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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Safety_Lamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Safety_Lamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Safety Lamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Safety_Lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Locomotives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hetton_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hetton_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hetton Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hetton_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_First_Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_First_Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The First Railways</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_First_Railways-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The First Railways subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_First_Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stockton and Darlington Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Liverpool and Manchester Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stephenson's_skew_arch_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stephenson's_skew_arch_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Stephenson's skew arch bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stephenson's_skew_arch_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_at_Alton_Grange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_at_Alton_Grange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Life at Alton Grange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_at_Alton_Grange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Biographical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Stephenson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج ستيفنسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج ستيفنسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Stivenson" title="Corc Stivenson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Stivenson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="জর্জ স্টিফেনসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ স্টিফেনসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джордж Стэфенсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Стэфенсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джордж Стивънсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Стивънсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τζορτζ Στέφενσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Στέφενσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جرج استیونسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج استیونسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90%EC%8A%A8" title="조지 스티븐슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 스티븐슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ջորջ Սթեֆենսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Սթեֆենսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जार्ज स्टीफेन्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जार्ज स्टीफेन्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'ורג' סטיבנסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' סטיבנסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಸ್ಟಿಫನ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಸ್ಟಿಫನ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Стефенсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Стефенсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Stephenson" title="Georgius Stephenson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_St%C4%ABvensons" title="Džordžs Stīvensons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Stīvensons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џорџ Стивенсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ Стивенсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BB" title="ജോർജ് സ്‌റ്റീഫെൻസൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ് സ്‌റ്റീഫെൻസൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج ستيفنسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج ستيفنسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж Стефенсон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Стефенсон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ချ် စတီဖင်ဆန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့ချ် စတီဖင်ဆန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ジョージ・スチーブンソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・スチーブンソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson_(ingeni%C3%B8r)" title="George Stephenson (ingeniør) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Stephenson (ingeniør)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стефенсон, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стефенсон, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhorxh_Stivenson" title="Xhorxh Stivenson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhorxh Stivenson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جارج اسٽيفنسن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جارج اسٽيفنسن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џорџ Стивенсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Стивенсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் ஸ்டீபென்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் ஸ்டீபென்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จอร์จ สตีเฟนสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ สตีเฟนสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Stephenson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Стефенсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Стефенсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E7%94%9F" title="乔治·史蒂芬生 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔治·史蒂芬生" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דזשארדזש סטיוונסאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשארדזש סטיוונסאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%8F%90%E8%8A%AC%E6%A3%AE" title="佐治·史提芬森 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佐治·史提芬森" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E7%94%9F" title="喬治·史蒂芬生 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬治·史蒂芬生" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133614#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English "Father of Railways" (1781–1848)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the English engineer. For other people called George Stephenson, see <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="George Stephenson (disambiguation)">George Stephenson (disambiguation)</a>. For the similar name, see <a href="/wiki/George_Stevenson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="George Stevenson (disambiguation)">George Stevenson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Stephenson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Stephenson_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_13103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/George_Stephenson_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_13103.jpg/220px-George_Stephenson_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_13103.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/George_Stephenson_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_13103.jpg/330px-George_Stephenson_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_13103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/George_Stephenson_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_13103.jpg/440px-George_Stephenson_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_13103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1781-06-09</span>)</span>9 June 1781<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wylam" title="Wylam">Wylam</a>, Northumberland, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 August 1848<span style="display:none">(1848-08-12)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire" title="Chesterfield, Derbyshire">Chesterfield</a>, Derbyshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Chesterfield" title="Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield">Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Frances Henderson (1802–1806)<br />Elizabeth Hindmarsh (1820–1845)<br />Ellen Gregory (1848)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a><br />Frances Stephenson (died in infancy)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Stephenson</b> (9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848) was an English <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renowned as the "Father of Railways",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephenson was considered by the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorians</a> as a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement. His chosen <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge#The_Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Track gauge">rail gauge</a>, sometimes called "Stephenson gauge",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the basis for the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4-foot-<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-inch (1.435 m) <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> used by most of the world's railways. </p><p>Pioneered by Stephenson, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> was one of the most important technological inventions of the 19th century and a key component of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Built by George and his son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert</a>'s company <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_and_Company" title="Robert Stephenson and Company">Robert Stephenson and Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Locomotion_No._1" title="Locomotion No. 1"><i>Locomotion</i> No. 1</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> to carry passengers on a public rail line, the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> in 1825. George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives, the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway">opened in 1830</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Stephenson was born on 9 June 1781 in <a href="/wiki/Wylam" title="Wylam">Wylam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, which is 9 miles (15 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>. He was the second child of Robert and Mabel Stephenson,<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neither of whom could read or write. Robert was the fireman for Wylam Colliery pumping engine, earning a very low wage, so there was no money for schooling. At 17, Stephenson became an engineman at Water Row Pit in <a href="/wiki/Newburn" title="Newburn">Newburn</a> nearby. George realised the value of education and paid to study at night school to learn reading, writing and arithmetic – he was <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a> until the age of 18.