CINXE.COM
Othmer Library | Science History Institute
<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1386108375",accountID:"4129561",trustKey:"66686",xpid:"UAcFWFNVCRABV1JVAQIFUFQJ",licenseKey:"NRJS-9c426d5fb4d71d674e0",applicationID:"1337632608"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.275.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.275.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);const T=new Map;function A(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[x.Jt]||t[r];return T.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>T.get(c))),i}function E(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const S={};var N=r(9417),O=r(5603),_=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let j=!1;function P(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:T,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();T||(x=L.init,T=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,O.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),T.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(T.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,T);const H=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[T.beacon,T.errorBeacon];j||(H.proxy.assets&&(I(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",_.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");S[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{S[e]=t}));var T="api-",E=T+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(T,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),A(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(T,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(T,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(T,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(E+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(E,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(E,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(T,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!S[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),j=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.275.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.275.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-NvU3eQ7o5326npq3PdmyQFPyLLZ8dzJ2BG6+iqztQtUJe3LUirTbILWdA3lulN387X5fmO+nMjQ+LJRbkEPLVA==",249:"sha512-R/f355fvvfTK6aJgvL0I8Qhud5dLX6qQ7Zp5T6jXvMAyn8gP34jRy3hYQLS8EORUfSog20ecrDt9jLqfiNHbMQ==",212:"sha512-TFSNY6YbI0MLCIwHL77tq3s4Lpj2qr0N+8089sEUUOEdvqMeEJAchudmqpGRb5sfw6nx9uHsypk2HT16ipv7kg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.275.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.275.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProRegular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBlack.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="stylesheet" href=https://use.typekit.net/idj5zfy.css> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.1 (Yoast SEO v23.9) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Othmer Library | Science History Institute</title> <meta name="description" content="The Donald F. and Mildred Topp Othmer Library of Chemical History encompasses the history of chemistry and related sciences, technologies, and industries." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Othmer Library" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Donald F. and Mildred Topp Othmer Library of Chemical History encompasses the history of chemistry and related sciences, technologies, and industries." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Science History Institute" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/SciHistoryOrg/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-11T17:50:32+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/library_stacks_hand-1.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2500" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1667" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Othmer Library" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Donald F. and Mildred Topp Othmer Library of Chemical History encompasses the history of chemistry and related sciences, technologies, and industries." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/library_stacks_hand-1.jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@scihistoryorg" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/","url":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/","name":"Othmer Library | Science History Institute","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/library_stacks_hand-1.jpeg","datePublished":"2016-06-01T00:36:01+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-11T17:50:32+00:00","description":"The Donald F. and Mildred Topp Othmer Library of Chemical History encompasses the history of chemistry and related sciences, technologies, and industries.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/library_stacks_hand-1.jpeg","contentUrl":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/library_stacks_hand-1.jpeg","width":2500,"height":1667,"caption":"hand reaching for a book on a library shelf"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research","item":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Othmer Library"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#website","url":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/","name":"Science History Institute","description":"Museum & Library","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#organization","name":"Science History Institute","url":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png","contentUrl":"https://sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png","width":575,"height":122,"caption":"Science History Institute"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/SciHistoryOrg/","https://x.com/scihistoryorg","https://www.instagram.com/scihistoryorg/","https://www.youtube.com/c/ScienceHistoryInstitute"]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sbi_styles-css' href='https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/instagram-feed/css/sbi-styles.min.css?ver=6.4.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,161;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px;--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color)}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='shi-front-styles-css' href='https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/front.css?ver=1733906186' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/230" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fresearch%2Fothmer-library%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fresearch%2Fothmer-library%2F&format=xml" /> <style id="shi-critical-css">@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProRegular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProRegular.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProMedium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProMedium.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:500;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProSemiBold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProSemiBold.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:600;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBold.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBlack.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBlack.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:900;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SurveyorDisplay";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SurveyorDisplayBookPro.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SurveyorDisplayBookPro.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-216x216.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-216x216.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-300x300.png" /> <script src="https://sky.blackbaudcdn.net/static/og-web-loader/1/main.js" data-envid="p-6pNqlz8NI0Ksx08Vmq2_qg"></script> <!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for Science History Institute WordPress --> <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:3715479,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GTM-NZH2H4Z"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'GTM-NZH2H4Z'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Facebook Pixel Code --> <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '679260358891598'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <!-- End Facebook Pixel Code --> <!-- Microsoft UET Tag --> <script>( function( w, d, t, r, u ) { var f, n, i; w[ u ] = w[ u ] || [], f = function() { var o = { ti: '187019167', enableAutoSpaTracking: true }; o.q = w[ u ], w[ u ] = new UET( o ), w[ u ].push( 'pageLoad' ) }, n = d.createElement( t ), n.src = r, n.async = 1, n.onload = n.onreadystatechange = function() { var s = this.readyState; s && s !== 'loaded' && s !== 'complete' || ( f(), n.onload = n.onreadystatechange = null ) }, i = d.getElementsByTagName( t )[ 0 ], i.parentNode.insertBefore( n, i ) } )( window, document, 'script', '//bat.bing.com/bat.js', 'uetq' );</script> <!-- End Microsoft UET Tag --> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-230 page-parent page-child parent-pageid-219 wp-embed-responsive"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NZH2H4Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=679260358891598&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/> </noscript> <div class="main-wrapper"> <div class="shi-sticky-container noprint shi-sticky-container_active"> <div class="shi-top-bar"> <div class="shi-top-bar__container"> <div class="shi-top-bar-nav shi-top-bar-nav_desktop "> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about" target="_self"> About </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine" target="_self"> Magazine </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories#podcasts" target="_self"> Podcasts </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/events" target="_self"> Events </a> </div> <div class="shi-top-bar__hours"> <span class="shi-top-bar__bold"><a href="/visit/hours-admission" style="text-decoration: none">Museum Hours</a>:</span><span class="shi-top-bar__regular">Wednesday–Saturday, 10AM–5PM</span> </div> </div> </div> <header class="header js-header"> <div class="wrapper header__wrapper"> <div class="header__inner flex jcspb"> <div class="header__logo relative"> <a class="custom-logo-link img-middle shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/" rel="home"> <div class="shi-custom-logo shi-custom-logo_mobile"> <img width="575" height="122" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png" class="img-autosize custom-logo" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png 575w, https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo-300x64.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px" /> </div> <div class="shi-custom-logo shi-custom-logo_desktop"> <img width="575" height="122" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png" class="img-autosize custom-logo" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png 575w, https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo-300x64.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="header__right-side"> <div class="header__menu-container"> <button class="header__nav-sandwich js-header-sandwich-btn"><span>X</span></button> <nav class="header__nav flex fwrap"> <button class="header__nav-close js-shi-nav-close"> <svg width="19" height="18" viewBox="0 0 19 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1 1L18.0022 17.1909M18.0022 1L1 17.1909" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <ul id="menu-header" class="flex fwrap"><li id="menu-item-19029" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19029"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/">Visit<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-20090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20090"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/hours-admission/">Hours & Admission</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19156"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/exhibitions">Exhibitions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19155"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/events">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20099" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20099"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/conferences-symposia/">Conferences & Symposia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20094" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20094"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/group-school-tours/">Group & School Tours</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20092" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20092"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/getting-here/">Getting Here</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20091" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20091"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20093" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20093"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/health-safety/">Health & Safety</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19260"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/collections/">Collections<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-20299" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20299"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org">Digital Collections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20345" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20345"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/collections/about-our-collections/">About Our Collections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20291" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20291"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/collections/search-our-collections/">Search Our Collections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-24243" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-24243"><a href="/collections/blog">Collections Blog</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19032" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19032"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/">Stories<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-19157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19157"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine">Distillations Magazine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19159"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/distillations-pod">Distillations Podcast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19160"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/disappearing-pod">The Disappearing Spoon