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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Alternative materials research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_materials_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forecasts_and_roadmaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forecasts_and_roadmaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Forecasts and roadmaps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forecasts_and_roadmaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_formulations_and_similar_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_formulations_and_similar_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other formulations and similar observations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_formulations_and_similar_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Moore's law</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_se_wet" title="Moore se wet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moore se wet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="قانون مور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون مور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_de_Moore" title="Llei de Moore – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llei de Moore" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_qanunu" title="Mur qanunu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mur qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="মুরের সূত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুরের সূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80" title="Закон на Мур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Закон на Мур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooreov_zakon" title="Mooreov zakon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mooreov zakon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_de_Moore" title="Llei de Moore – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei de Moore" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor%C5%AFv_z%C3%A1kon" title="Moorův zákon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moorův zákon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_lov" title="Moores lov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moores lov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooresches_Gesetz" title="Mooresches Gesetz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mooresches Gesetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27i_seadus" title="Moore'i seadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moore'i seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81" title="Νόμος του Μουρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόμος του Μουρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Moore" title="Ley de Moore – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de Moore" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%9Do_de_Moore" title="Leĝo de Moore – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leĝo de Moore" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooreren_legea" title="Mooreren legea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mooreren legea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="قانون مور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون مور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_de_Moore" title="Loi de Moore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi de Moore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Moore" title="Dlí Moore – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlí Moore" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_de_Moore" title="Lei de Moore – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lei de Moore" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="무어의 법칙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무어의 법칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Մուրի օրենք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուրի օրենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooreov_zakon" title="Mooreov zakon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mooreov zakon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Moore's law" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6gm%C3%A1l_Moores" title="Lögmál Moores – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lögmál Moores" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_di_Moore" title="Legge di Moore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge di Moore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8" title="חוק מור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק מור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Mooriana" title="Lex Mooriana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lex Mooriana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABra_likums" title="Mūra likums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūra likums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legg_de_Moore" title="Legg de Moore – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Legg de Moore" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore-t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9ny" title="Moore-törvény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moore-törvény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муров закон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Муров закон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="മൂർ നിയമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൂർ നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Мурын хууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мурын хууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_van_Moore" title="Wet van Moore – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wet van Moore" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="ムーアの法則 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムーアの法則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_lov" title="Moores lov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moores lov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_qonuni" title="Moore qonuni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moore qonuni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="د مور قانون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مور قانون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_Moore%E2%80%99a" title="Prawo Moore’a – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo Moore’a" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_de_Moore" title="Lei de Moore – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei de Moore" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_lui_Moore" title="Legea lui Moore – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea lui Moore" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Закон Мура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закон Мура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moore's law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorov_z%C3%A1kon" title="Moorov zákon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moorov zákon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorov_zakon" title="Moorov zakon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moorov zakon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муров закон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Муров закон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooren_laki" title="Mooren laki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mooren laki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_lag" title="Moores lag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moores lag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กฎของมัวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎของมัวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_yasas%C4%B1" title="Moore yasası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moore yasası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_kanuny" title="Mur kanuny – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mur kanuny" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Закон Мура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закон Мура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:4-fach-NAND-C10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/4-fach-NAND-C10.JPG/100px-4-fach-NAND-C10.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/4-fach-NAND-C10.JPG/150px-4-fach-NAND-C10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/4-fach-NAND-C10.JPG/200px-4-fach-NAND-C10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1206" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/MOSFET#Scaling" title="MOSFET">MOSFET scaling</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_scale_examples" title="List of semiconductor scale examples">process nodes</a>)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="padding-left:14px;"> <ul><li>0<a href="/wiki/20_%CE%BCm_process" class="mw-redirect" title="20 μm process">20 μm</a> – 1968</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/10_%CE%BCm_process" class="mw-redirect" title="10 μm process">10 μm</a> – 1971</li> <li>00<a href="/wiki/6_%CE%BCm_process" title="6 μm process">6 μm</a> – 1974</li> <li>00<a href="/wiki/3_%CE%BCm_process" title="3 μm process">3 μm</a> – 1977</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/1.5_%CE%BCm_process" title="1.5 μm process">1.5 μm</a> – 1981</li> <li>00<a href="/wiki/1_%CE%BCm_process" title="1 μm process">1 μm</a> – 1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/800_nm_process" title="800 nm process">800 nm</a> – 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/600_nm_process" title="600 nm process">600 nm</a> – 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/350_nm_process" title="350 nm process">350 nm</a> – 1993</li> <li><a href="/wiki/250_nm_process" title="250 nm process">250 nm</a> – 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/180_nm_process" title="180 nm process">180 nm</a> – 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/130_nm_process" title="130 nm process">130 nm</a> – 2001</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/90_nm_process" title="90 nm process">90 nm</a> – 2003</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/65_nm_process" title="65 nm process">65 nm</a> – 2005</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/45_nm_process" title="45 nm process">45 nm</a> – 2007</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/32_nm_process" title="32 nm process">32 nm</a> – 2009</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/28_nm_process" title="28 nm process">28 nm</a> – 2010</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/22_nm_process" title="22 nm process">22 nm</a> – 2012</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/14_nm_process" title="14 nm process">14 nm</a> – 2014</li> <li>0<a href="/wiki/10_nm_process" title="10 nm process">10 nm</a> – 2016</li> <li>00<a href="/wiki/7_nm_process" title="7 nm process">7 nm</a> – 2018</li> <li>00<a href="/wiki/5_nm_process" title="5 nm process">5 nm</a> – 2020</li> <li>00<a href="/wiki/3_nm_process" title="3 nm process">3 nm</a> – 2022</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="padding-left:14px;">Future <ul><li>00<a href="/wiki/2_nm_process" title="2 nm process">2 nm</a> ~ 2025</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="padding-right:5px; padding-left:5px;"><hr /><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_shrink#Half-shrink" title="Die shrink">Half-nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count#Transistor_density" title="Transistor count">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Device</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">multi-gate</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-right: 0.5em; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; font-size: 115%"> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semiconductor_manufacturing_processes" title="Template:Semiconductor manufacturing processes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/24_hour_Clock_symbols_icon_11.png/75px-24_hour_Clock_symbols_icon_11.