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class="bm_c"> <div class="vw mbm"> <div class="h pbm"> <h1 class="ph"> 地中海为什么会干涸？ <a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog.php?mod=recommend"><img src="./static/image/blog/recommendico.gif" width="22px" height="22px" /><font style="font-size:14px; color:#930;" face="宋体">精选</font></a> </h1> <p class="xg2"> <span class="xg1">已有 5620 次阅读</span> <span class="xg1">2024-5-30 11:45</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">个人分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=1074480&do=blog&classid=164174&view=me">大陆漂移</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&do=blog&view=all&uid=1074480&catid=11">论文交流</a></span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p style="text-align:center;line-height:37px"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 24px;">地中海为什么会干涸？</span></p><p style="text-align:center;text-indent:32px"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family:仿宋_GB2312">梁光河</span></p><p style="margin-left: 48px"><strong><span style="font-size:19px;font-family:仿宋_GB2312">1 <span style="font-variant-numeric: normal;font-variant-east-asian: normal;font-weight: normal;font-stretch: normal;font-size: 9px;line-height: normal;font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:19px;font-family:仿宋_GB2312">地中海概况</span></strong></p><p style="text-indent:32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">地中海被欧洲大陆、非洲大陆和亚洲大陆包围着，西面通过直布罗陀海峡与大西洋相连，东西共长约4000km，南北最宽处约为1800km，面积约为251.2万km<sup>2</sup>，是世界最大面积的陆间海（图1）。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">众所周知，古埃及文明，古希腊文明，古罗马文明都发生在地中海沿岸，所以地中海可以称得上是古代人类文明的摇篮。地中海地区的气候干燥，蒸发量远远大于降水量，并且注入地中海的河流偏少，著名的尼罗河虽然注入地中海，但是其水量大部分在入海之前就被沿岸开发利用的差不多了，所以狭窄的直布罗陀海峡自然就成为了地中海水量补给的主通道。直布罗陀海峡位于伊比利亚地体和匈奴超地体西北部之间。是连接地中海和大西洋的重要门户。该海峡最窄处仅13 km；平均深度约375m；自大西洋经直布罗陀海峡流向地中海的海流速为每小时4km。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202405/30/114325caoh46zelt3tzl4p.png" title="" alt="01.png"/></p><p style="text-align:center;text-indent:32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">图1 地中海及直布罗陀海峡位置图，图中伊比利亚地体包括西班牙和葡萄牙，而匈奴超地体包括突尼斯阿尔及利亚和摩洛哥的阿特拉斯山脉</span></p><p style="margin-left: 48px"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">2 <span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: ">  </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">地中海曾经干涸过60万年</span></strong></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">地中海在历史上曾经干涸过，为什么会这样一直是一个未解之谜。近数十年来，科学家们发现了在地中海海底不同地点和不同深度上的沉</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">积层中存在着石膏、岩盐和其他矿物的蒸发岩（图2），这类岩石代表着地中海曾经强烈蒸发干涸过，因为石盐的析出沉积意味着海水被蒸发浓缩到原体积的10%。现在地中海的净蒸发消耗量是每年</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">3.3万亿m<sup>3</sup>，如果没有大西洋的补给，仅需1000多年时间就可以蒸发干。地中海的盐层总体积可达100万km<sup>3</sup>，部分盐层有3Km厚。当前地中海的海水总储量是375万km<sup>3</sup>，如果按照含盐量3.8%来计算，地中海的海水全部晒干，也只能析出14万km<sup>3</sup>的盐。这意味着地中海不仅干涸过，而且还经历了数次干涸与补充的过程，最终才导致地层中的盐含量超过地中海的含盐量总和。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202405/30/114338x3z22wnunwgr1wee.png" title="" alt="02.png"/></p><p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">图2 位于地中海内部的意大利西西里岛的雷阿尔蒙特盐矿</span></p><p style="text-indent: 32px"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">DSDP 钻探计划42航次钻探结果和诸多研究结果说明（图3），地中海中新世晚期发生了“墨西拿盐度危机”（Messinian salinity crisis）。在约0.6Ma（5.9~5.3Ma）的时间内，地中海被2km厚的蒸发岩（以岩盐和石膏为主）沉积充填。墨西拿盐度危机经历了三个阶段：1）5.9~5.6Ma，浅水区下部盐层伴随大量透石膏沉积；2）5.6~5.5 Ma，地中海发育广泛的侵蚀作用，指示墨西拿盐度危机的高峰；3）5.5~5.3Ma，地中海在海、陆相交互环境下沉积上部盐层（Rohling et al.，2008）。相比其它巨量蒸发岩省，该套蒸发岩系具有蒸发岩沉积时间极短的特点（据李江海等，2022）。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202405/30/114351q2c1odzwvoao11o1.png" title="" alt="03.png"/></p><p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">图3 五百六十万年前地中海蒸发岩分布图</span></p><p style="text-indent: 32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">现代研究利用钻孔、地震数据和数值模拟实验分析得出一个结论：直布罗陀海峡从彻底阻断，到彻底打开，前后经历了约60万年时间。在这60万年的时间里，直布罗陀山西部是大西洋，东部却是深深的地中海盆地，也就是说直布罗陀海峡附近的岩石相当于一座大坝。推测因为潮汐、地震等地质原因，从直布罗陀海峡崩解的小股海水曾在这60万年的时间里，不定时地为地中海补充过少量的海水，但这些不可持续的海水很快就被蒸发完了，最终形成了近2000m厚度的蒸发岩（图4）。直到约5.3 Ma前时，由于地体的漂移产生的构造运动，直布罗陀海峡才彻底沟通大西洋和地中海，形成今天的地理分布格局。