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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lexemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Word boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Word</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 165 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woord" title="Woord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Woord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wort" title="Wort – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wort" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%83%E1%88%8D_(%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D)" title="ቃል (የቋንቋ አካል) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቃል (የቋንቋ አካል)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="كلمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palabra" title="Palabra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Palabra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Բառ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բառ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3)" title="শব্দ (ব্যাকৰণ) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শব্দ (ব্যাকৰণ)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallabra" title="Pallabra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pallabra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B8" title="РагӀи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="РагӀи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6z" title="Söz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Söz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%B2%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%A9" title="سؤزجوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سؤزجوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna" title="Kruna – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3)" title="শব্দ (ব্যাকরণ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শব্দ (ব্যাকরণ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-s%C3%BB" title="Jī-sû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D2%AF%D2%99" title="Һүҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һүҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Слова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Слова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Слова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Слова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="शब्द – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शब्द" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataga" title="Kataga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kataga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дума – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дума" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woat" title="Woat – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Woat" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rije%C4%8D" title="Riječ – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Riječ" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger_(yezhoniezh)" title="Ger (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ger (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Үгэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үгэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сăмах – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăмах" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulong" title="Pulong – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pulong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovo" title="Slovo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoko" title="Shoko – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shoko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gair" title="Gair – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gair" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord" title="Ord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="كلمة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كلمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wort" title="Wort – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wort" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5na" title="Sõna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Λέξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Вал – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palabra" title="Palabra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palabra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorto" title="Vorto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vorto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabra" title="Parabra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Parabra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitz" title="Hitz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87" title="واژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabd" title="Sabd – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sabd" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%B0" title="Orð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Orð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurd" title="Wurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal" title="Focal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Focal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facal" title="Facal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Facal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palabra" title="Palabra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Palabra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Дош – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дош" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E" title="詞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="詞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogbe" title="Hogbe – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Hogbe" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B1%EB%A7%90" title="낱말 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="낱말" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalma" title="Kalma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kalma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Բառ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="शब्द – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शब्द" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rije%C4%8D" title="Riječ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Riječ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorto" title="Vorto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vorto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikas" title="Balikas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Balikas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata" title="Kata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulo" title="Vocabulo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vocabulo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parol" title="Parol – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Parol" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8B%E1%93%AA%E1%90%B8%E1%90%83%E1%91%A6" title="ᐋᓪᐸᐃᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐋᓪᐸᐃᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Дзырд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзырд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igama" title="Igama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Igama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%B0" title="Orð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parola" title="Parola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="מילה (בלשנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מילה (בלשנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung" title="Tembung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D0%B7" title="Сёз – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сёз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="სიტყვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიტყვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B7" title="Сөз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сөз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger" title="Ger – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ger" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neno" title="Neno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Neno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo" title="Mo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2" title="Mò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyv" title="Peyv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peyv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B7" title="Сөз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сөз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parola" title="Parola – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Parola" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3_(%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94)" title="ຄຳ (ພາສາສາດ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄຳ (ພາສາສາດ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_(generale)" title="Verbum (generale) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Verbum (generale)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81rds" title="Vārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Гаф – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гаф" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDodis" title="Žodis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žodis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waord" title="Waord – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C3%B3mb%C3%B3" title="Nkómbó – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkómbó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parolla" title="Parolla – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Parolla" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3" title="Szó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Збор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Збор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voanteny" title="Voanteny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voanteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="വാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelma" title="Kelma – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kelma" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="शब्द – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शब्द" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkataan" title="Perkataan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkataan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palabra" title="Palabra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Palabra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Валсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Валсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veivosa" title="Veivosa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veivosa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woord" title="Woord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Woord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="शब्द – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शब्द" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="खँग्वः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खँग्वः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E" title="語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Дош – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дош" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurd" title="Wurd – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wurd" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord" title="Ord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord" title="Ord – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82" title="Мут – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мут" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6)" title="ଶବ୍ଦ (ପଦ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶବ୍ଦ (ପଦ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBz" title="Soʻz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸ਼ਬਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਬਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salita" title="Salita – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salita" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8" title="لفظ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لفظ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palabra" title="Palabra – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Palabra" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87" title="کلمه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کلمه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod" title="Wod – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wod" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%B2la" title="Paròla – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Paròla" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/kinala" title="kinala – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="kinala" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woord" title="Woord – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Woord" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyraz" title="Wyraz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyraz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palavra" title="Palavra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palavra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woot_(Kalle)" title="Woot (Kalle) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Woot (Kalle)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2nt" title="Cuvânt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cuvânt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rima" title="Rima – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rima" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Слово – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Слово" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Слово – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слово" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81" title="Өс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjala" title="Fjala – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fjala" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palora_(unitati)" title="Palora (unitati) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Palora (unitati)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" title="Word – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Word" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8" title="لفظ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لفظ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovo_(jazykoveda)" title="Slovo (jazykoveda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slovo (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beseda" title="Beseda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beseda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Слово – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Слово" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erey" title="Erey – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Erey" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95" title="وشە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Реч – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Реч" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rije%C4%8D" title="Riječ – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Riječ" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecap_(basa_Sunda)" title="Kecap (basa Sunda) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kecap (basa Sunda)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana" title="Sana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord" title="Ord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salita" title="Salita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சொல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%B7" title="Сүз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сүз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="తెలుగు పదాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తెలుగు పదాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3" title="คำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Калима – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калима" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelime" title="Kelime – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kelime" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Слово – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слово" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8" title="لفظ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لفظ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paro%C5%82a" title="Paroła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Paroła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana" title="Sana – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sana" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB" title="Từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6d" title="Vöd – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vöd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCtchi" title="Pütchi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Pütchi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97" title="字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulong" title="Pulong – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pulong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%AF%8D" title="单词 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="单词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="ווארט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווארט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="字詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuodis" title="Žuodis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žuodis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the unit of speech and writing. For the computer software, see <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Word_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Word (disambiguation)">Word (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NZs-longest-place-name.