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/24_hour_Clock_symbols_icon_11.png/113px-24_hour_Clock_symbols_icon_11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/24_hour_Clock_symbols_icon_11.png/150px-24_hour_Clock_symbols_icon_11.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_futures_studies" title="Outline of futures studies">Concepts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashless_society" title="Cashless society">Cashless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_mathematics" title="Future of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_space_exploration" title="Future of space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Universe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondratiev_wave" title="Kondratiev wave">Kondratiev wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cycle" title="Population cycle">Population cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanson%27s_law" title="Swanson's law">Swanson's law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Futures_techniques" title="Futures techniques">Techniques</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backcasting" title="Backcasting">Backcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_layered_analysis" title="Causal layered analysis">Causal layered analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain-linked_model" title="Chain-linked model">Chain-linked model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_forecast" title="Consensus forecast">Consensus forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_impact_analysis" title="Cross impact analysis">Cross impact analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_method" title="Delphi method">Delphi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Delphi" title="Real-time Delphi">Real-time Delphi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(futures_studies)" title="Foresight (futures studies)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future-proof" title="Future-proof">Future-proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_wheel" title="Futures wheel">Futures wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_workshop" title="Future workshop">Future workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_scanning" title="Horizon scanning">Horizon scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_class_forecasting" title="Reference class forecasting">Reference class forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_planning" title="Scenario planning">Scenario planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatcasting" title="Threatcasting">Threatcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trend_analysis" title="Trend analysis">Trend analysis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> Technology <a href="/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">assessment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">forecasting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">Exploratory engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future-oriented_technology_analysis" title="Future-oriented technology analysis">FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartner_hype_cycle" title="Gartner hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_prototyping" title="Science fiction prototyping">Science fiction prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_design" title="Speculative design">Speculative design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_readiness_level" title="Technology readiness level">TRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_scouting" title="Technology scouting">Technology scouting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futarchy" title="Futarchy">Futarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Futures_studies" title="Template:Futures studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Futures_studies" title="Template talk:Futures studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Futures_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Futures studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Moore's law is the observation that the number of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">projection</a> of a historical trend. Rather than a <a href="/wiki/Law_of_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of physics">law of physics</a>, it is an <a href="/wiki/Empirical_relationship" title="Empirical relationship">empirical relationship</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Experience-curve_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience-curve law">experience-curve law</a>, a type of law quantifying efficiency gains from experience in production. The observation is named after <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>, the co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> (and former CEO of the latter), who in 1965 noted that the number of components per integrated circuit had been <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">doubling every year</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a <a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">compound annual growth rate</a> (CAGR) of 41%. Moore's empirical evidence did not directly imply that the historical trend would continue, nevertheless his prediction has held since 1975 and has since become known as a "law". Moore's prediction has been used in the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">semiconductor industry</a> to guide long-term planning and to set targets for <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>, thus functioning to some extent as a <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">self-fulfilling prophecy</a>. Advancements in <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital electronics</a>, such as the reduction in <a href="/wiki/Price_index#Quality_change" title="Price index">quality-adjusted</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> prices, the increase in <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory capacity</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash</a>), the improvement of <a href="/wiki/Digital_sensor" title="Digital sensor">sensors</a>, and even the number and size of <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, are strongly linked to Moore's law. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>, and economic growth. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below the pace predicted by Moore's law. In September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Jensen_Huang" title="Jensen Huang">Jensen Huang</a> considered Moore's law dead,<a href="#cite_note-nvidia-3">[2]</a> while Intel CEO <a href="/wiki/Pat_Gelsinger" title="Pat Gelsinger">Pat Gelsinger</a> was of the opposite view.<a href="#cite_note-intel-4">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> studied the projected downscaling of integrated circuit (IC) size, publishing his results in the article "Microelectronics, and the Art of Similitude".<a href="#cite_note-engelbart-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-markoff-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Engelbart presented his findings at the 1960 <a href="/wiki/International_Solid-State_Circuits_Conference" title="International Solid-State Circuits Conference">International Solid-State Circuits Conference</a>, where Moore was present in the audience.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> In 1965, Gordon Moore, who at the time was working as the director of research and development at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>, was asked to contribute to the thirty-fifth anniversary issue of <a href="/wiki/Electronics_(magazine)" title="Electronics (magazine)">Electronics</a> magazine with a prediction on the future of the semiconductor components industry over the next ten years.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> His response was a brief article entitled "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits".<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1965-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> Within his editorial, he speculated that by 1975 it would be possible to contain as many as 65000 components on a single quarter-square-inch (~ 1.6 cm2) semiconductor. <blockquote>The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year. Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1965-1">[1]</a></blockquote> Moore posited a log–linear relationship between device complexity (higher circuit density at reduced cost) and time.<a href="#cite_note-schaller-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tuomi2002-15">[13]</a> In a 2015 interview, Moore noted of the 1965 article: "... I just did a wild extrapolation saying it's going to continue to double every year for the next 10 years."<a href="#cite_note-Moore_2015a-16">[14]</a> One historian of the law cites <a href="/wiki/Stigler%27s_law_of_eponymy" title="Stigler's law of eponymy">Stigler's law of eponymy</a>, to introduce the fact that the regular doubling of components was known to many working in the field.<a href="#cite_note-Tuomi2002-15">[13]</a> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a> at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> recognized the rapid MOSFET scaling technology and formulated what became known as <a href="/wiki/Dennard_scaling" title="Dennard scaling">Dennard scaling</a>, which describes that as MOS transistors get smaller, their <a href="/wiki/Power_density" title="Power density">power density</a> stays constant such that the power use remains in proportion with area.<a href="#cite_note-cartesian-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Evidence from the semiconductor industry shows that this inverse relationship between power density and <a href="/wiki/Density_(computer_storage)" title="Density (computer storage)">areal density</a> broke down in the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018-19">[17]</a> At the 1975 <a href="/wiki/IEEE_International_Electron_Devices_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting">IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting</a>, Moore revised his forecast rate,<a href="#cite_note-Takahashi-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore_1975b-21">[19]</a> predicting semiconductor complexity would continue to double annually until about 1980, after which it would decrease to a rate of doubling approximately every two years.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1975b-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2006-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Intel_2011-05-23">[21]</a> He outlined several contributing factors for this exponential behavior:<a href="#cite_note-schaller-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tuomi2002-15">[13]</a> <ul><li>The advent of <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) technology</li> <li>The exponential rate of increase in die sizes, coupled with a decrease in defective densities, with the result that semiconductor manufacturers could work with larger areas without losing reduction yields</li> <li>Finer minimum dimensions</li> <li>What Moore called "circuit and device cleverness"</li></ul> Shortly after 1975, <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Carver_Mead" title="Carver Mead">Carver Mead</a> popularized the term "Moore's law".<a href="#cite_note-IntelInterview-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-SSCSnewsletterSept06-25">[23]</a> Moore's law eventually came to be widely accepted as a goal for the semiconductor industry, and it was cited by competitive semiconductor manufacturers as they strove to increase processing power. Moore viewed his eponymous law as surprising and optimistic: "Moore's law is a violation of <a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_law" title="Murphy's law">Murphy's law</a>. Everything gets better and better."<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> The observation was even seen as a <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">self-fulfilling prophecy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Disco1998-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The doubling period is often misquoted as 18 months because of a separate prediction by Moore's colleague, Intel executive <a href="/wiki/David_House_(computer_designer)" title="David House (computer designer)">David House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> In 1975, House noted that Moore's revised law of doubling transistor count every 2 years in turn implied that computer chip performance would roughly double every 18 months<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> (with no increase in power consumption).