Podcast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20448"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/stories-by-topic/">Stories by Topic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19261" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19261"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/">Research<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-20916" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-230 current_page_item menu-item-20916"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/" aria-current="page">Othmer Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21324" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21324"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/schedule-a-visit/">Schedule a Library Visit</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21140" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-21140"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/">Online Catalog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21178"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/rights-and-reproductions/">Rights & Reproductions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21194" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21194"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/research-centers/">Research Centers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34482" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-34482"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/fellowships/">Fellowships</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19044" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19044"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/">Education<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-21282" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21282"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/tours-trainings/">Tours & Trainings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21281" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21281"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/classroom-activities/">Classroom Activities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21280" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21280"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/educational-resources/">Educational Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-23850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-23850"><a href="/education/scientific-biographies">Scientific Biographies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page shi-item-bordered menu-item-19061"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/support/">Support</a></li> </ul><div class="shi-top-bar-nav shi-top-bar-nav_mobile"> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about" target="_self"> About </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine" target="_self"> Magazine </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories#podcasts" target="_self"> Podcasts </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/events" target="_self"> Events </a> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="shi-search-menu header__search-container js-shi-search-menu"> <button type="button" class="shi-search-menu__button js-shi-search-button shi-hover"> <svg class="shi-search-menu__button-open header__search-button-open" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <circle cx="12.1075" cy="12.567" r="7.06108" transform="rotate(44.7501 12.1075 12.567)" fill="white" stroke="black" stroke-width="3"/> <path d="M25.4834 25.8272L18.1875 18.5946" stroke="black" stroke-width="3"/> </svg> <svg class="shi-search-menu__button-close header__search-button-close" width="19" height="18" viewBox="0 0 19 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1 1L18.0022 17.1909M18.0022 1L1 17.1909" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <div class="shi-search-menu__form header__search-form"> <button type="button" class="shi-search-menu__close header__search-close js-shi-search-close"> <svg width="19" height="18" viewBox="0 0 19 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1 1L18.0022 17.1909M18.0022 1L1 17.1909" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <form class="js-shi-header-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://www.sciencehistory.org/" > <div class="shi-search-menu__group"> <input type="text" placeholder="Enter keywords" value="" name="s" class="shi-search-menu__input js-shi-header-search-input" /> <input type="submit" value="Search" class="shi-search-menu__submit shi-hover" /> </div> <div class="shi-search-menu__checkboxes"> <div class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-container"> <span class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-title">SCIENCEHISTORY.ORG</span> <div class="shi-el-checkbox shi-search-menu__checkbox"> <input type="radio" name="domain" value="" checked class="shi-el-checkbox__input js-shi-header-search-checkbox" id="shi-search-checkbox-1"> <label class="shi-el-checkbox__label" for="shi-search-checkbox-1"> <span class="shi-el-checkbox__handler">X</span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-container"> <span class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-title">LIBRARY CATALOG</span> <div class="shi-el-checkbox shi-search-menu__checkbox"> <input type="radio" name="domain" value="othmerlib" class="shi-el-checkbox__input js-shi-header-search-checkbox" id="shi-search-checkbox-2"> <label class="shi-el-checkbox__label" for="shi-search-checkbox-2"> <span class="shi-el-checkbox__handler">X</span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-container"> <span class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-title">DIGITAL COLLECTIONS</span> <div class="shi-el-checkbox shi-search-menu__checkbox"> <input type="radio" name="domain" value="digital" class="shi-el-checkbox__input js-shi-header-search-checkbox" id="shi-search-checkbox-3"> <label class="shi-el-checkbox__label" for="shi-search-checkbox-3"> <span class="shi-el-checkbox__handler">X</span> </label> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div class="shi-breadcrumbs noprint"> <ul class="shi-breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="shi-breadcrumbs__list-item"> <a class="shi-breadcrumbs__link shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/">Research</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-content"> <main class="main"> <div class="shi-text-format"><div class="shi-core-group-block" style="margin-bottom:35px;"> <div class="wp-block-group alignwide"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h1 class="wp-block-heading">Othmer Library</h1> </div> </div></div> <div class="shi-core-group-block" style="margin-bottom:35px;"> <div class="wp-block-group alignwide"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="shi-simple-hero base-font-el shi-wide-inner-paddings shi-wp-block " style="background-image: url(https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/library_stacks_hand-scaled-e1683227899545-1920x755.jpeg)"> <div class="shi-simple-hero__container"> <div class="shi-simple-hero__content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="shi-core-group-block" style="margin-bottom:35px;"> <div class="wp-block-group alignwide"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <p>The Donald F. and Mildred Topp Othmer Library of Chemical History is an independent research library encompassing the history of chemistry and related sciences, technologies, and industries. Our library houses more than 150,000 print volumes, including rare books and manuscripts, archival materials, modern books and journals, and historical photographs. These <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/collections/about-our-collections" data-type="page" data-id="20300">extensive collections</a> span nearly six miles of shelves and offer an unrivaled resource for researchers.