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.mw-parser-output .fileinfotpl-type-artwork tbody>tr>th[style*="#ccf"]{background-color:#2a2a5c!important;color:white}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fileinfo-paramfield{background:#2a2a5c;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fileinfotpl-type-artwork tbody>tr>th[style*="#ccf"]{background-color:#2a2a5c!important;color:white}}</style> <table class="fileinfotpl-type-artwork vevent" dir="ltr"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th colspan="3" style="background-color:#ccf; color: inherit;font-weight:bold; border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#aaa)"><span class="fn" id="artwork"><bdi>SHOCK PROPAGATION IN SOFT GRANULAR MATERIALS </bdi></span>  (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=SHOCK+PROPAGATION+IN+SOFT+GRANULAR+MATERIALS+Severson%2C+Anthony+D.+shockpropagation1094562761+haswbstatement%3AP31%3DQ3331189&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns0=1" 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srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Plus_Wikidata.svg/23px-Plus_Wikidata.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Plus_Wikidata.svg/30px-Plus_Wikidata.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></a></span>)</th> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_aut" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">作者</td> <td> <div class="fn value"> Severson, Anthony D.</div></td> <td rowspan="11" style="width:200px; text-align: right;" id="fileinfotpl_creator_image"><div class="wpImageAnnotatorControl wpImageAnnotatorOff"><span class="photoSHOCK PROPAGATION IN SOFT GRANULAR MATERIALS" typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_(IA_shockpropagation1094562761).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="image of artwork listed in title parameter on this page" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_%28IA_shockpropagation1094562761%29.pdf/page1-193px-SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_%28IA_shockpropagation1094562761%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_%28IA_shockpropagation1094562761%29.pdf/page1-290px-SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_%28IA_shockpropagation1094562761%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_%28IA_shockpropagation1094562761%29.pdf/page1-386px-SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_%28IA_shockpropagation1094562761%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650"></a></span></div></td></tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_art_title" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">标题</td> <td> <div class="fn"> SHOCK PROPAGATION IN SOFT GRANULAR MATERIALS</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_book_publisher" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">出版者</td> <td> <div class="fn value"> Monterey, CA; Naval Postgraduate School</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_desc" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">描述</td> <td> <div class="description"> <p>Shock propagation in particulate materials is governed by the nonlinear interactions between particles. Spherical elastic particles have Hertzian contacts, meaning that they effectively interact via nonlinear springs. Hertzian interactions give rise to nonlinear wave behavior, which has been studied extensively for 1D chains of spheres (e.g., Newton’s cradle), where energy is transmitted perfectly from one particle to the next and the internal sound speed of a particle is assumed to be quasi-infinite. In more realistic situations, forces do not propagate along a single network, but along force chains, which are spatially anistotropic structures that transmit stress. Additionally, shocks can propagate at speeds similar to the internal sound speed. Through shock experiments on 2D assemblies of frictional, photoelastic disks, we show three key results: (1) Two distinct wave speeds emerge after impact, one of which represents the primary force propagation wave; (2) this force propagation speed scales (as a power law) with the intruder velocity can indeed approach the characteristic sound speed inside a grain; and (3) in the shock regime, these propagation speeds are independent of confining pressure and fall along a single branch. </p> <br>Subjects: granular material; nonlinear force propagation; power law scaling</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_book_language" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">语言</td> <td> 英语</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_publication_date" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">出版日期</td> <td> 2019年6月</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_art_location" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">现存地点</td> <td> <div class="locality"> IA Collections: navalpostgraduateschoollibrary; fedlink</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_art_id" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">登录号</td> <td> <div class="identifier"> shockpropagation1094562761</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_src" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">来源</td> <td> <dl><dd><a href="//archive.org/details/shockpropagation1094562761" class="extiw" title="iarchive:shockpropagation1094562761"><bdi class="description en" lang="en" dir="ltr">Internet Archive identifier</bdi>: shockpropagation1094562761</a></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/download/shockpropagation1094562761/shockpropagation1094562761.pdf">https://archive.org/download/shockpropagation1094562761/shockpropagation1094562761.pdf</a></dd></dl></td> </tr> <tr> <td id="fileinfotpl_perm" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="zh">授权<br><small>(<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%96%E7%9A%84%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Commons:维基媒体外的内容二次使用">二次使用本文件</a>)</small></td> <td> This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. 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decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/96px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/128px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></span></span> </td> <td><div lang="zh-hans" dir="ltr" class="description zh-hans" style="display:inline;">此作品在美国属于<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" class="extiw" title="w:zh:公有领域">公有领域</a></b>，因为其是<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83" class="extiw" title="w:zh:美国政府作品版权">由美国政府的官员或雇员，基于其个人公务目的制作的作品</a>，参考<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="w:zh:美国法典">美国法典</a><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_1/Sections_105_and_106" class="extiw" title="s:en:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Sections 105 and 106">第17篇第1章第105条</a>。