CARDIOLOGIE - Encyclopædia Universalis

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Les premières lueurs : l'électrophysiologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CARDIOLOGIE, Cathétérisme, circulation extracorporelle, chirurgie d'avant-garde" href="/encyclopedie/cardiologie/2-catheterisme-circulation-extracorporelle-chirurgie-d-avant-garde/"> 2. Cathétérisme, circulation extracorporelle, chirurgie d'avant-garde </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CARDIOLOGIE, La coronarographie" href="/encyclopedie/cardiologie/3-la-coronarographie/"> 3. La coronarographie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CARDIOLOGIE, Traitement des troubles du rythme" href="/encyclopedie/cardiologie/4-traitement-des-troubles-du-rythme/"> 4. Traitement des troubles du rythme </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CARDIOLOGIE, Pacemakers et défibrillateurs" href="/encyclopedie/cardiologie/5-pacemakers-et-defibrillateurs/"> 5. Pacemakers et défibrillateurs </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CARDIOLOGIE, Renouvellement de l'arsenal médicamenteux" href="/encyclopedie/cardiologie/6-renouvellement-de-l-arsenal-medicamenteux/"> 6. Renouvellement de l'arsenal médicamenteux </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CARDIOLOGIE, Nouveaux outils pour l'exploration fonctionnelle et la thérapeutique" href="/encyclopedie/cardiologie/7-nouveaux-outils-pour-l-exploration-fonctionnelle-et-la-therapeutique/"> 7. Nouveaux outils pour l'exploration fonctionnelle et la thérapeutique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CARDIOLOGIE, Cardiologie interventionnelle" href="/encyclopedie/cardiologie/8-cardiologie-interventionnelle/"> 8. Cardiologie interventionnelle </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>CARDIOLOGIE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070804_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC070804_0"></i><p>La cardiologie moderne a un siècle. Ses « inventeurs », parmi lesquels figurent de nombreux médecins français, ont su faire preuve d'audace. Certains ont transgressé les tabous et détruit les concepts les mieux établis ; d'autres ont dû vaincre le scepticisme de leurs contemporains avant que le temps ne leur donne raison.</p><p>Alors, l'avenir de la cardiologie est-il derrière nous ? On est en droit de se poser la question quand on regarde le chemin parcouru. N'en croyons rien pourtant : d'une part, l'informatique médicale n'a pas fini d'améliorer tous les outils qui sont aujourd'hui à notre disposition ; d'autre part, les retombées attendues de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Au cœur des sciences biologiques, la génétique se préoccupe de comprendre le mécanisme de la reproduction biologique, à tous les niveaux où elle se manifeste : individu, cellule, molécule. Mais, plus encore peut-être que par cet objectif, cette discipline est caractérisée par la démarche suivie pour l'atteindre, qui passe toujours par l'étude de la variation.. L'aptitude à var..." title="Article : GÉNÉTIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/genetique/">génétique</a> moléculaire seront certainement considérables, même si le champ d'action exploré par les chercheurs institutionnels paraît souvent bien loin des préoccupations des cliniciens.</p><p>Ceux-ci, bien qu'ils disposent maintenant d'outils de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Partie de l'acte médical qui vise à déterminer la nature de la maladie observée. Le diagnostic est indispensable à l'établissement du pronostic et de la thérapeutique. Il est moins une phase de l'examen médical ou paramédical qu'une conclusion de celui-ci. Facile et même évident dans certains cas, il peut être très difficile dans d'autres ; devant l'urgence thérapeutique, le médeci..." title="Article : DIAGNOSTIC" href="/encyclopedie/diagnostic/">diagnostic</a> et de procédures thérapeutiques d'une extraordinaire efficacité, restent en permanence à l'affût des perfectionnements nouveaux en matière de diagnostic, de thérapeutique et de réadaptation de leurs patients toujours plus nombreux. Et cela, en raison des progrès spectaculaires de l'espérance de vie, qui résultent justement, pour une large part, des performances de la cardiologie préventive et des avancées de la cardiologie chirurgicale comme de la cardiologie interventionnelle.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070804_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC070804_1"></i><h2>Les premières lueurs : l'électrophysiologie</h2><p>C'est au tout début du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle que commencent les progrès de la cardiologie moderne. Certes, les cliniciens des siècles précédents, tels Laennec, Adams et Stokes, Durozier, William Heberden ou encore Bouveret, avaient édifié la séméiologie d'interrogatoire et d'examen clinique qui est, en grande partie, restée la nôtre. Mais c'est en Hollande, en 1903, que l'aventure technologique commence avec la construction par Willem Einthoven du premier électrocardiographe. Son appareil – un galvanomètre à corde – pesait 300 kilogrammes et il fallait deux heures et l'aide de cinq hommes pour enregistrer un tracé. Il n'y avait pas d'électrode, le patient trempant un bras et une jambe dans une bassine d'eau froide. Comment imaginer qu'il s'agit du même appareil que celui que nous utilisons, miniaturisé, numérisé et devenu portable ! Parallèlement aux travaux d'Einthoven, His, Tawara, Keith et Flack identifiaient les structures anatomiques responsables de l'automatisme cardiaque. Dans les années suivantes, sir Thomas Lewis à Londres, Gallavardin à Lyon, Wolff, Parkinson et White à Londres publiaient quelques notions de rythmologie qui, bien qu'édifiées avec seulement trois dérivations électrocardiographiques, restent d'une totale actualité.</p><p>En 1937, en France, Charles Laubry confère à la cardiologie son premier titre de noblesse en l'individualisant comme spécialité à part entière et en créant la Société française de cardiologie. Puis c'est la Seconde Guerre mondiale : de 1939 à 1945, l'Europe est coupée du reste du monde et plus particulièrement des États-Unis.