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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=SMS" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=SMS" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Developmental history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developmental_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developmental history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developmental_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Initial concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Growth and adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premium-rated_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premium-rated_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Premium-rated services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premium-rated_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flash_SMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flash_SMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Flash SMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flash_SMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silent_SMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silent_SMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Silent SMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silent_SMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SMS_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SMS_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>SMS bombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SMS_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_messaging_outside_GSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_messaging_outside_GSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Text messaging outside GSM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_messaging_outside_GSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>GSM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Message_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Message_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Message size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Message_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gateway_providers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gateway_providers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gateway providers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gateway_providers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interconnectivity_with_other_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interconnectivity_with_other_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Interconnectivity with other networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interconnectivity_with_other_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_in_other_architectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_in_other_architectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Support in other architectures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_in_other_architectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AT_commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AT_commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>AT commands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AT_commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premium-rated_short_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premium-rated_short_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Premium-rated short messages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premium-rated_short_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threaded_SMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threaded_SMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Threaded SMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threaded_SMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application-to-person_(A2P)_SMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application-to-person_(A2P)_SMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Application-to-person (A2P) SMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-to-person_(A2P)_SMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_phone_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_phone_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Satellite phone networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_phone_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unreliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unreliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Unreliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unreliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulnerabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vulnerabilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vulnerabilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vulnerabilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vulnerabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SMS_spoofing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SMS_spoofing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>SMS spoofing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SMS_spoofing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Limitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SMS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="خدمة الرسالة القصيرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خدمة الرسالة القصيرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قیسا مسیج خیدمتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیسا مسیج خیدمتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="শর্ট মেসেজ সার্ভিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শর্ট মেসেজ সার্ভিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1n-s%C3%ACn" title="Kán-sìn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kán-sìn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Паслуга кароткага паведамленьня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паслуга кароткага паведамленьня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neges_destun" title="Neges destun – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neges destun" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service" title="Short Message Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Short Message Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service" title="Short Message Service – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Short Message Service" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_de_mensajes_cortos" title="Servicio de mensajes cortos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio de mensajes cortos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9" title="پیامک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیامک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service" title="Short Message Service – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Short Message Service" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE" title="સંક્ષિપ્ત સંદેશ સેવા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંક્ષિપ્ત સંદેશ સેવા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐌼𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌼𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A9%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%A7%80_%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="단문 메시지 서비스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단문 메시지 서비스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="संक्षिप्त सन्देश सेवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संक्षिप्त सन्देश सेवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layanan_pesan_singkat" title="Layanan pesan