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NZs-longest-place-name.jpg/330px-NZs-longest-place-name.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NZs-longest-place-name.jpg/495px-NZs-longest-place-name.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NZs-longest-place-name.jpg/660px-NZs-longest-place-name.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Sign of a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> hill with an unusually long one-word name: <a href="/wiki/Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu">Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu</a> (85 <a href="/wiki/Character_(symbol)" title="Character (symbol)">characters</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>word</b> is a basic element of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> that carries <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">meaning</a>, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible.<sup id="cite_ref-CDL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is, there is no consensus among <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> on its definition and numerous attempts to find specific criteria of the concept remain controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-RDLL_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDLL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different standards have been proposed, depending on the theoretical background and descriptive context; these do not converge on a single definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13:618">: 13:618 </span></sup> Some specific definitions of the term "word" are employed to convey its different meanings at different levels of description, for example based on <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> basis. Others suggest that the concept is simply a convention used in everyday situations.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p>The concept of "word" is distinguished from that of a <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>, which is the smallest unit of language that has a meaning, even if it cannot stand on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-CDL_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words are made out of at least one morpheme. Morphemes can also be joined to create other words in a process of <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">morphological derivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RDLL_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDLL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 768">: 768 </span></sup> In English and many other languages, the morphemes that make up a word generally include at least one <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> (such as "rock", "god", "type", "writ", "can", "not") and possibly some <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> ("-s", "un-", "-ly", "-ness"). Words with more than one root ("[type][writ]er", "[cow][boy]s", "[tele][graph]ically") are called <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound words</a>. <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">Contractions</a> ("can't", "would've") are words formed from multiple words made into one. In turn, words are combined to form other elements of language, such as <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a> ("a red rock", "put up with"), <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a> ("I threw a rock"), and <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a> ("I threw a rock, but missed"). </p><p>In many languages, the notion of what constitutes a "word" may be learned as part of learning the writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-Haspelmath2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haspelmath2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case for the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, and for most languages that are written with alphabets derived from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabets</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, the letter sequences "rock", "god", "write", "with", "the", and "not" are considered to be single-morpheme words, whereas "rocks", "ungodliness", "typewriter", and "cannot" are words composed of two or more morphemes ("rock"+"s", "un"+"god"+"li"+"ness", "type"+"writ"+"er", and "can"+"not"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>Since the beginning of the study of linguistics, numerous attempts at defining what a word is have been made, with many different criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Haspelmath2011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haspelmath2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no satisfying definition has yet been found to apply to all languages and at all levels of linguistic analysis. It is, however, possible to find consistent definitions of "word" at different levels of description.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> These include definitions on the <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> level, that it is the smallest segment of sound that can be theoretically isolated by word accent and boundary markers; on the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> level as a segment indicated by blank spaces in <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">print</a>; on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> as the basic element of <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> paradigms like <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, different from word-forms; within <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> as the smallest and relatively independent carrier of meaning in a lexicon; and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactically</a>, as the smallest permutable and substitutable unit of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-RDLL_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDLL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1285">: 1285 </span></sup> </p><p>In some languages, these different types of words coincide and one can analyze, for example, a "phonological word" as essentially the same as "grammatical word". However, in other languages they may correspond to elements of different size.