<br> <small style="font-weight:bold"><u>注意</u>︰本模板仅适用于美国联邦政府的原创作品，不适用于任何<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%9E%E4%BB%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:美国州份">美国州</a>、<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Territory" class="extiw" title="w:United States Territory">属地</a>、联邦个体、县、市或任何次级政府的作品。本模板也不适用于<a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stamps_of_the_United_States#Copyright-Note_up_to_1978" title="Stamps of the United States">1978年以后</a>由<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%82%AE%E6%94%BF%E7%BD%B2" class="extiw" title="w:zh:美国邮政署">美国邮政署</a>出版的邮票图案（参看美国版权局实践纲领<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship.pdf">第313.6(C)(1)条</a>）。也不适用于部分美国硬币；参看<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/policies/terms-of-use">美国铸币局使用条款</a>。</small></div> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/64px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/96px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/128px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;font-size:x-small;line-height:140%;"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/deed.zh" class="extiw" title="ccorg:publicdomain/mark/1.0/deed.zh">本文件已被确认为免除已知的著作权法限制（包括所有相关权利）。</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="licensetpl_link" style="display:none;">https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/</span><span class="licensetpl_short" style="display:none;">PDM</span><span class="licensetpl_long" style="display:none;">Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0</span><span class="licensetpl_link_req" style="display:none;">false</span><span class="licensetpl_attr_req" style="display:none;">false</span></p><h1 class="mw-slot-header"><mediainfoslotheader></mediainfoslotheader></h1><mediainfoview style="display: none"><mediainfoviewcaptions><div class="wbmi-entityview-captionsPanel oo-ui-layout oo-ui-panelLayout oo-ui-panelLayout-framed"><h3 class="wbmi-entityview-captions-header">说明</h3><div class="wbmi-entityview-caption oo-ui-layout oo-ui-horizontalLayout"><label class="wbmi-language-label oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-labelElement-label oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-labelWidget">中文</label><div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="wbmi-caption-value 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class="wbmi-entity-label"><bdi><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q19652" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19652">公有领域</a></bdi></h4></div></div></div><div class="wbmi-item-qualifiers"><div class="wbmi-snaklist-container"><div class="wbmi-snaklist-content"><div class="wbmi-snak"><div class="wbmi-snak-value"><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P1001" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P1001">管轄區</a><span class="wbmi-snak-value-separator">：</span><span class="wbmi-snak-value--value"><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q30" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30">美國</a></span></div></div><div class="wbmi-snak"><div class="wbmi-snak-value"><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P459" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P459">确定方法</a><span class="wbmi-snak-value-separator">：</span><span class="wbmi-snak-value--value"><a target="_blank" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q60671452" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60671452">美国联邦政府的作品</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="P1163" data-property="P1163" data-statements="[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1163","hash":"2bfab83c01f78cf3d2dfa9780845b9108ac3da53","datavalue":{"value":"application\/pdf","type":"string"}},"type":"statement","id":"M92564046$091A536E-F0C1-448D-AF5E-8E539F99F68A","rank":"normal"}]" data-formatvalue="{"{\"value\":{\"entity-type\":\"property\",\"numeric-id\":1163,\"id\":\"P1163\"},\"type\":\"wikibase-entityid\"}":{"text\/html":{"zh":{"":"<a target=\"_blank\" title=\"d:Special:EntityPage\/P1163\" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_%28IA_shockpropagation1094562761%29.pdf/page1-93px-SHOCK_PROPAGATION_IN_SOFT_GRANULAR_MATERIALS_%28IA_shockpropagation1094562761%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="93" height="120" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a></td><td>1,275 × 1,650，54页<span style="white-space: nowrap;">（1.77 MB）</span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:F%C3%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Fæ（页面不存在）"><bdi>Fæ</bdi></a></td><td dir="ltr">FEDLINK - United States Federal Collection shockpropagation1094562761 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:F%C3%A6/IA_books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:Fæ/IA books（页面不存在）">User talk:Fæ/IA books#Fork8</a>) (batch 1993-2020 #27466)</td></tr> </table> </div> <h2 id="filelinks">文件用途</h2> <div id="mw-imagepage-nolinkstoimage"> <p>没有页面使用本文件。 </p> </div><h2 id="metadata">元数据</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-imagepage-section-metadata" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p>此文件含有额外信息，这些信息可能是创建或数字化该文件时使用的数码相机或扫描仪所添加的。如果文件已从其原始状态修改，某些详细信息可能无法完全反映修改后的文件。</p><table id="mw_metadata" class="mw_metadata collapsed"> <tbody><tr class="exif-objectname"><th>简短标题</th><td>SHOCK PROPAGATION IN SOFT GRANULAR MATERIALS</td></tr><tr class="exif-imagedescription"><th>图像标题</th><td></td></tr><tr class="exif-artist"><th>作者</th><td>Severson, Anthony D.</td></tr><tr class="exif-software mw-metadata-collapsible"><th>使用软件</th><td>Severson, Anthony D.</td></tr><tr class="exif-pdf-producer mw-metadata-collapsible"><th>转换程序</th><td>Adobe PDF Library 15.0</td></tr><tr class="exif-pdf-encrypted mw-metadata-collapsible"><th>加密</th><td>no</td></tr><tr class="exif-pdf-pagesize mw-metadata-collapsible"><th>页面大小</th><td>612 x 792 pts (letter)</td></tr><tr class="exif-pdf-version mw-metadata-collapsible"><th>PDF格式的版本</th><td>1.4</td></tr></tbody></table> </div><noscript><img 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