singkat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layanan pesan singkat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A1skilabo%C3%B0" title="Smáskilaboð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Smáskilaboð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מסרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ಸಂದೇಶ ಸೇವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ಸಂದೇಶ ಸೇವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მოკლეტექსტური შეტყობინების სერვისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოკლეტექსტური შეტყობინების სერვისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huduma_ya_ujumbe_mfupi" title="Huduma ya ujumbe mfupi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Huduma ya ujumbe mfupi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serv%C3%AEsa_peyama_kurt" title="Servîsa peyama kurt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Servîsa peyama kurt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%82%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99" title="ບໍລິການຂໍ້ຄວາມສັ້ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ບໍລິການຂໍ້ຄວາມສັ້ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAszi%C5%86a" title="Īsziņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īsziņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service" title="Short Message Service – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Short Message Service" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpoji_%C5%BEinut%C4%97" title="Trumpoji žinutė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trumpoji žinutė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഷോർട്ട് മെസ്സേജ് സർ‌വീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷോർട്ട് മെസ്സേജ് സർ‌വീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pesanan_ringkas" title="Sistem pesanan ringkas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem pesanan ringkas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sms" title="Sms – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sms" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9" title="ショートメッセージサービス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ショートメッセージサービス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service" title="Short Message Service – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Short Message Service" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstmeldingsteneste" title="Tekstmeldingsteneste – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tekstmeldingsteneste" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8.%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE.%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8." title="ਐਸ.ਐਮ.ਐਸ. – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਸ.ਐਮ.ਐਸ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_mensagens_curtas" title="Serviço de mensagens curtas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serviço de mensagens curtas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Messaging_System" title="Short Messaging System – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Short Messaging System" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service" title="Short Message Service – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Short Message Service" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කෙටි පණිවිඩ සේවාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෙටි පණිවිඩ සේවාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1tka_textov%C3%A1_spr%C3%A1va" title="Krátka textová správa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krátka textová správa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_kratkih_sporo%C4%8Dil" title="Sistem kratkih sporočil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sistem kratkih sporočil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%95_%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ڕاژەی کورتە پەیام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاژەی کورتە پەیام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstiviesti" title="Tekstiviesti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekstiviesti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sms" title="Sms – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sms" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="குறுஞ்செய்திச் சேவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறுஞ்செய்திச் சேவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="บริการสารสั้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริการสารสั้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Паёмак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Паёмак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ایس ایم ایس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس ایم ایس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E4%BF%A1" title="短信 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="短信" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="SMS" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%A8%8A" title="短訊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="短訊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E8%A8%8A" title="簡訊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="簡訊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SMS" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:SMS" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/SMS" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/SMS" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a 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wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43024" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Text messaging service component</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/SMS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="SMS (disambiguation)">SMS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For text messaging in general, see <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SMS_test.jpg/220px-SMS_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SMS_test.jpg/330px-SMS_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SMS_test.jpg/440px-SMS_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An SMS message written on a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Razr" title="Motorola Razr">Motorola Razr</a> V3</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Short Message Service</b>, commonly abbreviated as <b>SMS</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a> service component of most <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a> systems. It uses standardized <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication protocols">communication protocols</a> that let <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> exchange short text messages, typically transmitted over <a href="/wiki/Cellular_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular networks">cellular networks</a>. </p><p>Developed as part of the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> standards, and based on the <a href="/wiki/Signalling_System_No._7" title="Signalling System No. 7">SS7</a> signalling protocol, SMS rolled out on digital cellular networks starting in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was originally intended for customers to receive alerts from their <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">carrier/operator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service allows users to send and receive text messages of up to 160 characters,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally to and from GSM phones and later also <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">Digital