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href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Escuela_Moderna_(1901–1907)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Escuela_Moderna_(1901–1907)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>The <i>Escuela Moderna</i> (1901–1907)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Escuela_Moderna_(1901–1907)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latin America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1940s–1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s–1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1940s–1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s–1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1970s–1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1990s–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Popular education</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3_popular" title="Educació popular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Educació popular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeoplysning" title="Folkeoplysning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkeoplysning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildung_von_unten" title="Bildung von unten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bildung von unten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n_popular" title="Educación popular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Educación popular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri_hezkuntza" title="Herri hezkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herri hezkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ducation_populaire" title="Éducation populaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éducation populaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="普通教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="普通教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeopplysning" title="Folkeopplysning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkeopplysning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_popular" title="Educação popular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Educação popular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding:0 0.2em 0.4em; font-size:150%; line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Critical_pedagogy" title="Critical pedagogy">Critical pedagogy</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-botom: #aaa 1px solid;"> Major works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Pedagogy_Primer" title="Critical Pedagogy Primer">Critical Pedagogy Primer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_Labour" title="Learning to Labour">Learning to Labour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schooling_and_the_Struggle_for_Public_Life" title="Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life">Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-botom: #aaa 1px solid;"> Theorists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paulo Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Giroux" title="Henry Giroux">Henry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McLaren" title="Peter McLaren">Peter McLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Darder" title="Antonia Darder">Antonia Darder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_L._Kincheloe" title="Joe L. Kincheloe">Joe Kincheloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_R._Steinberg" title="Shirley R. Steinberg">Shirley Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Willis" title="Paul Willis">Paul Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Shor" title="Ira Shor">Ira Shor</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-botom: #aaa 1px solid;"> Pedagogy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-oppressive_education" title="Anti-oppressive education">Anti-oppressive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_teaching" title="Abolitionist teaching">Abolitionist teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bias_curriculum" title="Anti-bias curriculum">Anti-bias curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipedagogy" title="Antipedagogy">Antipedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_education" title="Multicultural education">Multicultural education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_for_social_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching for social justice">Teaching for social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_education" title="Humanitarian education">Humanitarian education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sphere_pedagogy" title="Public sphere pedagogy">Public sphere pedagogy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Popular education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Feminist composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopedagogy" title="Ecopedagogy">Ecopedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_pedagogy" title="Queer pedagogy">Queer pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_literacy" title="Critical literacy">Critical literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_consciousness" title="Critical consciousness">Critical consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory_of_maker_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical theory of maker education">Critical theory of maker education</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-botom: #aaa 1px solid;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">Consciousness raising</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-botom: #aaa 1px solid;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructivism" title="Reconstructivism">Reconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_empathy" title="Ecological empathy">Ecological empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_consciousness" title="Political consciousness">Political consciousness</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critical_pedagogy" title="Template:Critical pedagogy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critical_pedagogy" title="Template talk:Critical pedagogy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critical_pedagogy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critical pedagogy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Popular education</b> is a concept grounded in notions of class, political struggle, <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformation</a>. The term is a translation from the Spanish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Educaci%C3%B3n_popular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educación popular (page does not exist)">educación popular</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/educaci%C3%B3n_popular" class="extiw" title="es:educación popular">es</a>]</span> or