic VVS fighter combat ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e and second leading \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e and Allied fighter ace with 59 victories , Pokryshkin\u0026#39;s innovations played an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA91","page_number":"91","snippet_text":"... Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) deployed 7,500 combat aircraft for the final assault on Berlin in May 1945 , by which time the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e possessed the largest tactical air arm in the world . At the core of this air juggernaut was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA92","page_number":"92","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e would be slow to shift its air policy . Soviet fighters in the early 1930s were fast and highly maneuverable as in the case of the I - 16 type monoplane . But by the end of the decade these same fighters were obsolete . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA93","page_number":"93","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e aircraft deployed in Spain were fighters ( around 1,000 aircraft ) . They were quickly outclassed by German ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e . Yakovlev\u0026#39;s critique dovetailed with a series of events that prompted Stalin to revise his aviation\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e Air Force . One significant modification that the VVS had requested , removal of the gunner , was anticipated ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e needed a ground assault aircraft desperately . Some idea of the large impetus that had been given to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e Western allies was equipped with the Il - 2 . However , in the only recorded occasion in which US and Soviet aircraft flew together on a combat mission , two squadrons of Il - 2s from the 951st ShAP ( Ground Attack\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA104","page_number":"104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e award after only ten sorties . This award , the highest the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e could bestow , normally was awarded for 100 sorties . As an example of the attrition rates suffered by the early Shturmoviki ; in April 1942 , the 6th\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA109","page_number":"109","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e eras ; continuity of maintain- ing the state\u0026#39;s interests , while reflecting the latest technological trends in aviation in order to assert those objectives . But as Imperial Russia found the path to modernization\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA114","page_number":"114","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e . Much of the credit for the revival of Soviet aviation fortunes went to A. N. Tupolev , who had pioneered in 1923 an all- metal aircraft prototype , the R - 1 , a reconnaissance biplane similar to the De Havilland . As the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA115","page_number":"115","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e during the Stalin years . During 1937 much of the Young School had been purged , which set the stage for Admiral V. M. Orlov\u0026#39;s own execution on about 28 July 1938. The purge reached the staffs of the Baltic , Black Sea\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e pilots reflected insufficient training ; however , the problems went deeper than that . Many of the aircraft ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e on 22 June 1941 , the \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e naval air arm had a total of 3,020 aircraft in its inventory . This included\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e defense of the fleet anchor- age was the land approach to the base , something not lost on the Germans ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e to the war against Japan 90 days following V - E day , utilizing the lessons learned in the war with Germany to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA120","page_number":"120","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e was vulner- able , particularly after 1947 , when the United States checked Soviet ambitions in the eastern Mediterranean and threatened the Soviet heartland with B - 29 bombers . As a consequence , Stalin modified the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... Soviet - American rivalry , but by then , the die was cast . Gorbachev\u0026#39;s domestic programs and determination to reduce friction between the United States and the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e made that unlikely . Gorbachev\u0026#39;s efforts at a new openness\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA126","page_number":"126","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e of \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e Socialist Republics ( USSR ) in December 1991 led directly to the dismembering and subsequent and continuing restructuring of the former \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e aviation industry . Although the industry retains much of its former\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... Soviet era . The aviation industry in the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e evolved in a significantly different way from that in the rest of the world due to the social , economic , political , and defense policies of the first Communist state . With a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e aviation . In the early 1920s , the purchase of Western aircraft and the Junkers connection were crucial to ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e that could produce all - metal aircraft until the late 1920s . At Lipetsk , 300 kilometers southeast of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e . It was within these centers that most of the young designers coming out of the various aviation institutes were nurtured , and new aircraft developed . Table 6.1 AIRCRAFT AND ENGINE PRODUCTION ( 1918-1927 / 28 ) Year 18\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA133","page_number":"133","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e would be fully capable of producing the modern weapons needed to defend itself . Very impres- sive targets were established to increase total industrial output by 250 per cent , heavy industry by 330 per cent , and to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... Soviet tactical bomber force during the Great Patriotic War . Many of those imprisoned only won their freedom after their new designs were accepted and entered serial production , or after Adolf Hitler invaded the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e in June\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e and the government jointly called a conference of aviation and air force leaders . The still- free stars of Soviet aviation attended : engine designers V. Ya . Klimov ( 1892-1962 ) , A. A. Mikulin ( 1895–1985 ) , A. D.