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> Much of the difficulty stems from the <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">eurocentric</a> bias, as languages from outside of Europe may not follow the intuitions of European scholars. Some of the criteria developed for "word" can only be applicable to languages of broadly European <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic languages">synthetic structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1-3">: 1-3 </span></sup> Because of this unclear status, some linguists propose avoiding the term "word" altogether, instead focusing on better defined terms such as <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</a> categorize a language's lexicon into individually listed forms called <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemmas</a>. These can be taken as an indication of what constitutes a "word" in the opinion of the writers of that language. This written form of a word constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexeme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RDLL_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDLL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 670-671">: 670-671 </span></sup> The most appropriate means of measuring the length of a word is by counting its <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> or morphemes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a word has multiple definitions or multiple senses, it may result in confusion in a debate or discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3></div> <p>One distinguishable meaning of the term "word" can be defined on phonological grounds. It is a unit larger or equal to a syllable, which can be distinguished based on segmental or <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic</a> features, or through its interactions with phonological rules. In <a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmatjari</a>, an Australian language, roots or suffixes may have only one syllable but a phonologic word must have at least two syllables. A disyllabic verb root may take a zero suffix, e.g. <span title="Walmajarri-language text"><i lang="wmt">luwa-ø</i></span> 'hit!', but a monosyllabic root must take a suffix, e.g. <span title="Walmajarri-language text"><i lang="wmt">ya-nta</i></span> 'go!', thus conforming to a segmental pattern of Walmatjari words. In the <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wati_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wati language">Wati language</a>, another language form Australia, a word-medial syllable can end with a consonant but a word-final syllable must end with a vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>In most languages, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> may serve a criterion for a phonological word. In languages with a fixed stress, it is possible to ascertain word boundaries from its location. Although it is impossible to predict word boundaries from stress alone in languages with phonemic stress, there will be just one syllable with primary stress per word, which allows for determining the total number of words in an utterance.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>Many phonological rules operate only within a phonological word or specifically across word boundaries. In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, dental consonants /d/, /t/, /l/ or /n/ assimilate to a following semi-vowel /j/, yielding the corresponding palatal sound, but only within one word. Conversely, external <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> rules act across word boundaries. The prototypical example of this rule comes from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>; however, initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutation</a> in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Linking_r" class="mw-redirect" title="Linking r">linking r</a> phenomenon in some <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a> English dialects can also be used to illustrate word boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>It is often the case that a phonological word does not correspond to our intuitive conception of a word. The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> compound word <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">pääkaupunki</i></span> 'capital' is phonologically two words (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">pää</i></span> 'head' and <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kaupunki</i></span> 'city') because it does not conform to Finnish patterns of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> within words. Conversely, a single phonological word may be made up of more than one syntactical elements, such as in the English phrase <i>I'll come</i>, where <i>I'll</i> forms one phonological word.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13:618">: 13:618 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexemes">Lexemes</h3></div> <p>A word can be thought of as an item in a speaker's internal lexicon; this is called a <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexeme</a>. However, this may be different from the meaning in everyday speech of "word", since one lexeme includes all inflected forms. The lexeme <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">teapot</span> refers to the singular <i>teapot</i> as well as the plural <i>teapots</i>. There is also the question to what extent should inflected or compounded words be included in a lexeme, especially in agglutinative languages. For example, there is little doubt that in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> the lexeme for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">house</span> should include nominative singular <i>ev</i> and plural <i>evler</i>. However, it is not clear if it should also encompass the word <i>evlerinizden</i> 'from your houses', formed through regular suffixation. There are also lexemes such as "black and white" or "do-it-yourself", which, although consisting of multiple words, still form a single collocation with a set meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2005_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13:618">: 13:618 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3></div> <p>Grammatical words are proposed to consist of a number of grammatical elements which occur together (not in separate places within a clause) in a fixed order and have a set meaning. However, there are exceptions to all of these criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>Single grammatical words have a fixed internal structure; when the structure is changed, the meaning of the word also changes. In <a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a>, which can use many derivational affixes with its nouns, there are the dual suffix <i>-jarran</i> and the suffix <i>-gabun</i> meaning "another". With the noun <i>yibi</i> they can be arranged into <i>yibi-jarran-gabun</i> ("another two women") or <i>yibi-gabun-jarran</i> ("two other women") but changing the suffix order also changes their meaning. Speakers of a language also usually associate a specific meaning with a word and not a single morpheme. For example, when asked to talk about <i>untruthfulness</i> they rarely focus on the meaning of morphemes such as <i>-th</i> or <i>-ness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19–20">: 19–20 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantics">Semantics</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a> introduced the concept of "Minimal Free Forms" in 1928. Words are thought of as the smallest meaningful unit of <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> that can stand by themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Katamba2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katamba2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> This correlates phonemes (units of sound) to <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a> (units of meaning). However, some written words are not minimal free forms as they make no sense by themselves (for example, <i>the</i> and <i>of</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> Some semanticists have put forward a theory of so-called semantic primitives or <a href="/wiki/Semantic_primes" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic primes">semantic primes</a>, indefinable words representing fundamental concepts that are intuitively meaningful. According to this theory, semantic primes serve as the basis for describing the meaning, without circularity, of other words and their associated conceptual denotations.