AMPS</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Play_GK_Quiz:When_First_SMS_Was_Sent_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Play_GK_Quiz:When_First_SMS_Was_Sent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has since been defined and supported on newer networks,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including present-day <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> ones. Using <a href="/wiki/SMS_gateway" title="SMS gateway">SMS gateways</a>, messages can be transmitted over the Internet through an <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_service_center" title="Short Message service center">SMSC</a>, allowing communication to computers, fixed <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a> was later introduced as an upgrade to SMS with "picture messaging" capabilities. </p><p>In addition to recreational texting between people, SMS is also used for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">mobile marketing</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">direct marketing</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication" title="Multi-factor authentication">two-factor authentication</a> logging-in,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Televoting" title="Televoting">televoting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mobile banking (see <a href="/wiki/SMS_banking" title="SMS banking">SMS banking</a>), and for other commercial content.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SMS standard has been hugely popular worldwide as a method of text communication: by the end of 2010, it was the most widely used data application with an estimated 3.5 billion active users, or about 80% of all mobile phone subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-itu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, SMS has become increasingly challenged by newer proprietary <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> services;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a> has been designated as the potential open standard successor to SMS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_history">Developmental history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Developmental history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SMS technology originated from <a href="/wiki/Radio_telegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio telegraphy">radio telegraphy</a> in radio memo <a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">pagers</a> that used standardized phone protocols. These were defined in 1986 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications (<a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>) series of standards.<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_28/85_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM_28/85-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first SMS message was sent on 3 December 1992, when <a href="/wiki/Neil_Papworth" title="Neil Papworth">Neil Papworth</a>, a test engineer for <a href="/wiki/Sema_Group" title="Sema Group">Sema Group</a>, sent "Merry Christmas" to the Orbitel 901 phone of colleague Richard Jarvis.<sup id="cite_ref-First_SMS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_SMS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_concept">Initial concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telephone-keypad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Telephone-keypad.svg/220px-Telephone-keypad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Telephone-keypad.svg/330px-Telephone-keypad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Telephone-keypad.svg/440px-Telephone-keypad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/E.161" title="E.161">E.161</a>, a common mobile keypad alphabet layout</figcaption></figure> <p>Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s. The first action plan of the CEPT Group <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> was approved in December 1982, requesting that "The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks ... should be available in the mobile system."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hillebrand" title="Friedhelm Hillebrand">Friedhelm Hillebrand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ghillebaert" title="Bernard Ghillebaert">Bernard Ghillebaert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GSM is optimized for telephony, since this was identified as its main application. The key idea for SMS was to use this telephone-optimized system, and to transport messages on the <a href="/wiki/Signalling_System_No._7" title="Signalling System No. 7">signalling paths</a> needed to control the telephone traffic during periods when no signalling traffic existed. In this way, unused resources in the system could be used to transport messages at minimal cost. However, it was necessary to limit the length of the messages to 128 bytes (later improved to 160 seven-bit characters) so that the messages could fit into the existing signalling formats. Based on his personal observations and on analysis of the typical lengths of <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a> messages, Hillebrand argued that 160 characters was sufficient for most brief communications.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesblogs.latimes.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesblogs.latimes.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SMS could be implemented in every mobile station by updating its software. Hence, a large base of SMS-capable terminals and networks existed when people began to use SMS.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new network element required was a specialized short message service centre, and enhancements were required to the radio capacity and network transport infrastructure to accommodate growing SMS traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The technical development of SMS was a multinational collaboration supporting the framework of standards bodies. Through these organizations the technology was made freely available to the whole world.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a contribution of Germany and France in the GSM group meeting in February 1985 in Oslo.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was further elaborated in GSM subgroup WP1 Services (Chairman Martine Alvernhe, France Telecom) based on a contribution from Germany. There were also initial discussions in the subgroup WP3 network aspects chaired by Jan Audestad (Telenor). The result was approved by the main GSM group in a June 1985 document which was distributed to industry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The input documents on SMS had been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>, with contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert of <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" class="mw-redirect" title="France Télécom">France Télécom</a>. The definition that Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert brought into GSM called for the provision of a message transmission service of alphanumeric messages to mobile users "with acknowledgement capabilities". The last three words transformed SMS into something much more useful than the electronic paging services used at the time that some in GSM might have had in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SMS was considered in the main GSM group as a possible service for the new digital cellular system. In GSM document "<i>Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System,</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_28/85_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM_28/85-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both mobile-originated and mobile-terminated short messages appear on the table of GSM teleservices.