<a href="#cite_note-news.cnet.com-31">[29]</a> Mathematically, Moore's law predicted that transistor count would double every 2 years due to shrinking transistor dimensions and other improvements.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> As a consequence of shrinking dimensions, Dennard scaling predicted that power consumption per unit area would remain constant. Combining these effects, David House deduced that computer chip performance would roughly double every 18 months. Also due to Dennard scaling, this increased performance would not be accompanied by increased power, i.e., the energy-efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>-based computer chips roughly doubles every 18 months. Dennard scaling ended in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018-19">[17]</a> Koomey later showed that a similar rate of efficiency improvement predated silicon chips and Moore's law, for technologies such as vacuum tubes. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osborne_Executive_(34_365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large early portable computer next to a modern smartphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Osborne_Executive_%2834_365%29.jpg/310px-Osborne_Executive_%2834_365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Osborne_Executive_%2834_365%29.jpg/465px-Osborne_Executive_%2834_365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Osborne_Executive_%2834_365%29.jpg/620px-Osborne_Executive_%2834_365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A 1982 <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Executive" title="Osborne Executive">Osborne Executive</a> portable computer, with a 4 MHz 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a> CPU, and a 2007 <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> with a 412 MHz 32-bit <a href="/wiki/ARM11" title="ARM11">ARM11</a> CPU; the Executive has 100 times the weight, almost 500 times the volume, approximately 10 times the inflation-adjusted cost, and 1/100th the <a href="/wiki/Clock_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock frequency">clock frequency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>.</figcaption></figure> Microprocessor architects report that since around 2010, semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide below the pace predicted by Moore's law.<a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Krzanich" title="Brian Krzanich">Brian Krzanich</a>, the former CEO of Intel, cited Moore's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration, which results from technical challenges and is "a natural part of the history of Moore's law".<a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waters-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niccolai-35">[33]</a> The rate of improvement in physical dimensions known as Dennard scaling also ended in the mid-2000s. As a result, much of the semiconductor industry has shifted its focus to the needs of major computing applications rather than semiconductor scaling.<a href="#cite_note-Disco1998-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018-19">[17]</a> Nevertheless, leading semiconductor manufacturers <a href="/wiki/TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> have claimed to keep pace with Moore's law<a href="#cite_note-TSMC_2019Oct-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samsung_5nm_in_2020-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> with <a href="/wiki/10_nm_process" title="10 nm process">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_nm_process" title="7 nm process">7</a>, and <a href="/wiki/5_nm_process" title="5 nm process">5 nm</a> nodes in mass production.<a href="#cite_note-TSMC_2019Oct-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samsung_5nm_in_2020-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-anandtech-samsung-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsmc-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moore's_second_law">Moore's second law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Moore's second law">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_second_law" title="Moore's second law">Moore's second law</a></div> As the cost of computer power to the consumer falls, the cost for producers to fulfill Moore's law follows an opposite trend: R&D, manufacturing, and test costs have increased steadily with each new generation of chips. The cost of the tools, principally EUVL (<a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography" title="Extreme ultraviolet lithography">Extreme ultraviolet lithography</a>), used to manufacture chips doubles every 4 years.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Rising manufacturing costs are an important consideration for the sustaining of Moore's law.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> This led to the formulation of <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_second_law" title="Moore's second law">Moore's second law</a>, also called Rock's law (named after <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rock" title="Arthur Rock">Arthur Rock</a>), which is that the <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">capital</a> cost of a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">semiconductor fabrication plant</a> also increases exponentially over time.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_enabling_factors">Major enabling factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Major enabling factors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_scale_examples" title="List of semiconductor scale examples">List of semiconductor scale examples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAND_scaling_timeline.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A semi-log plot of NAND flash design rule dimensions in nanometers against dates of introduction. The downward linear regression indicates an exponential decrease in feature dimensions over time." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NAND_scaling_timeline.png/440px-NAND_scaling_timeline.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NAND_scaling_timeline.png/660px-NAND_scaling_timeline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NAND_scaling_timeline.png/880px-NAND_scaling_timeline.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>The trend of <a href="/wiki/MOSFET_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSFET scaling">MOSFET scaling</a> for <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND flash</a> memory allows <a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">the doubling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">floating-gate MOSFET</a> components manufactured in the same wafer area in less than 18 months.</figcaption></figure> Numerous innovations by scientists and engineers have sustained Moore's law since the beginning of the IC era. Some of the key innovations are listed below, as examples of breakthroughs that have advanced integrated circuit and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor device fabrication</a> technology, allowing transistor counts to grow by more than seven orders of magnitude in less than five decades. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC): The raison d'être for Moore's law. The <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">hybrid IC</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> at <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> in 1958,<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> followed by the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolithic integrated circuit">monolithic IC</a> chip by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor">Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (CMOS): The CMOS process was invented by <a href="/wiki/Chih-Tang_Sah" title="Chih-Tang Sah">Chih-Tang Sah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wanlass" title="Frank Wanlass">Frank Wanlass</a> at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1963-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-sah-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">Dynamic random-access memory</a> (DRAM): DRAM was developed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a> at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoresist#Chemical_amplification" title="Photoresist">Chemically amplified photoresist</a>: Invented by Hiroshi Ito, <a href="/wiki/C._Grant_Willson" title="C. Grant Willson">C. Grant Willson</a> and J. M. J. Fréchet at IBM circa 1980,<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ito01-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ito02-58">[56]</a> which was 5–10 times more sensitive to ultraviolet light.<a href="#cite_note-Brock-59">[57]</a> IBM introduced chemically amplified photoresist for DRAM production in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a></li> <li>Deep UV excimer laser <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">photolithography</a>: Invented by Kanti Jain<a href="#cite_note-Jain_Willson-62">[60]</a> at IBM circa 1980.<a href="#cite_note-ieee1982-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-spie1990-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaFontaine-65">[63]</a> Prior to this, <a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">excimer lasers</a> had been mainly used as research devices since their development in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> From a broader scientific perspective, the invention of excimer laser lithography has been highlighted as one of the major milestones in the 50-year history of the laser.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication#Back-end-of-line_(BEOL)_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor fabrication">Interconnect</a> innovations: Interconnect innovations of the late 1990s, including chemical-mechanical polishing or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_mechanical_planarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical mechanical planarization">chemical mechanical planarization</a> (CMP), trench isolation, and copper interconnects—although not directly a factor in creating smaller transistors—have enabled improved <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafer</a> yield, additional <a href="/wiki/Technology_node#Interconnect" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology node">layers of metal</a> wires, closer spacing of devices, and lower electrical resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_2003-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steigerwald-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></li></ul> Computer industry technology road maps predicted in 2001 that Moore's law would continue for several generations of semiconductor chips.<a href="#cite_note-International_Technology_Roadmap-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_trends">Recent trends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent trends">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Threshold_formation_nowatermark.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="animated plot showing electron density and current as gate voltage varies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Threshold_formation_nowatermark.gif/440px-Threshold_formation_nowatermark.gif" decoding="async" width="440" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Threshold_formation_nowatermark.gif/660px-Threshold_formation_nowatermark.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Threshold_formation_nowatermark.gif 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>A simulation of electron density as gate voltage (Vg) varies in a <a href="/wiki/Nanowire" title="Nanowire">nanowire</a> MOSFET. The threshold voltage is around 0.45 V. Nanowire MOSFETs lie toward the end of the ITRS road map for scaling devices below 10 nm gate lengths.