<sup id="cite_ref-Wierzbicka1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wierzbicka1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">Minimalist</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical syntax">theoretical syntax</a>, words (also called <i>lexical items</i> in the literature) are construed as "bundles" of <a href="/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)" title="Feature (linguistics)">linguistic features</a> that are united into a structure with form and meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36–37">: 36–37 </span></sup> For example, the word "koalas" has semantic features (it denotes real-world objects, <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koalas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lexical_category" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical category">category</a> features (it is a noun), <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> features (it is plural and must agree with verbs, pronouns, and demonstratives in its domain), <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> features (it is pronounced a certain way), etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg/220px-Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg/330px-Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg/440px-Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>Words made out of letters, divided by spaces</figcaption></figure> <p>In languages with a <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">literary tradition</a>, the question of what is considered a single word is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Word_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Word separator">Word separators</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">spaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation marks</a> are common in modern orthography of languages using <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetic script">alphabetic scripts</a>, but these are a relatively modern development in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">history of writing</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_segmentation#Word_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">word segmentation</a> depends on which <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a> are defined as word dividers. In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound expressions</a> may contain spaces. For example, <i>ice cream</i>, <i>air raid shelter</i> and <i>get up</i> each are generally considered to consist of more than one word (as each of the components are free forms, with the possible exception of <i>get</i>), and so is <i>no one</i>, but the similarly compounded <i>someone</i> and <i>nobody</i> are considered single words. </p><p>Sometimes, languages which are close grammatically will consider the same order of words in different ways. For example, <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive verbs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> infinitive are separate from their respective particle, e.g. <i>se laver</i> ("to wash oneself"), whereas in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> they are hyphenated, e.g. <i>lavar-se</i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> they are joined, e.g. <i>lavarse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all languages delimit words expressly. <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> is a highly <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic language</a> with few inflectional affixes, making it unnecessary to delimit words orthographically. However, there are many multiple-morpheme compounds in Mandarin, as well as a variety of bound morphemes that make it difficult to clearly determine what constitutes a word.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasold2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasold2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> uses orthographic cues to delimit words, such as switching between <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> (characters borrowed from Chinese writing) and the two <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> syllabaries. This is a fairly soft rule, because <a href="/wiki/Content_word" title="Content word">content words</a> can also be written in <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> for effect, though if done extensively spaces are typically added to maintain legibility. <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> orthography, although using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, delimits monosyllabic morphemes rather than words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_boundaries">Word boundaries</h2></div> <p>The task of defining what constitutes a word involves determining where one word ends and another begins. There are several methods for identifying word boundaries present in speech:<sup id="cite_ref-Haspelmath2011_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haspelmath2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Potential pause</b>: A speaker is told to repeat a given sentence slowly, allowing for pauses. The speaker will tend to insert pauses at the word boundaries. However, this method is not foolproof: the speaker could easily break up polysyllabic words, or fail to separate two or more closely linked words (e.g. "to a" in "He went to a house").</li> <li><b>Indivisibility</b>: A speaker is told to say a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> out loud, and then is told to say the sentence again with extra words added to it. Thus, "I have lived in this village for ten years." might become "My family and I have lived in this little village for about ten or so years." These extra words will tend to be added in the word boundaries of the original sentence. However, some languages have <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixes</a>, which are put inside a root. Similarly, some have <a href="/wiki/Separable_affix" class="mw-redirect" title="Separable affix">separable affixes</a>: in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> sentence <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ich <b>komme</b> gut zu Hause <b>an</b></i></span>, the verb <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ankommen</i></span> is separated.</li> <li><b>Phonetic boundaries</b>: Some languages have particular rules of <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> that make it easy to spot where a word boundary should be. For example, in a language that regularly <a href="/wiki/Lexical_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical stress">stresses</a> the last syllable of a word, a word boundary is likely to fall after each stressed syllable. Another example can be seen in a language that has <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer1983_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer1983-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> the vowels within a given word share the same <em>quality</em>, so a word boundary is likely to occur whenever the vowel quality changes. Nevertheless, not all languages have such convenient phonetic rules, and even those that do present the occasional exceptions.</li> <li><b>Orthographic boundaries</b>: Word separators, such as <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">spaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation marks</a> can be used to distinguish single words. However, this depends on a specific language. East Asian writing systems often do not separate their characters. This is the case with <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese writing">Japanese writing</a>, which use <a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">logographic</a> characters, as well as <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology (linguistics)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independently_morphology_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Independently_morphology_tree.png/220px-Independently_morphology_tree.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Independently_morphology_tree.png/330px-Independently_morphology_tree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Independently_morphology_tree.png/440px-Independently_morphology_tree.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>A morphology tree of the English word "independently"</figcaption></figure> <p>Morphology is the study of <a href="/wiki/Word_formation" title="Word formation">word formation</a> and structure. Words may undergo different morphological processes which are traditionally classified into two broad groups: <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>. Derivation is a process in which a new word is created from existing ones, with an adjustment to its meaning and often with a change of word class. For example, in English the verb <i>to convert</i> may be modified into the noun <i>a convert</i> through stress shift and into the adjective <i>convertible</i> through affixation. Inflection adds grammatical information to a word, such as indicating case, tense, or gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasold2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasold2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 73">: 73 </span></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic languages</a>, a single <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">word stem</a> (for example, <i>love</i>) may inflect to have a number of different forms (for example, <i>loves</i>, <i>loving</i>, and <i>loved</i>). However, for some purposes these are not usually considered to be different words, but rather different forms of the same word. In these languages, words may be considered to be constructed from a number of <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> in particular, the morphemes distinguished are: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a></li> <li>multiple possible <a href="/wiki/Adfix" class="mw-redirect" title="Adfix">adfixes</a></li> <li>an inflectional <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>.