<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_28/85_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM_28/85-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discussions on the GSM services were concluded in the recommendation GSM 02.03 "<i>TeleServices supported by a GSM <a href="/wiki/Public_land_mobile_network" title="Public land mobile network">PLMN</a>.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_02.03_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM_02.03-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here a rudimentary description of the three services was given: </p> <ol><li>Short message mobile-terminated (SMS-MT)/ Point-to-Point: the ability of a network to transmit a Short Message to a mobile phone. The message can be sent by phone or by a software application.</li> <li>Short message mobile-originated (SMS-MO)/ Point-to-Point: the ability of a network to transmit a Short Message sent by a mobile phone. The message can be sent to a phone or to a software application.</li> <li>Short message <a href="/wiki/Cell_Broadcast" title="Cell Broadcast">cell broadcast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_02.03_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM_02.03-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The material elaborated in GSM and its WP1 subgroup was handed over in Spring 1987 to a new GSM body called IDEG (the Implementation of Data and Telematic Services Experts Group), which had its kickoff in May 1987 under the chairmanship of Friedhelm Hillebrand (German Telecom). The technical standard known today was largely created by IDEG (later WP4) as the two recommendations <a href="/wiki/GSM_03.40" title="GSM 03.40">GSM 03.40</a> (the two point-to-point services merged) and GSM 03.41 (cell broadcast).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>WP4 created a Drafting Group Message Handling (DGMH), which was responsible for the specification of SMS. Finn Trosby of Telenor chaired the draft group through its first three years, in which the design of SMS was established. DGMH had five to eight participants, and Finn Trosby mentions as major contributors Kevin Holley, Eija Altonen, Didier Luizard and Alan Cox. The first action plan<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions for the first time the Technical Specification 03.40 "Technical Realisation of the Short Message Service". Responsible editor was Finn Trosby. The first and very rudimentary draft of the technical specification was completed in November 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, drafts useful for the manufacturers followed at a later stage in the period. A comprehensive description of the work in this period is given in.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work on the draft specification continued in the following few years, where Kevin Holley of Cellnet (now Telefónica O2 UK) played a leading role. Besides the completion of the main specification <a href="/wiki/GSM_03.40" title="GSM 03.40">GSM 03.40</a>, the detailed protocol specifications on the system interfaces also needed to be completed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_implementations">Early implementations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first SMS message<sup id="cite_ref-First_SMS_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_SMS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was sent over the <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a> GSM network in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1992, from <a href="/wiki/Neil_Papworth" title="Neil Papworth">Neil Papworth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sema_Group" title="Sema Group">Sema Group</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Airwide_Solutions" title="Airwide Solutions">Mavenir Systems</a>) using a personal computer to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone using an Orbitel 901 handset. The text of the message was "Merry Christmas."<sup id="cite_ref-Neil_Papworth_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neil_Papworth-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercial deployment of a <a href="/wiki/Short_message_service_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service center">short message service center</a> (SMSC) was by <a href="/wiki/Aldiscon" title="Aldiscon">Aldiscon</a> part of <a href="/wiki/Logica" title="Logica">Logica</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/CGI_Inc." title="CGI Inc.">CGI</a>) with Telia (now <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a>) in Sweden in 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by Fleet Call (now <a href="/wiki/Nextel" title="Nextel">Nextel</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the US, Telenor in Norway<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and BT Cellnet (now O2 UK)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later in 1993. All first installations of <a href="/wiki/SMS_gateway" title="SMS gateway">SMS gateways</a> were for network notifications sent to mobile phones, usually to inform of voice mail messages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first commercially sold SMS service was offered to consumers, as a person-to-person text messaging service by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa) in Finland in 1993. Most early GSM mobile phone handsets did not support the ability to send SMS text messages, and <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> was the only handset manufacturer whose total GSM phone line in 1993 supported user-sending of SMS text messages. According to <a href="/wiki/Matti_Makkonen" title="Matti Makkonen">Matti Makkonen</a>, an engineer at Nokia at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_2010" title="Nokia 2010">Nokia 2010</a>, which was released in January 1994, was the first mobile phone to support composing SMSes easily.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_adoption">Growth and adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth and adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial growth was slow, with customers in 1995 sending on average only 0.4 messages per GSM customer per month.<sup id="cite_ref-gsmworld_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsmworld-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, networks in the UK only allowed customers to send messages to other users on the same <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">network</a>, limiting the usefulness of the service. This restriction was lifted in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-First_SMS_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_SMS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, this issue was eliminated by switch billing instead of billing at the SMSC and by new features within SMSCs to allow blocking of foreign mobile users sending messages through it. By the end of 2000, the average number of messages reached 35 per user per month,<sup id="cite_ref-gsmworld_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsmworld-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on Christmas Day 2006, over 205 million messages were sent in the UK alone.