the Portuguese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_popular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educação popular (page does not exist)">educação popular</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_popular" class="extiw" title="pt:educação popular">pt</a>]</span>. The term 'popular' in this case means 'of the people'. More specifically 'popular' refers to the 'popular classes', which include <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, the unemployed, the working class and sometimes the lower middle class. The designation of 'popular' is meant most of all to exclude the upper class and upper middle class. </p><p>Popular education is used to classify a wide array of educational endeavours and has been a strong tradition in Latin America since the end of the first half of the 20th century. These endeavors are either composed of or carried out in the interests of the popular classes. The diversity of projects and endeavors claiming or receiving the label of popular education makes the term difficult to precisely define. Generally, one can say that popular education is class-based in nature and rejects the notion of education as transmission or 'banking education'. It stresses a <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dialogic" title="Dialogic">dialogical</a> model between educator and educand. This model is explored in great detail in the works of one of the foremost popular educators <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paulo Freire</a>. </p><p>Though sharing many similarities with other forms of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">alternative education</a>, popular education is a distinct form in its own right. In the words of Liam Kane: "What distinguishes popular education from '<a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Non-formal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-formal education">non-formal</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance</a>', or 'permanent education', for example, is that in the context of social injustice, education can never be politically neutral: if it does not side with the poorest and marginalised sectors- the 'oppressed' – in an attempt to transform society, then it necessarily sides with the 'oppressors' in maintaining the existing structures of oppression, even if by default."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular education began at the crossroads between politics and <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>, and strongly relies on the democratic ideal of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, which considered <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> as a main tool of individual and collective <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a>, and thus the necessary conditions of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, in accordance to <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Was_Ist_Aufkl%C3%A4rung%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Was Ist Aufklärung?">Was Ist Aufklärung?</a></i> (What is Enlightenment?), published five years before the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, during which the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet report</a> established public instruction in France. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Emile:_Or,_On_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Emile: Or, On Education">L'Emile: Or, On Education</a></i> (1762) was another obvious theoretical influence, as well as the works of <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a> (1783–1872), at the origins of the Nordic movement of <a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">folk high schools</a>. During the 19th century, popular education movements were involved, in particular in <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a> and Socialist movement. A main component of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' movement">workers' movement</a>, popular education was also strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a>, if not <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a>, ideas. </p><p>Popular education may be defined as an educational technique designed to raise the <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> of its participants and allow them to become more aware of how an individual's personal experiences are connected to larger societal problems. Participants are empowered to act to effect change on the problems that affect them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the roots of popular education was the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet report</a> during the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. These ideas became an important component of the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicanism (historical)">Republican</a> and Socialist movement. Following the split of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a> at the 1872 <a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a> between the "anti-authoritarian socialists" (anarchists) and the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxists</a>, popular education remained an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' movement">workers' movement</a>, in particular in the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalist">anarcho-syndicalist</a> movement, strong in <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a>. It was one of the important theme treated during the 1907 <a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French Second Empire">Second Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mac%C3%A9" title="Jean Macé">Jean Macé</a> founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Ligue_de_l%27enseignement" title="Ligue de l'enseignement">Ligue de l'enseignement</a></i> (Teaching League) in 1866; during the Lille Congress in 1885, Macé reaffirmed the <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">masonic</a> inspiration of this league devoted to popular instruction. Following the 1872 <a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a> and the split between Marxists and anarchists, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Pelloutier" title="Fernand Pelloutier">Fernand Pelloutier</a> set up in France various <i><a href="/wiki/Bourses_du_travail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourses du travail">Bourses du travail</a></i> centres, where workers gathered and discussed politics and sciences. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">Jules Ferry laws</a> in the 1880s, establishing free, laic (non-religious), mandatory and public education, were one of the founding stones of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> (1871–1940), set up in the aftermaths of the 1870 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>. </p><p>Furthermore, most of the teachers, who were throughout one of the main support of the Third Republic, so much that it has been called the <i>République des instituteurs</i> ("Republic of Teachers"), while the teachers themselves were called, because of their <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Republican anti-clericalism</a>, the <i>hussards noirs de la République</i>, supported <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a> against the conservatives during the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a>. One of its consequences was for them to set up free educational lectures of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> topics for adults in order to struggle against the spread of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, which was not limited to the far-right but also affected the workers' movement. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robin" title="Paul Robin">Paul Robin</a>'s work at the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vost_orphanage" title="Prévost orphanage">Prévost orphanage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cempuis" title="Cempuis">Cempuis</a> was the model for <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Francisco Ferrer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a> in Spain. Robin taught atheism and internationalism, and broke new ground with co-ed schooling, and teaching orphans with the same respect given to other children. He taught that the individual should develop in harmony with the world, on the physical, moral, and intellectual planes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Denmark, the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">folk high school</a></i> was pioneered in 1844 by <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a>. By 1870, Denmark had 50 of these institutions. The first in Sweden, <i>Folkhögskolan Hvilan,</i> was established in 1868 outside of Lund. </p><p>In 1882, liberal and socialist students at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> in Sweden founded the association <i>Verdandi</i> for popular education. Between 1888 and 1954 it published 531 educational booklets on various topics (<i>Verdandis småskrifter</i>). </p><p>Some Swedish proponents of <i>folkbildning</i> have adopted an anglicisation of <i>folkbuilding</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Swedish bibliography on popular education with 25,000 references to books and articles between 1850 and 1950 is integrated in the Libris catalog of the Royal Library.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular education continued to be an important field of socialist politics, reemerging in particular during the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> in 1936–38, while <i><a href="/wiki/Socialism#Self-managed_economy" title="Socialism">autogestion</a></i> (self-management), a main tenet of the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalist">anarcho-syndicalist</a> movement, became a popular slogan following the <a href="/wiki/May_%2768" class="mw-redirect" title="May '68">May '68</a> revolt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Red_Vienna" title="Red Vienna">Red Vienna</a> period (1919–34) the Viennese <a href="/wiki/Volkshochschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkshochschule">Volkshochschule</a> played an important role in providing popular education attracting significant levels of participation from both factory and office workers. They also attracted significant participation from prominent people associated with the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Zilsel" title="Edgar Zilsel">Edgar Zilsel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Waismann" title="Friedrich Waismann">Friedrich Waismann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Kraft">Viktor Kraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Escuela_Moderna_(1901–1907)"><span id="The_Escuela_Moderna_.281901.E2.80.931907.29"></span>The <i>Escuela Moderna</i> (1901–1907)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Escuela Moderna (1901–1907)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></i> (Modern School) was founded in 1901 in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> by free-thinker <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Ferrer_i_Gu%C3%A0rdia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia">Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia</a>, and became a leading inspiration of many various movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Fidler_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposed to the "dogmas of conventional education Ferrer set a system based on reason, science, and observation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" The school's stated goal was to "educate the working class in a rational, secular and non-coercive setting". In practice, high tuition fees restricted attendance at the school to wealthier middle class students. It was privately hoped that when the time was ripe for revolutionary action, these students would be motivated to lead the working classes. It closed in 1906. The <i>Escuela Moderna</i>, and Ferrer's ideas generally, formed the inspiration for a series of <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_School_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern School (United States)">Modern Schools</a></i> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Fidler_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidler-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, South America and London. The first of these was started in New York City in 1911. It also inspired the Italian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_popolare_(Italian_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Università popolare (Italian newspaper)">Università popolare</a></i>, founded in 1901. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France_2">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdc_universit%C3%A9_populaire_amlr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pdc_universit%C3%A9_populaire_amlr.png/300px-Pdc_universit%C3%A9_populaire_amlr.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pdc_universit%C3%A9_populaire_amlr.png/450px-Pdc_universit%C3%A9_populaire_amlr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pdc_universit%C3%A9_populaire_amlr.png/600px-Pdc_universit%C3%A9_populaire_amlr.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>List of lectures, Université populaire – town of <a href="/wiki/Villeurbanne" title="Villeurbanne">Villeurbanne</a> – 1936.