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1801 he began work at Black Callerton Colliery south of <a href="/wiki/Ponteland" title="Ponteland">Ponteland</a> as a 'brakesman', controlling the winding gear at the pit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1802 he married Frances Henderson and moved to <a href="/wiki/Willington_Quay" title="Willington Quay">Willington Quay</a>, east of Newcastle. There he worked as a brakesman while they lived in one room of a cottage. George made shoes and mended clocks to supplement his income. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longbenton_-_Dial_Cottage,_Westmoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Longbenton_-_Dial_Cottage%2C_Westmoor.jpg/290px-Longbenton_-_Dial_Cottage%2C_Westmoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Longbenton_-_Dial_Cottage%2C_Westmoor.jpg/435px-Longbenton_-_Dial_Cottage%2C_Westmoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Longbenton_-_Dial_Cottage%2C_Westmoor.jpg/580px-Longbenton_-_Dial_Cottage%2C_Westmoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Dial Cottage, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hall#West_Moor" title="Forest Hall">West Moor</a>, Killingworth. The sun-dial made and installed by George Stephenson is above the front door.</figcaption></figure> <p>Their first child <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert</a> was born in 1803, and in 1804 they moved to Dial Cottage at <a href="/wiki/West_Moor" class="mw-redirect" title="West Moor">West Moor</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a> where George worked as a brakesman at Killingworth Pit. Their second child, a daughter, was born in July 1805. She was named Frances after her mother. The child died after just three weeks and was buried in <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Long_Benton" title="St Bartholomew's Church, Long Benton">St Bartholomew's Church, Long Benton</a> north of Newcastle. </p><p>In 1806 George's wife Frances died of consumption (<a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>). She was buried in the same churchyard as their daughter on 16 May 1806, though the location of the grave is lost.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George decided to find work in Scotland and left Robert with a local woman while he went to work in <a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Angus" title="Montrose, Angus">Montrose</a>. After a few months he returned, probably because his father was blinded in a mining accident. He moved back into a cottage at West Moor and his unmarried sister Eleanor moved in to look after Robert. In 1811 the pumping engine at High Pit, Killingworth was not working properly and Stephenson offered to improve it.<sup id="cite_ref-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did so with such success that he was promoted to enginewright for the collieries at Killingworth, responsible for maintaining and repairing all the colliery engines. He became an expert in steam-driven machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_projects">Early projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Safety_Lamp">The Safety Lamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Safety Lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_Stephenson" title="Special:EditPage/George Stephenson">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+Stephenson%22">"George Stephenson"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+Stephenson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+Stephenson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+Stephenson%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+Stephenson%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+Stephenson%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety lamp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephenson-safety-lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stephenson-safety-lamp.jpg/220px-Stephenson-safety-lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stephenson-safety-lamp.jpg/330px-Stephenson-safety-lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stephenson-safety-lamp.jpg/440px-Stephenson-safety-lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Stephenson's safety lamp shown with Davy's lamp on the left</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1815, aware of the explosions often caused in mines by naked flames, Stephenson began to experiment with a <a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">safety lamp</a> that would burn in a gaseous atmosphere without causing an explosion. At the same time, the eminent scientist and Cornishman <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> was also looking at the problem. Despite his lack of scientific knowledge, Stephenson, by trial and error, devised a lamp in which the air entered via tiny holes, through which the flames of the lamp could not pass. </p><p>A month before Davy presented his design to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, Stephenson demonstrated his own lamp to two witnesses by taking it down Killingworth Colliery and holding it in front of a fissure from which <a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">firedamp</a> was issuing. The two designs differed; Davy's lamp was surrounded by a screen of gauze, whereas Stephenson's prototype lamp had a perforated plate containing a glass cylinder. For his invention Davy was awarded £2000, whilst Stephenson was accused of stealing the idea from Davy,<sup id="cite_ref-england.prm.ox.ac.uk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-england.prm.ox.ac.uk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because he was not seen as an adequate scientist who could have produced the lamp by any approved scientific method. </p><p>Stephenson, having come from the North-East, spoke with a broad Northumberland accent and not the 'Language of Parliament,' which made him seem lowly. Realizing this, he made a point of educating his son Robert in a private school, where he was taught to speak in <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> accent. It was due to this, in their future dealings with Parliament, that it became clear that the authorities preferred Robert to his father.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title=""Authorities" is also a very generic term (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A local committee of enquiry gathered in support of Stephenson, exonerated him, proved he had been working separately to create the 'Geordie Lamp', and awarded him £1,000, but Davy and his supporters refused to accept their findings, and would not see how an uneducated man such as Stephenson could come up with the solution he had. In 1833 a <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> committee found that Stephenson had equal claim to having invented the safety lamp. Davy went to his grave believing that Stephenson had stolen his idea. The Stephenson lamp was used almost exclusively in <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>, whereas the Davy lamp was used everywhere else. The experience gave Stephenson a lifelong distrust of London-based, theoretical, scientific experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>George and Robert Stephenson</i>, the author <a href="/wiki/L.T.C._Rolt" class="mw-redirect" title="L.T.C. Rolt">L.T.C. Rolt</a> relates that opinion varied about the two lamps' efficiency: that the Davy Lamp gave more light, but the Geordie Lamp was thought to be safer in a more gaseous atmosphere. He made reference to an incident at Oaks Colliery in Barnsley where both lamps were in use. Following a sudden strong influx of gas the tops of all the Davy Lamps became red hot (which had in the past caused an explosion, and in so doing risked another), whilst all the Geordie Lamps simply went out. </p><p>There is a theory that it was Stephenson who indirectly gave the name of "<a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordies</a>" to the people of the North East of England. By this theory, the name of the Geordie Lamp attached to the North East pit men themselves. By 1866 any native of Newcastle upon Tyne could be called a Geordie.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotives">Locomotives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Locomotives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cornishman <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> is credited with the first realistic design for a steam locomotive, the "<a href="/wiki/Puffing_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="Puffing Devil">Puffing Devil</a>", in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-HISTORY_2009_b345_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HISTORY_2009_b345-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ricci_2012_n595_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricci_2012_n595-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he visited <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> and built an engine there for a mine-owner. Several local men were inspired by this, and designed their own engines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killingworth-locomotive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Killingworth-locomotive.jpg/234px-Killingworth-locomotive.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Killingworth-locomotive.jpg/351px-Killingworth-locomotive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Killingworth-locomotive.jpg/468px-Killingworth-locomotive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Early Stephenson locomotive in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smiles" title="Samuel Smiles">Samuel Smiles</a>' <i>Lives of the Engineers</i> (1862).<sup id="cite_ref-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called an 1816 Killingworth Colliery locomotive (often claimed to be <i><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%BCcher_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blücher (locomotive)">Blücher</a></i>), it looks more like the slightly later <a href="/wiki/Hetton_colliery_railway" title="Hetton colliery railway">Hetton colliery railway</a> locomotives whose 1852 replica <i><a href="/wiki/Lyons,_Hetton_colliery_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons, Hetton colliery railway">Lyons</a></i> was still operating in Smiles' time.