<sup id="cite_ref-2b_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2b-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMS had become a social phenomenon in Finland among teens and youngsters by 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMS traffic across Europe reached 4 billion messages as of January 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It had become extremely popular in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> by 2001 and the country was dubbed the "texting capital of the world",<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly helped by large numbers of free text messages offered by the mobile operators in monthly subscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMS adoption was limited to parts of Europe and Asia during these earlier years,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with U.S. adoption being low partly due to incompatible networks and cheap voice calls relative to other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> wrote in 2003, as noted by an analyst:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The short answer is that, in America, talk is cheap. Because local calls on <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">land lines</a> are usually free, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">wireless operators</a> have to offer big “bundles” of minutes—up to 5,000 minutes per month—as part of their monthly pricing plans to persuade subscribers to use mobile phones instead. <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Texting</a> first took off in other parts of the world among cost-conscious teenagers who found that it was cheaper to text than to call [..] Free local calls also make <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">logging on</a> to the internet, for hours at a time, and using PC-to-PC “<a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>” (IM) the preferred mode of electronic chat among American teenagers. </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>This is also backed by the fact that as of 2003, American internet users were spending on average five times more time online than Europeans,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many poorer countries in Europe and other regions around the world had significantly lower rates of internet access compared to the United States at the time (see <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a>), hence making SMS more accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_messages_sent_monthly_in_USA_(in_billions).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SMS_messages_sent_monthly_in_USA_%28in_billions%29.svg/220px-SMS_messages_sent_monthly_in_USA_%28in_billions%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SMS_messages_sent_monthly_in_USA_%28in_billions%29.svg/330px-SMS_messages_sent_monthly_in_USA_%28in_billions%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SMS_messages_sent_monthly_in_USA_%28in_billions%29.svg/440px-SMS_messages_sent_monthly_in_USA_%28in_billions%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>SMS messages sent monthly in the U.S. from 2001 to 2008 (in billions)</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type"><small>Country</small> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 10em"><small>Monthly messages sent per mobile subscriber (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>Philippines</small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 10em;"><span class="nowrap">195</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>South Korea</small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 10em;"><span class="nowrap">120</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>Ireland</small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 10em;"><span class="nowrap">79</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>Croatia</small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 10em;"><span class="nowrap">72</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>Indonesia</small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 10em;"><span class="nowrap">68</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>France</small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 10em;"><span class="nowrap">19</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><small>United States</small> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 10em;"><span class="nowrap">13</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>SMS has become a large commercial industry, earning $114.6 billion globally in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 2002, 366 billion SMS text messages were sent globally,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number that rose to 6.1 trillion (6.1 × 10<sup>12</sup>) in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-itu_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an average of 193,000 messages per second. The global average price for an SMS message is US$0.11, while mobile networks charge each other interconnect fees of at least US$0.04 when connecting between different phone networks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2015, the actual cost of sending an SMS in Australia was found to be $0.00016 per SMS.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global SMS messaging business was estimated to be worth over <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>240 billion in 2013, accounting for almost half of all revenue generated by mobile messaging.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of SMS also led to the spontaneous creation of the so-called '<a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a>' phenomenon, where words are shortened in order to deal with the 160 character limit of SMS messages.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of SMS for mobile data services became increasingly prominent in the early 2000s due to its ubiquity, reliability, and cold reception of the newer <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <i>Premium-rated services</i> below). In the early and mid 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">Multimedia Messaging Service</a> (MMS) was developed as an improved version of SMS that supports sending of pictures and video.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SMS has been increasingly challenged by <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a>-based messaging services with additional features for modern mobile devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>, or <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These services run independently from <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">mobile network operators</a> and typically don't provide cross-platform messaging capabilities like SMS or <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> does.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, between 2010 and 2022, SMS telecom revenue in India dropped 94 percent, while "revenue share per user from data usage...grew over 10 times.",<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in some regions such as North America SMS continues to be used by over 80 percent of the population as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to create a modern successor to SMS that isn't run by a single company and is fully interoperable between devices, industry figures have created the <a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a> 'Universal Profile' initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was supported by Apple when <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> 18 came out in 2024, which will mean that virtually all new mobile phones (iOS and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> platforms) will have RCS texting capabilities, though this may also depend on if the network operator supports it.