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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Sylvester</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Stylvester_bust_by_Chantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Stylvester_bust_by_Chantry.jpg/220px-Charles_Stylvester_bust_by_Chantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Stylvester_bust_by_Chantry.jpg/330px-Charles_Stylvester_bust_by_Chantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Stylvester_bust_by_Chantry.jpg/440px-Charles_Stylvester_bust_by_Chantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1940" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bust in Derby Museum by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Chantrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Chantrey">Francis Chantrey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1774</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1828</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Chemist, Inventor</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Sylvester</b> (1774–1828) was a chemist and inventor born in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. He worked on <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanization</a>, public building heating and sanitation, and railroad friction amongst other things. A book, <i>Industrial Man: The Life and Works of Charles Sylvester</i> by Ian Inkster, Ph.D., of Nottingham University, and Maureen S. Bryson, B.S., published in 1999 is a comprehensive work covering his life, his extended family and pedigree, and his published works; including <i>Poems on Various Subjects</i>, 1797; <i>The Epitome of Galvanism</i>, 1804; <i>Appendix of the Elementary Treatise on Chemistry</i>, 1809; <i>Philosophy of Domestic Economy</i>, 1819; <i>On a Method of expressing Chemical Compounds by Algebraic Characters</i>, 1821; <i>On the Motions produced by the Difference in the Specific Gravity of Bodies</i>, 1822; <i>Report on Rail-roads and Locomotive Engines</i>, 1825; and <i>On the best method of Warming and Ventilating Houses and other Buildings</i>, 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sylvester&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sylvester was christened 10 July 1774, in Sheffield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He was the son of Joseph Sylvester and Sarah Mills who had been married in nearby Rotherham on 5 March 1767. It was thought for a time that Charles Sylvester was part of the Sylvester family from Norton, Derbyshire. His links to the Sylvesters in Sheffield and Rotherham have been well documented. He married Sarah Dixon 13 August 1798, in Sheffield, three months before the birth of their son John. Sarah had two more boys and three girls, but John was the only boy to survive to adulthood. Additional information on these children can be found here. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WC_design_Charles_Sylvester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WC_design_Charles_Sylvester.jpg/170px-WC_design_Charles_Sylvester.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WC_design_Charles_Sylvester.jpg/255px-WC_design_Charles_Sylvester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WC_design_Charles_Sylvester.jpg/340px-WC_design_Charles_Sylvester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Toilet design</figcaption></figure> <p>Sylvester experimented with coating iron and steel with zinc. The method patented by Sylvester and two others involved building a battery (<a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cell</a>) from the items that one wanted to plate with zinc, and then leaving the construction in seawater.<sup id="cite_ref-zam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1807, Sylvester moved to Derby where he worked with <a href="/wiki/William_Strutt_(inventor)" title="William Strutt (inventor)">William Strutt</a> who was building Derby's Royal Infirmary. Sylvester was instrumental in documenting a novel heating system for the new hospital. He published his ideas in <i>The Philosophy of Domestic Economy; as exemplified in the mode of Warming, Ventilating, Washing, Drying, & Cooking, . . . in the Derbyshire General Infirmary</i> in 1819. </p><p>The book is dedicated to Strutt, and Sylvester is careful to assign many of the inventions to Strutt, and to note that the heating designs installed in the new infirmary had already been tried on Strutt and his friends' houses. Sylvester documented the new ways of heating hospitals that were included in the design, and the healthier features such as self-cleaning and air-refreshing toilets.<sup id="cite_ref-sylvester_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylvester-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toilets had a carefully designed door that would exchange the air for fresh as each user exited. The same door action also washed the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-sylvester_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylvester-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvester_stove_cutaway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sylvester_stove_cutaway.JPG/170px-Sylvester_stove_cutaway.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sylvester_stove_cutaway.JPG/255px-Sylvester_stove_cutaway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sylvester_stove_cutaway.JPG/340px-Sylvester_stove_cutaway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Warm air stove</figcaption></figure> <p>Sylvester described the infirmary's features including its fireproof construction, laundry and novel heating that allowed the patients to breathe fresh heated air whilst old air was channeled up to a glass and iron dome at the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-elliott_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliott-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvester described the advances that Strutt had made and this was successful in three ways. Sylvester was able to take the new ideas for heating and apply them in numerous other building projects.