</figcaption></figure> One of the key technical challenges of engineering future <a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">nanoscale</a> transistors is the design of gates. As device dimensions shrink, controlling the current flow in the thin channel becomes more difficult. Modern nanoscale transistors typically take the form of <a href="/wiki/Multi-gate_MOSFET" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-gate MOSFET">multi-gate MOSFETs</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">FinFET</a> being the most common nanoscale transistor. The FinFET has gate dielectric on three sides of the channel. In comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Gate-all-around" class="mw-redirect" title="Gate-all-around">gate-all-around</a> MOSFET (<a href="/wiki/GAAFET" class="mw-redirect" title="GAAFET">GAAFET</a>) structure has even better gate control. <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Gate-all-around" class="mw-redirect" title="Gate-all-around">gate-all-around</a> MOSFET (GAAFET) was first demonstrated in 1988, by a <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> research team led by <a href="/wiki/Fujio_Masuoka" title="Fujio Masuoka">Fujio Masuoka</a>, who demonstrated a vertical nanowire GAAFET that he called a "surrounding gate transistor" (SGT).<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Masuoka, best known as the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>, later left Toshiba and founded Unisantis Electronics in 2004 to research surrounding-gate technology along with <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_University" title="Tohoku University">Tohoku University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></li> <li>In 2006, a team of Korean researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology">Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology</a> (KAIST) and the National Nano Fab Center developed a <a href="/wiki/3_nm" class="mw-redirect" title="3 nm">3 nm</a> transistor, the world's smallest <a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoelectronic">nanoelectronic</a> device at the time, based on FinFET technology.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></li> <li>In 2010, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_National_Institute" title="Tyndall National Institute">Tyndall National Institute</a> in Cork, Ireland announced a junctionless transistor. A control gate wrapped around a silicon nanowire can control the passage of electrons without the use of junctions or doping. They claim these may be produced at 10 nm scale using existing fabrication techniques.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a></li> <li>In 2011, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh announced the development of a single-electron transistor, 1.5 nm in diameter, made out of oxide-based materials. Three "wires" converge on a central "island" that can house one or two electrons. Electrons tunnel from one wire to another through the island. Conditions on the third wire result in distinct conductive properties including the ability of the transistor to act as a solid state memory.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Nanowire transistors could spur the creation of microscopic computers.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></li> <li>In 2012, a research team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> announced the development of the first working transistor consisting of a single atom placed precisely in a silicon crystal (not just picked from a large sample of random transistors).<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Moore's law predicted this milestone to be reached for ICs in the lab by 2020.</li> <li>In 2015, IBM demonstrated <a href="/wiki/7_nm" class="mw-redirect" title="7 nm">7 nm</a> node chips with <a href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93germanium" title="Silicon–germanium">silicon–germanium</a> transistors produced using EUVL. The company believed this transistor density would be four times that of the then current <a href="/wiki/14_nm" class="mw-redirect" title="14 nm">14 nm</a> chips.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></li> <li>Samsung and TSMC plan to manufacture 3 nm GAAFET nodes by 2021–2022.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Note that node names, such as 3 nm, have no relation to the physical size of device elements (transistors).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> research team including T. Imoto, M. Matsui and C. Takubo developed a "System Block Module" wafer bonding process for manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC) packages in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In April 2007, Toshiba introduced an eight-layer 3D IC, the 16 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> THGAM <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND flash</a> memory chip that was manufactured with eight stacked 2 GB NAND flash chips.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Hynix" class="mw-redirect" title="Hynix">Hynix</a> introduced 24-layer 3D IC, a 16 GB flash memory chip that was manufactured with 24 stacked NAND flash chips using a wafer bonding process.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-NAND" class="mw-redirect" title="V-NAND">V-NAND</a>, also known as 3D NAND, allows flash memory cells to be stacked vertically using <a href="/wiki/Charge_trap_flash" title="Charge trap flash">charge trap flash</a> technology originally presented by John Szedon in 1967, significantly increasing the number of transistors on a flash memory chip. 3D NAND was first announced by Toshiba in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> V-NAND was first commercially manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></li> <li>In 2008, researchers at HP Labs announced a working <a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">memristor</a>, a fourth basic passive circuit element whose existence only had been theorized previously. The memristor's unique properties permit the creation of smaller and better-performing electronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-Williams08-96">[94]</a></li> <li>In 2014, bioengineers at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> developed a circuit modeled on the human brain. <a href="/wiki/Neurogrid" title="Neurogrid">Sixteen "Neurocore" chips</a> simulate one million neurons and billions of synaptic connections, claimed to be 9000 times faster as well as more energy efficient than a typical PC.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></li> <li>In 2015, Intel and <a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a> announced <a href="/wiki/3D_XPoint" title="3D XPoint">3D XPoint</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a> claimed to be significantly faster with similar density compared to NAND. Production scheduled to begin in 2016 was delayed until the second half of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></li> <li>In 2017, Samsung combined its V-NAND technology with <a href="/wiki/EUFS" class="mw-redirect" title="EUFS">eUFS</a> 3D IC stacking to produce a 512 GB flash memory chip, with eight stacked 64-layer V-NAND dies.<a href="#cite_note-anandtech-samsung-2017-101">[99]</a> In 2019, Samsung produced a 1 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> flash chip with eight stacked 96-layer V-NAND dies, along with <a href="/wiki/Quad-level_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad-level cell">quad-level cell</a> (QLC) technology (<a href="/wiki/4-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="4-bit">4-bit</a> per transistor),<a href="#cite_note-electronicsweekly-samsung-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-anandtech-samsung-2018-103">[101]</a> equivalent to 2 trillion transistors, the highest transistor count of any IC chip.</li> <li>In 2020, Samsung Electronics planned to produce the <a href="/wiki/5_nm" class="mw-redirect" title="5 nm">5 nm</a> node, using FinFET and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography" title="Extreme ultraviolet lithography">EUV</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-Samsung_5nm_in_2020-38">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</li> <li>In May 2021, IBM announced the creation of the first <a href="/wiki/2_nm" class="mw-redirect" title="2 nm">2 nm</a> computer chip, with parts supposedly being smaller than human DNA.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></li></ul> Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, below the pace predicted by Moore's law.<a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018-19">[17]</a> Brian Krzanich, the former CEO of Intel, announced, "Our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two."<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Intel stated in 2015 that improvements in MOSFET devices have slowed, starting at the <a href="/wiki/22_nm" class="mw-redirect" title="22 nm">22 nm</a> feature width around 2012, and continuing at <a href="/wiki/14_nm" class="mw-redirect" title="14 nm">14 nm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Pat Gelsinger, Intel CEO, stated at the end of 2023 that "we're no longer in the golden era of Moore's Law, it's much, much harder now, so we're probably doubling effectively closer to every three years now, so we've definitely seen a slowing."<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The physical limits to transistor scaling have been reached due to source-to-drain leakage, limited gate metals and limited options for channel material. Other approaches are being investigated, which do not rely on physical scaling. These include the spin state of electron <a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">spintronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_junction" title="Tunnel junction">tunnel junctions</a>, and advanced confinement of channel materials via nano-wire geometry.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Spin-based logic and memory options are being developed actively in labs.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_materials_research">Alternative materials research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alternative materials research">edit</a>]</div> The vast majority of current transistors on ICs are composed principally of <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)" title="Doping (semiconductor)">doped</a> silicon and its alloys. As silicon is fabricated into single nanometer transistors, <a href="/wiki/Short-channel_effect" title="Short-channel effect">short-channel effects</a> adversely change desired material properties of silicon as a functional transistor. Below are several non-silicon substitutes in the fabrication of small nanometer transistors. One proposed material is <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide#Applications" title="Indium gallium arsenide">indium gallium arsenide</a>, or InGaAs. Compared to their silicon and germanium counterparts, InGaAs transistors are more promising for future high-speed, low-power logic applications. Because of intrinsic characteristics of <a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_materials#Compound_semiconductors" title="List of semiconductor materials">III–V compound semiconductors</a>, quantum well and <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_field-effect_transistor" title="Tunnel field-effect transistor">tunnel</a> effect transistors based on InGaAs have been proposed as alternatives to more traditional MOSFET designs. <ul><li>In the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_layer_deposition" title="Atomic layer deposition">atomic layer deposition</a> <a href="/wiki/High-%CE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="High-κ">high-κ</a> <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">film</a> and pitch <a href="/wiki/Double_patterning" class="mw-redirect" title="Double patterning">double-patterning</a> processes were invented by <a href="/wiki/Gurtej_Singh_Sandhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurtej Singh Sandhu">Gurtej Singh Sandhu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron Technology</a>, extending Moore's law for planar CMOS technology to <a href="/wiki/32_nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="32 nanometer">30 nm</a> class and smaller.