<sup id="cite_ref-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Stephenson designed his first locomotive in 1814, a travelling engine designed for hauling coal on the Killingworth wagonway named <i><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%BCcher_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blücher (locomotive)">Blücher</a></i> after the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> general <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a> (It was suggested the name sprang from Blücher's rapid march of his army in support of Wellington at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Blücher</i> was modelled on <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Matthew Murray</a>'s locomotive <i>Willington</i>, which George studied at Kenton and Coxlodge colliery on Tyneside, and was constructed in the colliery workshop behind Stephenson's home, Dial Cottage, on Great Lime Road. The locomotive could haul 30 tons of coal up a hill at 4 mph (6.4 km/h), and was the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotive: its traction depended on contact between its flanged wheels and the rail. </p><p>Altogether, Stephenson is said to have produced 16 locomotives at Killingworth,<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it has not proved possible to produce a convincing list of all 16. Of those identified, most were built for use at Killingworth or for the <a href="/wiki/Hetton_colliery_railway" title="Hetton colliery railway">Hetton colliery railway</a>. A six-wheeled locomotive was built for the <a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock_and_Troon_Railway" title="Kilmarnock and Troon Railway">Kilmarnock and Troon Railway</a> in 1817 but was withdrawn from service because of damage to the cast-iron rails.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another locomotive was supplied to Scott's Pit railroad at <a href="/wiki/Llansamlet" title="Llansamlet">Llansamlet</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, in 1819 but it too was withdrawn, apparently because it was under-boilered and again caused damage to the track.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephenson-rail-patent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stephenson-rail-patent.jpg/220px-Stephenson-rail-patent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stephenson-rail-patent.jpg/330px-Stephenson-rail-patent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Stephenson-rail-patent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fishbelly_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishbelly rail">Fishbelly rail</a> with half-lap joint, patented by Stephenson 1816</figcaption></figure> <p>The new engines were too heavy to run on wooden rails or plate-way, and iron edge rails were in their infancy, with <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> exhibiting excessive brittleness. Together with <a href="/wiki/William_Losh" title="William Losh">William Losh</a>, Stephenson improved the design of cast-iron edge rails to reduce breakage; rails were briefly made by <a href="/wiki/Losh,_Wilson_and_Bell" title="Losh, Wilson and Bell">Losh, Wilson and Bell</a> at their Walker ironworks. </p><p>According to Rolt, Stephenson managed to solve the problem caused by the weight of the engine on the primitive rails. He experimented with a <a href="/wiki/Steam_spring" title="Steam spring">steam spring</a> (to 'cushion' the weight using steam pressure acting on pistons to support the locomotive frame), but soon followed the practice of 'distributing' weight by using a number of wheels or bogies. For the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> Stephenson used <a href="/wiki/Wrought-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrought-iron">wrought-iron</a> malleable rails that he had found satisfactory, notwithstanding the financial loss he suffered by not using his own patented design.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hetton_Railway">Hetton Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hetton Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephenson was hired to build the eight-mile (13-km) <a href="/wiki/Hetton_colliery_railway" title="Hetton colliery railway">Hetton colliery railway</a> in 1820. He used a combination of gravity on downward inclines and locomotives for level and upward stretches. This, the first railway using no animal power, opened in 1822. This line used a gauge of <a href="/wiki/4_ft_8_in_gauge_railways" title="4 ft 8 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">4 ft 8 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,422 mm</span>) which Stephenson had used before at the <a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a> wagonway.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other locomotives include: </p> <ul><li>1817–1824 <i>The Duke</i> for the <a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock_and_Troon_Railway" title="Kilmarnock and Troon Railway">Kilmarnock and Troon Railway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_First_Railways">The First Railways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The First Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stockton and Darlington Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephenson-No.1-engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stephenson-No.1-engine.jpg/220px-Stephenson-No.1-engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stephenson-No.1-engine.jpg/330px-Stephenson-No.1-engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Stephenson-No.1-engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>The No. 1 engine, called <i>Locomotion</i>, for the Stockton & Darlington Railway</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1821, a parliamentary bill was passed to allow the building of the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> (S&DR). The 25-mile (40 km) railway connected collieries near <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Auckland" title="Bishop Auckland">Bishop Auckland</a> to the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton</a>, passing through <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a> on the way. The original plan was to use horses to draw coal carts on metal rails, but after company director <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pease_(1767-1858)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Pease (1767-1858)">Edward Pease</a> met Stephenson, he agreed to change the plans. Stephenson surveyed the line in 1821, and assisted by his 18-year-old son Robert, construction began the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephenson-Experiment-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stephenson-Experiment-.jpg/220px-Stephenson-Experiment-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stephenson-Experiment-.jpg/330px-Stephenson-Experiment-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Stephenson-Experiment-.jpg/440px-Stephenson-Experiment-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><i>Experiment</i>, the first railway carriage</figcaption></figure> <p>A manufacturer was needed to provide the locomotives for the line. Pease and Stephenson had jointly established a company in Newcastle to manufacture locomotives. It was set up as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_and_Company" title="Robert Stephenson and Company">Robert Stephenson and Company</a>, and George's son Robert was the managing director. A fourth partner was Michael Longridge of <a href="/wiki/Bedlington_Ironworks" title="Bedlington Ironworks">Bedlington Ironworks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On an early trade card, Robert Stephenson & Co was described as "Engineers, Millwrights & Machinists, Brass & Iron Founders".<sup id="cite_ref-EllisandMorse_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisandMorse-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1825, the works at Forth Street, Newcastle, completed the first locomotive for the railway: originally named <i>Active</i>, it was renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_No_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotion No 1">Locomotion</a></i> and was followed by <i>Hope</i>, <i>Diligence</i> and <i>Black Diamond</i>. The Stockton and Darlington Railway opened on 27 September 1825. Driven by Stephenson, <i>Locomotion</i> hauled an 80-ton load of coal and flour nine miles (14 km) in two hours, reaching a speed of 24 miles per hour (39 kilometres per hour) on one stretch. The first purpose-built passenger car, <i>Experiment</i>, was attached and carried dignitaries on the opening journey. It was the first time passenger traffic had been run on a steam locomotive railway.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rails used for the line were <a href="/wiki/Wrought-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrought-iron">wrought-iron</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/John_Birkinshaw" title="John Birkinshaw">John Birkinshaw</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bedlington_Ironworks" title="Bedlington Ironworks">Bedlington Ironworks</a>. Wrought-iron rails could be produced in longer lengths than <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast-iron">cast-iron</a> and were less liable to crack under the weight of heavy locomotives. <a href="/wiki/William_Losh" title="William Losh">William Losh</a> of Walker Ironworks thought he had an agreement with Stephenson to supply cast-iron rails, and Stephenson's decision caused a permanent rift between them. The gauge Stephenson chose for the line was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 feet <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches (1,435 mm) which subsequently was adopted as the standard gauge for railways, not only in Britain, but throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liverpool and Manchester Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Stephenson_-_National_Railway_Museum_-_2005-10-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/George_Stephenson_-_National_Railway_Museum_-_2005-10-15.jpg/220px-George_Stephenson_-_National_Railway_Museum_-_2005-10-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="490" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/George_Stephenson_-_National_Railway_Museum_-_2005-10-15.jpg/330px-George_Stephenson_-_National_Railway_Museum_-_2005-10-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/George_Stephenson_-_National_Railway_Museum_-_2005-10-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Statue of George Stephenson at the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg/220px-First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg/330px-First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg/440px-First_passenger_railway_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>First passenger railway, L&MR</figcaption></figure> <p>Stephenson had ascertained by experiments at Killingworth that half the power of the locomotive was consumed by a gradient as little as 1 in 260.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that railways should be kept as level as possible. He used this knowledge while working on the <a href="/wiki/Bolton_and_Leigh_Railway" title="Bolton and Leigh Railway">Bolton and Leigh Railway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a> (L&MR), executing a series of difficult cuttings, embankments and stone viaducts to level their routes. Defective surveying of the original route of the L&MR caused by hostility from some affected landowners meant Stephenson encountered difficulty during Parliamentary scrutiny of the original bill, especially under <a href="/wiki/Cross-examination" title="Cross-examination">cross-examination</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Alderson_(judge)" title="Edward Alderson (judge)">Edward Hall Alderson</a>. The bill was rejected and a revised bill for a new alignment was submitted and passed in a subsequent session. The revised alignment presented the problem of crossing <a href="/wiki/Chat_Moss" title="Chat Moss">Chat Moss</a>, an apparently bottomless peat bog, which Stephenson overcame by unusual means, effectively floating the line across it.