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aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Membership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_and_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_and_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Elections and term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacancies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacancies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Vacancies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacancies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salary_and_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salary_and_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Salary and benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salary_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seniority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seniority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Seniority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seniority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_and_other_disciplinary_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_and_other_disciplinary_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Expulsion and other disciplinary actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_and_other_disciplinary_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majority_and_minority_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majority_and_minority_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Majority and minority parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Majority_and_minority_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Majority and minority parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Majority_and_minority_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Seating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Officers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Officers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presiding_officer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presiding_officer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Presiding officer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presiding_officer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Party leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-member_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-member_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Non-member officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-member_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_sessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_sessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Daily sessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_sessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filibuster_and_cloture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filibuster_and_cloture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Filibuster and cloture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filibuster_and_cloture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Closed session</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_office_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_office_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Senate office buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_office_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checks_and_balances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checks_and_balances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Checks and balances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checks_and_balances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counter-arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Counter-arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_Senate_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_Senate_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Official Senate histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_Senate_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Senate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_Senaat" title="Amerikaanse Senaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amerikaanse Senaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_%C3%BEara_Geanedan_R%C4%ABca_American" title="Senatus þara Geanedan Rīca American – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Senatus þara Geanedan Rīca American" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C3%A1u_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Senáu de los Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Senáu de los Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_Senat%C4%B1" title="ABŞ Senatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ Senatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالترینین سنا مجلیسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالترینین سنا مجلیسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সিনেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের সিনেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_Si%C5%8Dng-%C4%AB%E2%81%BF" title="Bí-kok Siōng-īⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Siōng-īⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Сенат ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сенат ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Сенат на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сенат на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="United States Senate" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Senat Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Senat Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sened_ar_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet" title="Sened ar Stadoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sened ar Stadoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_dels_Estats_Units" title="Senat dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senat dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C3%A1t_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Senát Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Senát Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Senedd yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Senedd yr Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatet_(USA)" title="Senatet (USA) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Senatet (USA)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Senat der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Senat der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Senat" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Senat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Senat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%97%CE%A0%CE%91)" title="Γερουσία (ΗΠΑ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερουσία (ΗΠΑ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Senado de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Senado de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Senato" title="Usona Senato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Senato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Senatua" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Senatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Senatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مجلس سنای ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجلس سنای ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senati%C3%B0_%C3%AD_USA" title="Senatið í USA – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Senatið í USA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Sénat des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sénat des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanske_Senaat" title="Amerikaanske Senaat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amerikaanske Senaat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad_St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe_Mheirice%C3%A1" title="Seanad Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seanad Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Senado dos Estados Unidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Senado dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AE-koet_Chh%C3%A2m-ngi-y%C3%A8n" title="Mî-koet Chhâm-ngi-yèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mî-koet Chhâm-ngi-yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%83%81%EC%9B%90" title="미국 상원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 상원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="ԱՄՆ Սենատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ Սենատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="अमेरिकी सीनेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकी सीनेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Senat Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Senat Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usana_Senato" title="Usana Senato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Usana Senato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Senat Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senat Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ldungadeild_Bandar%C3%ADkja%C3%BEings" title="Öldungadeild Bandaríkjaþings – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Öldungadeild Bandaríkjaþings" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senato_degli_Stati_Uniti" title="Senato degli Stati Uniti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Senato degli Stati Uniti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הסנאט של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסנאט של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat" title="Senat Amérika Sarékat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Senat Amérika Sarékat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აშშ-ის სენატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის სენატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="АҚШ Сенаты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АҚШ Сенаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedh_an_Statys_Unys" title="Senedh an Statys Unys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Senedh an Statys Unys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senati_(Marekani)" title="Senati (Marekani) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Senati (Marekani)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatoya_Dewlet%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Amer%C3%AEkay%C3%AA" title="Senatoya Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Senatoya Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus_Civitatum_Foederatarum_Americae" title="Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Senatus Civitatum Foederatarum Americae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Sen%C4%81ts" title="ASV Senāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV Senāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Valstij%C5%B3_Senatas" title="Jungtinių Valstijų Senatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Valstijų Senatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senad_di_Stat_Unii" title="Senad di Stat Unii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Senad di Stat Unii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_Szen%C3%A1tusa" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Szenátusa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Szenátusa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Сенат на Соединетите Американски Држави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сенат на Соединетите Американски Држави" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE)" title="സെനറ്റ് (അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകൾ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെനറ്റ് (അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകൾ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="अमेरिकेची सेनेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमेरिकेची सेनेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ააშ-იშ სენატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ააშ-იშ სენატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="مجلس شيوخ امريكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجلس شيوخ امريكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Senat Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senat Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="АНУ-ын Сенат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын Сенат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု ဆီးနိတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု ဆီးနိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaat_(Verenigde_Staten)" title="Senaat (Verenigde Staten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Senaat (Verenigde Staten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="अमेरिकी सिनेट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अमेरिकी सिनेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%A2" title="アメリカ合衆国上院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国上院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_senat" title="USAs senat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs senat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatet_i_USA" title="Senatet i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Senatet i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_dels_Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Senat dels Estats Units d'America – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Senat dels Estats Units d'America" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਸੈਨੇਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਸੈਨੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%AB%D9%87" title="د متحده ايالاتو مشرانو جرګه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحده ايالاتو مشرانو جرګه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_(USA)" title="Senat (USA) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Senat (USA)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Senat Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Senat Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Senado dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Senado dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatul_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Senatul Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Senatul Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Сенат США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сенат США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_States_Senate" title="Unitit States Senate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit States Senate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senati_i_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Senati i Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Senati i Shteteve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Senate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C3%A1t_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Senát Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Senát Spojených štátov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Senat Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Senat Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئەنجومەنی پیرانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنجومەنی پیرانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сенат Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сенат Сједињених Америчких Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senat_SAD" title="Senat SAD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Senat SAD" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_senaatti" title="Yhdysvaltain senaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain senaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_senat" title="USA:s senat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s senat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senado_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Senado ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Senado ng Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க மூப்பவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க மூப்பவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQ%C5%9E_Senat%C4%B1" title="AQŞ Senatı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="AQŞ Senatı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="วุฒิสภาสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วุฒิสภาสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Senatosu" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Senatosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Senatosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Сенат США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сенат США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ سینٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاستہائے متحدہ سینٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senato_dei_Stati_Unii_de_l%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Senato dei Stati Unii de l'Amèrica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Senato dei Stati Unii de l'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_vi%E1%BB%87n_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Thượng viện Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thượng viện Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="美国参议院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美国参议院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98" title="סענאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סענאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" title="美國參議院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國參議院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="美国参议院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国参议院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q66096#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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of the US Congress</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">United States Senate</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/320px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the U.S. Senate</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the U.S. Senate</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Term limits</div></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">New session started</div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 3, 2023<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2023-01-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President of the Senate</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) <br />since <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">January 20, 2021</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) <br />since January 3, 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) <br />since January 20, 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>) <br />since January 20, 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Whip</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) <br />since January 20, 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Whip</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>) <br />since January 20, 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/250px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/375px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/500px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Majority (51)</b> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3333FF; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (47)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9999FF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrat" title="Independent Democrat">Independent</a> (4)</span><sup id="cite_ref-King_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Minority (49)</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E81B23; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (49)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Length