</li></ul> <p>Thus, the Proto-Indo-European <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*wr̥dhom</span></span></i> would be analyzed as consisting of </p> <ol><li><i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*wr̥-</span></span></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Zero_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero grade">zero grade</a> of the root <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*wer-</span></span></i>.</li> <li>A root-extension <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*-dh-</span></span></i> (diachronically a suffix), resulting in a complex root <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*wr̥dh-</span></span></i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thematic_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Thematic suffix">thematic suffix</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*-o-</span></span></i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Neuter_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter gender">neuter gender</a> nominative or accusative singular suffix <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*-m</span></span></i>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> <p>Philosophers have found words to be objects of fascination since at least the 5th century BC, with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> analyzed words in terms of their origins and the sounds making them up, concluding that there was some connection between sound and meaning, though words change a great deal over time. <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> wrote that the use of words "is to be sensible marks of ideas", though they are chosen "not by any natural connexion that there is between particular articulate sounds and certain ideas, for then there would be but one language amongst all men; but by a voluntary imposition, whereby such a word is made arbitrarily the mark of such an idea".<sup id="cite_ref-Locke1690_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locke1690-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a>'s thought transitioned from a word as representation of meaning to "the meaning of a word is its use in the language."<sup id="cite_ref-Biletzki2021_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biletzki2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classes">Classes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lexical_category" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical category">Lexical category</a></div> <p>Each word belongs to a category, based on shared <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> properties. Typically, a language's lexicon may be classified into several such groups of words. The total number of categories as well as their types are not universal and vary among languages. For example, English has a group of words called <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>, such as <i>the</i> (the definite article) or <i>a</i> (the indefinite article), which mark definiteness or identifiability. This class is not present in Japanese, which depends on context to indicate this difference. On the other hand, Japanese has a class of words called <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> which are used to mark noun phrases according to their grammatical function or thematic relation, which English marks using word order or prosody.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmajian2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmajian2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–24">: 21–24 </span></sup> </p><p>It is not clear if any categories other than interjection are universal parts of human language. The basic bipartite division that is ubiquitous in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a> is that of <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>. However, in some <a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Salish languages">Salish languages</a>, all content words may be understood as verbal in nature. In <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a>, a Salish language, all words with 'noun-like' meanings can be used predicatively, where they function like verb. For example, the word <i>sbiaw</i> can be understood as '(is a) coyote' rather than simply 'coyote'.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown2005_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13:631">: 13:631 </span></sup> On the other hand, in <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Eskimo–Aleut languages</a> all content words can be analyzed as nominal, with agentive nouns serving the role closest to verbs. Finally, in some <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> it is not clear whether the distinction is applicable and all words can be best described as interjections which can perform the roles of other categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2005_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13:631">: 13:631 </span></sup> </p><p>The current classification of words into classes is based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>, who, in the 1st century BC, distinguished eight categories of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> words: <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a>. Later Latin authors, Apollonius Dyscolus and Priscian, applied his framework to their own language; since Latin has no articles, they replaced this class with <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">Adjectives</a> ('happy'), <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifiers</a> ('few'), and <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> ('eleven') were not made separate in those classifications due to their morphological similarity to nouns in Latin and Ancient Greek. They were recognized as distinct categories only when scholars started studying later European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2005_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13:629">: 13:629 </span></sup> </p><p>In Indian grammatical tradition, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> introduced a similar fundamental classification into a nominal (nāma, suP) and a verbal (ākhyāta, tiN) class, based on the set of <a href="/wiki/Suffixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixes">suffixes</a> taken by the word. Some words can be controversial, such as <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> in formal contexts; misnomers, due to them not meaning what they would imply; or <a href="/wiki/Polysemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemous">polysemous</a> words, due to the potential confusion between their various senses.<sup id="cite_ref-DeSoto1985_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeSoto1985-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>In ancient Greek and Roman grammatical tradition, the word was the basic unit of analysis. Different grammatical forms of a given lexeme were studied; however, there was no attempt to decompose them into morphemes.<sup id="cite_ref-Robins1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robins1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> This may have been the result of the synthetic nature of these languages, where the internal structure of words may be harder to decode than in analytic languages. There was also no concept of different kinds of words, such as grammatical or phonological – the word was considered a unitary construct.