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premium-rated_services">Premium-rated services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Premium-rated services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reverse_SMS_billing" title="Reverse SMS billing">Reverse SMS billing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_code" title="Short code">Short code</a></div> <p>SMS may be used to provide <a href="/wiki/Premium_rate_telephone_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Premium rate telephone number">premium rate services</a> to subscribers of a network.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile-terminated short messages can be used to deliver digital content such as news alerts, financial information, logos, and <a href="/wiki/Ringtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringtones">ringtones</a>. The first premium-rate media content delivered via the SMS system was the world's first paid downloadable ringing tones, as commercially launched by Saunalahti (later Jippii Group, now part of <a href="/wiki/Elisa_(company)" title="Elisa (company)">Elisa Group</a>), in 1998. Initially, only <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> branded phones could handle them. By 2002 the ringtone business globally had exceeded $1 billion of service revenues, and nearly US$5 billion by 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, they are also used to pay smaller payments online—for example, for file-sharing services, in mobile application stores, or VIP section entrance. Outside the online world, one can buy a bus ticket or beverages<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from ATM, pay a parking ticket, order a store catalog or some goods (e.g., discount movie DVDs), make a donation to charity, and much more.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landline_text_messaging.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Landline_text_messaging.JPG/220px-Landline_text_messaging.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Landline_text_messaging.JPG/330px-Landline_text_messaging.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Landline_text_messaging.JPG/440px-Landline_text_messaging.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a> <a href="/wiki/DECT" title="DECT">DECT</a> telephone that is capable of SMS</figcaption></figure><p>Additionally, an intermediary service can facilitate a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-voice">text-to-voice</a> conversion to be sent to <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Caktus Group<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed the world's first SMS-based voter registration system in Libya. As of February 2015 more than 1.5 million people have registered using that system, providing Libyan voters with unprecedented access to the democratic process.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>SMS enablement</i> allows individuals to send an SMS message to a business phone number (traditional landline) and receive a SMS in return. Providing customers with the ability to text to a phone number allows organizations to offer new services that deliver value. Examples include chat bots, and text enabled customer service and call centers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flash_SMS">Flash SMS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flash SMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Flash SMS is a type of SMS that appears directly on the main screen without user interaction and is not automatically stored in the inbox.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be useful in <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergencies</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system">fire alarm</a> or cases of <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">confidentiality</a>, as in delivering <a href="/wiki/One-time_password" title="One-time password">one-time passwords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silent_SMS">Silent SMS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Silent SMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, almost half a million silent SMS messages were sent by the German federal police, customs and the federal domestic intelligence service <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Verfassungsschutz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These silent messages, also known as silent TMS, stealth SMS, stealth ping or Short Message Type 0,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are used to locate a person and thus to create a complete movement profile. They do not show up on a display, nor trigger any acoustical signal when received. Their primary purpose was to deliver special services of the network operator to any cell phone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SMS_bombs">SMS bombs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SMS bombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2001, Dutch police in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> attempted to fight increasing cell phone theft by sending an SMS every three minutes to a phone that has been reported stolen, with the message "This handset was nicked, buying or selling is a crime. The police."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_messaging_outside_GSM">Text messaging outside GSM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Text messaging outside GSM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SMS was originally designed as part of GSM, but is now available on a wide range of networks globally, including 3G, 4G and 5G networks. However, not all text messaging systems use SMS, and some notable alternative implementations of the concept include <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftBank Mobile">J-Phone</a>'s <i>SkyMail</i> and <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT Docomo</a>'s <i>Short Mail</i>, both in Japan. Email messaging from phones, as popularized by NTT Docomo's <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Research_In_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Research In Motion">RIM</a> <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a>, also typically uses standard mail protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a> over <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GSM">GSM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: GSM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short_message_service_technical_realisation_(GSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service technical realisation (GSM)">Short message service technical realisation (GSM)</a></div> <p>The <i>Short Message Service—Point to Point (SMS-PP)</i>—was originally defined in GSM recommendation 03.40, which is now maintained in <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> as TS 23.040.<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_03.40_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM_03.40-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GSM 03.41 (now 3GPP TS 23.041) defines the <i>Short Message Service—Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB)</i>, which allows messages (advertising, public information, etc.) to be broadcast to all mobile users in a specified geographical area.