\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e . They were designed to use limited resources efficiently and , thus , relied heavily on wood and composite materials . Owing to persistent metal shortages , air- frames were generally built of wood and steel tubing covered\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA146-IA7","page_number":"146","snippet_text":"... Soviet Navy . The design allowed Soviet aircraft carriers to project air power at remote spots beyond the territorial waters of the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e . Courtesy of the National Air and Space Museum . 34 The An- 12 , a four- engine air transport."},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"... Soviet sources discount the wartime impact of Lend- Lease . However , deliveries from England and America were signifi- cant to the air war . Of 14,798 American aircraft allocated to the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e , 14,018 were delivered , while the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA148","page_number":"148","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e production at 1945 rates ) . The raw materials and equipment undoubtedly facilitated the changeover from ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e urgently set about studying captured and interned aircraft and the technology of both friend and foe as it\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA149","page_number":"149","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e governmental reorganization of 1946 , the NKAP became the Ministerstvo aviatsionnoi promyshlennosti ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e in 1991. As during the war , MAP was responsible for the overall national aviation industry and directed the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA150","page_number":"150","snippet_text":"... Soviet aviation industry and demanded too much of pilots and maintenance crews . He was also concerned that such ... Union . In addition , the Soviets carted off hundreds of aviation and rocket specialists to \u003cb\u003ethe USSR\u003c/b\u003e when they\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA151","page_number":"151","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e variants were installed in the MiG - 15 , La - 15 , and Yak - 23 single - engine fighters and a twin - engine ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e built the Douglas DC - 3 under license as the Li - 2 , named after B. P. Lisunov , the chief engineer\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA206","page_number":"206","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe USSR\u003c/b\u003e led to most of the AD facilities ( airfields , weapon dumps , air- craft reserves , radar sites ... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e AD weapons and equipment , most are of poor quality because the first - rate equipment was located in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA209","page_number":"209","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e and the United States during the Cold War never erupted into the Third World War . While the two opponents faced each other across heavily defended borders from 1945-91 , their competition in the rest of the world was much\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA210","page_number":"210","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe USSR\u003c/b\u003e are the best documented to date . Access to Soviet archival material is only slowly increasing , but the greatest number of docu- ments declassified so far have dealt with the Soviet defense of North Korea and Manchuria during\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA212","page_number":"212","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e regiment be allowed to remain to airlift supplies to Liu Bocheng\u0026#39;s forces massing for the impending campaign ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e ( HSU ) SAF Lt - Col . Pashkevich , and 45 La - 11s of the 351st FAR , commanded by another HSU , V\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA214","page_number":"214","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe USSR\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e most advanced conventional weapon at the time , was emblematic of the Soviet position in the world order . It was an indication to the West that the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e was capable of intercept- ing and destroying atomic bombers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA219","page_number":"219","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e military capacity relative to the West would drop throughout the year , and tail off pre- cipitously in the ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e medal and leading Allied ace from the Second World War , Ivan Kozhedub . +3 The 324th arrived just in time\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA221","page_number":"221","snippet_text":"... Soviet foreign policy appeared to be in political trouble as the new post - Stalin era dawned.50 The struggle for power in \u003cb\u003ethe USSR\u003c/b\u003e had repercussions in eastern Europe with three major problems arising between 1953 and 1956 . Strikes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA225","page_number":"225","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e politics . His opposition in the Secretariat centered around Nikolai Podgorny , Brezhnev , Aleksandr Shelepin ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e , North Vietnam\u0026#39;s air force doubled in size by 1967.72 Oleg Sarin , a journalist with the military paper\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA229","page_number":"229","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e Vietnam and in many ways the experiences of the SAF in that country were closer to those of the United States in Southeast Asia than to those of the Soviet pilots who fought in Korea and Egypt . In Afghanistan , the Soviets\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA231","page_number":"231","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e training program closely paralleled the training the \u003cb\u003eSoviets\u003c/b\u003e gave their Third World clients . Ground attack ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e is no more . Millions of Afghanis were forced to become refugees as their homes and villages were bombed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA232","page_number":"232","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e pilots and those who used the \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e system seemed always to have been a generation or two behind in ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e and Atomic Energy , 1939-1956 ( New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1994 ) , 243 . 