CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91362cbed934ce55',cH: 'eiydsWOysskh_8vBt3CJToaHj_puoEhUZMtqyf6oNhQ-1739799475-1.2.1.1-P56AWI3b6UkJ7_bS9WucUR0ioQAdpoxyvnQEiZr.BkjRME1qxRQY0cjerEDcoZuE',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=metal%20oxide&__cf_chl_tk=Td490DgXWU5jQT56jGjq8z5hDbusXZUaYuxIdSCmcpk-1739799475-1.0.1.1-.X__U8smy83sNyZ0yXGUjzU0gnKd_pnxbm5JJpeYEqU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739799475',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=metal%20oxide&__cf_chl_f_tk=Td490DgXWU5jQT56jGjq8z5hDbusXZUaYuxIdSCmcpk-1739799475-1.0.1.1-.X__U8smy83sNyZ0yXGUjzU0gnKd_pnxbm5JJpeYEqU",md: "gpBcrIxK2Zn3PXWp3Pw9Kn.EQXji0TCsR8n0nueFFDw-1739799475-1.2.1.1-fyHBMUb4gVAzngAT253Zv8A1TcYQHaB4X0AbM8tO7Z_PHqfkEI5ZnZ99zjt26e5tego28at_kXZQBQ8BSuUs00cHrA8.zF3RzMsi457r24zfVJFP5zQ5BVWZ2G1QywpkW82iiJUZGK038XS9rB9A5ogP2bgSdfzHVmRQhnUeRcyeumYF_tKrabAo95rlaXvqMPMZ46tfXDLEbkSJebET9aLL6RE6zeX.gMvBfnu8vduv5Dp3tGr2em.wS4xlEpEniqVuX4xgauzcOmsO2HtrW354wQZE2d3K3us7kENRgid_fCcQ6TBfmscZzGs4_9AGLTma1exPBiFg7BXNg8WJ3IE3P3IG2GnwsqGWKc7vZlEj7qQTPrd_Yc28D8OHcIh7q4jn5YJswWyDwWpgM3M_CA0YakMzP9ZXmWPyShs6qkwelbnd0eOd2pPi._.ULBAoWmqewK4TvzamawPaGjGHDyNpxTlI_y3vw0VgF67J0Kf6H.lStmUMrQ3WToiQtCWDHzvDxMOc9xxhKjbblaUvJXyLbyYgFz1b7FfE.QXfHxQQa_y339Cd63RE3M.gX8FmKKEzlRljhRCM15we.LUpXqimtxA.vpZrnRd4PmX29wM9hg0sGrFyHqitxbBiNDZym.E1_wLu16SG6N8gQOXZPTBzbd5P6JyhXrE9xNTOY5lzwRU9G_C69._T_uxqPvmefvTbfgsBzniTGZvCCDh3OUf4e49Jc__0C992kT.LQux8ZXXvDarrPsAPuomp5cNQ9.MUcqjQgj0FoM4mdg8dkAhYs5KxDt2zE3cRyb9C3fCzMMTu2J6zqejXVdn08ypX_7GSIeT6OX0Yw.Avr22R8KmcGn9Vx02BsY2aFwbvd7QQb4x_8WeMqY7p1yFJvzGf7X4Y7NpPgr2mrf4al0DXuT7E_IPNwYWPy3cmsa7iesIBdHwsWYe_xPc9iPMbZjtLV_gvVmkhUpyWHeo_FkdtGfqZ.hi6dO5mXXhf4agPbsRTE9YOWTJJilBlo7QdriNJi2u.5j2J7ZBkP4BN5Kmk7dRq2GnDtCKirABr72JoUSRxxm8Ry_kTH70wOkqUABq6_W.uzK2StVeMeCMJfsGsr6vosSn3BcvN4BmoLLiBRcvli5FqlVryfK4.90n8f1rHrfIOCDNqiy_DvyQVJ_uGWa1IwvkdN1ZkLPlavH2F1f5lv3eKigEcHl5NSVPgD2mSiTHSw69HmBtVdKsRJUbNUQMbfzc4rA2kQIhhwrGV5116Eu_7tMjQDiSUv1lnltkNNcv06eq07CEm._YWeYuGNeSsmdpKcq2aSm7z_Xls605RF.NSI.js1H.3EoT5H3Q4h9.phufeGZi9qoaLqFavdeAy_i7wN.A4mLFfb18KZHMom8JoueQ2yGati7lODkmyqD4OKfYXBlgV77xOtRvvMWJc3qqMvAZjwNcsj9ecvOHXzDq75AW.ScFfHVteEEBEUxb2b.XV9Ly6OxY0h36Qcn2uNFCYOcEmo6Qu5Epuyoop8ZCg283Cc84JH8VetegaqlFSZSQknFCKduJeKAZ7vHXQv1k6z7uHq7_.eNZ2CedejYSTNBg04Ca2aZahzQfaCB8LqTFOWxlGBkE3Ep4vzYytmaq3cNeqTEEDAmV.bUQ2e7h_.DFd153ueQnOE2RrC6_pKWAR_GELA423od8rnQy4fOkL7Gyv.T9piTzx75IpjUNFK72LpsLYvsdMa_MJFWSrVvnWGKix2fuxMNtB7LMhes2w8acNyUpbE737FP5tRJJzs9zEvOEeDt4XcMZkcMwGzB72LEgZpLkezLZYhUvTyXgobpt92EUXAjGHsJNhAA72YGU_V3nQRX9WcloMiph8dVovNABnq16eMf01Yz5utoqHQniSb7Z9_Rng9wp2M.Z6CvbKrDn5rEhiI5TaQS7pzieLi5BftQPQ7Rwq2UnhnF2GJIx3QwtoWaNx52M",mdrd: "ZojUQPgikvpXFYAqz5OTUQOJWLf2lnLXLWVekabusfI-1739799475-1.2.1.1-jRl3hLa_IJfC4V6ZQopdyamAgeoYWB2pquwityOq.HSX6GBGURIAYa6G4JtNT_ns3ieIqoobtjJ8tEY9Bh1jz9OjRNtdidHowiNBNHBK60laOfF7PDD7BthslkJ_5FBudIeOoFdu8vmVaLu5fE6xEPvrqcow.QkVg.5krcJi5IXqCLbrojxMMv9ylgIp0u8l89D83GGTXedbmXMs3g96IeheEy7Q5fxpyEcj1fxN9SKiI4UHDTnKffY0T2t1DfFoPB1ylsWKxF55ejclveHsehI7ErKRVFQcTVR75pQZhXlg_zRVqGj1z0SNC2YW9yWrFK3rnzv3J1J_Sq2dp7RTduqcY2EDscI8V0Kj.MOUG2KTAEXqns.ZNQqqOPBfSDqRxUcNsNaVuOLtbP4NdmAejIClJH_cXv1nLGCvt1wGbcwLeRQzUmZKJNg93afFTHC8fZDbseoLswnVsojeO3KKPsKJxv_nBwoC2TMuywK3qCFudUcs1xzhF15iCb6Ciu8H4xRrHofvxtPsLbCPrRiWejudnz1hMbTl1hhWgaj3WVgfI15SLZ9UcVMj0dduxV0UYGdvc9f4x92Fn82ju2BEEFLEPgBmVxugbIj1cyyqmegyKIE2xJ8vNM4gzjdiC3UQV_c6Z8kJk.EOBIuxOPszY.48YCT7H.a5OCRnECvtFHOe6Flm9M38OhyibsM1rpd_HxvzYpqpMg36GGNPHaKHqG_2GZnh615_K4cUs.A_vGiNaUffKB.VbiiK3bZYojPMYLYFV8I_V6LH9lU2U1FR0CTJF7jgg6707elhdml1mODzbbkCZeRGw3SZ9AbXnGtJbM95b_sjPOlqiWCQ9qSO1u5ZzCKYdaWSpkEBCcXgekqF_UFuVpyGyKPstqrEZ.x5oED.LwQZFLKVxX79o8hPvrhvzAHbllOUuiUTusX3YTAhNGlYpm3sszELCo56trpfjehS50LRx13e5vdSeHr2YUInGHSkf9i3jtB1FcQgsxtf7P_E.EzSD5lOiTYpaxmPiNW1h6h_WCtLxX.7GDPeVjVh.2ElZ1pcqfJaP3USLrhHF9.VTtJ.YnAYRFk_2F6etAsZ_BRfS99XLbuzRAs7Sb_nTIzQCjO_H_.w1bNm_5gEFgJH6sLJoTvl6xLQqzk__k3pSAIfM4Xo_Ays.6Ea53pUN1H76Q4tgPL_JOp0y_94.PNeEoxnci.nnHBjXapXWtI_OUEYHJ97XG77vJEU4WWWdKrEGGfB9iAip6mkVaadCNngDaxZp7FKTa6VlqeMcmTVnqjJa7SgWHyt2mPfwYmoFlNV51Ts9wWJw5zzcVqijyjHuiNasn9Z6FC0RXaab4HKcw8ndM2VoQEe7Zgz4iRE24z3eKZvqzQ3UMQZYNKEv5AEgoBC1cOAAXL.5kYpLToOectFwUqnC60clqyt6PIWpMEcJU4180F9wsie4_PRjhgo3fMqOgRpdojiHQjSfzTh0D9Ax5T5h_MGsvBH6yHyqctg4oWtkAkKCAbBKkMh1t.MdVk.4QNrWNFWAWtDIbQd54F53gbZcqunqnfLswr1NNWc9f_JbnOyS1VOlHQjJYNRcLRgP3C1pP5mwbRfCbYhLKxFHif1vgX42KfHd4XOHg6MvIO5_WwQz79w71PPpl666iL5ECtklHGLi_tvYC6Pizn6dOJlx8yriXPzOhjFs75HXFfQA4eql6AVD6yIjUWG295dKoIgPz0JiNDST9H9cfXshBouErtD0YsUHlh_0wEJcXUEn1LFcvlfeFATz_Qf8iY49rnwOE7Jif75Sw_Ao0eDdI0I7LEiRbLAtm_C91GGDDwvjqzPL3Pby3NbwURlSY3BuyHOAydSh6cmQ6MVus_pzwECqMrD9QPnrGfQrNgu1hbeQmml6d99L_5mv5DbtOkrqysJExZH59ZdNmkx_YMPCY3Nc73.9ZhZbqx5cxYY568zp7bRDY5pnNSyOJYi7VcoWeFaryiut12P"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91362cbed934ce55';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=metal%20oxide&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Td490DgXWU5jQT56jGjq8z5hDbusXZUaYuxIdSCmcpk-1739799475-1.0.1.1-.X__U8smy83sNyZ0yXGUjzU0gnKd_pnxbm5JJpeYEqU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>