<sup id="cite_ref-GSM_03.41_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSM_03.41-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cell broadcast is the technology behind <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Emergency_Alerts" title="Wireless Emergency Alerts">Wireless Emergency Alerts</a> in the US which is used for public safety messages and AMBER alerts,<sup id="cite_ref-fccwea_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fccwea-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similar public safety messages in <a href="/wiki/Cell_broadcast#Public_warning_implementations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell broadcast">other countries</a>. These messages are similar to SMS messages. </p><p>Messages are sent to a <a href="/wiki/Short_message_service_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service center">short message service center</a> (SMSC), which provides a "<a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a>" mechanism. It attempts to send messages to the SMSC's recipients. If a recipient is not reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some SMSCs also provide a "forward and forget" option where transmission is tried only once. Both mobile terminated (MT, for messages sent <i>to</i> a mobile handset) and mobile originating (MO, for those sent <i>from</i> the mobile handset) operations are supported. Message delivery is "<a href="/wiki/Best_effort" class="mw-redirect" title="Best effort">best effort</a>", so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient, but delay or complete loss of a message is uncommon, typically affecting less than 5 percent of messages.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some providers allow users to request delivery reports, either via the SMS settings of most modern phones, or by prefixing each message with *0#<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or *N#. However, the exact meaning of confirmations varies from reaching the network, to being queued for sending, to being sent, to receiving a confirmation of receipt from the target device, and users are often not informed of the specific type of success being reported.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>SMS is a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_protocol" title="Stateless protocol">stateless communication protocol</a> in which every SMS message is considered entirely independent of other messages. Enterprise applications using SMS as a communication channel for stateful dialogue (where an MO reply message is paired to a specific MT message) requires that <a href="/wiki/Session_(computer_science)" title="Session (computer science)">session management</a> be maintained external to the protocol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Message_size">Message size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Message size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transmission of short messages between the SMSC and the handset is done whenever using the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Application_Part" title="Mobile Application Part">Mobile Application Part</a> (MAP) of the <a href="/wiki/Signaling_System_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling System 7">SS7</a> protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messages are sent with the MAP MO- and MT-ForwardSM operations, whose payload length is limited by the constraints of the signaling protocol to precisely 140 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> (140 bytes × 8 bits / byte = 1120 bits). </p><p>Short messages can be encoded using a variety of alphabets: the default <a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38" title="GSM 03.38">GSM 7-bit alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38#GSM_8_bit_data_encoding" title="GSM 03.38">the 8-bit data alphabet</a>, and the 16-bit <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a> or <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> alphabets.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3GPP_23.038_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3GPP_23.038-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on which alphabet the subscriber has configured in the handset, this leads to the maximum individual short message sizes of 160 7-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. GSM 7-bit alphabet support is mandatory for GSM handsets and network elements,<sup id="cite_ref-3GPP_23.038_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3GPP_23.038-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but characters in languages such as Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, or Cyrillic alphabet languages (e.g., Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian, etc.) must be encoded using the 16-bit <a href="/wiki/UCS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="UCS-2">UCS-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>). <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">Routing</a> data and other <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> is additional to the payload size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Larger content (<a href="/wiki/Concatenated_SMS" title="Concatenated SMS">concatenated SMS</a>, multipart or segmented SMS, or "long SMS") can be sent using multiple messages, in which case each message will start with a <a href="/wiki/User_Data_Header" title="User Data Header">User Data Header</a> (UDH) containing segmentation information. Since UDH is part of the payload, the number of available characters per segment is lower: 153 for 7-bit encoding, 134 for 8-bit encoding and 67 for 16-bit encoding. The receiving handset is then responsible for reassembling the message and presenting it to the user as one long message. While the standard theoretically permits up to 255 segments,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10 segments is the practical maximum with some carriers,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and long messages are often billed as equivalent to multiple SMS messages. In some cases 127 segments are supported,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but software limitations in some SMS applications do not permit this. Some providers have offered length-oriented pricing schemes for messages, although that type of pricing structure is rapidly disappearing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gateway_providers">Gateway providers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gateway providers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SMS_gateway" title="SMS gateway">SMS gateway</a> providers facilitate SMS traffic between businesses and mobile subscribers, including SMS for enterprises, content delivery, and entertainment services involving SMS, e.g. TV voting. Considering SMS messaging performance and cost, as well as the level of messaging services, SMS gateway providers can be classified as aggregators or <a href="/wiki/Signaling_System_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling System 7">SS7</a> providers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The aggregator model is based on multiple agreements with mobile carriers to exchange two-way SMS traffic into and out of the operator's <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service Center">SMSC</a>, also known as "local termination model". Aggregators lack direct access into the SS7 protocol, which is the protocol where the SMS messages are exchanged. SMS messages are delivered to the operator's SMSC, but not the subscriber's handset; the SMSC takes care of further handling of the message through the SS7 network.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another type of <a href="/wiki/SMS_gateway" title="SMS gateway">SMS gateway</a> provider is based on SS7 connectivity to route SMS messages, also known as "international termination model". The advantage of this model is the ability to route data directly through SS7, which gives the provider total control and visibility of the complete path during SMS routing. This means SMS messages can be sent directly to and from recipients without having to go through the SMSCs of other mobile operators. Therefore, it is possible to avoid delays and message losses, offering full delivery guarantees of messages and optimized routing. This model is particularly efficient when used in mission-critical messaging and SMS used in corporate communications. Moreover, these <a href="/wiki/SMS_gateway" title="SMS gateway">SMS gateway</a> providers are providing branded SMS services with masking but after misuse of these gateways most countries' governments have taken serious steps to block these gateways.