of term</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 years</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality voting</a> in 46 states<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left"><div>Varies in 4 states</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a> & <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maine" title="Elections in Maine">Maine</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2024 United States Senate elections">November 5, 2024</a> (34 seats)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2026_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2026 United States Senate elections">November 3, 2026</a> (34 seats)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Senate_Floor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/United_States_Senate_Floor.jpg/220px-United_States_Senate_Floor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/United_States_Senate_Floor.jpg/330px-United_States_Senate_Floor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/United_States_Senate_Floor.jpg/440px-United_States_Senate_Floor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate Chamber</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><br />United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://senate.gov">senate<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">Constitution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom: 2px solid #3333FF">Rules</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules of the United States Senate</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States Senate</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper chamber">upper chamber</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. The Senate and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (which is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower chamber">lower chamber</a> of Congress) comprise the federal <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Together, the Senate and the House have the authority under <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> to pass or defeat federal legislation. The Senate has exclusive power to confirm <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. presidential</a> appointments to high offices, approve or reject treaties, and try cases of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a> brought by the House. The Senate and the House provide a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">check and balance</a> on the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">judicial</a> branches of government. </p><p>The composition and powers of the Senate are established by <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One of the United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_a1_sec3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate_a1_sec3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">50 states</a> is represented by two <a href="#Membership">senators</a> who serve <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">staggered six-year terms</a>. In total, the Senate consists of 100 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Article1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its inception in 1789 until 1913, senators were appointed by the <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</a> of their respective states. However, since 1913, following the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a>, senators have been elected through a statewide <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">popular vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the upper chamber of Congress, the Senate has several powers of <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a>. These include the approval of <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a>, as well as the confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet secretaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal judges</a> (including <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">justices of the Supreme Court</a>), <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer#United_States" title="Flag officer">flag officers</a>, regulatory officials, <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States" title="Ambassadors of the United States">ambassadors</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">other federal executive officials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">federal uniformed officers</a>. If no candidate receives a majority of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice president</a>, the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. The Senate conducts trials of officials who have been <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeached</a> by the House. The Senate has typically been considered both a more deliberative<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prestigious<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> body than the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan (political)">partisan</a> atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a> is located in the north wing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the nation's capital. Despite not being a senator, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president of the United States</a> serves as presiding officer and president of the Senate by <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member">virtue of that office</a>; the vice president may vote only if the Senate is equally divided. In the vice president's absence, the <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president pro tempore</a>, who is traditionally the most senior member of the Senate's majority party, presides over the Senate, and more often by rule allows a junior senator to take the chair, guided by the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">parliamentarian</a>. In the early 1920s, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">floor leaders</a> began. The Senate's legislative and executive business is managed and scheduled by the Senate's majority leader, who on occasion negotiates some matters with the Senate's minority leader. A prominent practice in the Senate is the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibuster</a> on some matters and its remedy the <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">vote on cloture</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">History of the United States Senate</a></div> <p>The drafters of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> debated more about how to award representation in the Senate than about any other part of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameralism</a> and the idea of a proportional "people's house" were widely popular, discussions about Senate representation proved contentious. In the end, some small states—unwilling to give up their equal power with larger states under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>—threatened to secede<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1787, and won the day by a vote of 5–4 in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a>. The Connecticut Compromise provided, among other things, that each state—regardless of population—would be represented by two senators.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>. The name is derived from the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">senatus</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for <i>council of elders</i>, derived from <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">senex</i></span></i>, meaning <i>old man</i> in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">Article Five of the Constitution</a> stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its <a href="/wiki/Equal_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal suffrage">equal suffrage</a> in the Senate without that state's consent. The United States has had 50 states since 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-art1sec1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art1sec1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png/300px-Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png/450px-Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png/600px-Combined--Control_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_-_Control_of_the_U.S._Senate.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing historical party control of the U.S. Senate, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidency</a> since 1855<sup id="cite_ref-uspolitics.about_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspolitics.about-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a> in 1913, senators were elected by the individual <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, bribery and intimidation gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators.<sup id="cite_ref-direct_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-direct-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the House of Representatives, the Senate has historically had stronger <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a> of conduct for its members.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">List of current United States senators</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Senate_composition,_118th_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_Senate_composition%2C_118th_Congress.svg/300px-US_Senate_composition%2C_118th_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_Senate_composition%2C_118th_Congress.svg/450px-US_Senate_composition%2C_118th_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_Senate_composition%2C_118th_Congress.svg/600px-US_Senate_composition%2C_118th_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Members of the United States Senate by class from the staggered term system for the <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th United States Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Senate" title="Category:United States Senate">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Great Seal of the United States Senate</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">History of the United States Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0em;"> Members</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Current members</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">by seniority</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">by class</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former members</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_committee" title="Hill committee">Hill committees</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">DSCC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">NRSC</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Women in the Senate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">United States Vice President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding officer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Party leaders</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leadership_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Party leadership of the United States Senate">Party leadership of<br />the United States Senate</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0em;"> Politics and procedure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed session</a> (<a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">list</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_Senate_committees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current United States Senate committees">list</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal">Journal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">Quorum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Holds</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Vice presidential tie-breaking votes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;padding:0em;"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Reception_Room" title="United States Senate Reception Room">Senate Reception Room</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Senate office buildings</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate" title="Template:United States Senate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Senate" title="Template talk:United States Senate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Senate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Senate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, of the Constitution</a>, sets three qualifications for senators: (1) they must be at least 30 years old; (2) they must have been citizens of the United States for at least nine years; and (3) they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election.<sup id="cite_ref-Article1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives. In <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._62" title="Federalist No. 62">Federalist No. 62</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> justified this arrangement by arguing that the "senatorial trust" called for a "greater extent of information and stability of character": </p> <blockquote><p>A senator must be thirty years of age at least; as a representative must be twenty-five. And the former must have been a citizen nine years; as seven years are required for the latter. The propriety of these distinctions is explained by the nature of the senatorial trust, which, requiring greater extent of information and stability of character, requires at the same time that the senator should have reached a period of life most likely to supply these advantages; and which, participating immediately in transactions with foreign nations, ought to be exercised by none who are not thoroughly weaned from the prepossessions and habits incident to foreign birth and education. The term of nine years appears to be a prudent mediocrity between a total exclusion of adopted citizens, whose merits and talents may claim a share in the public confidence, and an indiscriminate and hasty admission of them, which might create a channel for foreign influence on the national councils.<sup id="cite_ref-fed62_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fed62-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Senate (not the judiciary) is the sole judge of a senator's qualifications. During its early years, however, the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members. As a result, four senators who failed to meet the age requirement were nevertheless admitted to the Senate: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (aged 29 in 1806), <a href="/wiki/John_Jordan_Crittenden" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jordan Crittenden">John Jordan Crittenden</a> (aged 29 in 1817), <a href="/wiki/Armistead_Thomson_Mason" title="Armistead Thomson Mason">Armistead Thomson Mason</a> (aged 28 in 1816), and <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">John Eaton</a> (aged 28 in 1818). Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Rush_D._Holt_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Rush D. Holt Sr.">Rush D. Holt Sr.</a> was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 (on the next June 19) to take the oath of office. On November 7, 1972, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1972 United States Senate election in Delaware">was elected to the Senate</a> at the age of 29, which was only 13 days prior to his 30th birthday on November 20, 1972. Therefore, he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> disqualifies as senators any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution but who later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States. This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War, was intended to prevent those who had sided with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> from serving. That Amendment, however, also provides a method to remove that disqualification: a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_and_term">Elections and term</h3></div> <p>Originally, senators were selected by the <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislatures</a>, not by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">popular elections</a>. By the early years of the 20th century, the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums.<sup id="cite_ref-direct_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-direct-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections">Elections</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections" title="List of United States Senate elections">List of United States Senate elections</a></div> <p>Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years, <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a>, and occur simultaneously with elections for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senators are elected by their state as a whole. The <a href="/wiki/Elections_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections Clause">Elections Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> grants each state (and Congress, if it so desires to implement a uniform law) the power to legislate a method by which senators are elected. <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access</a> rules for independent and minor party candidates also vary from state to state. </p><p>In 45 states, a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties (and a select few <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third parties</a>, depending on the state) with the general election following a few months later. In most of these states, the nominee may receive only a plurality, while in some states, a runoff is required if no majority was achieved. In the general election, the winner is the candidate who receives a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of the popular vote. </p><p>However, in five states, different methods are used. In <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, a runoff between the top two candidates occurs if the plurality winner in the general election does not also win a majority. In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">nonpartisan blanket primary</a> (also known as a "jungle primary" or "top-two primary") is held in which all candidates participate in a single primary regardless of party affiliation and the top two candidates in terms of votes received at the primary election advance to the general election, where the winner is the candidate with the greater number of votes. In Louisiana, the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana primary">blanket primary is considered the general election</a> and candidates receiving a majority of the votes is declared the winner, skipping a run-off. In <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">ranked-choice voting</a> is used to nominate and elect candidates for federal offices, including the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vacancies">Vacancies</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a> requires that vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election. Whenever a senator must be appointed or elected, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Senate">secretary of the Senate</a> mails one of three forms to the state's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new senator.