</p> <p>The Othmer Library is a proud member of the <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/press/science-history-institute-joins-irla" data-type="press" data-id="5862">Independent Research Libraries Association</a>, a prestigious consortium designated for libraries with internationally significant collections and programs.</p> <p></p> </div> </div></div> <div class="shi-grid shi-wide-inner-paddings shi-wp-block " style="background-color: #d4ece8; color: #000000"> <div class="shi-grid__container"> <div class="shi-grid__items"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/schedule-a-visit" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/fellows_library_2022-415x257.jpeg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="people in a library" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Schedule a Library Visit</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>The Othmer Library is open to researchers by appointment only Monday–Friday, 10am–4pm.</p> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/ask-reference-question" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/library_info_desk-e1681213430199-415x257.jpeg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Ask a Reference Question</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>Our librarians and archivists are happy to provide research assistance and reference services.</p> </div> </a> <a href="/research/othmer-library/travel-grant-application" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="600" height="358" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/exterior_crop2-scaled.jpg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Apply for a Travel Grant</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>Researchers who live more than 75 miles from the Institute may be eligible for one of our travel grants.</p> </div> </a> <a href="https://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/" target="_blank" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/fellows_library_laptop_crop-415x257.jpeg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Online Catalog</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>Search Midon, our online catalog, to access information about our library’s holdings.</p> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/library-services#copies" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CHF-Acquisitions-Night-2014-106-415x257.jpg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Copy Requests</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>The Othmer Library provides photocopy and document delivery services.</p> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/rights-and-reproductions" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Pinkney_Studio_Shots25278-e1683290487238-415x257.jpeg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="employee using camera equipment" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Rights & Reproductions</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>Digital reproductions of items from our collections are available by request.</p> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/library-services#reading-room" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/oloch_library-415x257.jpeg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="Book cart decorated as a woolly mammoth" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Reading Room Policies</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>Our mascot, Oloch, has a few simple procedures for researchers to follow in the Jacobs Reading Room.</p> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/bolton-society" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="600" height="371" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/PSM_V43_D594_Henry_Carrington_Bolton-600x371.jpg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Bolton Society</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>Named for renowned bibliophile Henry Bolton, members support activities in our library and are encouraged to donate books.</p> </div> </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/library-services#staff" class="shi-grid__item"> <div class="shi-grid__media"> <img decoding="async" width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/library_staff_info_desk-415x257.jpeg" class="shi-grid__img" alt="librarian handing a book to a visitor" /> </div> <h3 class="shi-grid__subtitle"style="color:#000000">Library Staff</h3><div class="shi-grid__desc"><p>Contact members of the Othmer Library staff.</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main><!-- /.main --> </div><!-- /.site-content --> <div class="shi-subscribe noprint "> <div class="shi-subscribe__container"> <label class="shi-subscribe__title" for="test">Get the stories of science delivered right to your inbox.</label> <div class="shi-subscribe__form"> <div class="shi-subscribe__field"> <div class="wpcf7 no-js" id="wpcf7-f19046-o1" lang="en-US" dir="ltr"> <div class="screen-reader-response"><p role="status" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true"></p> <ul></ul></div> <form action="/research/othmer-library/#wpcf7-f19046-o1" method="post" class="wpcf7-form init wpcf7-subscribe" aria-label="Contact form" novalidate="novalidate" data-status="init"> <div style="display: none;"> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7" value="19046" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_version" value="5.9.8" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_locale" value="en_US" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_unit_tag" value="wpcf7-f19046-o1" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_container_post" value="0" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_posted_data_hash" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_recaptcha_response" value="" /> </div> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap" data-name="your-email"><input size="40" maxlength="400" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-email" id="test" autocomplete="email" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder="Enter your email address" value="" type="email" name="your-email" /></span><button class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner" value="Submit">></button><div class="wpcf7-response-output" aria-hidden="true"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer noprint"> <div class="wrapper footer__wrapper"> <div class="footer__inner footer__inner_top flex fwrap jcspb aifs"> <div class="footer__logo"> <a class="custom-logo-link img-middle shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/" rel="home"> <img width="335" height="195" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-footer-logo.png" class="img-autosize custom-logo" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-footer-logo.png 335w, https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-footer-logo-300x175.