</li> <li>In 2009, Intel announced the development of 80 nm InGaAs <a href="/wiki/Quantum_well" title="Quantum well">quantum well</a> transistors. Quantum well devices contain a material sandwiched between two layers of material with a wider band gap. Despite being double the size of leading pure silicon transistors at the time, the company reported that they performed equally as well while consuming less power.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></li> <li>In 2011, researchers at Intel demonstrated 3-D <a href="/wiki/Multigate_device#Types" title="Multigate device">tri-gate</a> InGaAs transistors with improved leakage characteristics compared to traditional planar designs. The company claims that their design achieved the best electrostatics of any III–V compound semiconductor transistor.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> At the 2015 <a href="/wiki/International_Solid-State_Circuits_Conference" title="International Solid-State Circuits Conference">International Solid-State Circuits Conference</a>, Intel mentioned the use of III–V compounds based on such an architecture for their 7 nm node.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></li> <li>In 2011, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> developed an InGaAs tunneling field-effect transistors capable of higher operating currents than previous designs. The first III–V TFET designs were demonstrated in 2009 by a joint team from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></li> <li>In 2012, a team in MIT's Microsystems Technology Laboratories developed a 22 nm transistor based on InGaAs that, at the time, was the smallest non-silicon transistor ever built. The team used techniques used in silicon device fabrication and aimed for better electrical performance and a reduction to <a href="/wiki/10_nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="10 nanometer">10-nanometer</a> scale.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Biological_computing" title="Biological computing">Biological computing</a> research shows that biological material has superior information density and energy efficiency compared to silicon-based computing.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphene_SPM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Graphene_SPM.jpg/180px-Graphene_SPM.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Graphene_SPM.jpg/270px-Graphene_SPM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Graphene_SPM.jpg/360px-Graphene_SPM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy" title="Scanning probe microscopy">Scanning probe microscopy</a> image of graphene in its hexagonal lattice structure </figcaption></figure> Various forms of <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> are being studied for <a href="/wiki/Graphene_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphene electronics">graphene electronics</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Graphene_nanoribbon" title="Graphene nanoribbon">graphene nanoribbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphene_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphene transistor">transistors</a> have shown promise since its appearance in publications in 2008. (Bulk graphene has a <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> of zero and thus cannot be used in transistors because of its constant conductivity, an inability to turn off. The zigzag edges of the nanoribbons introduce localized energy states in the conduction and valence bands and thus a bandgap that enables switching when fabricated as a transistor. As an example, a typical GNR of width of 10 nm has a desirable bandgap energy of 0.4 eV.<a href="#cite_note-nature_2007-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a>) More research will need to be performed, however, on sub-50 nm graphene layers, as its resistivity value increases and thus electron mobility decreases.<a href="#cite_note-nature_2007-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forecasts_and_roadmaps">Forecasts and roadmaps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forecasts and roadmaps">edit</a>]</div> In April 2005, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> stated in an interview that the projection cannot be sustained indefinitely: "It can't continue forever. The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens." He also noted that transistors eventually would reach the limits of miniaturization at <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic</a> levels: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In terms of size [of transistors] you can see that we're approaching the size of atoms which is a fundamental barrier, but it'll be two or three generations before we get that far—but that's as far out as we've ever been able to see. We have another 10 to 20 years before we reach a fundamental limit. By then they'll be able to make bigger chips and have transistor budgets in the billions.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gordon Moore in 2006</cite></div></blockquote>In 2016 the <a href="/wiki/International_Technology_Roadmap_for_Semiconductors" title="International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors">International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors</a>, after using Moore's Law to drive the industry since 1998, produced its final roadmap. It no longer centered its research and development plan on Moore's law. Instead, it outlined what might be called the More than Moore strategy in which the needs of applications drive chip development, rather than a focus on semiconductor scaling. Application drivers range from smartphones to AI to data centers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[120]</a> IEEE began a road-mapping initiative in 2016, "Rebooting Computing", named the <a href="/wiki/International_Roadmap_for_Devices_and_Systems" title="International Roadmap for Devices and Systems">International Roadmap for Devices and Systems</a> (IRDS).<a href="#cite_note-IRDS-123">[121]</a> Some forecasters, including Gordon Moore,<a href="#cite_note-TheEconomist_Cross-124">[122]</a> predict that Moore's law will end by around 2025.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Although Moore's Law will reach a physical limit, some forecasters are optimistic about the continuation of technological progress in a variety of other areas, including new chip architectures, quantum computing, and AI and machine learning.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Jensen_Huang" title="Jensen Huang">Jensen Huang</a> declared Moore's law dead in 2022;<a href="#cite_note-nvidia-3">[2]</a> several days later, Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger countered with the opposite claim.<a href="#cite_note-intel-4">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> Digital electronics have contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Rauch-129">[127]</a> The primary driving force of economic growth is the growth of <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kendrick_1961_3-130">[128]</a> which Moore's law factors into. Moore (1995) expected that "the rate of technological progress is going to be controlled from financial realities".<a href="#cite_note-Moore1995-131">[129]</a> The reverse could and did occur around the late-1990s, however, with economists reporting that "Productivity growth is the key economic indicator of innovation."<a href="#cite_note-Jorgenson01-132">[130]</a> Moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Keyes_2006-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liddle_2006-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kendrick_1961_3-130">[128]</a> An acceleration in the rate of semiconductor progress contributed to a surge in U.S. productivity growth,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> which reached 3.4% per year in 1997–2004, outpacing the 1.6% per year during both 1972–1996 and 2005–2013.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> As economist Richard G. Anderson notes, "Numerous studies have traced the cause of the productivity acceleration to technological innovations in the production of semiconductors that sharply reduced the prices of such components and of the products that contain them (as well as expanding the capabilities of such products)."<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The primary negative implication of Moore's law is that <a href="/wiki/Obsolescence" title="Obsolescence">obsolescence</a> pushes society up against the <a href="/wiki/Limits_to_Growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Limits to Growth">Limits to Growth</a>. As technologies continue to rapidly "improve", they render predecessor technologies obsolete. In situations in which security and survivability of hardware or data are paramount, or in which resources are limited, rapid obsolescence often poses obstacles to smooth or continued operations.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Intel.svg/310px-Intel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Intel.svg/465px-Intel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Intel.svg/620px-Intel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Intel transistor gate length trend. Transistor scaling</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_formulations_and_similar_observations">Other formulations and similar observations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other formulations and similar observations">edit</a>]</div> Several measures of digital technology are improving at exponential rates related to Moore's law, including the size, cost, density, and speed of components. Moore wrote only about the density of components, "a component being a transistor, resistor, diode or capacitor",<a href="#cite_note-Moore1995-131">[129]</a> at minimum cost. Transistors per integrated circuit – The most popular formulation is of the doubling of the number of transistors on ICs every two years. At the end of the 1970s, Moore's law became known as the limit for the number of transistors on the most complex chips. The graph at the top of this article shows this trend holds true today. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit">[update]</a>, the commercially available processor possessing the highest number of transistors is the 48 core <a href="/wiki/Centriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Centriq">Centriq</a> with over 18 billion transistors.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Density at minimum cost per transistor – This is the formulation given in Moore's 1965 paper.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1965-1">[1]</a> It is not just about the density of transistors that can be achieved, but about the density of transistors at which the cost per transistor is the lowest.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> As more transistors are put on a chip, the cost to make each transistor decreases, but the chance that the chip will not work due to a defect increases. In 1965, Moore examined the density of transistors at which cost is minimized, and observed that, as transistors were made smaller through advances in <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">photolithography</a>, this number would increase at "a rate of roughly a factor of two per year".<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1965-1">[1]</a> Dennard scaling – This posits that power usage would decrease in proportion to area (both voltage and current being proportional to length) of transistors. Combined with Moore's law, <a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">performance per watt</a> would grow at roughly the same rate as transistor density, doubling every 1–2 years. According to Dennard scaling transistor dimensions would be scaled by 30% (0.7×) every technology generation, thus reducing their area by 50%. This would reduce the delay by 30% (0.7×) and therefore increase operating frequency by about 40% (1.4×). Finally, to keep electric field constant, voltage would be reduced by 30%, reducing energy by 65% and power (at 1.4× frequency) by 50%.