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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Endocardium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Endokard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Endokard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokard" title="Endokard – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Endokard" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardi" title="Endocardi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Endocardi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokard" title="Endokard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Endokard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokard" title="Endokard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Endokard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardio" title="Endocardio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Endocardio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokardio" title="Endokardio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Endokardio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokardio" title="Endokardio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Endokardio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="آندوکارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آندوکارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarde" title="Endocarde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Endocarde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardio" title="Endocardio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Endocardio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Էնդոկարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնդոկարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokardio" title="Endokardio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Endokardio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardio" title="Endocardio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Endocardio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91" title="פנים הלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנים הלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Endocardium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokardas" title="Endokardas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Endokardas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Endocardium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocard" title="Endocard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Endocard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C" title="心内膜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心内膜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="ДегамӀаьдиг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ДегамӀаьдиг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokard" title="Endokard – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Endokard" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsierdzie" title="Wsierdzie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wsierdzie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoc%C3%A1rdio" title="Endocárdio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Endocárdio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocard" title="Endocard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Endocard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Эндокард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эндокард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8" title="එන්ඩොකාඩියම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එන්ඩොකාඩියම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Endocardium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokard" title="Endokard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Endokard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ендокард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ендокард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokard" title="Endokard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Endokard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endokardium" title="Endokardium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Endokardium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="இதயவறை அகச்சவ்வு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இதயவறை அகச்சவ்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ендокард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ендокард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C" title="心内膜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心内膜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q721856#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Endocardium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray493.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray493.png/250px-Gray493.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray493.png/375px-Gray493.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray493.png/500px-Gray493.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="436" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Interior of right side of heart</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>endocardium</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004699">D004699</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.1.05.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A12.1.05.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3962">3962</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7280">7280</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721856" class="extiw" title="d:Q721856">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png/220px-Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png/330px-Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png/440px-Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Illustration depicting the layers of the heart wall including the innermost endocardium</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>endocardium</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>endocardia</b>) is the innermost layer of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> that lines the chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> are <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryologically</a> and biologically similar to the <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial</a> cells that line <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. The endocardium also provides protection to the valves and heart chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The endocardium underlies the much more voluminous <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>, the muscular tissue responsible for the contraction of the heart. The outer layer of the heart is termed <a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium</a> and the heart is surrounded by a small amount of fluid enclosed by a fibrous sac called the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endocardium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endocardium_and_subendocardium_histology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Endocardium_and_subendocardium_histology.png/220px-Endocardium_and_subendocardium_histology.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Endocardium_and_subendocardium_histology.png/330px-Endocardium_and_subendocardium_histology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Endocardium_and_subendocardium_histology.png/440px-Endocardium_and_subendocardium_histology.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Histology of the endocardium and subendocardium.</figcaption></figure><p>The endocardium, which is primarily made up of endothelial cells, controls myocardial function. This modulating role is separate from the <a href="/wiki/Autoregulation" title="Autoregulation">homeometric and heterometric regulatory mechanisms</a> that control <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_contractility" title="Myocardial contractility">myocardial contractility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the endothelium of the myocardial (heart muscle) capillaries, which is also closely appositioned to the cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells), is involved in this modulatory role.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the cardiac endothelium (both the endocardial endothelium and the endothelium of the myocardial capillaries) controls the development of the heart in the embryo as well as in the adult, for example during hypertrophy. Additionally, the contractility and electrophysiological environment of the cardiomyocyte are regulated by the cardiac endothelium.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The endocardial endothelium may also act as a kind of blood–heart barrier (analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>), thus controlling the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid in which the <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiomyocytes">cardiomyocytes</a> bathe.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endocardium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a> starts at the endocardium and might extend up to the epicardium, disrupting the entire heart wall ("transmural" <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less extensive infarctions are often "subendocardial" and do not affect the epicardium. In the acute setting, subendocardial infarctions are more dangerous than transmural infarctions because they create an area of dead tissue surrounded by a boundary region of damaged <a href="/wiki/Myocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocyte">myocytes</a>. This damaged region will conduct impulses more slowly, resulting in irregular rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The damaged region may enlarge or extend and become more life-threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the chronic setting, transmural infarctions are more dangerous due to the greater amount of muscular damage and the development of scar tissue leading to impaired systolic contractility, impaired diastolic relaxation, and increased risk for rupture and thrombus formation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During depolarization the impulse is carried from endocardium to epicardium, and during repolarization the impulse moves from epicardium to endocardium. In <a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">infective endocarditis</a>, the <i>endocardium</i> (especially the endocardium lining the <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a>) is affected by <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endocardium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrutsaertAndries1992" class="citation journal cs1">Brutsaert, D. 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</ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endocardium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/64_06.jpg">Histology image: 64_06</a> at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "Heart and AV valve" (atrial endocardium)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/64_07.jpg">Histology image: 64_07</a> at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "Heart and AV valve" (ventricular endocardium)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_heart" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heart_anatomy" title="Template:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heart_anatomy" title="Template talk:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heart_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_heart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the heart">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of the heart">apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(morphology)" title="Sulcus (morphology)">sulci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_sulcus" title="Coronary sulcus">coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interatrial_sulcus" title="Interatrial sulcus">interatrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Anterior interventricular sulcus">anterior interventricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Posterior interventricular sulcus">posterior interventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li>borders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_border_of_heart" title="Right border of heart">right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_margin_of_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left margin of heart">left</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interatrial_septum" title="Interatrial septum">interatrial septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_muscles" title="Pectinate muscles">pectinate muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_sulcus_(heart)" title="Terminal sulcus (heart)">terminal sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae" title="Trabeculae carneae">trabeculae carneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordae_tendineae" title="Chordae tendineae">chordae tendineae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_muscle" title="Papillary muscle">papillary muscle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusps_of_heart_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusps of heart valves">cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septum" title="Atrioventricular septum">atrioventricular septum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_skeleton" title="Cardiac skeleton">cardiac skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervenous_tubercle" title="Intervenous tubercle">intervenous tubercle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chambers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">Right heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a>)</i> → <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossa_ovalis_(heart)" title="Fossa ovalis (heart)">fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbus_of_fossa_ovalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbus of fossa ovalis">limbus of fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crista_terminalis" title="Crista terminalis">crista terminalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava" title="Valve of inferior vena cava">valve of inferior vena cava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_coronary_sinus" title="Valve of coronary sinus">valve of coronary sinus</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> → <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_(heart)" title="Infundibulum (heart)">infundibulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderator_band_(heart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator band (heart)">moderator band/septomarginal trabecula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crista_supraventricularis" title="Crista supraventricularis">crista supraventricularis</a>), → <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valve</a> → <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">Left heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>)</i> → <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> → <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aortic_sinus" title="Aortic sinus">aortic sinus</a>) → <i>(<a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Endocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Myocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">cardiac pacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">SA node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachmann%27s_bundle" title="Bachmann's bundle">Bachmann's bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">AV node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_His" title="Bundle of His">bundle of His</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_branches" title="Bundle branches">bundle branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardial cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_sinus" title="Pericardial sinus">pericardial sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">fibrous pericardium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sternopericardial_ligaments" title="Sternopericardial ligaments">sternopericardial ligaments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous pericardium">serous pericardium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium/visceral layer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_of_left_vena_cava" title="Fold of left vena cava">fold of left vena cava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Coronary circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">Coronary arteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721856#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721856#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q721856#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Endocardium"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93009192">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551405905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A12.1.05.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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