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C070804_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="BEAUFILS, Philippe"><a title="Auteur : Philippe BEAUFILS" rel="author" href="/auteurs/philippe-beaufils/"><strong>Philippe BEAUFILS</strong></a> : professeur des Universités, consultant, praticien responsable du pôle urgences </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="SLAMA, Robert"><a title="Auteur : Robert SLAMA" rel="author" href="/auteurs/robert-slama/"><strong>Robert SLAMA</strong></a> : professeur émérite </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : CARDIOLOGIE" href="/carte-mentale/cardiologie/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070804_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Médecine" href="/classification/medecine/"> Médecine </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Pathologie" href="/classification/medecine/pathologie/"> Pathologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Cardiologie et pathologie vasculaire" href="/classification/medecine/pathologie/cardiologie-et-pathologie-vasculaire/"> Cardiologie et pathologie vasculaire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Cardiologie"> <a title="Classification : Cardiologie" href="/classification/medecine/pathologie/cardiologie-et-pathologie-vasculaire/cardiologie/"> Cardiologie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070804_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH00I064" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Myocarde" href="/media/myocarde-ph00i064/"> <img id="PH00I064" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/e/csm_ph00i064_9c40d9255d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Myocarde - crédits : De Agostini/ Getty Images" data-description="Après destruction (par infarctus) des cellules musculaires du cœur (qui restent visibles, en haut à droite, en rouge), le tissu musculaire cicatrise en devenant fibreux: matériel conjonctif, en rose, non contractile." data-copyright="De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="685" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Myocarde </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> De Agostini/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996061" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Pacemaker" href="/media/pacemaker-ph996061/"> <img id="PH996061" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/d/csm_ph996061_b53c049519.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Pacemaker - crédits : Keystone/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Un pacemaker, en 1968. D'une durée de vie de trois ans, réalisé en résine époxy et alimenté par une pile au mercure, il était fabriqué par une filiale de la Elliot-Automation Continental." data-copyright="Keystone/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="760" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Pacemaker </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Keystone/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070804_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/analeptiques/"> <span class="rg">ANALEPTIQUES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Christine STÉRIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">190 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Drogues qui ont une action stimulante sur le fonctionnement des différents appareils de l'organisme. Les plus connus des analeptiques sont ceux qui agissent sur le système cardio-vasculaire et ceux qui agissent sur le système nerveux (psycho-analeptiques).</p><p>Les analeptiques cardio-vasculaires...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/angor/"> <span class="rg">ANGOR</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">François BOURNÉRIAS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">224 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Un <em>angor pectoris</em>, ou angine de poitrine, est une manifestation clinique qui traduit une anoxie transitoire du muscle cardiaque.</p><p>Le diagnostic se fonde sur la nature des crises, que caractérisent des douleurs rétrosternales survenant typiquement à l'effort, brèves, constrictives....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/antiangoreux/"> <span class="rg">ANTIANGOREUX</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Dominique BIDET</span> et <span rel="author">Jean-Cyr GAIGNAULT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">766 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le médicament, comme la médecine, semble aussi vieux que l'humanité. On en trouve trace dans les civilisations les plus anciennes. Depuis les temps les plus reculés, l'homme a cherché dans la nature non seulement sa nourriture, mais des remèdes pour soulager ou guérir ses maux, et a appris à discerner les poisons.. Jusqu'à une période relativement récente, les médicaments ont été u..." title="Article : MÉDICAMENTS" href="/encyclopedie/medicaments/">médicaments</a> qui appartiennent à plusieurs classes chimiques concourant, par des mécanismes parfois multiples, à s'opposer à la crise d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un angor pectoris , ou angine de poitrine, est une manifestation clinique qui traduit une anoxie transitoire du muscle cardiaque.. Le diagnostic se fonde sur la nature des crises, que caractérisent des douleurs rétrosternales survenant typiquement à l'effort, brèves, constrictives.. L'électrocardiogramme est utile au diagnostic en permettant l'étude des troubles de la repolarisation myocard..." title="Article : ANGOR" href="/encyclopedie/angor/">angor</a>, ou angine de poitrine ou coronarite, sont appelés antiangoreux. La coronarite résulte d'une anoxie brutale et transitoire...