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method he used was similar to that used by <a href="/wiki/John_Metcalf_(civil_engineer)" title="John Metcalf (civil engineer)">John Metcalf</a> who constructed many miles of road across marshes in the Pennines, laying a foundation of heather and branches, which became bound together by the weight of the passing coaches, with a layer of stones on top. </p><p>As the L&MR approached completion in 1829, its directors arranged a competition to decide who would build its locomotives, and the <a href="/wiki/Rainhill_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainhill Trials">Rainhill Trials</a> were run in October 1829. Entries could weigh no more than six tons and had to travel along the track for a total distance of 60 miles (97 km). Stephenson's entry was <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i>, and its performance in winning the contest made it famous. George's son Robert had been working in South America from 1824 to 1827 and returned to run the Forth Street Works while George was in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> overseeing the construction of the line. Robert was responsible for the detailed design of <i>Rocket</i>, although he was in constant postal communication with his father, who made many suggestions. One significant innovation, suggested by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth" title="Henry Booth">Henry Booth</a>, treasurer of the L&MR, was the use of a <a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">fire-tube boiler</a>, invented by French engineer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Seguin" title="Marc Seguin">Marc Seguin</a> that gave improved heat exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway">opening ceremony of the L&MR</a>, on 15 September 1830, drew luminaries from the government and industry, including the Prime Minister, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>. The day started with a procession of eight trains setting out from Liverpool. The parade was led by <i><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_(locomotive)" title="Northumbrian (locomotive)">Northumbrian</a></i> driven by George Stephenson, and included <i>Phoenix</i> driven by his son Robert, <i>North Star</i> driven by his brother Robert and <i>Rocket</i> driven by assistant engineer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Locke" title="Joseph Locke">Joseph Locke</a>. The day was marred by the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a>, the Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool (UK Parliament constituency)">Liverpool</a>, who was struck by <i>Rocket</i>. Stephenson evacuated the injured Huskisson to <a href="/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a> with a train, but he died from his injuries. Despite the tragedy, the railway was a resounding success. Stephenson became famous, and was offered the position of chief engineer for a wide variety of other railways.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stephenson's_skew_arch_bridge"><span id="Stephenson.27s_skew_arch_bridge"></span>Stephenson's skew arch bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stephenson's skew arch bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephensonbridge1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stephensonbridge1.jpg/220px-Stephensonbridge1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stephensonbridge1.jpg/330px-Stephensonbridge1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Stephensonbridge1.jpg/440px-Stephensonbridge1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Stephenson's bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StephensonBridgeClose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/StephensonBridgeClose.jpg/220px-StephensonBridgeClose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/StephensonBridgeClose.jpg/330px-StephensonBridgeClose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/StephensonBridgeClose.jpg/440px-StephensonBridgeClose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>A close-up of the technique</figcaption></figure> <p>1830 also saw the grand opening of the <a href="/wiki/Skew_arch" title="Skew arch">skew bridge</a> in Rainhill over the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The bridge was the first to cross any railway at an angle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It required the structure to be constructed as two flat planes (overlapping in this case by 6 ft (1.8 m)) between which the stonework forms a parallelogram shape when viewed from above. It has the effect of flattening the arch and the solution is to lay the bricks forming the arch at an angle to the abutments (the piers on which the arches rest). The technique, which results in a spiral effect in the arch masonry, provides extra strength in the arch to compensate for the angled abutments.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bridge is still in use at <a href="/wiki/Rainhill_railway_station" title="Rainhill railway station">Rainhill station</a>, and carries traffic on the <a href="/wiki/A57_road" title="A57 road">A57</a> (Warrington Road). The bridge is a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed structure</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_at_Alton_Grange">Life at Alton Grange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Life at Alton Grange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_Stephenson" title="Special:EditPage/George Stephenson">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+Stephenson%22">"George Stephenson"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+Stephenson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+Stephenson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+Stephenson%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+Stephenson%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+Stephenson%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Stephenson%27s_House_at_Alton_Grange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/George_Stephenson%27s_House_at_Alton_Grange.jpg/220px-George_Stephenson%27s_House_at_Alton_Grange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/George_Stephenson%27s_House_at_Alton_Grange.jpg/330px-George_Stephenson%27s_House_at_Alton_Grange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/George_Stephenson%27s_House_at_Alton_Grange.jpg/440px-George_Stephenson%27s_House_at_Alton_Grange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Stephenson's House at Alton Grange</figcaption></figure> <p>George Stephenson moved to the parish of <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Leicestershire" title="Alton, Leicestershire">Alton</a> Grange (now part of Ravenstone) in Leicestershire in 1830, originally to consult on the <a href="/wiki/Leicester_and_Swannington_Railway" title="Leicester and Swannington Railway">Leicester and Swannington Railway</a>, a line primarily proposed to take coal from the western coal fields of the county to Leicester. The promoters of the line Mr <a href="/wiki/William_Stenson" title="William Stenson">William Stenson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(businessman)" title="John Ellis (businessman)">Mr John Ellis</a>, had difficulties in raising the necessary capital as the majority of local wealth had been invested in canals. Realising the potential and need for the rail link Stephenson himself invested £2,500 and raised the remaining capital through his network of connections in Liverpool. His son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert</a> was made chief engineer with the first part of the line opening in 1832. </p><p>During this same period the <a href="/wiki/Snibston" title="Snibston">Snibston</a> estate in Leicestershire came up for auction, it lay adjoining the proposed Swannington to Leicester route and was believed to contain valuable coal reserves. Stephenson realising the financial potential of the site, given its proximity to the proposed rail link and the fact that the manufacturing town of <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> was then being supplied coal by canal from Derbyshire, bought the estate. </p><p>Employing a previously used method of mining in the midlands called tubbing to access the deep coal seams, his success could not have been greater. Stephenson's coal mine delivered the first rail cars of coal into Leicester dramatically reducing the price of coal and saving the city some £40,000 per annum. </p><p>Stephenson remained at Alton Grange until 1838 before moving to <a href="/wiki/Tapton_House" title="Tapton House">Tapton House</a> in Derbyshire.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career">Later career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next ten years were the busiest of Stephenson's life as he was besieged with requests from railway promoters. Many of the first American railroad builders came to Newcastle to learn from Stephenson and the first dozen or so locomotives utilised there were purchased from the Stephenson shops. Stephenson's conservative views on the capabilities of locomotives meant he favoured circuitous routes and civil engineering that were more costly than his successors thought necessary. For example, rather than the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a> taking the direct route favoured by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Locke" title="Joseph Locke">Joseph Locke</a> over <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_and_Carlisle_Railway" title="Lancaster and Carlisle Railway">Shap</a> between <a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, Stephenson was in favour of a longer sea-level route via <a href="/wiki/Ulverston" title="Ulverston">Ulverston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitehaven" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a>. Locke's route was built. </p><p>Stephenson tended to be more casual in estimating costs and paperwork in general. He worked with Joseph Locke on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> with half of the line allocated to each man. Stephenson's estimates and organising ability proved inferior to those of Locke and the board's dissatisfaction led to Stephenson's resignation causing a rift between them which was never healed.