<a href="#cite_note-143">[c]</a> Therefore, in every technology generation transistor density would double, circuit becomes 40% faster, while power consumption (with twice the number of transistors) stays the same.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Dennard scaling ended in 2005–2010, due to leakage currents.<a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018-19">[17]</a> The exponential processor transistor growth predicted by Moore does not always translate into exponentially greater practical CPU performance. Since around 2005–2007, Dennard scaling has ended, so even though Moore's law continued after that, it has not yielded proportional dividends in improved performance.<a href="#cite_note-cartesian-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-retrospective-145">[142]</a> The primary reason cited for the breakdown is that at small sizes, current leakage poses greater challenges, and also causes the chip to heat up, which creates a threat of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">thermal runaway</a> and therefore, further increases energy costs.<a href="#cite_note-cartesian-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-retrospective-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018-19">[17]</a> The breakdown of Dennard scaling prompted a greater focus on multicore processors, but the gains offered by switching to more cores are lower than the gains that would be achieved had Dennard scaling continued.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> In another departure from Dennard scaling, Intel microprocessors adopted a non-planar tri-gate FinFET at 22 nm in 2012 that is faster and consumes less power than a conventional planar transistor.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> The rate of performance improvement for single-core microprocessors has slowed significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_slides-149">[146]</a> Single-core performance was improving by 52% per year in 1986–2003 and 23% per year in 2003–2011, but slowed to just seven percent per year in 2011–2018.<a href="#cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_slides-149">[146]</a> Quality adjusted price of IT equipment – The <a href="/wiki/Price_index" title="Price index">price</a> of information technology (IT), computers and peripheral equipment, adjusted for quality and inflation, declined 16% per year on average over the five decades from 1959 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-ITprices-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-NambiarPoess-151">[148]</a> The pace accelerated, however, to 23% per year in 1995–1999 triggered by faster IT innovation,<a href="#cite_note-Jorgenson01-132">[130]</a> and later, slowed to 2% per year in 2010–2013.<a href="#cite_note-ITprices-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Price_index#Quality_change" title="Price index">quality-adjusted</a> microprocessor price improvement continues,<a href="#cite_note-Byrne2013a-153">[150]</a> the rate of improvement likewise varies, and is not linear on a log scale. Microprocessor price improvement accelerated during the late 1990s, reaching 60% per year (halving every nine months) versus the typical 30% improvement rate (halving every two years) during the years earlier and later.<a href="#cite_note-Aizcorbe01-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Laptop microprocessors in particular improved 25–35% per year in 2004–2010, and slowed to 15–25% per year in 2010–2013.<a href="#cite_note-Sun_2014-156">[153]</a> The number of transistors per chip cannot explain quality-adjusted microprocessor prices fully.<a href="#cite_note-Aizcorbe01-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Moore's 1995 paper does not limit Moore's law to strict linearity or to transistor count, "The definition of 'Moore's Law' has come to refer to almost anything related to the semiconductor industry that on a <a href="/wiki/Semi-log_plot" title="Semi-log plot">semi-log plot</a> approximates a straight line. I hesitate to review its origins and by doing so restrict its definition."<a href="#cite_note-Moore1995-131">[129]</a> Hard disk drive areal density – A similar prediction (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kryder" title="Mark Kryder">Kryder's law</a>) was made in 2005 for <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> <a href="/wiki/Areal_density_(computer_storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal density (computer storage)">areal density</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> The prediction was later viewed as over-optimistic. Several decades of rapid progress in areal density slowed around 2010, from 30 to 100% per year to 10–15% per year, because of noise related to <a href="/wiki/Superparamagnetism#Effect_on_hard_drives" title="Superparamagnetism">smaller grain size</a> of the disk media, thermal stability, and writability using available magnetic fields.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_2014-11-10-161">[158]</a> Fiber-optic capacity – The number of bits per second that can be sent down an optical fiber increases exponentially, faster than Moore's law. Keck's law, in honor of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Keck" title="Donald Keck">Donald Keck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Network capacity – According to Gerald Butters,<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> the former head of Lucent's Optical Networking Group at Bell Labs, there is another version, called Butters' Law of Photonics,<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> a formulation that deliberately parallels Moore's law. Butters' law says that the amount of data coming out of an optical fiber is doubling every nine months.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Thus, the cost of transmitting a bit over an optical network decreases by half every nine months. The availability of <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">wavelength-division multiplexing</a> (sometimes called WDM) increased the capacity that could be placed on a single fiber by as much as a factor of 100. Optical networking and <a href="/wiki/Dense_wavelength-division_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dense wavelength-division multiplexing">dense wavelength-division multiplexing</a> (DWDM) is rapidly bringing down the cost of networking, and further progress seems assured. As a result, the wholesale price of data traffic collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nielsen%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen's Law">Nielsen's Law</a> says that the bandwidth available to users increases by 50% annually.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Pixels per dollar – Similarly, Barry Hendy of Kodak Australia has plotted pixels per dollar as a basic measure of value for a digital camera, demonstrating the historical linearity (on a log scale) of this market and the opportunity to predict the future trend of digital camera price, <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> and <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> screens, and resolution.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myhrvold-171">[168]</a> The great Moore's law compensator (TGMLC), also known as <a href="/wiki/Wirth%27s_law" title="Wirth's law">Wirth's law</a> – generally is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Software_bloat" title="Software bloat">software bloat</a> and is the principle that successive generations of computer software increase in size and complexity, thereby offsetting the performance gains predicted by Moore's law. In a 2008 article in <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>, Randall C. Kennedy,<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> formerly of Intel, introduces this term using successive versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> between the year 2000 and 2007 as his premise. Despite the gains in computational performance during this time period according to Moore's law, Office 2007 performed the same task at half the speed on a prototypical year 2007 computer as compared to Office 2000 on a year 2000 computer. Library expansion – was calculated in 1945 by <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Rider" title="Fremont Rider">Fremont Rider</a> to double in capacity every 16 years, if sufficient space were made available.<a href="#cite_note-The_Scholar-173">[170]</a> He advocated replacing bulky, decaying printed works with miniaturized <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microform</a> analog photographs, which could be duplicated on-demand for library patrons or other institutions. He did not foresee the digital technology that would follow decades later to replace analog microform with digital imaging, storage, and transmission media. Automated, potentially lossless digital technologies allowed vast increases in the rapidity of information growth in an era that now sometimes is called the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carlson_curve" title="Carlson curve">Carlson curve</a> – is a term coined by The Economist<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> to describe the biotechnological equivalent of Moore's law, and is named after author Rob Carlson.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Carlson accurately predicted that the doubling time of DNA sequencing technologies (measured by cost and performance) would be at least as fast as Moore's law.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Carlson Curves illustrate the rapid (in some cases hyperexponential) decreases in cost, and increases in performance, of a variety of technologies, including DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis, and a range of physical and computational tools used in protein expression and in determining protein structures. <a href="/wiki/Eroom%27s_law" title="Eroom's law">Eroom's law</a> – is a pharmaceutical drug development observation that was deliberately written as Moore's Law spelled backwards in order to contrast it with the exponential advancements of other forms of technology (such as transistors) over time. It states that the cost of developing a new drug roughly doubles every nine years. <a href="/wiki/Experience_curve_effects" title="Experience curve effects">Experience curve effects</a> says that each doubling of the cumulative production of virtually any product or service is accompanied by an approximate constant percentage reduction in the unit cost. The acknowledged first documented qualitative description of this dates from 1885.<a href="#cite_note-ebbing_book-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-178">[175]</a> A power curve was used to describe this phenomenon in a 1936 discussion of the cost of airplanes.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a> – Phil Edholm observed that the <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication network">telecommunication networks</a> (including the Internet) is doubling every 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-Cherry-180">[177]</a> The bandwidths of online <a href="/wiki/Communication_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication networks">communication networks</a> has risen from <a href="/wiki/Bits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Bits per second">bits per second</a> to <a href="/wiki/Terabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabits per second">terabits per second</a>. The rapid rise in online bandwidth is largely due to the same MOSFET scaling that enabled Moore's law, as telecommunications networks are built from MOSFETs.