What is Graphene?

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Each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the x and y planes but nothing in the z plane. Therefore, a graphene sheet is atomically thick as it has the height of just one carbon atom. The thickness of graphene has been measured at ~0.4 - 1.7 nm, which is 250,000 times thinner than printer paper.[[reference author="Hess, P." year="2020" title="Thickness of elemental and binary single atomic monolayers." Journal="Nanoscale Horizon" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NH00658C"]] Theoretically, there is no limit to the size that graphene sheets can become. The largest sheets of graphene have lengths on the centimetre scale which is ten million times larger than its thickness. 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Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a href="/collections/solution-making"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solution Making Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/equipment-accessories"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Equipment Accessories</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <div id="unsupported-browser-message" class="alert-warning"> <p>It looks like you are using an unsupported browser. You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>What is Graphene?</h1> <div class="container"> <img width="1340" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/ossila-materials-use.jpg?crop=center&width=1340&height=280" loading="lazy" height="280" class="featured-image" alt="What is Graphene?"> <figure class="float-right"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/tile-structure-Graphene.png?v=1613175272&width=212&height=212" loading="lazy" alt="Graphene hexagonal lattice"> <figcaption>Graphene hexagonal lattice</figcaption> </figure> <p>Graphene is a hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms that connect to form a single sheet in two dimensions. Each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the x and y planes but nothing in the z plane. Therefore, a graphene sheet is atomically thick as it has the height of just one carbon atom. The thickness of graphene has been measured at ~0.4 - 1.7 nm, which is 250,000 times thinner than printer paper. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Hess, P. (2020). Thickness of elemental and binary single atomic monolayers."></span> Theoretically, there is no limit to the size that graphene sheets can become. The largest sheets of graphene have lengths on the centimetre scale which is ten million times larger than its thickness.</p> <p><a title="Wide collection of graphene materials" href="/collections/graphene">Graphene materials</a> are part of a family of carbon-based materials, including <a href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a> and <a href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors">fullerenes</a>. They have different structural forms of carbon that share a similar atomic arrangement. Graphite is made up of layers of graphene. There are weak inter-layer interactions that hold graphite together. The interactions are weak enough to allow the layers to slide over each other. This makes it easy to access individual layers of graphene.</p> <p>The existence of graphene has been well-known for a long time, with TEM images of multi-layer graphene structures being taken as early as the 1940's. However, research into this material only properly began in 2004, when a simple method for isolating single layers of graphene was discovered. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Novoselov, K. S. et al. (2004.). Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films."></span> </p> <figure><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/graphene.png?v=1718719907&width=424&height=424" height="424" alt="graphene sheet"> <figcaption>Graphene</figcaption> </figure> <p>Early work on graphene showed that its properties vastly exceeded those of the bulk layered graphite from which it was taken. Properties such as the strength showed that a single layer of the material is over 200 times stronger than steel. The mobility of charge carriers like electrons are comparable to that of bulk metals such as copper. Graphene's thermal conductivity is extremely high, allowing heat to pass through it almost without any resistance. Graphene is remarkably transparent despite being a good absorber of light. It absorbs about 2.3% of visible light, a significant amount given that it is only one atom thick.</p> <figure><img width="424.16" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Graphene-SEM-lc.jpg?v=1500970751&width=424&height=212" loading="lazy" height="212.08" alt="Graphene Flake SEM"> <figcaption>SEM images of a single graphene flake</figcaption> </figure> <p>All of these unique properties mean that graphene could find use in a wide variety of applications including electrochemical capacitor devices, anti-corrosion coatings, composite materials, transparent conducting films, thermal pastes, as well as sensing and biosensing applications. <span class="tooltip-icon quot" data-tooltip-content="Wang, C. et al. (2019.). Large-Area Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Graphene by Chemical Vapor..."></span> </p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/graphene" data-track-content="" class="green-banner"> <p data-content-piece="cta-graphene-materials" data-content-name="/pages/what-is-graphene">Graphene Materials</p> <img width="600" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/graphene_hexagonal_lattice.png?v=1718017127" loading="lazy" height="120" alt="Graphene"><button>View Range</button></a> <h2>Learn More</h2> <hr> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/graphene-vs-graphite"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/graphite.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="Graphite vs Graphene"></a> <a href="/pages/graphene-vs-graphite">Graphene vs Graphite</a> <p>Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern, like a sheet of paper. Graphite, on the other hand, is made up of many layers of graphene stacked on top of each other, like a stack of paper.</p> <a href="/pages/graphene-vs-graphite">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene-oxide"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Graphene_Oxide_PNG.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="What is Graphene Oxide?"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene-oxide">What is Graphene Oxide?</a> <p>Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional material with oxygen-functionalized surfaces, derived from graphite.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-graphene-oxide">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>References</h3> <hr> <ul> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NH00658C" title="Thickness of elemental and binary single atomic monolayers.">Thickness of elemental and binary single atomic monolayers.</a>, Hess, P. (2020) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896" title="Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films.">Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films.</a>, Novoselov, K. S. et al. (2004.) </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href=" https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79959" title="Large-Area Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition.">Large-Area Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Graphene by...</a>, Wang, C. et al. (2019.) </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "abstract": "Graphene is a hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms that connect to form a single sheet in two dimensions. Each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the x and y planes but nothing in the z plane. Therefore, a graphene sheet is atomically thick as it has the height of just one carbon atom. The thickness of graphene has been measured at ~0.4 - 1.7 nm, which is 250,000 times thinner than printer paper. Theoretically, there is no limit to the size that graphene sheets can become. 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