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state's other seat, each seat is contested separately. A senator elected in a special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six-year term expires (i.e. not for a full-term). </p><p>The Seventeenth Amendment permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place. </p><p>The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states):<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_R44781_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_R44781-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Four states – <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> – do not empower their governors to make temporary appointments, relying exclusively on the required special election provision in the Seventeenth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_R44781_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_R44781-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup></li> <li>Eight states – <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> – provide for gubernatorial appointments, but also require a special election on an accelerated schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_R44781_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_R44781-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–11">: 10–11 </span></sup></li> <li>The remaining thirty-eight states provide for gubernatorial appointments, "with the appointed senator serving the balance of the term or until the next statewide general election".<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_R44781_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_R44781-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>In ten states within the final category above – <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> – the governor must appoint someone of the same political party as the previous incumbent.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_R44781_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS_R44781-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCPA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCPA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2009, Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late senator Edward Kennedy until the special election in January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-MA_Law_54-140_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA_Law_54-140-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Temporary_Appointment_Not_a_Candidate_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temporary_Appointment_Not_a_Candidate-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day, but that conflicted with each other. The effect of the ballot-approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator.<sup id="cite_ref-Alaska_appointments_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alaska_appointments-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the 17th Amendment vests the power to grant that authority to the legislature – not the people or the state generally – it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Alaska_appointments_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alaska_appointments-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy. </p><p>In May 2021, Oklahoma permitted its governor again to appoint a successor who is of the same party as the previous senator for at least the preceding five years when the vacancy arises in an even-numbered year, only after the appointee has taken an oath not to run in either a regular or special Senate election.<sup id="cite_ref-OCPA_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCPA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Term">Term</h4></div> <p>Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st Congress</a> into thirds (called <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">classes</a>), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union. The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election, except when a vacancy is being filled. <a href="/wiki/Class_I_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I Senator">Class I</a> comprises Senators whose six-year terms are set to expire on January 3, 2025. There is no constitutional <a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States" title="Term limits in the United States">limit to the number of terms</a> a senator may serve. </p><p>The Constitution set the date for Congress to convene — Article 1, Section 4, Clause 2, originally set that date for the third day of December. The <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment</a>, however, changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. The Twentieth Amendment also states that the Congress shall assemble at least once every year, and allows the Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires. Article 1, Section 3, provides that the president has the power to convene Congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a <i>senator-elect</i>; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a <i>senator-designate</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oath">Oath</h3></div><p> The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_in_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmation in law">affirmation</a> to support the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salary_and_benefits">Salary and benefits</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress#Privileges" title="United States Congress">United States Congress § Privileges</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Senate_salaries.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_Senate_salaries.webp/300px-US_Senate_salaries.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_Senate_salaries.webp/450px-US_Senate_salaries.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/US_Senate_salaries.webp/600px-US_Senate_salaries.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Senate salaries</figcaption></figure> <p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_United_States_senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaries of United States senators">salary</a> of each senator, since 2009, is $174,000;<sup id="cite_ref-salaries_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salaries-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400.<sup id="cite_ref-salaries_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salaries-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usgovinfo_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgovinfo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, at least 40 senators were millionaires;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 2018, over 50 senators were millionaires (partly due to inflation).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with earning salaries, senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees, and are fully <a href="/wiki/Vested" class="mw-redirect" title="Vested">vested</a> after five years of service.<sup id="cite_ref-usgovinfo_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgovinfo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senators are covered by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Employees_Retirement_System" title="Federal Employees Retirement System">Federal Employees Retirement System</a> (FERS) or <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Retirement_System" title="Civil Service Retirement System">Civil Service Retirement System</a> (CSRS). FERS has been the Senate's retirement system since January 1, 1987, while CSRS applies only for those senators who were in the Senate from December 31, 1986, and prior. As it is for federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants' contributions. Under FERS, senators contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. The amount of a senator's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. The starting amount of a senator's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952.<sup id="cite_ref-usgovinfo_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgovinfo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seniority">Seniority</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority in the United States Senate</a></div> <p>By tradition, seniority is a factor in the selection of physical offices and in party caucuses' assignment of committees. When senators have been in office for the same length of time, a number of tiebreakers are used, including comparing their former government service and then their respective state population.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The senator in each state with the longer time in office is known as the <i>senior senator</i>, while the other is the <i>junior senator</i>. For example, majority leader <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> is the senior senator from New York, having served in the senate since 1999, while <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a> is New York's junior senator, having served since 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles">Titles</h3></div> <p>Like members of the House of Representatives, Senators use the prefix "<a href="/wiki/The_Honorable" class="mw-redirect" title="The Honorable">The Honorable</a>" before their names.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senators are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state; for example, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> majority leader <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a>, who represents New York, may be identified as "D–New York" or (D-NY). And sometimes they are identified as to whether they are the junior or senior senator in their state (<i><a href="#Seniority">see above</a></i>). Unless in the context of elections, they are rarely identified by which one of the <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">three classes of senators</a> they are in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion_and_other_disciplinary_actions">Expulsion and other disciplinary actions</h3></div> <p>The Senate may <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">expel</a> a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have been expelled in the Senate's history: <a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a>, for treason, in 1797, and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a>. Although no senator has been expelled since 1862, many <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">senators have chosen to resign</a> when faced with expulsion proceedings – for example, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Bob Packwood</a> in 1995. The Senate has also censured and condemned senators; <a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">censure</a> requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office. Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Torricelli" title="Robert Torricelli">Robert Torricelli</a> in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Majority_and_minority_parties">Majority and minority parties</h2></div> <p>The "majority party" is the <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats; if two or more parties are tied, the vice president's affiliation determines which party is the majority party. The next-largest party is known as the minority party. The president pro tempore, committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party. Independents and members of third parties (so long as they do not <a href="/wiki/Party_caucuses_and_conferences_in_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress">caucus</a> support either of the larger parties) are not considered in determining which is the majority party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seating">Seating</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senatedesk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Senatedesk.jpg/220px-Senatedesk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Senatedesk.jpg/330px-Senatedesk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Senatedesk.jpg/440px-Senatedesk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>A typical Senate desk on the floor of the United States Senate</figcaption></figure> <p>One hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a <a href="/wiki/Semicircular" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular">semicircular</a> pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> traditionally sits to the presiding officer's right, and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> traditionally sits to the presiding officer's left, regardless of which party has a majority of seats.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party. By custom, the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle. Forty-eight of the desks date back to 1819, when the Senate chamber was reconstructed after the original contents were destroyed in the 1812 <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a>. Further desks of similar design were added as new states entered the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a tradition that each senator who uses a desk inscribes their name on the inside of the desk's drawer with a pen.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officers">Officers</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitol-Senate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Capitol-Senate.JPG/220px-Capitol-Senate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Capitol-Senate.JPG/330px-Capitol-Senate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Capitol-Senate.JPG/440px-Capitol-Senate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>The Senate side of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Except for the president of the Senate (who is the vice president), the Senate elects its own officers,<sup id="cite_ref-senate_a1_sec3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate_a1_sec3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents. Many non-member officers are also hired to run various day-to-day functions of the Senate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presiding_officer">Presiding officer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer of the United States Senate</a></div> <p>Under the Constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> serves as president of the Senate. They may vote in the Senate (<i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i>, for they are not an elected member of the Senate) in the case of a tie, but are not required to.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the vice president's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates "in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives", so that the total votes could be counted). Since the 1950s, vice presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as swearing in new senators, joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated. </p><p>The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president pro tempore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "president for a time"), who presides over the chamber in the vice president's absence and is, by custom, the senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the vice president, the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate, but typically delegates the responsibility of presiding to a majority-party senator who presides over the Senate, usually in blocks of one hour on a rotating basis. Frequently, freshmen senators (newly elected members) are asked to preside so that they may become accustomed to the rules and procedures of the body. It is said that, "in practice they are usually mere mouthpieces for <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">the Senate's parliamentarian</a>, who whispers what they should do".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">presiding officer</a> sits in a chair in the front of the Senate chamber. The powers of the presiding officer of the Senate are far less extensive than those of the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House</a>. The presiding officer calls on senators to speak (by the rules of the Senate, the first senator who rises is recognized); ruling on <a href="/wiki/Points_of_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Points of order">points of order</a> (objections by senators that a rule has been breached, subject to appeal to the whole chamber); and announcing the results of votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_leaders">Party leaders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Party leaders of the United States Senate</a></div> <p>Each party elects <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate party leaders</a>. Floor leaders act as the party chief spokesmen. The Senate majority leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes. Each party elects an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant party leaders of the United States Senate">assistant leader (whip)</a>, who works to ensure that his party's senators vote as the party leadership desires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-member_officers">Non-member officers</h3></div> <p>In addition to the vice president, the Senate has several officers who are not members. The Senate's chief administrative officer is the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Senate">secretary of the Senate</a>, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The assistant secretary of the Senate aids the secretary's work. Another official is the <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">sergeant at arms</a> who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate premises. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a> handle routine police work, with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight. Other employees include the <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">chaplain</a>, who is elected by the Senate, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Page">pages</a>, who are appointed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_sessions">Daily sessions</h3></div> <p>The Senate uses <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a> for operation. Like the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a <a href="/wiki/Dais" title="Dais">dais</a> from which the <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">presiding officer</a> presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays. Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television, usually by <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN_2" class="mw-redirect" title="C-SPAN 2">C-SPAN 2</a>. </p><p>Senate procedure depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs and traditions. The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by <a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">unanimous consent</a>. Unanimous consent agreements are typically negotiated beforehand by party leaders. A senator may block such an agreement, but in practice, objections are rare. The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate, and may warn members who deviate from them. The presiding officer sometimes uses the <a href="/wiki/Gavel" title="Gavel">gavel</a> of the Senate to maintain order. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="holds"></span>A "<a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">hold</a>" is placed when the leader's office is notified that a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure. A hold may be placed for any reason and can be lifted by the senator who placed it at any time. A senator may place a hold simply to review a bill, to negotiate changes to the bill, or to kill the bill. A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration. </p><p>Holds can be overcome, but require time-consuming procedures such as filing cloture. Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the leader, and are sometimes referred to as "secret holds". A senator may disclose the placement of a hold. </p><p>The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed as present unless a <a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">quorum call</a> explicitly demonstrates otherwise. A senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll and notes which members are present. In practice, senators rarely request quorum calls to establish the quorum as present; instead, quorum calls are generally used to temporarily delay proceedings. Usually, such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate. Once the need for a delay has ended, a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call. </p><p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Packer" title="George Packer">George Packer</a> has argued that the Senate's arcane rules have rendered it obsolete and ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debate">Debate</h4></div> <p>Debate, like most other matters governing the internal functioning of the Senate, is governed by internal rules adopted by the Senate. During a debate, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer, but the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of the debate. Customarily, the majority leader and minority leader are accorded priority during debates even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, who is addressed as "Mr. President" or "Madam President", and not to another member; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state or position, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia", "the gentleman from California", or "my distinguished friend the chairman of the Judiciary Committee". Senators address the Senate standing next to their desks.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from rules governing civility, there are few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches pertain to the matter before the Senate. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">rules of the Senate</a> provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_day" title="Calendar day">calendar day</a>. The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute. However, the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved. </p><p>Within the United States, the Senate is sometimes referred to as "world's greatest deliberative body".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filibuster_and_cloture">Filibuster and cloture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster in the United States Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation (United States Congress)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clay_pigeon_floor_procedure" title="Clay pigeon floor procedure">Clay pigeon floor procedure</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> is a tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a>. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body – this includes amending provisions regarding the filibuster – a two-thirds majority is required. In practice, the threat of filibuster is more important than its use; almost any motion that does not have the support of three-fifths of the Senate effectively fails. This means that 41 senators can make a filibuster happen. Historically, cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a>, so a bill that already has bipartisan support is rarely subject to threats of filibuster. However, motions for cloture have increased significantly in recent years. </p><p>If the Senate invokes cloture, the debate does not necessarily end immediately; instead, it is limited to up to 30 additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote. The longest filibuster speech in the Senate's history was delivered by <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> (D-SC), who spoke for over 24 hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under certain circumstances, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Act_of_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Budget Act of 1974">Congressional Budget Act of 1974</a> provides for a process called "<a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">reconciliation</a>" by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster. This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_filibuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate filibuster">Senate filibuster</a> is frequently debated as the Constitution specifies a simple majority threshold to pass legislation, and some critics feel the de facto three-fifths threshold for general legislation prevents beneficial laws from passing. Steven Wirls argues that the filibuster, elevated in importance in 1917, was prominently and persistently wielded in defense of white supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:United_States_Senate#Dubious" title="Talk:United States Senate">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">nuclear option</a> was exercised by both major parties in the 2010s to weaken the filibuster for confirmations. Supporters generally consider the filibuster to be an important protection for the minority views and a check against the unfettered single-party rule when the same party holds the Presidency and a majority in both the House and Senate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voting">Voting</h4></div> <p>When the debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The Senate often votes by voice vote. The presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "Yea/Aye" (in favor of the motion) or "Nay" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; senators respond when their name is called. Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. A majority of those voting determines whether the motion carries.<sup id="cite_ref-Majority_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majority-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the vote is tied, the vice president, if present, is entitled to cast a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Vice_Presidents%27_tie-breaking_votes" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Vice Presidents' tie-breaking votes">tie-breaking vote</a>. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filibustered bills require a three-fifths majority to overcome the cloture vote (which usually means 60 votes). To pass a bill, a simple majority (usually 51 votes) is needed. Some news media have confused the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill with for example <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> erroneously stating "The vote was 58–39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws. That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure".<sup id="cite_ref-Majority_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majority-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closed_session">Closed session</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Closed sessions of the United States Senate</a></div> <p>On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, cameras are turned off, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to the session. Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or deliberations during <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a> trials. A senator may call for and force a closed session if the motion is seconded by at least one other member, but an agreement usually occurs beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the Senate does not approve the release of a secret transcript, the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately sent to the national archives. The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, the House adopted a rule that all committee sessions should be open unless a majority on the committee voted for a closed session. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committees">Committees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">United States congressional committee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirksen226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dirksen226.jpg/220px-Dirksen226.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dirksen226.jpg/330px-Dirksen226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dirksen226.jpg/440px-Dirksen226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Committee Room 226 in the <a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen Senate Office Building</a>, used for hearings by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Senate uses committees (and their subcommittees) for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. Formally, the whole Senate appoints committee members. In practice, however, the choice of members is made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual senators, giving priority based on seniority. Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength. </p><p>Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a> or <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">foreign relations</a>. Each standing committee may consider, amend, and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Furthermore, each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction. (For instance, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary Committee</a> considers nominees for judgeships, and the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations Committee">Foreign Relations Committee</a> considers nominees for positions in the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of State</a>.) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate. Standing committees also oversee the departments and <a href="/wiki/Government_agency#United_States" title="Government agency">agencies</a> of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoena</a> witnesses and evidence. </p><p>Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair (usually a member of the majority party). Formerly, committee chairs were determined purely by seniority; as a result, several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">senility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Committee chairs are elected, but, in practice, seniority is rarely bypassed. The chairs hold extensive powers: they control the committee's agenda, and so decide how much, if any, time to devote to the consideration of a bill; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports. This last role was particularly important in mid-century, when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial. They also have considerable influence: senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not. The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century, largely in the 1970s. Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it, than they were before reform.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases as the ranking member.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate_office_buildings">Senate office buildings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtTeOwH2YOU">Senate Building, Washington DC, HD from 35mm</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are presently three Senate office buildings located along Constitution Avenue, north of the Capitol. They are the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell Senate Office Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen Senate Office Building</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart Senate Office Building</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></div> <p>Bills may be introduced in either chamber of Congress. However, the Constitution's <a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a> provides that "All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes. Furthermore, the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_bill" title="Appropriation bill">appropriation bills</a>, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds.<sup id="cite_ref-Saturno_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturno-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wirls_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wirls-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House. However, when the Senate originates an appropriations bill, the House simply refuses to consider it, thereby settling the dispute in practice. The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Money_bill" title="Money bill">money bills</a> approved by Parliament have originated in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> per <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_conventions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom">constitutional convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sargent_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sargent-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Constitution gave the House the power to initiate revenue bills, in practice the Senate is equal to the House in the respect of spending. As <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Senate's right to amend general appropriation bills has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The approval of both houses is required for any bill, including a revenue bill, to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">conference committee</a>, which includes members of both bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Checks_and_balances">Checks and balances</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_impeachment_trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andrew_Johnson_impeachment_trial.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson_impeachment_trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andrew_Johnson_impeachment_trial.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson_impeachment_trial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andrew_Johnson_impeachment_trial.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnson_impeachment_trial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>The Senate has the power to try impeachments; shown above is <a href="/wiki/Theodore_R._Davis" title="Theodore R. Davis">Theodore R. Davis</a>'s drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">impeachment trial</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> in 1868; by one vote, the Senate exonerated Johnson on charges of <a href="/wiki/High_crimes_and_misdemeanors" title="High crimes and misdemeanors">high crimes and misdemeanors</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Senate_Chamber_c1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/US_Senate_Chamber_c1873.jpg/220px-US_Senate_Chamber_c1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/US_Senate_Chamber_c1873.jpg/330px-US_Senate_Chamber_c1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/US_Senate_Chamber_c1873.jpg/440px-US_Senate_Chamber_c1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate chamber">U.S. Senate chamber</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1873</span>; two or three <a href="/wiki/Spittoon" title="Spittoon">spittoons</a> are visible by desks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to "check and balance" the powers of other elements of the federal government. These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president's government appointments; also the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments; it tries all impeachments, and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes. </p><p>The president can make <a href="/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation" title="List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation">certain appointments</a> only with the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies, <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a>, justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). Typically, a nominee is the first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee. Thereafter, the nomination is considered by the full Senate. The majority of nominees are confirmed; however, in a small number of cases each year, Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a <a href="/wiki/Recess_(motion)" title="Recess (motion)">congressional recess</a> without the Senate's advice and consent. The <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> remains valid only temporarily; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in <i><a href="/wiki/Myers_v._United_States" title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i>, although the Senate's advice and consent are required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointments</a> have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960, the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments to the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties. The Constitution provides that the president may only "make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur" in order to benefit from the Senate's advice and consent and give each state an equal vote in the process. However, not all international agreements are considered treaties under U.S. domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude <a href="/wiki/Executive_agreement" title="Executive agreement">executive agreements</a> without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make <a href="/wiki/Congressional-executive_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional-executive agreement">congressional-executive agreements</a> with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">John Yoo</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. However, courts have upheld the validity of such agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to <a href="/wiki/Impeach" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeach">impeach</a> federal officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. If the sitting president of the United States is being tried, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice of the United States">chief justice of the United States</a> presides over the trial. During an impeachment trial, senators are constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation. Conviction requires a two-thirds majority of the senators present. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. </p><p>The House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted (one resigned before the Senate could complete the trial).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only three presidents have been impeached: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> in 1868, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1998, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton and both Trump trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a>, the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Electoral College deadlocks are rare. The Senate has only broken a deadlock once; in 1837, it elected <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</a>. The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress#Outside_income_and_gifts" title="United States Congress">United States Congress § Outside income and gifts</a></div> <p>The Senate has been characterized as uniquely counter-majoritarian institutions in relation to legislatures in other countries. Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a> wrote of the Senate, "the degree of unequal representation in the U.S. Senate is by far the most extreme [and a] profound violation of the democratic idea of political equality among citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countermajoritarianism is rooted in two features. First, the Senate's apportionment scheme, which apportions seats based on states rather than population, resulting in a small-state advantage. Second, the filibuster enables a minority of the chamber to block action in the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate's structure gives states with smaller populations the same number of senators (two) as states with larger populations. Historian Daniel Wirls contends that this structure makes the Senate "non-democratic",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that the Senate is America's most minoritarian (undemocratic) institution.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disparity in population between the most and least populous states has grown over time. In 1790, Virginia had 10 times the population of Rhode Island, while California had 70 times the population of Wyoming in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. citizens in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">District of Columbia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/U.S._territories" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. territories">U.S. territories</a> have never been represented in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One analysis of democracies by Harvard professors Daniel Ziblatt and Steven Levitsky found that only Argentina and Brazil's upper chambers deviate further from the <a href="/wiki/One_person,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One person, one vote">one person, one vote</a> principle than the U.S. Senate does.