<a href="#cite_note-Jindal-181">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haitz%27s_law" title="Haitz's law">Haitz's law</a> predicts that the brightness of LEDs increases as their manufacturing cost goes down. <a href="/wiki/Swanson%27s_law" title="Swanson's law">Swanson's law</a> is the observation that the price of solar photovoltaic modules tends to drop 20 percent for every doubling of cumulative shipped volume. At present rates, costs go down 75% about every 10 years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</a> – Perceived increase in the rate of technological change throughout history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_CMOS" title="Beyond CMOS">Beyond CMOS</a> – Possible future digital logic technologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a> – Technological advancement theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroom%27s_law" title="Eroom's law">Eroom's law</a> – Observation about the discovery of new drugs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang%27s_law" title="Huang's law">Huang's law</a> – Computer science observation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koomey%27s_law" title="Koomey's law">Koomey's law</a> – Trend indicating the number of computations per unit energy dissipated doubles every 1.57 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limits_of_computation" title="Limits of computation">Limits of computation</a> – Overview of the limits of computation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eponymous_laws" title="List of eponymous laws">List of eponymous laws</a> – Adages and sayings named after a person</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws#Technology" title="List of laws">List of laws § Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a> – Timeline of microprocessors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_scaling_law" title="Neural scaling law">Neural scaling law</a> – Law in machine learning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">Power law</a> – Functional relationship between two quantities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirth%27s_law" title="Wirth's law">Wirth's law</a> – Computing adage made popular by Niklaus Wirth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent%27s_rule" title="Rent's rule">Rent's rule</a> – Relationship between the number of external signal with the number of logic gates in a logic block</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The trend begins with the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958. See the graph on the bottom of page 3 of Moore's original presentation of the idea.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1965-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> In April 2005, Intel offered US$10,000 to purchase a copy of the original Electronics issue in which Moore's article appeared.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> An engineer living in the United Kingdom was the first to find a copy and offer it to Intel.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Active power = CV2f </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moore_1965-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1965_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1965_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1965_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1965_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1965_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoore1965" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Moore, Gordon E.</a> (April 19, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cva.stanford.edu/classes/cs99s/papers/moore-crammingmorecomponents.pdf">"Cramming more components onto integrated circuits"</a> (PDF). intel.com. <a href="/wiki/Electronics_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics Magazine">Electronics Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327213847/https://newsroom.intel.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/moores-law-electronics.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2019. 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First Monday. 7 (11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v7i11.1000">10.5210/fm.v7i11.1000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=The+Lives+and+Death+of+Moore%27s+Law&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v7i11.1000&rft.aulast=Tuomi&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v7i11.1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_2015a-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2015a_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2015" class="citation interview cs1">Moore, Gordon (March 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/gordon-moore-the-man-whose-name-means-progress">"Gordon Moore: The Man Whose Name Means Progress, The visionary engineer reflects on 50 years of Moore's Law"</a>. IEEE Spectrum: Special Report: 50 Years of Moore's Law (Interview). Interviewed by Rachel Courtland. <q>We won't have the rate of progress that we've had over the last few decades. I think that's inevitable with any technology; it eventually saturates out. I guess I see Moore's law dying here in the next decade or so, but that's not surprising.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum%3A+Special+Report%3A+50+Years+of+Moore%27s+Law&rft.atitle=Gordon+Moore%3A+The+Man+Whose+Name+Means+Progress%2C+The+visionary+engineer+reflects+on+50+years+of+Moore%27s+Law&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fgordon-moore-the-man-whose-name-means-progress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cartesian-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cartesian_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartesian_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartesian_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMenamin2013" class="citation web cs1">McMenamin, Adrian (April 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartesianproduct.wordpress.com/2013/04/15/the-end-of-dennard-scaling/">"The end of Dennard scaling"</a>. Retrieved January 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+end+of+Dennard+scaling&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.aulast=McMenamin&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartesianproduct.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F04%2F15%2Fthe-end-of-dennard-scaling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreetmanBanerjee2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_G._Streetman" title="Ben G. Streetman">Streetman, Ben G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Banerjee" title="Sanjay Banerjee">Banerjee, Sanjay Kumar</a> (2016). Solid state electronic devices. Boston: Pearson. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-06055-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-292-06055-2"><bdi>978-1-292-06055-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908999844">908999844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+state+electronic+devices&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908999844&rft.isbn=978-1-292-06055-2&rft.aulast=Streetman&rft.aufirst=Ben+G.&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Sanjay+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turing_Award_Lecture_2018_19-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._HennessyDavid_A._Patterson2018" class="citation web cs1">John L. Hennessy; David A. Patterson (June 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iscaconf.org/isca2018/turing_lecture.html">"A New Golden Age for Computer Architecture: Domain-Specific Hardware/Software Co-Design, Enhanced Security, Open Instruction Sets, and Agile Chip Development"</a>. International Symposium on Computer Architecture – ISCA 2018. <q>In the later 1990s and 2000s, architectural innovation decreased, so performance came primarily from higher clock rates and larger caches. The ending of Dennard Scaling and Moore's Law also slowed this path; single core performance improved only 3% last year!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Golden+Age+for+Computer+Architecture%3A+Domain-Specific+Hardware%2FSoftware+Co-Design%2C+Enhanced+Security%2C+Open+Instruction+Sets%2C+and+Agile+Chip+Development&rft.pub=International+Symposium+on+Computer+Architecture+%E2%80%93+ISCA+2018&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.au=John+L.+Hennessy&rft.au=David+A.+Patterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiscaconf.org%2Fisca2018%2Fturing_lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takahashi-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Takahashi_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi2005" class="citation news cs1">Takahashi, Dean (April 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/business/forty-years-of-moores-law/">"Forty years of Moore's law"</a>. Seattle Times. San Jose, California. Retrieved April 7, 2015. <q>A decade later, he revised what had become known as Moore's Law: The number of transistors on a chip would double every two years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Forty+years+of+Moore%27s+law&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fforty-years-of-moores-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_1975b-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1975b_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1975b_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1975" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Gordon (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~agrawvd/COURSE/E7770_Spr07/READ/Gordon_Moore_1975_Speech.pdf">"IEEE Technical Digest 1975"</a> (PDF). Intel Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~agrawvd/COURSE/E7770_Spr07/READ/Gordon_Moore_1975_Speech.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2015. <q>... the rate of increase of complexity can be expected to change slope in the next few years as shown in Figure 5. The new slope might approximate a doubling every two years, rather than every year, by the end of the decade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Technical+Digest+1975&rft.pub=Intel+Corp.&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.auburn.edu%2F~agrawvd%2FCOURSE%2FE7770_Spr07%2FREAD%2FGordon_Moore_1975_Speech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_2006-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2006_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2006" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Gordon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050107/http://www.chemheritage.org/Downloads/Publications/Books/Understanding-Moores-Law/Understanding-Moores-Law_Chapter-07.pdf">"Chapter 7: Moore's law at 40"</a> (PDF). In Brock, David (ed.). Understanding Moore's Law: Four Decades of Innovation. Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 67–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941901-41-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941901-41-3"><bdi>978-0-941901-41-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemheritage.org/Downloads/Publications/Books/Understanding-Moores-Law/Understanding-Moores-Law_Chapter-07.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Moore%27s+law+at+40&rft.btitle=Understanding+Moore%27s+Law%3A+Four+Decades+of+Innovation&rft.pages=67-84&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-941901-41-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemheritage.org%2FDownloads%2FPublications%2FBooks%2FUnderstanding-Moores-Law%2FUnderstanding-Moores-Law_Chapter-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_2011-05-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Intel_2011-05_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617144740/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/backgrounders/standards-22-nanometers-technology-backgrounder.pdf">"Over 6 Decades of Continued Transistor Shrinkage, Innovation"</a> (PDF) (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Corporation</a>. May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/silicon-innovations/standards-22-nanometers-technology-backgrounder.html">the original</a> on June 17, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2023. <q>1965: Moore's Law is born when Gordon Moore predicts that the number of transistors on a chip will double roughly every year (a decade later, in 1975, Moore published an update, revising the doubling period to every 2 years)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Over+6+Decades+of+Continued+Transistor+Shrinkage%2C+Innovation&rft.pub=Intel+Corporation&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fcontent%2Fwww%2Fus%2Fen%2Fsilicon-innovations%2Fstandards-22-nanometers-technology-backgrounder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntelInterview-24"><a href="#cite_ref-IntelInterview_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2006" class="citation book cs1">Brock, David C., ed. (2006). Understanding Moore's law: four decades of innovation. 