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 presidential election</a> that brought to power the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> (PS)'s candidate, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, his Minister of Education, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Savary" title="Alain Savary">Alain Savary</a>, supported Jean Lévi's initiative to create a public high school, delivering the baccalauréat, but organized on the principles of <i><a href="/wiki/Socialism#Self-managed_economy" title="Socialism">autogestion</a></i> (or self-management): this high school took the name of <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_autog%C3%A9r%C3%A9_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="fr:Lycée autogéré de Paris">Lycée autogéré de Paris</a></i> (LAP).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LAP explicitly modelled itself after the Oslo Experimental High School, opened in 1967 in Norway, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a> Experimental High School, opened six months before the LAP, and the secondary school Vitruve (opened in 1962 in the <a href="/wiki/20th_arrondissement" class="mw-redirect" title="20th arrondissement">20th arrondissement</a> of Paris, still active).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Theoretical references include <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lestin_Freinet" title="Célestin Freinet">Célestin Freinet</a> and his comrades from the I.C.E.M., as well as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Fonvieille" class="extiw" title="fr:Raymond Fonvieille">Raymond Fonvieille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Oury" title="Fernand Oury">Fernand Oury</a>, and others theoreticians of "<a href="/wiki/Institutional_pedagogy" title="Institutional pedagogy">institutional pedagogy</a>", as well as those coming from the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_analysis" title="Institutional analysis">institutional analysis</a> movement, in particular <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lourau" title="René Lourau">René Lourau</a>, as well as members of the institutional psychotherapeutic movement, which were a main component in the 1970s of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatric_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-psychiatric movement">anti-psychiatric movement</a> (of which Félix Guattari was an important member). Since 2005, the LAP has maintained contact with self-managed firms, in the REPAS network (<i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_d%27%C3%A9changes_de_pratiques_alternatives_et_solidaires" class="extiw" title="fr:Réseau d'échanges de pratiques alternatives et solidaires">Réseau d'échanges de pratiques alternatives et solidaires</a></i>, Network of Exchange of Solidarity and Alternative Practices")<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>second generation</i> for such <i>folk high school</i> meant to educate the people and the masses spread in the society (mainly for workers) just before the <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">French Front populaire</a></i> experience, as a reaction among teachers and intellectuals following the <a href="/wiki/February_6,_1934_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="February 6, 1934 riots">February 6, 1934 riots</a> organized by <a href="/wiki/Far-right_leagues" title="Far-right leagues">far-right leagues</a>. Issues devoted to <i><a href="/wiki/Free-thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-thinking">free-thinking</a></i> such as <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> were thought and taught during that time, since the majority of attendants were <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarians</a> interested in politics. Hence, some received the name of <i>Université prolétarienne</i> (Proletarian University) instead of <i>Université populaire</i> (Popular University)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in some cities around the country. The <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy regime</a> put an end to such projects during World War II. The second generation continued in the post-war period, yet topical lectures turned to be more practical and focused on daily life matters. Nowadays, the largest remnant is located in the <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a> <i>départements</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">World War II</a>, popular teaching attempts were initiated mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">anarchist movement</a>. Already in 1943, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffre_Dumazedier" class="extiw" title="fr:Joffre Dumazedier">Joffre Dumazedier</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Cac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="extiw" title="fr:Benigno Cacérès">Benigno Cacérès</a>, Paul Lengrand, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rovan" title="Joseph Rovan">Joseph Rovan</a> and others founded the <i>Peuple et Culture</i> (People and Culture) network, aimed at democratization of culture. Joffre Dumazedier conceptualized, at the Liberation, the concept of "cultural development" to oppose the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>", thus foreshadowing the current <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Maitron" title="Jean Maitron">Jean Maitron</a>, for example, was director of the Apremont school in <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> from 1950 to 1955. </p><p>Such popular educations were also a major feature of <a href="/wiki/May_%2768" class="mw-redirect" title="May '68">May '68</a> and of the following <i>decenie</i>, leading in particular to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_VIII:_Vincennes%E2%80%94Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris VIII: Vincennes—Saint-Denis">University of Paris VIII: Vincennes—Saint-Denis</a> in Paris, in 1969. The Vincennes University (now located in Saint-Denis) was first an "Experimental University Center," with an interest in reshaping relations between students and teachers (so-called "<i><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarins</a></i>", in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_era_of_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial era of Chinese history">bureaucrats of Imperial China</a>, for their authority and classic, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>) as well as between the university itself and society. Thus, Vincennes was largely opened to those who did not have their <i><a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat</a></i> diploma, as well as to foreigners. Its courses were focused on <a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a>, cinema, theater, <a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">urbanism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Famous intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> and others held seminars there, in full classrooms where no seats could be found. The assistance was very heterogeneous. For