<sup id="cite_ref-sylvester_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylvester-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Derby Infirmary was seen as a leader in European architecture and architects and visiting royalty were brought to see its features. Strutt was proposed to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> by five distinguished proposers who included <a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elliott_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliott-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sylvester with Strutt was a member of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Derby_Philosophical_Society" title="Derby Philosophical Society">Derby Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mhbacuk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhbacuk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylvester was commissioned by the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a> to advise them on the subject of the railroad and he wrote a <i>Report on rail-roads and locomotive engines</i>. Sylvester included a comparison between canals and railways. He observed that greater power will deliver more speed on a railroad, but on the canal the power required to increase speed varies by the square of the velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-sylv2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylv2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sylvester&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Sylvester" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Sylvester">Charles Sylvester</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInksterBryson1999" class="citation book cs1">Inkster, Ian, Ph.D.; Bryson, Maureen S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/367406-redirection"><i>Industrial Man: The Life and Works of Charles Sylvester</i></a>. Las Vegas, Nevada, USA: Jackpot Graphics. pp. 1–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9664088-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9664088-2-9"><bdi>0-9664088-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Man%3A+The+Life+and+Works+of+Charles+Sylvester&rft.place=Las+Vegas%2C+Nevada%2C+USA&rft.pages=1-288&rft.pub=Jackpot+Graphics&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9664088-2-9&rft.aulast=Inkster&rft.aufirst=Ian%2C+Ph.D.&rft.au=Bryson%2C+Maureen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2Frecords%2Fitem%2F367406-redirection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sylvester" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zam-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zam_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamenzadeh" class="citation web cs1">Zamenzadeh, Dr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plant-maintenance.com/articles/galvanized_steel_failure_analysis.pdf">"Some Failure Analysis Case Histories in Galvanized Steel Products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Failure+Analysis+Case+Histories+in+Galvanized+Steel+Products&rft.aulast=Zamenzadeh&rft.aufirst=Dr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plant-maintenance.com%2Farticles%2Fgalvanized_steel_failure_analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sylvester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sylvester-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sylvester_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylvester_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylvester_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester1819" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester, C. (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9joAAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Philosophy of Domestic Economy</i></a>. Nottingham: Barnett. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14828595">14828595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Domestic+Economy&rft.place=Nottingham&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Barnett&rft.date=1819&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14828595&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9joAAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sylvester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elliott-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elliott_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elliott_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2000" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044459">"The Derbyshire General Infirmary and the Derby Philosophers: The Application of Industrial Architecture and Technology to Medical Institutions in Early-Nineteenth-Century England"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 65–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300068745">10.1017/S0025727300068745</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044459">1044459</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11877984">11877984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+Derbyshire+General+Infirmary+and+the+Derby+Philosophers%3A+The+Application+of+Industrial+Architecture+and+Technology+to+Medical+Institutions+in+Early-Nineteenth-Century+England&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-92&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1044459%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11877984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025727300068745&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1044459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sylvester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mhbacuk-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mhbacuk_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturges" class="citation web cs1">Sturges, R. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316044358/http://www.midlandhistory.bham.ac.uk/issues/1978/sturgerp.pdf">"The membership of Derby Philosophical Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Midland history</i>. Birminghan University. pp. 215–223. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midlandhistory.bham.ac.uk/issues/1978/sturgerp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Midland+history&rft.atitle=The+membership+of+Derby+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=215-223&rft.aulast=Sturges&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midlandhistory.bham.ac.uk%2Fissues%2F1978%2Fsturgerp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sylvester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sylv2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sylv2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester1825" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester, C. (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportonrailroa00sylvgoog"><i>Report on rail-roads and locomotive engines</i></a>. T. Kaye, and sold by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportonrailroa00sylvgoog/page/n43">39</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+rail-roads+and+locomotive+engines&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=T.