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Retrieved December 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Lesser-Known+Laws+of+Computer+Science&rft.aulast=Sirer&rft.aufirst=Emin+G%C3%BCn&rft.au=Farrow%2C+Rik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cornell.edu%2Fpeople%2Fegs%2Fpapers%2Flesser-known-laws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antranik.org/using-moores-law-to-predict-future-memory-trends/">"Using Moore's Law to Predict Future Memory Trends"</a>. November 21, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Moore%27s+Law+to+Predict+Future+Memory+Trends&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantranik.org%2Fusing-moores-law-to-predict-future-memory-trends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myhrvold-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Myhrvold_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyhrvold2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Myhrvold" title="Nathan Myhrvold">Myhrvold, Nathan</a> (June 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/technology/circuits/07essay.html">"Moore's Law Corollary: Pixel Power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved November 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Moore%27s+Law+Corollary%3A+Pixel+Power&rft.date=2006-06-07&rft.aulast=Myhrvold&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F07%2Ftechnology%2Fcircuits%2F07essay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Kennedy, Randall C. (April 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/t/applications/fat-fatter-fattest-microsofts-kings-bloat-278?page=0,4">"Fat, fatter, fattest: Microsoft's kings of bloat"</a>. InfoWorld. Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Fat%2C+fatter%2C+fattest%3A+Microsoft%27s+kings+of+bloat&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Randall+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Ft%2Fapplications%2Ffat-fatter-fattest-microsofts-kings-bloat-278%3Fpage%3D0%2C4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Scholar-173"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Scholar_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRider1944" class="citation book cs1">Rider, Fremont (1944). The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library. Hadham Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/578215272">578215272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scholar+and+the+Future+of+the+Research+Library&rft.pub=Hadham+Press&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F578215272&rft.aulast=Rider&rft.aufirst=Fremont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Life 2.0. (August 31, 2006). The Economist </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Robert H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NGTbnaXOKD8C&pg=PP6">Biology Is Technology: The Promise, Peril, and New Business of Engineering Life</a>. 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"The Pace and Proliferation of Biological Technologies". Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science. 1 (3): 203–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F153871303769201851">10.1089/153871303769201851</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15040198">15040198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18913248">18913248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosecurity+and+Bioterrorism%3A+Biodefense+Strategy%2C+Practice%2C+and+Science&rft.atitle=The+Pace+and+Proliferation+of+Biological+Technologies&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-214&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18913248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15040198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F153871303769201851&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebbing_book-177"><a href="#cite_ref-ebbing_book_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbbinghaus1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaus" title="Hermann Ebbinghaus">Ebbinghaus, Hermann</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRSMDF6y3l8C">Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology</a>. Columbia University. p. 42, Figure 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722229286" title="Special:BookSources/9780722229286"><bdi>9780722229286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory%3A+A+Contribution+to+Experimental+Psychology&rft.pages=42%2C+Figure+2&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=9780722229286&rft.aulast=Ebbinghaus&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRSMDF6y3l8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-178"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallTitchene1903" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Granville Stanley; Titchene, Edward Bradford (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikEMAAAAIAAJ&q=%22learning+curve%22">"The American Journal of Psychology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Granville+Stanley&rft.au=Titchene%2C+Edward+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikEMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522learning%2Bcurve%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1936" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, T. P. (1936). "Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes". Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 3 (4): 122–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F8.155">10.2514/8.155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Aeronautical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Factors+Affecting+the+Cost+of+Airplanes&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=122-128&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F8.155&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cherry-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Cherry_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherry2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cherry, Steven (2004). "Edholm's law of bandwidth". IEEE Spectrum. 41 (7): 58–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMSPEC.2004.1309810">10.1109/MSPEC.2004.1309810</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27580722">27580722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Edholm%27s+law+of+bandwidth&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=58-60&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMSPEC.2004.1309810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27580722%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jindal-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Jindal_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJindal2009" class="citation book cs1">Jindal, R. P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/195547">"From millibits to terabits per second and beyond - over 60 years of innovation"</a>. 2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FEDST.2009.5166093">10.1109/EDST.2009.5166093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-3831-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-3831-0"><bdi>978-1-4244-3831-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25112828">25112828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+millibits+to+terabits+per+second+and+beyond+-+over+60+years+of+innovation&rft.btitle=2009+2nd+International+Workshop+on+Electron+Devices+and+Semiconductor+Technology&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25112828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FEDST.2009.5166093&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-3831-0&rft.aulast=Jindal&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevents.vtools.ieee.org%2Fm%2F195547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2006" class="citation book cs1">Brock, David C., ed. (2006). Understanding Moore's Law: Four Decades of Innovation. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941901-41-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-941901-41-6"><bdi>0-941901-41-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66463488">66463488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Moore%27s+Law%3A+Four+Decades+of+Innovation&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F66463488&rft.isbn=0-941901-41-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMody2016" class="citation book cs1">Mody, Cyrus (2016). The Long Arm of Moore's law: Microelectronics and American Science. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262035491" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262035491"><bdi>978-0262035491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Arm+of+Moore%27s+law%3A+Microelectronics+and+American+Science&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0262035491&rft.aulast=Mody&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackrayBrockJones2015" class="citation book cs1">Thackray, Arnold; Brock, David C.; Jones, Rachel (2015). Moore's Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley's Quiet Revolutionary. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05564-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05564-7"><bdi>978-0-465-05564-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/0465055648">0465055648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moore%27s+Law%3A+The+Life+of+Gordon+Moore%2C+Silicon+Valley%27s+Quiet+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F0465055648&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05564-7&rft.aulast=Thackray&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Brock%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuomi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tuomi, Ilkka (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v7i11.1000">"The Lives and Death of Moore's Law"</a>. First Monday. 7 (11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v7i11.1000">10.5210/fm.v7i11.1000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=The+Lives+and+Death+of+Moore%27s+Law&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v7i11.1000&rft.aulast=Tuomi&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v7i11.1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore%27s_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Information_Age" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:The Information Age">The Information Age</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/events/moores_law_40th/index.htm">Intel press kit</a> – released for Moore's Law's 40th anniversary, with a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/events/moores_law_40th/Images_Assets/graph.jpg">1965 sketch</a> by Moore</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/Christiansandstrom/no-technology-has-been-more-disruptive-presentation/">No Technology has been more disruptive...</a> Slide show of microchip growth</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830042915/http://wi-fizzle.com/compsci/">Intel (IA-32) CPU speeds 1994–2005</a> – speed increases in recent years have seemed to slow with regard to percentage increase per year (available in PDF or PNG format)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228041321/http://www.itrs.net/">International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102082556/http://news.com.com/FAQ+Forty+years+of+Moores+Law/2100-1006_3-5647824.html?tag=nefd.lede">A C|net FAQ about Moore's Law</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 2013-01-02)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzyJxAP6AQo">ASML's 'Our Stories', Gordon Moore about Moore's Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASML_Holding" title="ASML Holding">ASML Holding</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRJgvX6P8dI">"Why Moore's Law Matters"</a>. Asianometry. March 2023 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asianometry&rft.atitle=Why+Moore%27s+Law+Matters&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnRJgvX6P8dI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoore%27s+law" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/resources/moores-law.html">Moore’s Law</a> at Intel</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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