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Stephenson's loss of some routes to competitors due to his caution, he was offered more work than he could cope with, and was unable to accept all that was offered. He worked on the <a href="/wiki/North_Midland_Railway" title="North Midland Railway">North Midland</a> line from <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/York_and_North_Midland_Railway" title="York and North Midland Railway">York and North Midland</a> line from Normanton to York, the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Leeds_Railway" title="Manchester and Leeds Railway">Manchester and Leeds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_and_Derby_Junction_Railway" title="Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway">Birmingham and Derby</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_and_Rotherham_Railway" title="Sheffield and Rotherham Railway">Sheffield and Rotherham</a> among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephenson became a reassuring name rather than a cutting-edge technical adviser.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Institution of Mechanical Engineers</a> on its formation in 1847. By this time he had settled into semi-retirement, supervising his mining interests in Derbyshire – tunnelling for the <a href="/wiki/North_Midland_Railway" title="North Midland Railway">North Midland Railway</a> revealed coal seams, and Stephenson put money into their exploitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George first courted Elizabeth (Betty) Hindmarsh, a farmer's daughter from Black Callerton, whom he met secretly in her orchard. Her father refused marriage because of Stephenson's lowly status as a miner.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George next paid attention to Anne Henderson where he lodged with her family, but she rejected him and he transferred his attentions to her sister Frances (Fanny), who was nine years his senior. George and Fanny married at <a href="/wiki/Newburn" title="Newburn">Newburn</a> Church on 28 November 1802. They had two children Robert (1803) and Fanny (1805) but the latter died within months. George's wife died, probably of tuberculosis, the year after. While George was working in Scotland, Robert was brought up by a succession of neighbours and then by George's unmarried sister Eleanor (Nelly), who lived with them in Killingworth on George's return. </p><p>On 29 March 1820, George (now considerably wealthier) married Betty Hindmarsh at Newburn. The marriage seems to have been happy, but there were no children and Betty died on 3 August 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 1848,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at St Chad's Church in <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, Shropshire,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George married for the third time, to Ellen Gregory, another farmer's daughter originally from <a href="/wiki/Bakewell" title="Bakewell">Bakewell</a> in Derbyshire, who had been his housekeeper. Seven months after his wedding, George contracted <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> and died, aged 67, at noon on Saturday 12 August 1848 at <a href="/wiki/Tapton_House" title="Tapton House">Tapton House</a> in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Chesterfield" title="Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield">Holy Trinity Church, Chesterfield</a>, alongside his second wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Described by Rolt as a generous man, Stephenson financially supported the wives and families of several who had died in his employment, due to accident or misadventure, some within his family, and some not. He was also a keen gardener throughout his life; during his last years at Tapton House, he built hothouses in the estate gardens, growing exotic fruits and vegetables in a 'not too friendly' rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paxton" title="Joseph Paxton">Joseph Paxton</a>, head gardener at nearby <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth House</a>, twice beating the master of the craft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descendants">Descendants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Stephenson had two children. His son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert</a> was born on 16 October 1803. Robert married Frances Sanderson, daughter of a City of London professional John Sanderson, on 17 June 1829. Robert died in 1859 having no children. Robert Stephenson expanded on the work of his father and became a major railway engineer himself. Abroad, Robert was involved in the Alexandria–Cairo railway that later connected with the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. George Stephenson's daughter was born in 1805 but died within weeks of her birth. Descendants of the wider Stephenson family continue to live in Wylam (Stephenson's birthplace) today. Also relatives connected by his marriage live in Derbyshire. Some descendants later emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Australia, and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, with later generations remaining to this day. </p><p>This Stephenson engineering family is not to be confused with the lighthouse-building engineering family of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(civil_engineer)" title="Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)">Robert Stevenson</a>, which was active in the same era. Note the spelling difference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lucas-George_Stephenson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/John_Lucas-George_Stephenson.jpg/220px-John_Lucas-George_Stephenson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/John_Lucas-George_Stephenson.jpg/330px-John_Lucas-George_Stephenson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/John_Lucas-George_Stephenson.jpg/440px-John_Lucas-George_Stephenson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Portrait of George Stephenson by painter <a href="/wiki/John_Lucas_(painter)" title="John Lucas (painter)">John Lucas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Britain led the world in the development of railways which acted as a stimulus for the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> by facilitating the transport of raw materials and manufactured goods. George Stephenson, with his work on the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, paved the way for the railway engineers who followed, such as his son Robert, his assistant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Locke" title="Joseph Locke">Joseph Locke</a> who carried out much work on his own account and <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>. Stephenson was farsighted in realising that the individual lines being built would eventually be joined, and would need to have the same gauge. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> used throughout much of the world is due to him. In 2002, Stephenson was named in the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s television show and list of the <i><a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a></i> following a UK-wide vote, placing at no. 65.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Victorian self-help advocate <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smiles" title="Samuel Smiles">Samuel Smiles</a> had published his first biography of George Stephenson in 1857, and although attacked as biased in the favour of George at the expense his rivals as well as his son, it was popular and 250,000 copies were sold by 1904. The <a href="/wiki/Band_of_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Band of Hope">Band of Hope</a> were selling biographies of George in 1859 at a penny a sheet, and at one point there was a suggestion to move George's body to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1975288–290_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1975288–290-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centenary of George's birth was celebrated in 1881 at <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace,_London" title="Crystal Palace, London">Crystal Palace</a> by 15,000 people,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1975295_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1975295-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was George who was featured on the reverse of the Series E <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">five pound note</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> between 1990 and 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Railway_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephenson Railway Museum">Stephenson Railway Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a> is named after George and Robert Stephenson.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Stephenson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315455.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_Stephenson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315455.jpg/220px-George_Stephenson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315455.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_Stephenson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315455.jpg/330px-George_Stephenson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315455.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_Stephenson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315455.jpg/440px-George_Stephenson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2315455.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Stephenson's statue in Chesterfield</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson%27s_Birthplace" title="George Stephenson's Birthplace">George Stephenson's Birthplace</a> is an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Historic_house_museum" title="Historic house museum">historic house museum</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Wylam" title="Wylam">Wylam</a>, and is operated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>. Dial Cottage at <a href="/wiki/West_Moor" class="mw-redirect" title="West Moor">West Moor</a>, his home from 1804, remains but the museum that once operated there has closed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesterfield Museum">Chesterfield Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire" title="Chesterfield, Derbyshire">Chesterfield</a>, Derbyshire, has a gallery of Stephenson memorabilia, including straight thick glass tubes he invented for growing straight <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a>. The museum is in the <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Memorial_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephenson Memorial Hall">Stephenson Memorial Hall</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not far from both Stephenson's final home at Tapton House and Holy Trinity Church within which is his vault. In Liverpool, where he lived at 34 Upper Parliament Street, a City of Liverpool Heritage Plaque is situated next to the front door. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_College,_Durham" title="Stephenson College, Durham">Stephenson College</a>, founded in 2001 on the <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Campus,_Durham_University" title="Queen's Campus, Durham University">Queen's Campus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a> (relocated to Durham in 2018), is named after him. Also named after him and his son is <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson_High_School" title="George Stephenson High School">George Stephenson High School</a> in Killingworth, Stephenson Memorial Primary School in <a href="/wiki/Howdon" title="Howdon">Howdon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Railway_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephenson Railway Museum">Stephenson Railway Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Locomotive_Society" title="Stephenson Locomotive Society">Stephenson Locomotive Society</a>, the Stephenson Centre, an SEBD Unit of Beaumont Hill School in Darlington, and the Stephenson Building, home of the school of engineering at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last home in Tapton, Chesterfield is now part of Chesterfield College and is called Tapton House Campus. </p><p>As a tribute to his life and works, a bronze statue of Stephenson was unveiled at <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_railway_station" title="Chesterfield railway station">Chesterfield railway station</a> (in the town where Stephenson spent the last ten years of his life) on 28 October 2005, marking the completion of improvements to the station. At the event a full-size working replica of the <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i> was on show, which then spent two days on public display at the Chesterfield Market Festival. A statue of him dressed in classical robes stands in Neville Street, Newcastle, facing the buildings that house the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Philosophical_Society_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne">Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England_Institute_of_Mining_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers">North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle railway station</a>. The statue was sculpted in 1862 by <a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Lough" title="John Graham Lough">John Graham Lough</a> and is listed Grade II.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1990 until 2003, Stephenson's portrait appeared on the reverse of Series E £5 <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">notes</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_note_issues" title="Bank of England note issues">Bank of England</a>. Stephenson's face is shown alongside an engraving of the <i>Rocket</i> steam engine and the <a href="/wiki/Skerne_Bridge" title="Skerne Bridge">Skerne Bridge</a> on the Stockton to Darlington Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-bankofengland_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bankofengland-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephenson's profile is carved in the facade of Lisbon's Victorian railway station. </p><p>North-western <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> has the street Via Giorgio Stephenson in his honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephenson was portrayed by actor <a href="/wiki/Gawn_Grainger" title="Gawn Grainger">Gawn Grainger</a> on television in the 1985 <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i> serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Rani" title="The Mark of the Rani">The Mark of the Rani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> short story "<a href="/wiki/A_Different_Flesh#The_Iron_Elephant" title="A Different Flesh">The Iron Elephant</a>" depicts a race between a newly invented steam engine and a mammoth-drawn train in 1782. A station master called George Stephenson features as a minor character alongside an American steam engineer called Richard Trevithick, likely indicating that they were analogous rather than historical characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Science and Technology">History of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson_and_Company" title="Robert Stephenson and Company">Robert Stephenson and Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Stephenson gauge' was initially of 4 feet 8 inches (1,420 mm) in the North East of England. For the higher speeds of the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>, this was expanded slightly to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 feet <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches (1,435 mm) between the rails whilst keeping the same spacing between the wheels, making it more free-running. It is unclear how much of this was George Stephenson's initiative and how much was his son Robert's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recent scholarship holds that Stephenson's <i>My Lord</i> of 1814 pre-dated <i>Blücher</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bailey,_Stephenson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey,_Stephenson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Stephenson">"George Stephenson | Biography, Locomotives, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Stephenson+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Locomotives%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGeorge-Stephenson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-35039893">"Plaque unveiled for 'Father of Railways' George Stephenson"</a>. BBC. 9 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>Engineer and inventor George Stephenson, regarded as the Father of Railways</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plaque+unveiled+for+%27Father+of+Railways%27+George+Stephenson&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leicestershire-35039893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odnb_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1984" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, M. W. (1984). "Stephenson, George (1781–1848)". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stephenson%2C+George+%281781%E2%80%931848%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiles1879" class="citation book cs1">Smiles, Samual (1879). <i>Lives of the Engineers: The Locomotive: George and Robert Stephenson</i>. Vol. 3. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miner%27s+lamp&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fengland.prm.ox.ac.uk%2Fenglishness-Miners-lamp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921134924/https://www.ice.org.uk/getattachment/c4025218-ae88-43ae-8dec-8d2be92cbe37/attachment.aspx">"Robert Stephenson, Engineer 1803–1859"</a>. <i>Northumbria Trail</i>. Institution of Civil Engineers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ice.org.uk/getattachment/c4025218-ae88-43ae-8dec-8d2be92cbe37/attachment.aspx">the original</a> on 21 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northumbria+Trail&rft.atitle=Robert+Stephenson%2C+Engineer+1803%E2%80%931859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ice.org.uk%2Fgetattachment%2Fc4025218-ae88-43ae-8dec-8d2be92cbe37%2Fattachment.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smiles,_Lives_of_the_Engineers,_Stephenson,_43_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Smiles1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smiles" title="Samuel Smiles">Samuel Smiles</a> (1862). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Richard+Trevithick+introduces+his+%22Puffing+Devil%22&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Frichard-trevithick-introduces-his-puffing-devil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricci_2012_n595-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricci_2012_n595_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicci2012" class="citation web cs1">Ricci, Tom (22 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/richard-trevithick">"Richard Trevithick"</a>. <i>American Society of Mechanical Engineers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.atitle=Richard+Trevithick&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asme.org%2Ftopics-resources%2Fcontent%2Frichard-trevithick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey,_Stephenson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey,_Stephenson_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2014" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Michael R. (2014). "The George Stephenson Types, 1820s". <i>Loco Motion</i>. The History Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9101-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9101-1"><bdi>978-0-7524-9101-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+George+Stephenson+Types%2C+1820s&rft.btitle=Loco+Motion&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-9101-1&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smiles (1857)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2003" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Paul (2003). "George Stephenson's 1819 Llansamlet locomotive". In Lewis, M.J.T. (ed.). <i>Early Railways 2: papers from the Second International Early Railways Conference</i>. London: Newcomen Society. pp. 165–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Stephenson%27s+1819+Llansamlet+locomotive&rft.btitle=Early+Railways+2%3A+papers+from+the+Second+International+Early+Railways+Conference&rft.place=London&rft.pages=165-76&rft.pub=Newcomen+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNock1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/O._S._Nock" title="O. S. Nock">Nock, Oswald</a> (1955). "Building the first main lines". <i>The Railway Engineers</i>. London: Batsford. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Building+the+first+main+lines&rft.btitle=The+Railway+Engineers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Nock&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Robin (2013). <i>The Rocket Men</i>. Mortons Media Group. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909128255" title="Special:BookSources/978-1909128255"><bdi>978-1909128255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+Men&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Mortons+Media+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1909128255&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EllisandMorse-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EllisandMorse_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisMorse2010" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Chris; Morse, Greg (2010). <i>Steaming through Britain</i>. London: Conway. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-121-7"><bdi>978-1-84486-121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steaming+through+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84486-121-7&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Morse%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmiles1857">Smiles 1857</a>, p. 404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainhillparish.org.uk/history/railway_history.html">"Railway History"</a>. <i>Rainhill Parish Council</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rainhill+Parish+Council&rft.atitle=Railway+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frainhillparish.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Frailway_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons,_JackBiddle,_Gordon1997" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). <i>The Oxford companion to British railway history</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211697-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211697-5"><bdi>0-19-211697-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+British+railway+history&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-211697-5&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Jack&rft.au=Biddle%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Life of George & Robert Stephenson by Samuel Smile 1857</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Smiles disputes this account, saying that Miss Hindmarsh's brother assured him that she didn't meet him before 1818 or 1819. See <i>Lives of the Engineers</i> 1862 vol 3. p116 (footnote).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Stephenson_G/stephensonGeorge8.asp">"Engineering Timelines – George Stephenson"</a>. <i>engineering-timelines.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engineering-timelines.com&rft.atitle=Engineering+Timelines+%E2%80%93+George+Stephenson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineering-timelines.com%2Fwho%2FStephenson_G%2FstephensonGeorge8.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Stephenson_G/stephensonGeorge8.asp">"Engineering Timelines – George Stephenson"</a>. <i>engineering-timelines.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engineering-timelines.com&rft.atitle=Engineering+Timelines+%E2%80%93+George+Stephenson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineering-timelines.com%2Fwho%2FStephenson_G%2FstephensonGeorge8.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Marriages". <i>Leicester Journal</i>. 21 January 1848. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leicester+Journal&rft.atitle=Marriages&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1848-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NJNG-FV3">"George Stephenson, 11 January 1848, St Chad, Shrewsbury, in <i>England Marriages, 1538-1973,</i> database"</a>. 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2024</span> – via FamilySearch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Stephenson%2C+11+January+1848%2C+St+Chad%2C+Shrewsbury%2C+in+England+Marriages%2C+1538-1973%2C+database&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3ANJNG-FV3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/aug/22/britishidentityandsociety.television">"The 100 greatest Britons: lots of pop, not so much circumstance"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 22 August 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+100+greatest+Britons%3A+lots+of+pop%2C+not+so+much+circumstance&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2002%2Faug%2F22%2Fbritishidentityandsociety.television&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/aug/22/britishidentityandsociety.television">"The 100 greatest Britons: lots of pop, not so much circumstance"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 22 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+100+greatest+Britons%3A+lots+of+pop%2C+not+so+much+circumstance&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2002%2Faug%2F22%2Fbritishidentityandsociety.television&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1975288–290-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1975288–290_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1975">Davies 1975</a>, pp. 288–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Robin2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Robin, ed. (2013). <i>The Rocket Men: George and Robert Stephenson</i>. Morton's Media. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909128-27-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909128-27-9"><bdi>978-1-909128-27-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocket+Men%3A+George+and+Robert+Stephenson&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Morton%27s+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-909128-27-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1975295-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1975295_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1975">Davies 1975</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110075747/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/withdrawn_notes.aspx">"Notes recently withdrawn from circulation"</a>. Bank of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/withdrawn_notes.aspx">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+recently+withdrawn+from+circulation&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2FPages%2Fabout%2Fwithdrawn_notes.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507011826/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/stephenson/about-us.html">"Join the railway revolution (about us)"</a>. Stephenson Railway Museum. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/stephenson/about-us.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Join+the+railway+revolution+%28about+us%29&rft.pub=Stephenson+Railway+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twmuseums.org.uk%2Fstephenson%2Fabout-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/222809">"NZ2770: Dial Cottage (George Stephenson's Cottage), Westmoor"</a>. <i>Geograph</i>. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geograph&rft.atitle=NZ2770%3A+Dial+Cottage+%28George+Stephenson%27s+Cottage%29%2C+Westmoor&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F222809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/pinzac55/7267455114/">https://www.flickr.com/photos/pinzac55/7267455114/</a> Flickr image taken inside Dial Cottage in 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/346754">"SK3871: Stephenson Memorial Hall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Geograph">Geograph</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SK3871%3A+Stephenson+Memorial+Hall&rft.pub=Geograph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.org.uk%2Fphoto%2F346754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/alumni/news/item/stephenson-building-redevelopment/">"New Stephenson Building gets ready to welcome students"</a>. <i>Newcastle University</i>. 8 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+University&rft.atitle=New+Stephenson+Building+gets+ready+to+welcome+students&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncl.ac.uk%2Falumni%2Fnews%2Fitem%2Fstephenson-building-redevelopment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northumbria.info/Pages/stephenson.html">"George Stephenson Monument"</a>. <i>northumbria.onfo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=northumbria.onfo&rft.atitle=George+Stephenson+Monument&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northumbria.info%2FPages%2Fstephenson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bankofengland-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bankofengland_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610131654/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/denom_guide/index.htm">"Withdrawn banknotes reference guide"</a>. Bank of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/denom_guide/index.htm">the original</a> on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Withdrawn+banknotes+reference+guide&rft.pub=Bank+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2Fdenom_guide%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/markrani/detail.shtml">"The Mark of the Rani"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mark+of+the+Rani&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdoctorwho%2Fclassic%2Fepisodeguide%2Fmarkrani%2Fdetail.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographical_works">Biographical works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biographical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiles1857" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smiles" title="Samuel Smiles">Smiles, Samuel</a> (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.4329"><i>The Life of George Stephenson</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+George+Stephenson&rft.place=London&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Smiles&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpli.kerala.rare.4329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Stephenson, George"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stephenson,_George">"Stephenson, George" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stephenson%2C+George&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=888&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolt1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._T._C._Rolt" title="L. T. C. Rolt">Rolt, L.T.C.</a> (1960). <i>George and Robert Stephenson: The Railway Revolution</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-007646-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-007646-2"><bdi>978-0-14-007646-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+and+Robert+Stephenson%3A+The+Railway+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-14-007646-2&rft.aulast=Rolt&rft.aufirst=L.T.