+Kaye%2C+and+sold+by+Baldwin%2C+Cradock%2C+and+Joy&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportonrailroa00sylvgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Sylvester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Derby_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Derby_Museum" title="Template:Derby Museum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Derby_Museum" title="Template talk:Derby Museum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Derby_Museum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Derby Museum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Derby_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Derby_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Derby Museum and Art Gallery">Derby Museum and Art Gallery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey" title="Francis Leggatt Chantrey">Francis Leggatt Chantrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ellis_Clark" title="Ernest Ellis Clark">Ernest Ellis Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._J._Coffee" title="W. J. Coffee">W. J. Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_Sketching_Club" title="Derby Sketching Club">Derby Sketching Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Fidler" title="Harry Fidler">Harry Fidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Gresley" title="Harold Gresley">Harold Gresley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Holtzendorff" title="Georg Holtzendorff">Count Holtzendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hurleston" title="Richard Hurleston">Richard Hurleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Keene" title="Alfred John Keene">Alfred John Keene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lark_Pratt" title="Henry Lark Pratt">Henry Lark Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Payne_(artist)" title="David Payne (artist)">David Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pope" title="Ronald Pope">Ronald Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rayner" title="Samuel Rayner">Samuel Rayner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Rayner" title="Louise Rayner">Louise Rayner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(Derby)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Smith (Derby)">Thomas Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tate_(painter)" title="William Tate (painter)">William Tate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Townsend" title="Ernest Townsend">Ernest Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Turner_(artist)" title="George Turner (artist)">George Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby" title="Joseph Wright of Derby">Joseph Wright of Derby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashford_Black_Marble" title="Ashford Black Marble">Ashford Black Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farey,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Farey, Sr.">John Farey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Martin_(naturalist)" title="William Martin (naturalist)">William Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlockite" title="Matlockite">Matlockite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mawe" title="John Mawe">John Mawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Watson" title="White Watson">White Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitehurst" title="John Whitehurst">John Whitehurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorative arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Prince_Charlie_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Prince Charlie Room">Bonnie Prince Charlie Room</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9th/12th_Royal_Lancers" title="9th/12th Royal Lancers">9th/12th Royal Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goate" title="William Goate">William Goate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kells" title="Robert Kells">Robert Kells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Octavius_Grenfell" title="Francis Octavius Grenfell">Francis O. Grenfell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rushe" title="David Rushe">David Rushe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spence_(VC)" title="David Spence (VC)">David Spence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_Johnson_Saving_a_Wounded_French_Officer_from_the_Tomahawk_of_a_North_American_Indian" title="General Johnson Saving a Wounded French Officer from the Tomahawk of a North American Indian">Gen. Johnson Saving Officer from Tomahawk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allenton_hippopotamus" title="Allenton hippopotamus">Allenton hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Rome" title="The King of Rome">King of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_Linton" title="William Richardson Linton">William Richardson Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hunt_Painter" title="William Hunt Painter">William Hunt Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whittaker" title="Joseph Whittaker">Joseph Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby" title="Joseph Wright of Derby">Joseph Wright</a><br />paintings and drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grotto_in_the_Gulf_of_Salerno" title="Grotto in the Gulf of Salerno">Grotto in the Gulf of Salerno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosopher_Lecturing_on_the_Orrery" title="A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery">A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Widow" title="Indian Widow">Indian Widow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet:_the_Tomb_Scene" title="Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene">Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miravan_Breaking_Open_the_Tomb_of_his_Ancestors" title="Miravan Breaking Open the Tomb of his Ancestors">Miravan Breaking Open the Tomb of his Ancestors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemist_Discovering_Phosphorus" title="The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus">The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_Tomb_(Joseph_Wright_paintings)" title="Virgil's Tomb (Joseph Wright paintings)">Virgil's Tomb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blacksmith%27s_Shop" title="The Blacksmith's Shop">The Blacksmith's Shop</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Earthstopper" title="The Earthstopper">The Earthstopper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosopher_by_Lamplight" title="A Philosopher by Lamplight">A Philosopher by Lamplight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(taster)" title="Samuel Ward (taster)">Samuel Ward</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Captive_(painting)" title="The Captive (painting)">The Captive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Captive_King" title="The Captive King">The Captive King</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dovedale_by_Moonlight" title="Dovedale by Moonlight">Dovedale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Borrow_and_Ann_Borrow" title="Thomas Borrow and Ann Borrow"><i>Thomas Borrow</i> and <i>Ann Borrow</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_in_Eruption_(Wright_painting)" title="Vesuvius in Eruption (Wright painting)">Vesuvius