instance, musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pinhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pinhas">Richard Pinhas</a> assisted at Deleuze's courses, and after having written <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> (1972) with <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a>, Deleuze used to say that non-specialists had best understood their work. Furthermore, Vincennes had no <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatres</a>, representatives of the <i>mandarin</i> teacher facing and dominating several hundred students silently taking notes. It also enforced a strict <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a> between professors and teaching assistants. The student revolt continued throughout the 1970s in both Vincennes and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_X:_Nanterre" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris X: Nanterre">University of Paris X: Nanterre</a>, created in 1964. In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Education (France)">Minister of Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Saunier-Seit%C3%A9" title="Alice Saunier-Seité">Alice Saunier-Seité</a> imposed the transfer of Vincennes' University to Saint-Denis. Although education was normalized in the 1980s, during the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a> era, in both Saint-Denis and Vincennes, these universities have retained a less traditional outlook than the classic <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_I:_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris I: Panthéon-Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a>, where courses tend to be more conservative and sociological composition more middle-upper class. </p><p>Another attempt in popular education, specifically targeted towards the question of philosophy (France being one of the rare country where this discipline is taught in <i>terminale</i>, the last year of high school which culminate in the <i>baccalauréat</i> degree) was the creation, in 1983, of the open university named <i><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_international_de_philosophie" title="Collège international de philosophie">Collège international de philosophie</a></i> (International Philosophy College, or Ciph), by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="François Châtelet">François Châtelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Faye" title="Jean-Pierre Faye">Jean-Pierre Faye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lecourt" title="Dominique Lecourt">Dominique Lecourt</a>, in an attempt to re-think the teaching of philosophy in France, and to liberate it from any institutional authority (most of all from the university). As the ancient <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></i></span>, created by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, it is free and open to everyone. The Ciph was first directed by Derrida, then by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe</a>, and has had as teaching members <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mohamed_Barkat" title="Sidi Mohamed Barkat">Sidi Mohamed Barkat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bennington" title="Geoffrey Bennington">Geoffrey Bennington</a>, François Châtelet, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gil_(philosopher)" title="José Gil (philosopher)">José Gil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_LeCour_Grandmaison" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier LeCour Grandmaison">Olivier LeCour Grandmaison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a>, and others. The Ciph is still active. </p><p>In 2002 philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a> initiated <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_populaire_de_Caen" title="Université populaire de Caen">Université populaire de Caen</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his hometown and starting a long seminar dealing with <i>hedonistic philosophy</i> from ancient times to <a href="/wiki/May_1968_protests_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 protests in France">May'68 events in French society</a>, for at least ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His very topical subject in this seminar keeps going with a <i>free-thinking</i> spirit, since people are invited on the whole to rethink the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a> to eliminate any Christian influence. Despite the same name of <i>Université populaire</i>, it is not linked to the European federation of associations inherited from the second generation. In 2004, Onfray expanded the experience<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to other cities such as Arras, Lyon, Narbonne, Avignon, and Mons (in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>); each with various lectures and teachers joining his idea. The <i>Universités populaires</i> in <a href="/wiki/Argentan" title="Argentan">Argentan</a> is meant to deliver a culture of culinary <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastes</a> to nonworking people, through lectures and practises of famous chefs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular education is most commonly understood as an approach to education that emerged in Latin America during the 1930s. Closely linked with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>. Best known amongst popular educators is the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paulo Freire</a>. Freire, and consequently the popular education movement in Latin America, draws heavily upon the work of <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>. One of the features of popular education in Latin America has been <a href="/wiki/Participatory_action_research" title="Participatory action research">participatory action research</a> (PAR). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s–1960s"><span id="1940s.E2.80.931960s"></span>1940s–1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1940s–1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s–1980s"><span id="1970s.E2.80.931980s"></span>1970s–1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1970s–1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s–present"><span id="1990s.E2.80.93present"></span>1990s–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1990s–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_colonies">Portuguese colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Portuguese colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglophone_colonies">Anglophone colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anglophone colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Anne Hope and Sally Timmel were Christian development workers and educators who used popular education in their work in East Africa. They documented their work between 1973 and 1984 in four handbooks designed to aid practitioners titled "Training for Transformation." </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States and Canada popular education influenced <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> education and <a href="/wiki/Critical_pedagogy" title="Critical pedagogy">critical pedagogy</a>, though there are differences. At the same time, however, there are examples of popular education in the U.S. and Canada that grew up alongside and independently of popular education in Latin America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholar and community-worker <a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Highlander_Folk_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlander Folk School">Highlander Folk School</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Research and Education Center</a>) and his work in Tennessee can be classified as popular education. Horton's studies at <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_in_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York">Union Theological Seminary</a> in New York under <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> in the 1920s parallels the emergence of liberation theology in Latin America and both are heavily influenced by socialism and a focus on the practical relationships between Christianity and everyday life. Niebuhr, however, was a staunch anti-communist while liberation theology has a much closer relationship to the work of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Additionally, popular education has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-grant universities">land-grant universities</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_extension_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative extension service">cooperative extension programs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Red scare">red scare</a> were used to challenge and in some cases close labor schools and other institutions during the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, as anticommunists attacked such schools for including communists. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Highlander_Folk_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlander Folk School">Highlander Folk School</a>, for example, played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> providing a space for leaders to consult and plan. And the methods of popular education continue to live on in radical education and community organizing circles, even though U.S. labor unions have largely abandoned the kind of labor education that more directly tied workplace organizing and collective bargaining to class struggle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Popular_education" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Popular education">Popular education</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_literacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult literacy">Adult literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_education" title="Community education">Community education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_education" title="Experiential education">Experiential education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-based_education" title="Place-based education">Place-based education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge_Forum" title="Rouge Forum">Rouge Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_classrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive classrooms">inclusive classrooms</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKane2001" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Liam (2001). <i>Popular Education and Social Change in Latin America</i>. Nottingham, UK: Russell Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899365-52-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-899365-52-4"><bdi>1-899365-52-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Education+and+Social+Change+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Nottingham%2C+UK&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Russell+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-899365-52-4&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Liam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hektor, S (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icti.org.uk/journal/vol4_2005/hektor.pdf">"A 'Folkbildning' Approach in Media Training"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323233516/http://www.icti.org.uk/journal/vol4_2005/hektor.pdf">Archived</a> March 23, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Journal of the International Communication Training Institute</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/form_extended.jsp?q=db%3asfbb&f=sfbb">SFbB</a>, Svensk folkbildningsbibliografi (1850–1950).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorak1991" class="citation book cs1">Dvorak, Johann (1991). "Otto Neurath and Adult Education: Unity of Science, Materialism and Comprehensive Enlightenment". In Uebel, Thomas (ed.). <i>Rediscovering the Forgotten Vienna Circle: Austrian Studies on Otto Neurath and the Vienna Circle</i>. Dordrecht: Kulwer Academic Publishers. pp. 265–274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otto+Neurath+and+Adult+Education%3A+Unity+of+Science%2C+Materialism+and+Comprehensive+Enlightenment&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+the+Forgotten+Vienna+Circle%3A+Austrian+Studies+on+Otto+Neurath+and+the+Vienna+Circle&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=265-274&rft.pub=Kulwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fidler-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fidler_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fidler_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey C. Fidler, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/368893">The Escuela Moderna Movement of Francisco Ferrer: "Por la Verdad y la Justicia"</a></i> in <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Education_Quarterly" title="History of Education Quarterly">History of Education Quarterly</a></i>, vol.25, issue 1/2, Spring-Summer 1985, pages 103–132 <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Avrich, Paul (2006). <i>The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States</i>. Edinburgh, UK: AK Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904859-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-904859-09-7"><bdi>1-904859-09-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+School+Movement%3A+Anarchism+and+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-904859-09-7&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325113026/http://www.l-a-p.org/">"Lycée Autogéré de Paris - L'autogestion comme solution"</a>. <i>www.l-a-p.