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disparity in representation between large and small states has increasingly favored Republicans since the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/David_Wasserman" class="mw-redirect" title="David Wasserman">David Wasserman</a> estimating in 2018 that Democrats would need to keep winning the popular vote by more than 6% to maintain control of the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth Rusch and Daniel Lazare argue that the Senate's structure gives voters from small states disproportionate influence and allows them to benefit from disproportionate amounts of federal funding when compared to voters from larger states.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian Millhiser argues that the points made in favor of the status quo do not hold up since some states vote the same as large states, and that the current system was just a political compromise to unite 13 sovereign nations after the Revolutionary War. He also documents 21st century examples of how this malaportionment has led to the party receiving the most votes losing control of the Senate (and as a result, the Judiciary) and predicts the trend looks set to continue and possibly increase.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the 21st century, two-thirds of legislatures globally had become unicameral, with the remaining upper houses tending to become more representative or less powerful; in contrast, the U.S. Senate remained an outlier by not following what Ziblatt and Levitsky refer to as a democratizing trend.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-arguments">Counter-arguments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism (political theory)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></div><p> James Madison emphasized that the Senate serves as a check against the potential tyranny of the majority, ensuring that the interests of smaller states are not drowned out by the more populous ones. This was despite Madison being initially opposed to equal suffrage before coming around to support it.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._62" title="Federalist No. 62">Federalist No. 62</a> Madison writes about this tradeoff:</p><blockquote><p>It must be acknowledged that this complicated check on legislation may in some instances be injurious as well as beneficial; and that the peculiar defense which it involves in favor of the smaller States, would be more rational, if any interests common to them, and distinct from those of the other States, would otherwise be exposed to peculiar danger. But as the larger States will always be able, by their power over the supplies, to defeat unreasonable exertions of this prerogative of the lesser States…</p></blockquote><p>Today, whereas a populous state like Texas is granted equal suffrage to smaller states, Texas has a congressional delegation several times larger than many smaller states in the House of Representatives. </p><p>Political scientist William F. Connelly Jr., in his book "James Madison Rules America: The Constitutional Origins of Congressional Partisanship," argues that this structure "provides stability and continuity, balancing the rapidly changing political winds of the House of Representatives".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yale legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Reed_Amar" title="Akhil Reed Amar">Akhil Reed Amar</a>, in his book "America's Constitution: A Biography," explains that the Senate's structure is integral to the federal system, ensuring that smaller states have a voice in the democratic process.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanford political theorist Bruce E. Cain writes that equal representation in the Senate "fosters a more inclusive and representative democracy, where diverse regional interests are considered in the legislative process" ensuring that legislation must account for a wide array of perspectives, promoting broader national cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the one hand, some claim the U.S. Senate has a bias against Republicans. However, since 1920, Democrats have controlled the Senate for about 58 years. During most of that period Senate Democrats earned a larger share of Senate seats than their share of the national House vote. Since filibuster rules were revised in 1975, the Democratic Party earned filibuster-proof supermajorities three times after the <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1974 United States Senate elections">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1976 United States Senate elections">1976</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2008 United States Senate elections">2008</a> Senate elections. The last time Republicans earned the same was in the 1920s. Equal representation for smaller states was pivotal for the legislative accomplishments of the Clinton presidency, like the <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1993" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993">Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993</a> <b>,</b> and the Obama presidency, like the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>, at a time when Democrats earned more seats in lower population states like North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, West Virginia, Nebraska and Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoritarianism" title="Minoritarianism">Minoritarianism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-King-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Independent Sens. <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">caucus</a> with the Democratic Party;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independent Sen. <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> does not caucus with the Democrats, but is "formally aligned with the Democrats for committee purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (for its primary elections only), <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> additionally utilize a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">nonpartisan blanket primary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>, for their respective <a href="/wiki/Primary_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary elections">primary elections</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louisiana uses a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana primary">Louisiana primary</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/11/14/165149633/maine-independent-angus-king-to-caucus-with-senate-democrats">"Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. November 14, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208105816/https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/11/14/165149633/maine-independent-angus-king-to-caucus-with-senate-democrats">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. [...] The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the Democrats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Maine+Independent+Angus+King+To+Caucus+With+Senate+Democrats&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fitsallpolitics%2F2012%2F11%2F14%2F165149633%2Fmaine-independent-angus-king-to-caucus-with-senate-democrats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-group-social-security-changes-biden-hits-republicans-rcna73307">"Senate group eyes Social Security changes as Biden hits Republicans over benefits"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanders+calls+Sinema+%27corporate+Democrat%27+who+%27sabotaged%27+legislation&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft.aulast=Schonfeld&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsunday-talk-shows%2F3770717-sanders-calls-sinema-corporate-democrat-who-sabotaged-legislation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascaro2024" class="citation web cs1">Mascaro, Lisa (May 31, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/joe-manchin-congress-west-virginia-senate-a4eb66f2cb773f822b6b607945cdeaef">"Democratic Sen. 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Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4691-7"><bdi>978-0-8139-4691-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1248598962">1248598962</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208135031/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1248598962">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ecco. pp. 153–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+One+Book+or+Less%3A+How+It+Works%2C+Why+It+Doesn%27t%2C+and+Why+Fixing+It+Is+Easier+Than+You+Think&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Litt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirls2004" class="citation book cs1">Wirls, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51878651"><i>The Invention of the United States Senate</i></a>. Stephen Wirls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7438-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7438-6"><bdi>0-8018-7438-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51878651">51878651</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911125403/https://search.worldcat.org/title/51878651">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+the+United+States+Senate&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51878651&rft.isbn=0-8018-7438-6&rft.aulast=Wirls&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51878651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/senate">"Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: <i>senate</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114201917/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/senate">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Online+Dictionary%3A+senate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsenate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hawaii-becomes-50th-state">"Hawaii becomes 50th state"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042442/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hawaii-becomes-50th-state">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Hawaii+becomes+50th+state&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fhawaii-becomes-50th-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art1sec1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-art1sec1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#A1Sec1">"U.S. Constitution: <i>Article 1, Section 1</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100830022842/http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#A1Sec1">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Constitution%3A+Article+1%2C+Section+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usconstitution.net%2Fconst.html%23A1Sec1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uspolitics.about-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uspolitics.about_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101145605/http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm">"Party In Power – Congress and Presidency – A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945–2008"</a>. uspolitics.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uspolitics.about.com/od/usgovernment/l/bl_party_division_2.htm">the original</a> on November 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Party+In+Power+%E2%80%93+Congress+and+Presidency+%E2%80%93+A+Visual+Guide+To+The+Balance+of+Power+In+Congress%2C+1945%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=uspolitics.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuspolitics.about.com%2Fod%2Fusgovernment%2Fl%2Fbl_party_division_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article I, Section 3: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; each Senator shall have one vote."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-direct-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-direct_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-direct_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Direct_Election_Senators.htm">"Direct Election of Senators"</a>. U.S. Senate official website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124193803/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Direct_Election_Senators.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Direct+Election+of+Senators&rft.pub=U.S.+Senate+official+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FDirect_Election_Senators.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1959" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Donald R. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/folkways-of-the-united-states-senate-conformity-to-group-norms-and-legislative-effectiveness/59AE28DD81A8B31283F1908D00F03C36">"The Folkways of the United States Senate: Conformity to Group Norms and Legislative Effectiveness"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 1064–1089. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1952075">10.2307/1952075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5943">1537-5943</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1952075">1952075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143733406">143733406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Folkways+of+the+United+States+Senate%3A+Conformity+to+Group+Norms+and+Legislative+Effectiveness&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1064-1089&rft.date=1959&rft.issn=1537-5943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143733406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1952075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1952075&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-political-science-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ffolkways-of-the-united-states-senate-conformity-to-group-norms-and-legislative-effectiveness%2F59AE28DD81A8B31283F1908D00F03C36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fed62-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fed62_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-61-70">Federalist Papers, No. 62</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123012140/https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-61-70">Archived</a> November 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Library of Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Youngest_Senator.htm">"1801–1850, November 16, 1818: Youngest Senator"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021226155950/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Youngest_Senator.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=1801%E2%80%931850%2C+November+16%2C+1818%3A+Youngest+Senator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FYoungest_Senator.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/amendment-14/#14_S1">"Fourteenth Amendment"</a>. <i>Constitution of the United States</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224120017/https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/amendment-14/#14_S1">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Fourteenth+Amendment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.congress.gov%2Fbrowse%2Famendment-14%2F%2314_S1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/1">§ 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2020" class="citation web cs1">Brooks, James (December 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/12/14/election-audit-confirms-win-for-ballot-measure-2-and-alaskas-new-ranked-choice-voting-system/">"Election audit confirms win for Ballot Measure 2 and Alaska's new ranked-choice voting system"</a>. <i>Anchorage Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219222510/https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/12/14/election-audit-confirms-win-for-ballot-measure-2-and-alaskas-new-ranked-choice-voting-system/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate+Vacancies%3A+Contemporary+Developments+and+Perspectives&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR44781.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span> <b>NOTE:</b> wherever present, references to page numbers in superscripts refer to the electronic (.pdf) pagination, not as found printed on the bottom margin of displayed pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_Watkins" class="citation web cs1">Morgan Watkins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/ky-general-assembly/2021/03/29/kentucky-lawmakers-nix-veto-mcconnell-backed-senate-vacancy-plan/7055091002/">"Kentucky lawmakers override veto of Mitch McConnell-backed Senate vacancy plan"</a>. Louisville Courier Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911125355/https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/ky-general-assembly/2021/03/29/kentucky-lawmakers-nix-veto-mcconnell-backed-senate-vacancy-plan/7055091002/">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kentucky+lawmakers+override+veto+of+Mitch+McConnell-backed+Senate+vacancy+plan&rft.pub=Louisville+Courier+Journal&rft.au=Morgan+Watkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courier-journal.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fky-general-assembly%2F2021%2F03%2F29%2Fkentucky-lawmakers-nix-veto-mcconnell-backed-senate-vacancy-plan%2F7055091002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCPA-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCPA_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCPA_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocpathink.org/post/house-approves-appointment-process-for-u-s-senate-vacancies">"House approves appointment process for U.S. Senate vacancies"</a>. <i>OCPA</i>. Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs. May 27, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213095954/https://www.ocpathink.org/post/house-approves-appointment-process-for-u-s-senate-vacancies">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OCPA&rft.atitle=House+approves+appointment+process+for+U.S.+Senate+vacancies&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocpathink.org%2Fpost%2Fhouse-approves-appointment-process-for-u-s-senate-vacancies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MA_Law_54-140-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MA_Law_54-140_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLeo2009" class="citation web cs1">DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/54-140.htm">"Temporary Appointment of US Senator"</a>. Massachusetts Great and General Court. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829050913/https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleVIII/Chapter54/Section140">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temporary+Appointment+of+US+Senator&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Great+and+General+Court&rft.date=2009-09-17&rft.aulast=DeLeo&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Flegis%2Flaws%2Fmgl%2F54-140.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temporary_Appointment_Not_a_Candidate-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Temporary_Appointment_Not_a_Candidate_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLeo2009" class="citation web cs1">DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://malegislature.gov/Document/Download?entityTypeName=Journal&generalCourtNumber=186&branchName=2&entityNumber=09-22-09">"Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108073223/https://malegislature.gov/Document/Download?entityTypeName=Journal&generalCourtNumber=186&branchName=2&entityNumber=09-22-09">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temporary+Appointment+of+US+Senator+Shall+not+be+a+candidate+in+special+election&rft.pub=Massachusetts+General+Court&rft.date=2009-09-17&rft.aulast=DeLeo&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmalegislature.gov%2FDocument%2FDownload%3FentityTypeName%3DJournal%26generalCourtNumber%3D186%26branchName%3D2%26entityNumber%3D09-22-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alaska_appointments-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alaska_appointments_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alaska_appointments_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528015846/http://www.adn.com/politics/story/569836.html">"Stevens could keep seat in Senate"</a>. <i>Anchorage Daily News</i>. October 28, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adn.com/politics/story/569836.html">the original</a> on May 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anchorage+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Stevens+could+keep+seat+in+Senate&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Fpolitics%2Fstory%2F569836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/Sessions/sessionDates.htm">"Dates of Sessions of the Congress"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023235/https://www.senate.gov/reference/Sessions/sessionDates.