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/antiarythmiques/"> <span class="rg">ANTIARYTHMIQUES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">François LHOSTE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">368 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Par définition, les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le médicament, comme la médecine, semble aussi vieux que l'humanité. On en trouve trace dans les civilisations les plus anciennes. Depuis les temps les plus reculés, l'homme a cherché dans la nature non seulement sa nourriture, mais des remèdes pour soulager ou guérir ses maux, et a appris à discerner les poisons.. Jusqu'à une période relativement récente, les médicaments ont été u..." title="Article : MÉDICAMENTS" href="/encyclopedie/medicaments/">médicaments</a> antiarythmiques sont des substances susceptibles de prévenir ou de réduire un trouble du rythme cardiaque. Ces médicaments sont nombreux, leurs structures biochimiques très différentes, leurs classifications pharmacologiques diverses, mais tous se caractérisent...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/cardiologie/"> Afficher les 57 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070804_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INFARCTUS DU MYOCARDE" href="/index/infarctus-du-myocarde/"> <span class="rg">INFARCTUS DU MYOCARDE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ARTÈRES CORONAIRES" href="/index/arteres-coronaires/"> <span class="rg">ARTÈRES CORONAIRES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TACHYCARDIE" href="/index/tachycardie/"> <span class="rg">TACHYCARDIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CŒUR ARTIFICIEL" href="/index/coeur-artificiel/"> <span class="rg">CŒUR ARTIFICIEL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SCINTIGRAPHIE ou GAMMAGRAPHIE, médecine" href="/index/scintigraphie-gammagraphie/"> <span class="rg">SCINTIGRAPHIE </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">GAMMAGRAPHIE, </span><em class="it">médecine</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FIBRILLATION AURICULAIRE ou FIBRILLATION ATRIALE" href="/index/fibrillation-auriculaire/"> <span class="rg">FIBRILLATION AURICULAIRE </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">FIBRILLATION ATRIALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE, cardiologie" href="/index/choc-electrique-cardiologie/"> <span class="rg">CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE, </span><em class="it">cardiologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INSUFFISANCE CARDIAQUE" href="/index/insuffisance-cardiaque/"> <span class="rg">INSUFFISANCE CARDIAQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ATHÉROME" href="/index/atherome/"> <span class="rg">ATHÉROME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INSUFFISANCE CORONARIENNE" href="/index/insuffisance-coronarienne/"> <span class="rg">INSUFFISANCE CORONARIENNE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PHARMACIE & INDUSTRIE PHARMACEUTIQUE" href="/index/pharmacie-et-industrie-pharmaceutique/"> <span class="rg">PHARMACIE & INDUSTRIE PHARMACEUTIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PONTAGE, chirurgie" href="/index/pontage-chirurgie/"> <span class="rg">PONTAGE, </span><em class="it">chirurgie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : STENT" href="/index/stent/"> <span class="rg">STENT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : REJET DE GREFFE" href="/index/rejet-de-greffe/"> <span class="rg">REJET DE GREFFE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INFORMATIQUE, biologie et médecine" href="/index/informatique-biologie-et-medecine/"> <span class="rg">INFORMATIQUE, </span><em class="it">biologie et médecine</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MÉDECINE HISTOIRE DE LA" href="/index/histoire-de-la-medecine/"> <span class="rg">MÉDECINE </span><span class="pc">HISTOIRE DE LA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FIBRILLATION, cardiologie" href="/index/fibrillation-cardiologie/"> <span class="rg">FIBRILLATION, </span><em class="it">cardiologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ENREGISTREMENTS PHYSIOLOGIQUES" href="/index/enregistrements-physiologiques/"> <span class="rg">ENREGISTREMENTS PHYSIOLOGIQUES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANTICALCIQUES MÉDICAMENTS ou INHIBITEURS CALCIQUES" href="/index/anticalciques-inhibiteurs-calciques/"> <span class="rg">ANTICALCIQUES </span><span class="pc">MÉDICAMENTS </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">INHIBITEURS CALCIQUES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PACEMAKERS" href="/index/pacemakers/"> <span class="rg">PACEMAKERS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉCHOCARDIOGRAPHIE" href="/index/echocardiographie/"> <span class="rg">ÉCHOCARDIOGRAPHIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ASSISTANCE CIRCULATOIRE" href="/index/assistance-circulatoire/"> <span class="rg">ASSISTANCE CIRCULATOIRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BLOC AURICULO-VENTRICULAIRE" href="/index/bloc-auriculo-ventriculaire/"> <span class="rg">BLOC AURICULO-VENTRICULAIRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CORONAROGRAPHIE" href="/index/coronarographie/"> <span class="rg">CORONAROGRAPHIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VALVULES CARDIAQUES" href="/index/valvules-cardiaques/"> <span class="rg">VALVULES CARDIAQUES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HÉMODYNAMIQUE" href="/index/hemodynamique/"> <span class="rg">HÉMODYNAMIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CIRCULATION EXTRACORPORELLE" href="/index/circulation-extracorporelle/"> <span class="rg">CIRCULATION EXTRACORPORELLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VALVULOPATHIES" href="/index/valvulopathies/"> <span class="rg">VALVULOPATHIES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : THROMBOLYTIQUE TRAITEMENT" href="/index/traitement-thrombolytique/"> <span class="rg">THROMBOLYTIQUE 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