<sup id="cite_ref-WACLT_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 269">: 269 </span></sup> The word (<i>dictiō</i>) was defined as the minimal unit of an utterance (<i>ōrātiō</i>), the expression of a complete thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Robins1997_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robins1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longest_words" title="Longest words">Longest words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance">Utterance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word (computer architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_count" title="Word count">Word count</a>, the number of words in a document or passage of text</li> <li><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wording" class="extiw" title="mwod:wording">Wording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The convention also depends on the tense or mood—the examples given here are in the infinitive, whereas French imperatives, for example, are hyphenated, e.g. <i>lavez-vous</i>, whereas the Spanish present tense is completely separate, e.g. <i>me lavo</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CDL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDL_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDL_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, E. K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801681536"><i>The Cambridge dictionary of linguistics</i></a>. J. E. Miller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76675-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76675-3"><bdi>978-0-521-76675-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/801681536">801681536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+dictionary+of+linguistics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F801681536&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76675-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=E.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F801681536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RDLL-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RDLL_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RDLL_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RDLL_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RDLL_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussmann1998" class="citation book cs1">Bussmann, Hadumod (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41252822"><i>Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics</i></a>. Gregory Trauth, Kerstin Kazzazi. London: Routledge. p. 1285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02225-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02225-8"><bdi>0-415-02225-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41252822">41252822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+dictionary+of+language+and+linguistics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1285&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41252822&rft.isbn=0-415-02225-8&rft.aulast=Bussmann&rft.aufirst=Hadumod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F41252822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2005_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2005_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2005_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown2005_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1097103078"><i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics: V1-14</i></a>. Keith Brown (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-322-06910-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-322-06910-7"><bdi>1-322-06910-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097103078">1097103078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics%3A+V1-14&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1097103078&rft.isbn=1-322-06910-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1097103078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WACLT-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WACLT_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57123416"><i>Word: a cross-linguistic typology</i></a>. Robert M. W. Dixon, A. Y. Aikhenvald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-511-06149-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-511-06149-8"><bdi>0-511-06149-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57123416">57123416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word%3A+a+cross-linguistic+typology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57123416&rft.isbn=0-511-06149-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F57123416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haspelmath2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haspelmath2011_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haspelmath2011_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haspelmath2011_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmath2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haspelmath, Martin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/225844">"The indeterminacy of word segmentation and the nature of morphology and syntax"</a>. <i>Folia Linguistica</i>. <b>45</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fflin.2011.002">10.1515/flin.2011.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-4004">0165-4004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62789916">62789916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Linguistica&rft.atitle=The+indeterminacy+of+word+segmentation+and+the+nature+of+morphology+and+syntax&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62789916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0165-4004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fflin.2011.002&rft.aulast=Haspelmath&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F225844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1946" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Zellig S. (1946). 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Taylor, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945582776"><i>The Oxford handbook of the word</i></a> (1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-175669-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-175669-6"><bdi>978-0-19-175669-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945582776">945582776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+the+word&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F945582776&rft.isbn=978-0-19-175669-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F945582776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodorowByrdHeidorn1985" class="citation journal cs1">Chodorow, Martin S.; Byrd, Roy J.; Heidorn, George E. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29892-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29892-X"><bdi>0-415-29892-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54001244">54001244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+words%3A+structure%2C+history%2C+usage&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54001244&rft.isbn=0-415-29892-X&rft.aulast=Katamba&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54001244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming2003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemingHardmanStevensWilliamson2003" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Michael; Hardman, Frank; Stevens, David; Williamson, John (2003-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134568512"><i>Meeting the Standards in Secondary English</i></a> (1st ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203165553">10.4324/9780203165553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-56851-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-56851-2"><bdi>978-1-134-56851-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+the+Standards+in+Secondary+English&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203165553&rft.isbn=978-1-134-56851-2&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hardman%2C+Frank&rft.au=Stevens%2C+David&rft.au=Williamson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781134568512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wierzbicka1996-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wierzbicka1996_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWierzbicka1996" class="citation book cs1">Wierzbicka, Anna (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33012927"><i>Semantics : primes and universals</i></a>. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-870002-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-870002-4"><bdi>0-19-870002-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33012927">33012927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics+%3A+primes+and+universals&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33012927&rft.isbn=0-19-870002-4&rft.aulast=Wierzbicka&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F33012927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goddard2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The search for the shared semantic core of all languages.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752499720"><i>Meaning and universal grammar. 