in Eruption</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Porcelain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_factory" title="Chelsea porcelain factory">Chelsea porcelain factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_Porcelain" title="Derby Porcelain">Derby Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Crown_Derby" title="Royal Crown Derby">Royal Crown Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinxton_Porcelain" title="Pinxton Porcelain">Pinxton Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Planche" title="Andrew Planche">André Planché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Billingsley_(artist)" title="William Billingsley (artist)">William Billingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duesbury" title="William Duesbury">William Duesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Creswellian culture </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derventio_(Little_Chester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derventio (Little Chester)">Derventio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strutt%27s_Park_Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Strutt's Park Roman fort">Strutt's Park Roman fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_Racecourse_Roman_settlement" title="Derby Racecourse Roman settlement">Derby Racecourse Roman settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanson_Log_Boat" title="Hanson Log Boat">Hanson Log Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heath_Wood_barrow_cemetery" title="Heath Wood barrow cemetery">Heath Wood barrow cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codnor_Castle" title="Codnor Castle">Codnor Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffield_Castle,_Derbyshire" title="Duffield Castle, Derbyshire">Duffield Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icknield_Street" title="Icknield Street">Icknield St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Street_(Derbyshire)" title="The Street (Derbyshire)">The Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Lane_(Derbyshire)" title="The Long Lane (Derbyshire)">The Long Lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science and engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Coelestis" title="Atlas Coelestis">Atlas Coelestis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Vulliamy" title="Benjamin Vulliamy">Benjamin Vulliamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehurst_%26_Son_sundial_(1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)">Whitehurst & Son sundial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Handyside_and_Company" title="Andrew Handyside and Company">Andrew Handyside & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Research_Division" title="British Rail Research Division">British Rail Research Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_Philosophical_Society" title="Derby Philosophical Society">Derby Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_Exhibition_(1839)" title="Derby Exhibition (1839)">Derby Exhibition (1839)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkmund_of_Derby" title="Alkmund of Derby">Alkmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Perez_Burdett" title="Peter Perez Burdett">P. P. Burdett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Ewes_Coke" title="D'Ewes Coke">D'Ewes Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_6th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire">6th Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ferguson_(Scottish_astronomer)" title="James Ferguson (Scottish astronomer)">James Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Keily" title="Arthur Keily">Arthur Keily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Knill_Freeman" title="Richard Knill Freeman">R. K. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Goodey" title="Alfred E. Goodey">Alfred E. Goodey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harpur_Crewe" title="George Harpur Crewe">Sir George Harpur Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llewellynn_Jewitt" title="Llewellynn Jewitt">Llewellynn Jewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lombe" title="John Lombe">John Lombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mundy_(MP)" title="William Mundy (MP)">William Mundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pickford" title="Joseph Pickford">Joseph Pickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Shirley,_5th_Earl_Ferrers" title="Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers">5th Earl Ferrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sorocold" title="George Sorocold">George Sorocold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Strutt_(philanthropist)" title="Joseph Strutt (philanthropist)">Joseph Strutt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Sylvester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Derby_Silk_Mill" title="Derby Silk Mill">Derby Silk Mill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lombe%27s_Mill" title="Lombe's Mill">Lombe's Mill</a>)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pickford%27s_House_Museum" title="Pickford's House Museum">Pickford's House Museum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Derby_Central_Library" title="Derby Central Library">Central Library</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sylvester&oldid=1241203927">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sylvester&oldid=1241203927</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1774_births" title="Category:1774 births">1774 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1828_deaths" title="Category:1828 deaths">1828 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_inventors" title="Category:English inventors">English inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Sheffield" title="Category:People from Sheffield">People from Sheffield</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_Derby" title="Category:Scientists from Derby">Scientists from Derby</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Derby_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Category:People associated with Derby Museum and Art Gallery">People associated with Derby Museum and Art Gallery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Category:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_Yorkshire" title="Category:Scientists from Yorkshire">Scientists from Yorkshire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2015">Use dmy dates from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2015" title="Category:Use British English from August 2015">Use British English from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 August 2024, at 22:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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