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px" /> </a> <div class="footer__address"> <p>315 Chestnut Street<br /> Philadelphia, PA 19106<br /> 215.925.2222<br /> info@sciencehistory.org</p> </div> </div> <div class="footer__column"> <nav class="footer__nav"> <ul id="menu-footer" class="flex fdc"><li id="menu-item-19111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19111"><a href="/about">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19113"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/leadership/">Leadership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19110"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/staff-fellows/">Staff & Fellows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21314" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21314"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/projects-initiatives/">Projects & Initiatives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19131" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19131"><a href="/about/awards-program">Awards Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-news menu-item-19114"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-press menu-item-19115"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/press/">Pressroom</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19132"><a href="/about/join-our-team">Careers</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="footer__column"> <nav class="footer__nav"> <ul id="menu-footer-2" class="flex fdc"><li id="menu-item-19116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19116"><a href="/visit/hours-admission">MUSEUM HOURS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19123" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19123"><a>Wednesday: 10am-5pm</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19124" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19124"><a>Thursday: 10am-5pm</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19125" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19125"><a>Friday: 10am-5pm</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19126" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19126"><a>Saturday: 10am-5pm</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19127"><a>Sunday: Closed</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19128" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19128"><a>Monday: Closed</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19129"><a>Tuesday: Closed</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="footer__column"> <nav class="footer__nav"> <ul id="menu-footer-3" class="flex fdc"><li id="menu-item-19117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19117"><a href="/exhibitions">See an Exhibition</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19118"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/schedule-a-visit/">Schedule a Library Visit</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19133" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19133"><a href="/conference-center">Host An Event</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19120" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19120"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19119"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/support/">Support Us</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="shi-social"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/scihistoryorg/" class="shi-social__link" target="_blank"> <img width="19" height="19" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/instagram-icon.svg" class="shi-social__icon" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </a> <a href="https://facebook.com/scihistoryorg" class="shi-social__link" target="_blank"> <img width="2084" height="2084" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Facebook_Logo_Secondary.png" class="shi-social__icon" alt="Facebook logo" loading="lazy" /> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/scihistoryorg" class="shi-social__link" target="_blank"> <img width="500" height="511" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo-white.png" class="shi-social__icon" alt="X logo" loading="lazy" /> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ScienceHistoryInstitute" class="shi-social__link" target="_blank"> <img width="71" height="50" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/YouTube_light_icon.svg" class="shi-social__icon" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__inner footer__inner_bottom flex"> <span class="footer__copyright">© 2024 Science History Institute</span> <ul id="menu-footer-copyright" class="flex fwrap"><li id="menu-item-19135" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19135"><a>Registered 501(c)(3)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19136" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19136"><a>EIN: 22-2817365</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19121" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-19121"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19134" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19134"><a href="/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19122" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19122"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer><!-- /.footer --> </div><!-- /.main-wrapper --> <!-- Instagram Feed JS --> <script type="text/javascript"> var sbiajaxurl = "https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; </script> <div class="shi-modal shi-modal--left" data-modal="shi-republish-post"> <div class="shi-modal__close js-modal-close"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"> <path d="m24 21-9-9 9-9-3-3-9 9-9-9-3 3 9 9-9 9 3 3 9-9 9 9z"/> </svg> </div> <div class="shi-modal__body"> <h2 class="shi-modal__title">Republish</h2> <div class="shi-modal__content"> <label> <button class="js-copy-text" title="Copy Text">Copy Text</button> <textarea class="js-copy-target" readonly="readonly" rows="12"></textarea> </label> </div> <div class="shi-modal__content text-block-format"><p><span style="font-weight: 400">Copy the above HTML to republish this content. We have formatted the material to follow our guidelines, which include our credit requirements. Please review our <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/republication-guidelines">full list of guidelines</a> for more information. By republishing this content, you agree to our republication requirements.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-modal-overlay" id="overlay-modal"></div> <div class="shi-simple-modal js-shi-simple-modal"> <div class="shi-simple-modal__container js-shi-simple-modal-container"> <button class="shi-simple-modal__close shi-hover js-shi-simple-modal-close"> <svg width="17" height="15" viewBox="0 0 17 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.32861 0.837669L15.4396 14.2753M15.4396 0.837669L1.32861 14.2753" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <div class="shi-simple-modal__image js-shi-simple-modal-image"></div> <div class="shi-simple-modal__caption js-shi-simple-modal-caption"></div> </div> </div> <style id='wp-block-heading-inline-css' type='text/css'> h1.has-background,h2.has-background,h3.has-background,h4.has-background,h5.has-background,h6.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}h1.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h1.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h2.