3. Tony Mason , Air Power\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA234","page_number":"234","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e Foreign Policy Since World War II , 4th edn ( New York : Macmillan , 1992 ) , 123 . 53. Zubok and Pleshkov ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e Aggressions Against the World , 1919 to 1989 ( Novato , CA : Presidio Press , 1996 ) , 143-53 . 65. Yuri\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA235","page_number":"235","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e involvement in the Angolan Civil War ( 1974 ) and the Ogaden War between Somalia and Ethiopia ( 1977-78 ) ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e Vietnam ( Novato , CA : Presidio Press , 1993 ) , 111 . 96. Ibid . , 117-19 . 97. McMichael , Stumbling Bear\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA238","page_number":"238","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e still had only 201,250 miles ( 322,000 km ) of paved highway as com- pared with the much smaller United Kingdom\u0026#39;s ( Northern Ireland excluded ) 214,570 miles ( 343,315 km ) . True , after the 1860s , railways had assumed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA244","page_number":"244","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e finally surpassed the United States in terms of its volume of air - freight , and in that year freight and mail comprised some 85 per cent of the total volume carried . Furthermore , even the so - called \u0026#39; passengers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA246","page_number":"246","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e responded by enter- ing into formal alliances with France and Czechoslovakia in its pursuit of a \u0026#39; United Front \u0026#39; against Fascism . Consequently , Aeroflot opened a Moscow - Prague route on 31 August 1936. But the need for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA252","page_number":"252","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e . In December 1938 it was renamed Tsentral\u0026#39;nyi Aeroklub SSSR imeni V. P. Chkalova ( TsAK SSSR im . V. P. Chkalova ) , or Chkalov Central Aeroclub , after the famous long - distance flyer and Hero of the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA267","page_number":"267","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e dissolution in the autumn of 1991. During that year a number of Western companies received permission to open international routes to various destina- tions ( like Kiev ) within the once - closed Soviet interior . With\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA271","page_number":"271","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e ( Washington , DC , 1971 and later ) . Since 1977 David R. Jones has edited Soviet Armed Forces Review Annual ( Gulf Breeze , FL ) and is a useful source for command diagrams and other information , and see also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA273","page_number":"273","snippet_text":"... Soviets also got to view USAAF grand - strategic bombers on their own soil , for which see Richard C. Lukas , Eagles East : the Army Air Forces and the \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e : 1941-1945 ( Tallahassee , FL , 1970 ) . For comparative studies of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA280","page_number":"280","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e Air Force in the Great Patriotic War ) ( Moscow : Voyenizdat , 1976 ) . During the 1980s a series of ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e , Marshal of Aviation A. I. Pokryshkin ) , 25 , 3 ( March 1983 ) . One of the most significant books to appear\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA284","page_number":"284","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e account of the naval air arm\u0026#39;s achievements . When considering the Winter War , the reader should balance ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e more and more information is becoming accessible to the scholar . For Stalin\u0026#39;s objectives following the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA285","page_number":"285","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e involvement in Korea . With Gorshkov\u0026#39;s quest for a balanced fleet , a debate occurred in Morskoi sbornik ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e and the Vietnam War ( Chicago : Ivan R. Dee , 1996 ) ; and Oleg Sarin and Lev Dvoretsky , Alien Wars : The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA290","page_number":"290","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e and Atomic Energy 1939-1956 ( New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1994 ) ; and John Erickson , The Soviet High Command : A Military - Political History , 1918-1941 ( London : St Martin\u0026#39;s Press , 1962 ) ; for an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA295","page_number":"295","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSOVIET UNION\u003c/b\u003e , 1920-91 Vasilii G. Afanas\u0026#39;ev , Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia v oblasti grazhdanskoi aviatsii ( Moscow , 1983 ) ; Jean Alexander , Russian Aircraft since 1940 ( London , 1975 ) ; V. V. Bakanov , N. I. Modrinski , and V. V.\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cpynoFM-Jf4C\u0026pg=PA295\u0026vq=Soviet+Union"},{"page_id":"PA296","page_number":"296","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e Civil Aviation ( Moscow , 1939 ) ; Vaclav Nemecek , The History of \u003cb\u003eSoviet\u003c/b\u003e Aircraft from 1918 ( London , 1986 ) ... \u003cb\u003eUnion\u003c/b\u003e ( New York , 1975 ) , 1 ; Leslie Symons , and C. W. White , Russian Transport : An Historical and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cpynoFM-Jf4C\u0026pg=PA296\u0026vq=Soviet+Union"},{"page_id":"PA304","page_number":"304","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e ) , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 , 204 , 206 , 207 FW 190A - 8 aircraft , 145 G - 1 aircraft , 253 G - 2 aircraft , 253 Gabella complex , 201 GAFS ( State Technical Bureau for Aerial Photography and Surveying ) , 247 Gakkel\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cpynoFM-Jf4C\u0026pg=PA304\u0026vq=Soviet+Union"},{"page_id":"PA306","page_number":"306","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSoviet Union\u003c/b\u003e ( HSU ) medal , 42 , 45 , 48 , 50 , 75 , 104 , 212 , 219 , 252 Higher Geodetic Administration , 247 Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd , 223 Hispano - Suiza 12Y engine , 130 Hitler , Adolf , 6 , 7 , 8 , 57 , 115 , 139 , 246 Ho Chi\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=cpynoFM-Jf4C\u0026pg=PA306\u0026vq=Soviet+Union"}],"search_query_escaped":"Soviet Union"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>