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.l-a-p.org//">the original</a> on March 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.l-a-p.org&rft.atitle=Lyc%C3%A9e+Autog%C3%A9r%C3%A9+de+Paris+-+L%27autogestion+comme+solution.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.l-a-p.org%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrepas2013" class="citation web cs1">repas (January 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reseaurepas.free.fr/dotclear/index.php?post/2013/01/30/Pr%C3%A9sentation-du-R%C3%A9seau-REPAS">"Présentation du Réseau REPAS"</a>. <i>www.reseaurepas.free.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reseaurepas.free.fr&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9sentation+du+R%C3%A9seau+REPAS&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.au=repas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reseaurepas.free.fr%2Fdotclear%2Findex.php%3Fpost%2F2013%2F01%2F30%2FPr%25C3%25A9sentation-du-R%25C3%25A9seau-REPAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ducation_populaire" class="extiw" title="fr:Éducation populaire">Fr: Education populaire</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Treitschke, H. (1915). Germany, France, Russia, & Islam. London, Jarrold.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_populaire_de_Caen" class="extiw" title="fr:Université populaire de Caen">French WP article: Université populaire de Caen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A recorded compilation of his lectures on CD became a hit in France, about 200 000 copies sold: <i>Contre-histoire de la philosophie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pagesperso-orange.fr/michel.onfray/programme_up_Michel_Onfray.htm">Synopsis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He also published [a book]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as a <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> to describe his hopes about it: <i>La communauté philosophique</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first lecture at Argentan was delivered by the main chef of Crillon motel; Onfray commented on radio he liked to enable such extravagant encounters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopeTimmel1984" class="citation book cs1">Hope, Anne; Timmel, Sally (1984). <i>Training for transformation : a handbook for community workers</i>. Gweru: Mambo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86922-256-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86922-256-2"><bdi>0-86922-256-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13329206">13329206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Training+for+transformation+%3A+a+handbook+for+community+workers&rft.place=Gweru&rft.pub=Mambo+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13329206&rft.isbn=0-86922-256-2&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Timmel%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+education" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_education&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popednews.org/">The Popular Education News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423012457/http://www.trapese.org/">Trapese, popular education collective</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalystcentre.ca/">Catalyst Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312133303/http://www.folkbildning.se/Folkbildning/Oversattningar/English-translations/">Swedish Council of Adult Education</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Popular education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_empowerment" title="Youth empowerment">Youth empowerment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li>Popular education</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Youth_empowerment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Youth_empowerment" title="Template:Youth empowerment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Youth_empowerment" title="Template talk:Youth empowerment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Youth_empowerment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Youth empowerment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Youth_empowerment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Youth_empowerment" title="Youth empowerment">Youth empowerment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolving_capacities" title="Evolving capacities">Evolving capacities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">Future generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_the_nest" title="Leaving the nest">Leaving the nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_voice" title="Student voice">Student voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth-adult_partnership" title="Youth-adult partnership">Youth-adult partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_mainstreaming" title="Youth mainstreaming">Youth mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_voice" title="Youth voice">Youth voice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_youth_development" title="Community youth development">Community youth development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Popular education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Positive youth development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">Student activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights_in_higher_education" title="Student rights in higher education">Student rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_court" title="Teen court">Teen court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_council" title="Youth council">Youth council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_engagement" title="Youth engagement">Youth engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_leadership" title="Youth leadership">Youth leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth-led_media" title="Youth-led media">Youth-led media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_participation" title="Youth participation">Youth participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_philanthropy" title="Youth philanthropy">Youth philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">Youth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_service" title="Youth service">Youth service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_vote_in_the_United_States" title="Youth vote in the United States">Youth vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_work" title="Youth work">Youth work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Barriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultcentrism" title="Adultcentrism">Adultcentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_age_restrictions" title="List of age restrictions">Age restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Ageism</a></li> <li><a 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