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Co. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58811-264-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58811-264-0"><bdi>1-58811-264-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752499720">752499720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+search+for+the+shared+semantic+core+of+all+languages.&rft.btitle=Meaning+and+universal+grammar.+Volume+II%3A+theory+and+empirical+findings&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752499720&rft.isbn=1-58811-264-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F752499720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdger2003" class="citation book cs1">Adger, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50768042"><i>Core syntax: a minimalist approach</i></a>. 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Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84768-1"><bdi>978-0-521-84768-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62532880">62532880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+language+and+linguistics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62532880&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84768-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F62532880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer1983-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer1983_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1983" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Laurie (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8728300"><i>English word-formation</i></a>. 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(December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/soco.1985.3.4.369">"Words, People, and Implicit Personality Theory"</a>. <i>Social Cognition</i>. <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">369–</span>382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fsoco.1985.3.4.369">10.1521/soco.1985.3.4.369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-016X">0278-016X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Cognition&rft.atitle=Words%2C+People%2C+and+Implicit+Personality+Theory&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E382&rft.date=1985-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fsoco.1985.3.4.369&rft.issn=0278-016X&rft.aulast=De+Soto&rft.aufirst=Clinton+B.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Margaret+M.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Ralph+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguilfordjournals.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1521%2Fsoco.1985.3.4.369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robins1997-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robins1997_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robins1997_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins1997" class="citation book cs1">Robins, R. H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35178602"><i>A short history of linguistics</i></a> (4th ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-24994-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-24994-5"><bdi>0-582-24994-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35178602">35178602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+linguistics&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35178602&rft.isbn=0-582-24994-5&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35178602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Words" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Words">Words</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Word" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Word">Word</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/word" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:word">word</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1994" class="citation book cs1">Barton, David (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28722223"><i>Literacy: an introduction to the ecology of written language</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19089-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19089-9"><bdi>0-631-19089-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28722223">28722223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy%3A+an+introduction+to+the+ecology+of+written+language&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28722223&rft.isbn=0-631-19089-9&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28722223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/771916896"><i>The encyclopedia of language & linguistics</i></a>. E. K. Brown, Anne Anderson (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044854-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044854-1"><bdi>978-0-08-044854-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/771916896">771916896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+language+%26+linguistics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F771916896&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044854-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F771916896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1995" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31518847"><i>The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language</i></a>. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40179-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40179-8"><bdi>0-521-40179-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31518847">31518847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+encyclopedia+of+the+English+language&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31518847&rft.isbn=0-521-40179-8&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F31518847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlag2003" class="citation book cs1">Plag, Ingo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57545191"><i>Word-formation in English</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-511-07843-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-511-07843-9"><bdi>0-511-07843-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57545191">57545191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word-formation+in+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57545191&rft.isbn=0-511-07843-9&rft.aulast=Plag&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F57545191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17648714"><i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. J. A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner, Oxford University Press (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861186-2"><bdi>0-19-861186-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17648714">17648714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17648714&rft.isbn=0-19-861186-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F17648714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWord" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexicology179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexicology" title="Template:Lexicology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherology">Chereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">Lemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">Lexeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">Morpheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seme_(semantics)" title="Seme (semantics)">Seme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sememe" title="Sememe">Sememe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">Semantic</a> relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposite (semantics)">Antonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernymy_and_hyponymy" title="Hypernymy and hyponymy">Hypernymy and hyponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meronymy_and_holonymy" title="Meronymy and holonymy">Meronymy and holonymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponymy" title="Troponymy">Troponymy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">Function word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">Headword</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_lexicology_and_lexicography" title="English lexicology and lexicography">English lexicology and lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicographic_error" title="Lexicographic error">Lexicographic error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicographic_information_cost" title="Lexicographic information cost">Lexicographic information cost</a></li> <li><a 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