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2004" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Hunter (2004). <i>George Stephenson: The Remarkable Life of the Founder of Railways</i>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3795-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3795-5"><bdi>978-0-7509-3795-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Stephenson%3A+The+Remarkable+Life+of+the+Founder+of+Railways&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3795-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2010" class="citation book cs1">Ross, David (2010). <i>George and Robert Stephenson: A Passion for Success</i>. Stroud: History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5277-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5277-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-5277-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+and+Robert+Stephenson%3A+A+Passion+for+Success&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5277-7&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Stephenson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Ruth Maxwell M.A. George Stephenson George Harrap & Company LTD., London, 1920. Heroes of All Time series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_Stephenson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060803123846/http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/stephensono.htm">Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/RAstephensonG.htm">Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209014015/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrailroad7.htm">Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/george-stephensons-birthplace">Stephenson's birthplace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writerinthenorth.blogspot.co.uk/2016/09/a-contemporarys-account-of-railway.html">Reproduction of 1853 biographical chapter by J R Leifchild</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Institution of Mechanical Engineers</a> </b><br />1847–1848 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Template:Institution of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Template talk:Institution of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Institution of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Institution of Mechanical Engineers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Student" title="Formula Student">Formula Student</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Journals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_A:_Journal_of_Power_and_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy">Part A: Journal of Power and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_B:_Journal_of_Engineering_Manufacture" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture">Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_C:_Journal_of_Mechanical_Engineering_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science">Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_D:_Journal_of_Automobile_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering">Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_E:_Journal_of_Process_Mechanical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering">Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_F:_Journal_of_Rail_and_Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit">Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_G:_Journal_of_Aerospace_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering">Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_H:_Journal_of_Engineering_in_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine">Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_I:_Journal_of_Systems_and_Control_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering">Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_J:_Journal_of_Engineering_Tribology" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology">Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_K:_Journal_of_Multi-body_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics">Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_L:_Journal_of_Materials:_Design_and_Applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications">Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_M:_Journal_of_Engineering_for_the_Maritime_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment">Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_N:_Journal_of_Nanoengineering_and_Nanosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanosystems">Part N: Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_O:_Journal_of_Risk_and_Reliability" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability">Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_P:_Journal_of_Sports_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology">Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Heritage_Awards" title="Engineering Heritage Awards">Engineering Heritage Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt_International_Gold_Medal" title="James Watt International Gold Medal">James Watt International Gold Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Beyer" title="Charles Beyer">Charles Beyer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Stephenson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Marine_Engineering,_Science_and_Technology" title="Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology">Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Railway_Signal_Engineers" title="Institution of Railway Signal Engineers">Institution of Railway Signal Engineers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-1830_steam_locomotives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_steam_locomotives" title="Template:Early steam locomotives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_steam_locomotives" title="Template talk:Early steam locomotives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_steam_locomotives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early steam locomotives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-1830_steam_locomotives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pre-1830 <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot#First_self-propelled_vehicle" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Cugnot's <i>fardier à vapeur</i></a> (1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch#Steam_powered_locomotion" title="William Murdoch">Murdoch's model steam carriage</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Puffing_Devil" title="Richard Trevithick"><i>Puffing Devil</i></a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Steam_Carriage" title="London Steam Carriage">London Steam Carriage</a> (1803)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#Coalbrookdale_Locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">The Coalbrookdale locomotive</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#"Pen-y-Darren"_locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">The Pen-y-Darren locomotive</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick#"Newcastle"_locomotive" title="Richard Trevithick">The Newcastle locomotive</a> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catch_Me_Who_Can" title="Catch Me Who Can">Catch Me Who Can</a></i> (1808)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(locomotive)" title="Salamanca (locomotive)">Salamanca</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puffing_Billy_(locomotive)" title="Puffing Billy (locomotive)">Puffing Billy</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steam_Horse_locomotive" title="Steam Horse locomotive">Steam Horse</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%BCcher_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blücher (locomotive)">Blücher</a></i> (1814)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wylam_Dilly" title="Wylam Dilly">Wylam Dilly</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steam_Elephant" title="Steam Elephant">Steam Elephant</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Killingworth_locomotives" title="Killingworth locomotives">Killingworth Billy</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Duke_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke (locomotive)">The Duke</a></i> (1817 or 1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_No._1" title="Locomotion No. 1">Locomotion No. 1</a></i> (1825)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Hackworth#The_Royal_George" title="Timothy Hackworth">The Royal George</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Witch" title="Lancashire Witch">Lancashire Witch</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twin_Sisters_(locomotive)" title="Twin Sisters (locomotive)">Twin Sisters</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(locomotive)" title="Agenoria (locomotive)">Agenoria</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stourbridge_Lion" title="Stourbridge Lion">Stourbridge Lion</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainhill_trials" title="Rainhill trials">1829 Rainhill Trials locomotives</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Novelty_(locomotive)" title="Novelty (locomotive)">Novelty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sans_Pareil" title="Sans Pareil">Sans Pareil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(Rainhill_Trials)" title="Perseverance (Rainhill Trials)">Perseverance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invicta_(locomotive)" title="Invicta (locomotive)">Invicta</a></i> (1829)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Hackworth" title="Timothy Hackworth">Timothy Hackworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hedley" title="William Hedley">William Hedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Matthew Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urpeth_Rastrick" title="John Urpeth Rastrick">John Urpeth Rastrick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_to_1830" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830">History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133614#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/92656552">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/7320/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw93QGxQ6TTprpkxGhPwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118753541">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50022436">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14446486b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14446486b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621513">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stephenson, George <1781-1848>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV308026">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35523229">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2004261155&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5290096">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p099509504">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90190140">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=234075">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201932891">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810541150805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463427305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614553206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14121323">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09235819?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/983598">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1002265">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118753541.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118753541">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/135663679">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w622366f">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/43200">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&oldid=1257389470">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Stephenson&oldid=1257389470</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Stephenson" title="Category:George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1781_births" title="Category:1781 births">1781 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1848_deaths" title="Category:1848 deaths">1848 deaths</a></li><li><a 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