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Dates+of+Sessions+of+the+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Freference%2FSessions%2FsessionDates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">United States Constitution, Article VI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="/wiki/Title_5_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 5 of the United States Code">5 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/3331">§ 3331</a>; see also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Oath_Office.htm">"U.S. Senate Oath of Office"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728181228/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Oath_Office.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Salaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2Fsenate_salaries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgovinfo-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgovinfo_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgovinfo_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgovinfo_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa031200a.htm">"US Congress Salaries and Benefits"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Congress+Salaries+and+Benefits&rft.pub=Usgovinfo.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgovinfo.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa031200a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Loughlin_and_Robert_Yoon2003" class="citation news cs1">Sean Loughlin and Robert Yoon (June 13, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/06/13/senators.finances">"Millionaires populate U.S. Senate"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/vice_president.htm">the original</a> on November 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Gold, <i>Senate Procedure and Practice</i>, p.39</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323114641/https://books.google.com/books?id=juX5w6oLgcwC&dq=%22senators+address+each+other%22&q=%22address+the+chair#v=snippet&q=%22address%20the%20chair&f=false">Archived</a> March 23, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <i>Every member, when he speaks, shall address the chair, standing in his place, and when he has finished, shall sit down.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090811051312/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978823,00.html">"The World's Greatest Deliberative Body"</a>. <i>Time</i>. July 5, 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978823,00.html">the original</a> on August 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Greatest+Deliberative+Body&rft.date=1993-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C978823%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235408/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2009/11/worlds_greatest_deliberative_b.html">"World's greatest deliberative body watch"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2009/11/worlds_greatest_deliberative_b.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=World%27s+greatest+deliberative+body+watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fezra-klein%2F2009%2F11%2Fworlds_greatest_deliberative_b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/08/senate_reform">"Senate reform: Lazing on a Senate afternoon"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014090430/http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/08/senate_reform">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Senate+reform%3A+Lazing+on+a+Senate+afternoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fdemocracyinamerica%2F2010%2F08%2Fsenate_reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinton2003" class="citation web cs1">Quinton, Jeff (July 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614024620/http://www.jquinton.com/archives/000171.html">"Thurmond's Filibuster"</a>. <i>Backcountry Conservative</i>. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Backcountry+Conservative&rft.atitle=Thurmond%27s+Filibuster&rft.date=2003-07-27&rft.aulast=Quinton&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jquinton.com%2Farchives%2F000171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reconciliation, <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/641#e">§ 641(e)</a></span> (Procedure in the Senate).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majority-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Majority_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majority_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niemanwatchdog.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=background.view&backgroundid=381">"How majority rule works in the U.S. Senate"</a>. Nieman Watchdog. July 31, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107141300/http://www.niemanwatchdog.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=background.view&backgroundid=381">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+majority+rule+works+in+the+U.S.+Senate&rft.pub=Nieman+Watchdog&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niemanwatchdog.org%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Dbackground.view%26backgroundid%3D381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/general/Features/votes.htm">"Yea or Nay? Voting in the Senate"</a>. Senate.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511073831/http://www.senate.gov/general/Features/votes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yea+or+Nay%3F+Voting+in+the+Senate&rft.pub=Senate.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fgeneral%2FFeatures%2Fvotes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmer2008" class="citation web cs1">Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806041728/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RS20145.pdf">"Secret Sessions of Congress: A Brief Historical Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RS20145.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+Sessions+of+Congress%3A+A+Brief+Historical+Overview&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.aulast=Amer&rft.aufirst=Mildred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Freference%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2FRS20145.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmer2008" class="citation web cs1">Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806041723/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-718.pdf">"Secret Sessions of the House and Senate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-718.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+Sessions+of+the+House+and+Senate&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.aulast=Amer&rft.aufirst=Mildred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Freference%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2F98-718.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for examples, <i>American Dictionary of National Biography</i> on <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Carter Glass</a>; in general, Ritchie, <i>Congress</i>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, <i>Congress</i>, p. 44. Zelizer, <i>On Capitol Hill</i> describes this process; one of the reforms is that seniority within the majority party <i>can</i> now be bypassed, so that chairs do run the risk of being deposed by their colleagues. See in particular p. 17, for the unreformed Congress, and pp.188–9, for the Stevenson reforms of 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, <i>Congress</i>, pp .44, 175, 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm#a1_sec7">"Constitution of the United States"</a>. 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Saturno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31399.pdf"><i>The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origination+Clause+of+the+U.S.+Constitution%3A+Interpretation+and+Enforcement&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.au=James+V.+Saturno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL31399.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wirls-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wirls_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifzWY2ZrNBAC&pg=PA188">The Invention of the United States Senate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212083755/https://books.google.com/books?id=ifzWY2ZrNBAC&pg=PA188">Archived</a> February 12, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Taylor & Francis 2004). p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills, as distinguished from bills that levy taxes. See Wilson, Woodrow. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWBJfdV_jv8C&q=originate&pg=PA155">Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212083758/https://books.google.com/books?id=eWBJfdV_jv8C&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3AXH62sjkuTc4C&pg=PA155">Archived</a> February 12, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, pp. 155–156 (Transaction Publishers 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, the Constitution provides the origination requirement for revenue bills, whereas tradition provides the origination requirement for appropriation bills. See Sullivan, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/home/lawsmade.bysec/congress.html">How Our Laws Are Made</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016045756/http://thomas.loc.gov/home/lawsmade.bysec/congress.html">Archived</a> October 16, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Library of Congress (accessed August 26, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sargent-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sargent_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sargent, Noel. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifis.org/oclause/Sargent.pdf">Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107024316/http://www.tifis.org/oclause/Sargent.pdf">Archived</a> January 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Law_Review" title="Minnesota Law Review">Minnesota Law Review</a></i>, Vol. 4, p. 330 (1919).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson <i>Congressional Government</i>, Chapter III: "Revenue and Supply". Text common to all printings or "editions"; in <i>Papers of Woodrow Wilson</i> it is Vol.4 (1968), p.91; for unchanged text, see p. 13, <i>ibid.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2017" class="citation web cs1">King, Elizabeth (February 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4653593/cabinet-rejection-john-tower/">"This Is What Happened Last Time a Cabinet Nomination Was Rejected"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Time USA, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210131047/https://time.com/4653593/cabinet-rejection-john-tower/">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=This+Is+What+Happened+Last+Time+a+Cabinet+Nomination+Was+Rejected&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4653593%2Fcabinet-rejection-john-tower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229043342/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RS21308.pdf">"Recess Appointments FAQ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Senate, Congressional Research Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RS21308.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recess+Appointments+FAQ&rft.pub=US+Senate%2C+Congressional+Research+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Freference%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2FRS21308.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, <i>Congress</i> p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyser2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pyser, Steven M. (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1266&context=jcl">"Recess Appointments To The Federal Judiciary: An Unconstitutional Transformation Of Senate Advice And Consent"</a>. <i>Journal of Constitutional Law</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 61–114<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span> – via Penn Law Legal Scholarship Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=Recess+Appointments+To+The+Federal+Judiciary%3A+An+Unconstitutional+Transformation+Of+Senate+Advice+And+Consent&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-114&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Pyser&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1266%26context%3Djcl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWermiel2013" class="citation web cs1">Wermiel, Stephen (February 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2013/02/scotus-for-law-students-sponsored-by-bloomberg-law-recess-appointments-and-the-court/">"SCOTUS for law students (sponsored by Bloomberg Law): Recess appointments and the Court"</a>. <i>SCOTUSblog.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911125359/https://www.scotusblog.com/2013/02/scotus-for-law-students-sponsored-by-bloomberg-law-recess-appointments-and-the-court/">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCOTUSblog.com&rft.atitle=SCOTUS+for+law+students+%28sponsored+by+Bloomberg+Law%29%3A+Recess+appointments+and+the+Court&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Wermiel&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2F2013%2F02%2Fscotus-for-law-students-sponsored-by-bloomberg-law-recess-appointments-and-the-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2009" class="citation news cs1">Bolton, John R. (January 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/opinion/05bolton.html">"Restore the Senate's Treaty Power"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107080651/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/opinion/05bolton.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Restore+the+Senate%27s+Treaty+Power&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F05%2Fopinion%2F05bolton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an example, and a discussion of the literature, see <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341856">Taking Text and Structure Seriously: Reflections on Free-Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108201719/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341856">Archived</a> January 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Harvard Law Review</i>, Vol. 108, No. 6. (April 1995), pp. 1221–1303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202133604/http://senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Senate_Impeachment_Role.htm">"Complete list of impeachment trials"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Senate_Impeachment_Role.htm#4">the original</a> on December 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Complete+list+of+impeachment+trials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fbriefing%2FSenate_Impeachment_Role.htm%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2024" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, C. Lawrence (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/senate-countermajoritarianism/4636218A359407B4E9ED9E42A7AF65AA">"Senate Countermajoritarianism"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>: 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055424000510">10.1017/S0003055424000510</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Senate+Countermajoritarianism&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055424000510&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=C.+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-political-science-review%2Farticle%2Fsenate-countermajoritarianism%2F4636218A359407B4E9ED9E42A7AF65AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyZiblatt2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Levitsky, Steven</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ziblatt" title="Daniel Ziblatt">Ziblatt, Daniel</a> (2023). 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It Just Didn't Help Republicans Until Now"</a>. <i>FiveThirtyEight</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204212549/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-senate-has-always-favored-smaller-states-it-just-didnt-help-republicans-until-now/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=The+Senate+Has+Always+Favored+Smaller+States.+It+Just+Didn%27t+Help+Republicans+Until+Now.&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft.aulast=Drutman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-senate-has-always-favored-smaller-states-it-just-didnt-help-republicans-until-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJentleson2021" class="citation web cs1">Jentleson, Adam (April 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/how-stop-minority-rule-doom-loop/618536/">"How to Stop the Minority-Rule Doom Loop"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206001607/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/how-stop-minority-rule-doom-loop/618536/">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Abolish+the+Senate&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.aulast=Lazare&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2014%2F12%2Fabolish-the-senate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillhiser2020" class="citation web cs1">Millhiser, Ian (January 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/1/30/20997046/constitution-electoral-college-senate-popular-vote-trump">"America's democracy is failing. Here's why"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=America%27s+democracy+is+failing.+Here%27s+why.&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft.aulast=Millhiser&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2020%2F1%2F30%2F20997046%2Fconstitution-electoral-college-senate-popular-vote-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyZiblatt2023" class="citation book cs1">Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). <i>Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point</i>. 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Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400062621" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400062621"><bdi>978-1400062621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Constitution%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1400062621&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Akhil+Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2014" class="citation book cs1">Cain, Bruce (2014). <i>Democracy More or Less: America's Political Reform Quandary (Cambridge Studies in Election Law and Democracy)</i>. Cambridge University Press (published December 8, 2014). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107612266" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107612266"><bdi>978-1107612266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+More+or+Less%3A+America%27s+Political+Reform+Quandary+%28Cambridge+Studies+in+Election+Law+and+Democracy%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107612266&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowah2022" class="citation news cs1">Showah, Robert (July 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-democrats-lost-their-majorities-electoral-college-republicans-grass-roots-south-midwest-senate-11657030192#comments_sector">"How Democrats Lost Their Majorities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911125400/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-democrats-lost-their-majorities-electoral-college-republicans-grass-roots-south-midwest-senate-11657030192#comments_sector">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Democrats+Lost+Their+Majorities&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.aulast=Showah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-democrats-lost-their-majorities-electoral-college-republicans-grass-roots-south-midwest-senate-11657030192%23comments_sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Baker_(historian)" title="Richard A. Baker (historian)">Baker, Richard A.</a> <i>The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History</i> Krieger, 1988.</li> <li>Baker, Richard A., ed., <i>First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century</i> Congressional Quarterly, 1991.</li> <li>Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, <i>The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts</i> (1975); new edition every two years</li> <li>David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. <i>Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress</i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro,_Robert_A." class="mw-redirect" title="Caro, Robert A.">Caro, Robert A.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson._Vol._3:_Master_of_the_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate">The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate</a>.</i> Knopf, 2002.</li> <li>Comiskey, Michael. <i>Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees</i> U. Press of Kansas, 2004.</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly <i>Congress and the Nation XII: 2005–2008: Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses</i> (2010); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on <i>Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report</i> and the annual CQ almanac. The <i>Congress and the Nation 2009–2012</i> vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication. <ul><li>Congressional Quarterly <i> Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004</i> (2005);</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001</i> (2002)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly. <i>Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996</i> (1998)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992</i> (1993)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988</i> (1989)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984</i> (1985)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980</i> (1981)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976</i> (1977)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972</i> (1973)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968</i> (1969)</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly, <i>Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964</i> (1965), the first of the series</li></ul></li> <li>Cooper, John Milton Jr. <i>Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations.</i> Cambridge U. Press, 2001.</li> <li>Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. (1998). <i>Congress and Its Members</i>, 6th ed. Washington DC: <i>Congressional Quarterly.</i> (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information)</li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate</i> (2005)</li> <li>Hernon, Joseph Martin. <i>Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990</i> Sharpe, 1997.</li> <li>Hoebeke, C. H. <i>The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment</i>. Transaction Books, 1995. (Popular elections of senators)</li> <li>Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. <i>Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation</i>. U. of Chicago Press 1999. 304 pp.</li> <li>MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker. <i>The American Senate: An Insider's History.</i> Oxford University Press, 2013. 455 pp.</li> <li>McFarland, Ernest W. <i>The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940–1952</i>. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995 (Democratic majority leader 1950–52)</li> <li>Malsberger, John W. <i>From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952</i>. Susquehanna U. Press 2000</li> <li>Mann, Robert. <i>The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights</i>. Harcourt Brace, 1996</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Ritchie" title="Donald A. Ritchie">Ritchie, Donald A.</a> (1991). <i>Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Press+Gallery%3A+Congress+and+the+Washington+Correspondents&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Ritchie" title="Donald A. Ritchie">Ritchie, Donald A.</a> (2001). <i>The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congress+of+the+United+States%3A+A+Student+Companion&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Ritchie" title="Donald A. Ritchie">Ritchie, Donald A.</a> (2010). <i>The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Congress%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Senate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rothman, David. <i>Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869–1901</i> (1966)</li> <li>Swift, Elaine K. <i>The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841</i>. U. of Michigan Press, 1996</li> <li>Valeo, Frank. <i>Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976</i> Sharpe, 1999 (Senate Democratic leader)</li> <li>VanBeek, Stephen D. <i>Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress</i>. U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995</li> <li>Weller, Cecil Edward Jr. <i>Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat.</i> U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson,_Woodrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson, Woodrow">Wilson, Woodrow</a>. <i>Congressional Government</i>. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885; also 15th ed. 1900, repr. by photoreprint, Transaction books, 2002.</li> <li>Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. <i>The Invention of the United States Senate</i> Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. (Early history)</li> <li>Zelizer, Julian E. <i>On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000</i> (2006)</li> <li>Zelizer, Julian E., ed. <i>The American Congress: The Building of Democracy</i> (2004) (overview)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_Senate_histories">Official Senate histories</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>, 1774–1989</i></li></ul> <p>The following are published by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Historical_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Historical Office">Senate Historical Office</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a>. <i>The Senate, 1789–1989</i>. Four volumes. <ul><li>Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate</li> <li>Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers</li> <li>Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830–1993</li> <li>Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole, Bob</a>. <i>Historical Almanac of the United States Senate</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hatfield" title="Mark Hatfield">Hatfield, Mark O.</a>, with the Senate Historical Office. <i>Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Vice_President.htm">essays reprinted online</a>)</li> <li>Frumin, Alan S. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080606033250/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/riddick/index.html">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Congress" title="Template talk:United States Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> ← <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_United_States_senators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_U.S._senators" title="Template:Current U.S. senators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Current_U.S._senators" title="Template talk:Current U.S. senators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Current_U.S._senators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Current U.S. senators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_United_States_senators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Current United States senators</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#Constitutional_roles" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D) ‧ <b><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama" title="List of United States senators from Alabama">AL</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tuberville" title="Tommy Tuberville">Tuberville</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Katie_Britt" title="Katie Britt">Britt</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alaska" title="List of United States senators from Alaska">AK</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Murkowski</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)">Sullivan</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">AZ</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Sinema</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kelly" title="Mark Kelly">Kelly</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arkansas" title="List of United States senators from Arkansas">AR</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">Boozman</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">CA</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Laphonza_Butler" title="Laphonza Butler">Butler</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Colorado" title="List of United States senators from Colorado">CO</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Bennet</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">Hickenlooper</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States senators from Connecticut">CT</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States senators from Delaware">DE</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Carper</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Coons</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="List of United States senators from Florida">FL</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">R. Scott</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">GA</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ossoff" title="Jon Ossoff">Ossoff</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Warnock</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States senators from Hawaii">HI</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Schatz</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Hirono</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Idaho" title="List of United States senators from Idaho">ID</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Crapo</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">IL</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States senators from Indiana">IN</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Young</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Braun</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">IA</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Ernst</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States senators from Kansas">KS</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Moran</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Marshall" title="Roger Marshall">Marshall</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">KY</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States senators from Louisiana">LA</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Cassidy</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)" title="John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)">Kennedy</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">ME</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Collins</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">King</a> (I)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">MD</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Van Hollen</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">MI</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">MN</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Smith</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States senators from Mississippi">MS</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith" title="Cindy Hyde-Smith">Hyde-Smith</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">MO</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States senators from Montana">MT</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Tester</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Daines</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States senators from Nebraska">NE</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Deb_Fischer" title="Deb Fischer">Fischer</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Ricketts" title="Pete Ricketts">Ricketts</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States senators from Nevada">NV</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Cortez Masto</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacky_Rosen" title="Jacky Rosen">Rosen</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Shaheen</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Hassan</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey" title="List of United States senators from New Jersey">NJ</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Helmy" title="George Helmy">Helmy</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Mexico" title="List of United States senators from New Mexico">NM</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich" title="Martin Heinrich">Heinrich</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ray_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Ben Ray Luján">Luján</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">NY</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">NC</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Tillis</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Budd" title="Ted Budd">Budd</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from North Dakota">ND</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">Hoeven</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Cramer" title="Kevin Cramer">Cramer</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States senators from Ohio">OH</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Brown</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States senators from Oklahoma">OK</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">Lankford</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin" title="Markwayne Mullin">Mullin</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon" title="List of United States senators from Oregon">OR</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">PA</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States senators from Rhode Island">RI</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">SC</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">T. Scott</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from South Dakota">SD</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rounds" title="Mike Rounds">Rounds</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">TN</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Hagerty</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">TX</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">Cornyn</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">UT</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">VT</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Welch</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">VA</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Washington" title="List of United States senators from Washington">WA</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">WV</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Capito</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">WI</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson" title="Ron Johnson">Johnson</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States senators from Wyoming">WY</a>:</b></div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">Barrasso</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Lummis" title="Cynthia Lummis">Lummis</a> (R)</div></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>: 49</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>: 47</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>: 4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legislatures_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_legislatures" title="Template:United States legislatures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_legislatures" title="Template talk:United States legislatures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_legislatures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States legislatures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Legislatures_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">Legislatures of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Senate</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">State legislatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives" title="Alabama House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Senate" title="Alabama Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_State_Legislature" title="Alaska State Legislature">Alaska</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives" title="Alaska House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_State_Senate" title="Alaska State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Arizona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona_House_of_Representatives" title="Arizona House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Senate" title="Arizona Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_General_Assembly" title="Arkansas General Assembly">Arkansas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arkansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Arkansas House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Senate" title="Arkansas Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_Senate" title="California State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_General_Assembly" title="Colorado General Assembly">Colorado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colorado_House_of_Representatives" title="Colorado House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Senate" title="Colorado Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">Connecticut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives" title="Connecticut House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Senate" title="Connecticut State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Assembly" title="Delaware General Assembly">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delaware_House_of_Representatives" title="Delaware House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Senate" title="Delaware Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislature" title="Florida Legislature">Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_Senate" title="Florida Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly" title="Georgia General Assembly">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_House_of_Representatives" title="Georgia House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Legislature" title="Hawaii State Legislature">Hawaii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii_House_of_Representatives" title="Hawaii House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Senate" title="Hawaii Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Legislature" title="Idaho Legislature">Idaho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Idaho_House_of_Representatives" title="Idaho