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202405/30/114406n44bac2voftyb8zf.png" title="" alt="04.png"/></p><p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">图4 地震勘探显示的地中海中三个盆地蒸发岩沉积厚度，左侧为520m，中间为2000m，右侧为1750m (孟繁莉供稿after Lofi et al., 2011a).</span></p><p style="margin-left: 48px"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">3 <span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: ">  </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">地中海的干涸与地体漂移</span></strong></span></p><p style="text-indent: 32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">地中海的形成与特提斯的构造演化密切相关，我们知道特提斯的构造演化与欧亚大陆和非洲大陆及印度大陆的大陆漂移运动密切相关。也就是说现在看到的地中海是中生代以来板块和微板块的裂谷、扩张、俯冲和碰撞漫长地质历史的结果。地中海的干涸之谜当然也和大地构造运动密切相关。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">具体来说，地中海的干涸是非洲大陆板块的北漂（伴随逆时针旋转）、伊比利亚地体和匈奴超地体的向西漂移综合作用</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">的结果。在印度大陆板块和欧亚板块碰撞后的造山后的伸展构造期，被挤出的地壳流沿土耳其高原（欧亚和非洲刚性板块之间的软弱带）向西</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">运动，驱动众多微陆块（或地体）发生漂移运动，其中对地中海影响最大的是非洲大陆、伊比利亚地体和匈奴超地体（图5）。在24Ma时，伊比利亚和匈奴超地体分别位于当前位置以东约560<span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px; text-indent: 32px;">km</span>和900km的位置，地中海还非常宽阔，直布罗陀海峡也很宽；12Ma时，随着非洲的向北漂移，地中海面积有所缩小，直布罗陀海峡已经变窄，而伊比利亚地体和匈奴超地体都向西漂移了；5.9Ma时，随着非洲的继续向北漂移，地中海面积继续缩小，这时候直布罗陀海峡已经被向西漂移的伊比利亚地体和匈奴超地体几乎完全阻断，形成了一个拦河大坝，这时期地中海显示为一个大盐湖；在60万年内，大西洋海水不断通过该大坝向地中海补充，不断蒸发形成了巨厚的蒸发岩沉积。直到5.3Ma以后，随着伊比利亚地体和匈奴超地体的继续向西漂移</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">，</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">直布罗陀海峡再次打开直到现在。</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">在这个过程中伊利比亚地体不但向西漂移还同时伴随着微弱的顺时针旋转</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=image.png&id=1257153" title="" alt="image.png"/></p><p style="text-align:center;text-indent:32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">图5 以欧洲不动为参照系，非洲板块的北漂和伊比利亚、匈奴超地体的漂移造成了地中海的干涸</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">值得说明的是，地中海在干涸期并没有真的完全干涸，而是表现为一个高浓度卤水的大盐湖，因为如果真的完全干涸的话，那么它会形成钾盐类矿物甚至水氯镁石和溢晶石，但实际上并没有发现这些矿物，只是在局部的西西里岛上存在储量不大的钾盐矿，而地中海</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">大部分</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">区域没有发现钾盐矿</span><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">，这说明在不同的凹陷区域蒸发程度不一致。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">形象地比喻，地中海的干涸类似一次血管堵塞。地中海就像一根动脉血管，在非洲大陆北漂的挤压下，血管变窄，而伊比利亚是一个大血栓，匈奴超地体是一个附着在血管壁上的血栓斑块，它们在运动中偶然阻塞在直布罗陀海峡最狭窄处，形成了一次地中海休克。</span></p><p style="text-indent:32px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;"></span></p><p style="margin-left: 48px"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">4 <span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: ">  </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">地体漂移的GPS测量证据</span></strong></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">GPS测量说明，以欧洲大陆不动为参照系，伊比利亚地体目前仍然在向西运动中并伴随顺时针旋转，且匈奴超地体也在向西运动中（图6左侧）。土耳其地体和地中海中诸多微陆块（地体）等也在整体向西运动中，且东部运动速度大于西部，同时说明非洲北部整体向北西方向运动中（图6右侧）。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202405/30/114436wh9zglop9nto9noz.png" title="" alt="06.png"/></p><p style="text-align:center;text-indent:28px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">图6 GPS测量说明伊比利亚地体、匈奴超地体和土耳其地体等相对于欧洲大陆向西运动（Khazaradze et al.,2014）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">作为匈奴超地体的一部分，以突尼斯为主的一个三角形地体在非洲北部发生陆缘裂解并向西漂移的尾迹清晰可辨（图7）。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202405/30/114507tgsgmjtttl1emuhr.png" title="" alt="07.png"/></p><p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">图7 匈奴超地体的东侧三角形地体在非洲北部发生裂解并向西漂移的尾迹特征</span></p><p style="margin-left: 48px"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">5 <span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: ">  </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 19px; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312;">结论</span></strong></span></p><p style="text-indent:28px"><span style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; font-size: 18px;">地中海历史上的干涸与众多地体的漂移密切相关，在非洲大陆板块的北漂（伴随逆时针旋转）的大环境下，伊比利亚地体和匈奴超地体的向西漂移在5.9~5.3Ma的短暂时间内阻塞了直布罗陀海峡，形成了历史上地中海的干涸和巨厚盐湖沉积物。</span></p><p></p> <br /><br /> <label style="font-size:13px; color:#850f0f">转载本文请联系原作者获取授权，同时请注明本文来自梁光河科学网博客。<br />链接地址：</label><a 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