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h2.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h3.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h3.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h4.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h4.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h5.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h5.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h6.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h6.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]){rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='wp-block-group-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-group{box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-group.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained){position:relative} </style> <style id='wp-block-group-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'> :where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='shi-simple-hero-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .shi-simple-hero_iframe{margin-bottom:1.35em}.shi-simple-hero:not(.shi-simple-hero_iframe).shi-wp-block{aspect-ratio:1920/755}.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;position:relative;padding:2.4em 4em 0}.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;max-width:1280px;margin:0 auto}.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__title{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-weight:700;font-size:5.25em;line-height:1em;text-transform:uppercase}.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__title--white{color:#fff}.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__iframe{flex:0 0 auto;border-radius:.5em;background-color:#fff;height:444px;position:relative;bottom:-1.35em;width:634px;margin-right:2.6em;overflow:hidden;padding:1.4em .6em 0;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;display:flex;align-self:flex-end}.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__iframe iframe{width:100%;height:100%}@media screen and (max-width: 1199px){.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__container{flex-wrap:wrap}}@media screen and (max-width: 991px){.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block{padding-left:1.6875em;padding-right:1.6875em}.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__iframe{width:100%;margin-right:0}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__title{font-size:2.5em}}@media (max-width: 630px){.shi-simple-hero_iframe.shi-wp-block{min-height:18em;background-position:center 0;background-size:100% auto}.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__container{min-height:auto}}@media screen and (max-width: 630px){.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__iframe{height:520px}}@media screen and (max-width: 410px){.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__iframe{height:590px}}@media screen and (max-width: 340px){.shi-simple-hero.shi-wp-block .shi-simple-hero__iframe{height:645px}} </style> <style id='wp-block-paragraph-inline-css' type='text/css'> .is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='shi-posts-cards-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .shi-grid.shi-wp-block{color:#fff;overflow:hidden;position:relative;padding:2.75em 4em 0;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-color:#f8f8f8}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__container{max-width:1280px;margin:0 auto;position:relative;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;flex-direction:column}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__title{font-size:1.9em;line-height:116%;font-weight:900;width:100%;max-width:22.3157894737em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8157894737em}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__description{font-size:1em;line-height:130% !important;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:2.5em}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__description p{margin-bottom:0}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__items{width:calc(100% + .9em);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 -0.45em}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__item{width:33.33333%;min-height:5em;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;padding:0 .45em;margin-bottom:2.75em;text-decoration:none}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__item--editor{cursor:pointer}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__item:hover .shi-grid__img{transform:scale(1.1)}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__media{width:100%;aspect-ratio:415/257;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__img{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;display:block;width:100%;height:100% !important;opacity:1;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;transition:transform .3s}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__meta,.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__subtitle{line-height:104%;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:0;width:100%}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__meta{font-size:.9em;margin-top:.8333333333em}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__subtitle{font-size:1.3em;margin-top:.625em}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__desc{font-size:1em;line-height:130%;margin-top:1em;width:100%}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__desc p{margin-bottom:0}@media screen and (max-width: 991px){.shi-grid.shi-wp-block{padding:1.75em 1.6875em 0}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__title{font-size:1.75em}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__description{font-size:1em}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__items{width:100%;flex-direction:column;margin:0}.shi-grid.shi-wp-block .shi-grid__item{width:100%;padding:0}} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="shi-front-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var shi_ajax = {"url":"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"2e8c84e48b","is_mobile":"","post_id":"230","copied":"Copied!"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/front.js?ver=1733906186" id="shi-front-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="shi-front-delayed-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var shi_ajax_delayed = {"url":"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"2e8c84e48b"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/front-delayed.js?ver=1733906186" id="shi-front-delayed-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6Ld861YoAAAAAEAvksk1RgHBsRB6ko2wV1uL4UAj&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = {"sitekey":"6Ld861YoAAAAAEAvksk1RgHBsRB6ko2wV1uL4UAj","actions":{"homepage":"homepage","contactform":"contactform"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/blocks/simple-hero/script.js?ver=31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c" id="shi-simple-hero-view-script-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/blocks/posts-cards/script.js?ver=31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c" id="shi-posts-cards-view-script-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-9c426d5fb4d71d674e0","applicationID":"1337632608","transactionName":"MQFbNkpWXBUABUJaWAhLeAFMXl0IThZXVFI=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":262,"atts":"HUZYQAJMTxs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>