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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedlej%C5%A1%C3%AD_%C3%BA%C4%8Dinek" title="Vedlejší účinek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vedlejší účinek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_secundario_(medicina)" title="Efecto secundario (medicina) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto secundario (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albo_ondorio_(medikuntza)" title="Albo ondorio (medikuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albo ondorio (medikuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="اثرات جانبی دارو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثرات جانبی دارو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_secondaire_(m%C3%A9decine)" title="Effet secondaire (médecine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effet secondaire (médecine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="부작용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կողմնակի ազդեցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կողմնակի ազդեցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efek_samping" title="Efek samping – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efek samping" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_collaterale" title="Effetto collaterale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto collaterale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tes%C3%AEra_rexnak" title="Tesîra rexnak – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tesîra rexnak" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakuspar%C4%81d%C4%ABba" title="Blakusparādība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Blakusparādība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="പാർശ്വഫലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാർശ്വഫലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijwerking" title="Bijwerking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bijwerking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="副作用 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="副作用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skutek_uboczny_(medycyna)" title="Skutek uboczny (medycyna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skutek uboczny (medycyna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_colateral" title="Efeito colateral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito colateral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraindikacija" title="Kontraindikacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kontraindikacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontraindikacija" title="Kontraindikacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kontraindikacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivuvaikutus" title="Sivuvaikutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sivuvaikutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_etki" title="Yan etki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yan etki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Побічна дія (медицина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Побічна дія (медицина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1c_d%E1%BB%A5ng_ph%E1%BB%A5" title="Tác dụng phụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tác dụng phụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Outcome that is secondary to the one intended</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about side effects in the context of medicine. For side effects in the context of computer science, see <a href="/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)" title="Side effect (computer science)">Side effect (computer science)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Side_effect_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Side effect (disambiguation)">Side effect (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, a <b>side effect</b> is an effect of the use of a medicinal <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a> or other treatment, usually <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse</a> but sometimes beneficial, that is unintended. Herbal and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicines</a> also have side effects. </p><p>A drug or procedure usually used for a specific effect may be used specifically because of a beneficial side-effect; this is termed "<a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label use</a>" until such use is approved.<sup id="cite_ref-due_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-due-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> have long been used as <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">an imaging technique</a>; the discovery of their oncolytic capability led to their use in <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a> for ablation of <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignant</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumour">tumours</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency_of_side_effects">Frequency of side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Frequency of side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_effects_of_nicotine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Side_effects_of_nicotine.png/330px-Side_effects_of_nicotine.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Side_effects_of_nicotine.png/495px-Side_effects_of_nicotine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Side_effects_of_nicotine.png/660px-Side_effects_of_nicotine.png 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>Possible side effects of <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schraufnage2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schraufnage2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and other health organisations characterise the probability of experiencing side effects as:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Very common, ≥ <sup>1</sup><b>⁄</b><sub>10</sub></li> <li>Common (frequent), <sup>1</sup><b>⁄</b><sub>10</sub> to <sup>1</sup><b>⁄</b><sub>100</sub></li> <li>Uncommon (infrequent), <sup>1</sup><b>⁄</b><sub>100</sub> to <sup>1</sup><b>⁄</b><sub>1000</sub></li> <li>Rare, <sup>1</sup><b>⁄</b><sub>1000</sub> to <sup>1</sup><b>⁄</b><sub>10000</sub></li> <li>Very rare, < <sup>1</sup><b>⁄</b><sub>10000</sub></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> recommends that the list should contain only effects where there is "at least a reasonable possibility" that they are caused by the drug and the frequency "should represent crude incidence rates (and not differences or relative risks calculated against placebo or other comparator)".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequency describes how often symptoms appear <i>after</i> taking the drug, without assuming that they were necessarily <i>caused by</i> the drug. Both healthcare providers<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lay people<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> misinterpret the frequency of side effects as describing the increase in frequency caused by the drug. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_therapeutic_side_effects">Examples of therapeutic side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples of therapeutic side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">Serendipity</a></div> <p>Most drugs and procedures have a multitude of reported adverse side effects; the information leaflets provided with virtually all drugs list possible side effects. Beneficial side effects are less common; some examples, in many cases of side-effects that ultimately gained regulatory approval as intended effects, are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">Bevacizumab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avastin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avastin">Avastin</a>), used to slow the growth of blood vessels, has been used against dry age-related <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Macular_edema" title="Macular edema">macular edema</a> from diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">diabetic retinopathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein_occlusion" title="Central retinal vein occlusion">central retinal vein occlusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine#Antidepressant_features" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> has been shown experimentally (1982–1995) to be effective against severe, refractory depression.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a> (Wellbutrin), an <a href="/wiki/Anti-depressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-depressant">anti-depressant</a>, also helps smoking cessation; this indication was later approved, and the name of the drug as sold for smoking cessation is Zyban. Bupropion branded as Zyban may be sold at a higher price than as Wellbutrin, so some physicians prescribe Wellbutrin for smoking cessation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a> is an approved treatment for <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">epileptic seizures</a>, but it has side effects useful in treating <a href="/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">phantom limb</a> syndrome, <a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_extreme_pain_disorder" title="Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder">paroxysmal extreme pain disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuromyotonia" title="Neuromyotonia">neuromyotonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">betamethasone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Premature_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature labor">premature labor</a>, to enhance pulmonary maturation of the fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-wing_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a> has been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Angiodema" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiodema">angioedema</a> and severe allergic reactions due to its strong <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a>, approved for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postherpetic_neuralgia" title="Postherpetic neuralgia">postherpetic neuralgia</a> in adults, has side effects which are useful in treating bipolar disorder, <a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">essential tremor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_flashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot flashes">hot flashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> prophylaxis, <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a> syndromes, phantom limb syndrome, and <a href="/wiki/Restless_leg_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Restless leg syndrome">restless leg syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a>, an antihistamine, is also used as an <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a> in obstetrics for <a href="/wiki/Premature_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature labor">premature labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">preeclampsia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wing_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a> (MTX), approved for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">choriocarcinoma</a>, is frequently used for the medical treatment of an unruptured <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRI</a> medication <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a> is approved as an antidepressant but delays <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">sexual climax</a> in men, and can be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">premature ejaculation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">Sildenafil</a> was originally intended for <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>; subsequently, it was discovered that it also produces <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erections</a>, for which it was later approved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">Terazosin</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic antagonist</a> approved to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate) and hypertension, is (one of several drugs) used off-label to treat drug induced <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">diaphoresis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperhidrosis" title="Hyperhidrosis">hyperhidrosis</a> (excessive sweating).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a>, a drug sold <a href="/wiki/Over_the_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over the counter">over the counter</a> from 1957 to 1961 as a <a href="/wiki/Tranquiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquiliser">tranquiliser</a> and treatment for <a href="/wiki/Morning_sickness" title="Morning sickness">morning sickness</a> of pregnancy, became notorious for causing tens of thousands of babies to be <a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">born without limbs</a> and with other conditions, or <a href="/wiki/Stillborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillborn">stillborn</a>. The drug, though still <a href="/wiki/List_of_thalidomide_side_effects" title="List of thalidomide side effects">subject to other adverse side-effects</a>, is now used to treat <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disorder">skin disorders</a>, and is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_List_of_Essential_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO22nd_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO22nd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a> (ADR), a harmful unintended result caused by taking medication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_drug_intoxication" title="Combined drug intoxication">Combined drug intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative management">Conservative management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">Drug-drug interaction</a> (DDI), an alteration of the action of a drug caused by the administration of other drugs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_reaction" title="Paradoxical reaction">Paradoxical reaction</a>, an effect of a substance opposite to what would usually be expected</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</a>, the use of genetic information to determine which type of drugs will work best for a patient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">Unintended consequences</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-due-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-due_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDue2023" class="citation journal cs1">Due A (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+model+list+of+essential+medicines%3A+22nd+list&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F345533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASide+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Side_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/index-eng.php">"MedEffect Canada"</a>. <i>Health 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