House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Senate" title="Idaho Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly" title="Illinois General Assembly">Illinois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Indiana General Assembly">Indiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate" title="Indiana Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iowa_General_Assembly" title="Iowa General Assembly">Iowa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iowa_House_of_Representatives" title="Iowa House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Senate" title="Iowa Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Legislature" title="Kansas Legislature">Kansas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Kansas House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Senate" title="Kansas Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kentucky_House_of_Representatives" title="Kentucky House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Senate" title="Kentucky Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature">Louisiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Louisiana House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate" title="Louisiana State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_Senate" title="Maine Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maryland_House_of_Delegates" title="Maryland House of Delegates">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Senate" title="Maryland Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Legislature" title="Michigan Legislature">Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michigan_House_of_Representatives" title="Michigan House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Senate" title="Michigan Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Minnesota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives" title="Minnesota House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Senate" title="Minnesota Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature" title="Mississippi Legislature">Mississippi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" title="Mississippi House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate" title="Mississippi State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_General_Assembly" title="Missouri General Assembly">Missouri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives" title="Missouri House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Senate" title="Missouri Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Legislature" title="Montana Legislature">Montana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montana_House_of_Representatives" title="Montana House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana_Senate" title="Montana Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature" title="Nebraska Legislature">Nebraska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Legislature" title="Nevada Legislature">Nevada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nevada_Assembly" title="Nevada Assembly">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Senate" title="Nevada Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_General_Court" title="New Hampshire General Court">New Hampshire</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives" title="New Hampshire House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate" title="New Hampshire Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature" title="New Jersey Legislature">New Jersey</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly" title="New Jersey General Assembly">GA</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate" title="New Jersey Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Legislature" title="New Mexico Legislature">New Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_House_of_Representatives" title="New Mexico House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Senate" title="New Mexico Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="North Carolina General Assembly">North Carolina</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="North Carolina House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate" title="North Carolina Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Legislative_Assembly" title="North Dakota Legislative Assembly">North Dakota</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_House_of_Representatives" title="North Dakota House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Senate" title="North Dakota Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Senate" title="Ohio Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Legislature" title="Oklahoma Legislature">Oklahoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives" title="Oklahoma House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Senate" title="Oklahoma Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Oregon Legislative Assembly">Oregon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregon_House_of_Representatives" title="Oregon House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Senate" title="Oregon State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate" title="Pennsylvania State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly" title="Rhode Island General Assembly">Rhode Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_House_of_Representatives" title="Rhode Island House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Senate" title="Rhode Island Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="South Carolina General Assembly">South Carolina</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives" title="South Carolina House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate" title="South Carolina Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Legislature" title="South Dakota Legislature">South Dakota</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_House_of_Representatives" title="South Dakota House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Senate" title="South Dakota Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">Tennessee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Legislature" title="Utah State Legislature">Utah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utah_House_of_Representatives" title="Utah House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Senate" title="Utah State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_General_Assembly" title="Vermont General Assembly">Vermont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Senate" title="Vermont Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Senate" title="Virginia Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature" title="Washington State Legislature">Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives" title="Washington House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Senate" title="Washington State Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Legislature" title="West Virginia Legislature">West Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="West Virginia House of Delegates">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Senate" title="West Virginia Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature" title="Wisconsin Legislature">Wisconsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate" title="Wisconsin Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Legislature" title="Wyoming Legislature">Wyoming</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wyoming_House_of_Representatives" title="Wyoming House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Senate" title="Wyoming Senate">S</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures#Territorial_and_Federal_District_Legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">Other legislatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Council of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Fono" title="American Samoa Fono">American Samoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_House_of_Representatives" title="American Samoa House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate" title="American Samoa Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Guam" title="Legislature of Guam">Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Commonwealth_Legislature" title="Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_House_of_Representatives" title="Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate" title="Northern Mariana Islands Senate">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puerto_Rico" title="House of Representatives of Puerto Rico">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">S</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Legislature of the Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:State_legislature_elections_in_the_United_States" title="Category:State legislature elections in the United States">Legislative elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2000 United States state legislative elections">2000</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2001 United States state legislative elections">2001</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2002 United States state legislative elections">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2003 United States state legislative elections">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2004 United States state legislative elections">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2005 United States state legislative elections">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2006 United States state legislative elections">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2007 United States state legislative elections">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2008 United States state legislative elections">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2009 United States state legislative elections">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2010 United States state legislative elections">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2011 United States state legislative elections">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2012 United States state legislative elections">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2013 United States state legislative elections">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2014 United States state legislative elections">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2015 United States state legislative elections">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2016 United States state legislative elections">2016</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2017 United States state legislative elections">2017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2018 United States state legislative elections">2018</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2019 United States state legislative elections">2019</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2020 United States state legislative elections">2020</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2021 United States state legislative elections">2021</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2022 United States state legislative elections">2022</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2023 United States state legislative elections">2023</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_state_legislative_elections" title="2024 United States state legislative elections">2024</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of U.S. state legislators</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_legislative_sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of United States state legislative sessions">Lists of past U.S. state legislatures</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Upper_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_upper_houses" title="Template talk:National upper houses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National upper houses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Upper_houses_of_national_legislatures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper houses</a> of national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Austria)" title="Federal Council (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)" title="Senate (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Federation" title="House of Federation">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Somalia" title="Senate of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(South_Sudan)" title="Council of States (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Sudan)" title="Council of States (Sudan)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#Senate" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Council_(Bahrain)" title="Consultative Council (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados" title="Senate of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belize)" title="Senate (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cambodia)" title="Senate (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)" title="Senate (Cameroon)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_(Chad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate (Chad) (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Chile" title="Senate of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Republic of the Congo)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Senate of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Senate (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini" title="Senate of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Gabon" title="Senate of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Grenada)" title="Senate (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Ivory_Coast)" title="Senate (Ivory Coast)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica#Senate" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">Japan (post-1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Jordan)" title="Senate (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya" title="Senate of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Lesotho" title="Senate of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Liberia" title="Senate of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Madagascar)" title="Senate (Madagascar)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)" title="House of Councillors (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyotha_Hluttaw" title="Amyotha Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Namibia)" title="National Council (Namibia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Oman)" title="Council of State (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Palau" title="Senate of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay" title="Senate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Senate of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovenia)" title="National Council (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Tajikistan" title="National Assembly of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Regions_and_Districts" title="National Council of Regions and Districts">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uruguay" title="Senate of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uzbekistan" title="Senate of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura_Council_(Yemen)" title="Shura Council (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate" title="American Samoa Senate">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Legislative Council of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate" title="Northern Mariana Islands Senate">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)" title="House of Elders (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Afghanistan)" title="House of Elders (Afghanistan)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Austria)" title="House of Lords (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(British_Guiana)" title="Senate (British Guiana)">British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Chamber of Representatives of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Nationalities" title="Chamber of Nationalities">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Ceylon" title="Senate of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Costa_Rican_legislature#Senate_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of the Costa Rican legislature">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament#Chamber_of_Counties" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Cuba" title="Congress of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landstinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Landstinget">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Council" title="Conservative Council">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_States" title="Chamber of States">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_Ethiopia" title="Imperial Parliament of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji" title="Senate of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Senate" title="Greek Senate">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates" title="House of Magnates">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iran" title="Senate of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iraq" title="Senate of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Japan (pre-1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Libya#Senate" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Maldives" title="Senate of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Malta" title="Senate of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mauritania" title="Senate of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Nicaragua" title="National Congress of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Senate of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru#Senate" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Portugal)" title="Senate (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia#Senate" title="Parliament of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Council (Russian Empire)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Senegal)" title="Senate (Senegal)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(South_Korea)" title="House of Councillors (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_kammaren" title="Första kammaren">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Turkey)" title="Senate of the Republic (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela" title="Senate of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)" title="Reichsrat (Germany)">Weimar Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">List of abolished upper houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses">National lower houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405077242">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123238060">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129637095">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/530422/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1020979-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. 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Senate."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022161">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12001698w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12001698w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35565608">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/531523">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90329465">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02228790?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/37a14d09-1b87-4867-8720-93a5e98d48ac">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/998016">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027483762">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rc0tzx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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