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interconnectivity_with_other_networks">Interconnectivity with other networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interconnectivity with other networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Message Service Centers communicate with the <a href="/wiki/Public_land_mobile_network" title="Public land mobile network">Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">PSTN</a> via Interworking and Gateway <a href="/wiki/Network_Switching_Subsystem#Mobile_switching_center_(MSC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Switching Subsystem">MSCs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Subscriber-originated messages are transported from a handset to a service center, and may be destined for mobile users, subscribers on a fixed network, or <a href="/wiki/Value-added_service" title="Value-added service">Value-Added Service Providers (VASPs)</a>, also known as application-terminated. Subscriber-terminated messages are transported from the service center to the destination handset, and may originate from mobile users, from fixed network subscribers, or from other sources such as VASPs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On some carriers non-subscribers can send messages to a subscriber's phone using an <a href="/wiki/SMS_gateway" title="SMS gateway">Email-to-SMS gateway</a>. Additionally, many carriers, including <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T Mobility</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile USA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon Wireless</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offer the ability to do this through their respective websites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For example, an AT&T subscriber whose phone number was 555-555-5555 would receive emails addressed to 5555555555@txt.att.net as text messages. Subscribers can easily reply to these SMS messages, and the SMS reply is sent back to the original email address. Sending email to SMS is free for the sender, but the recipient is subject to the standard delivery charges. Only the first 160 characters of an email message can be delivered to a phone, and only 160 characters can be sent from a phone. However, longer messages may be broken up into multiple texts, depending upon the telephone service provider.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Text-enabled fixed-line handsets are required to receive messages in text format. However, messages can be delivered to non enabled phones using <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">text-to-speech conversion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Voice_SMS_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voice_SMS-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short messages can send binary content such as <a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">ringtones</a> or logos, as well as <a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">Over-the-air programming</a> (OTA) or configuration data. Such uses are a vendor-specific extension of the GSM specification and there are multiple competing standards, although <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Smart_message" title="Smart message">Smart Messaging</a> is common. </p><p>SMS is used for M2M (<a href="/wiki/Machine_to_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine to Machine">Machine to Machine</a>) communication. For instance, there is an LED display machine controlled by SMS, and some <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_tracking_system" title="Vehicle tracking system">vehicle tracking</a> companies use SMS for their data transport or <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> needs. SMS usage for these purposes is slowly being superseded by <a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a> services owing to their lower overall cost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> GPRS is offered by smaller telco players as a route of sending SMS text to reduce the cost of SMS texting internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-GPRS_SMS_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPRS_SMS-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_in_other_architectures">Support in other architectures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Support in other architectures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Application_Part" title="Mobile Application Part">Mobile Application Part</a> (MAP) of the <a href="/wiki/Signaling_System_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling System 7">SS7</a> protocol included support for the transport of Short Messages through the Core Network from its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-MAP_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAP-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MAP Phase 2 expanded support for SMS by introducing a separate operation code for Mobile Terminated Short Message transport.<sup id="cite_ref-MAP_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAP-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Phase 2, there have been no changes to the Short Message operation packages in MAP, although other operation packages have been enhanced to support CAMEL SMS control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> Releases 99 and 4 onwards, <a href="/wiki/Customised_Applications_for_Mobile_networks_Enhanced_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Customised Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic">CAMEL</a> Phase 3 introduced the ability for the <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Network" title="Intelligent Network">Intelligent Network (IN)</a> to control aspects of the Mobile Originated Short Message Service,<sup id="cite_ref-CAMEL_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMEL-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while CAMEL Phase 4, as part of 3GPP Release 5 and onwards, provides the IN with the ability to control the Mobile Terminated service.<sup id="cite_ref-CAMEL_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMEL-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CAMEL allows the <a href="/wiki/Service_Control_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Service Control Point">gsmSCP</a> to block the submission (MO) or delivery (MT) of Short Messages, route messages to destinations other than that specified by the user, and perform real-time billing for the use of the service. Prior to standardized CAMEL control of the Short Message Service, IN control relied on <a href="/wiki/Network_Switching_Subsystem#Mobile_switching_center_(MSC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Switching Subsystem">switch</a> vendor specific extensions to the <a href="/wiki/INAP" title="INAP">Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP)</a> of SS7.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AT_commands">AT commands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: AT commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many mobile and satellite <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> units support the sending and receiving of SMS using an extended version of the <a href="/wiki/Hayes_command_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayes command set">Hayes command set</a>. The extensions were standardised as part of the GSM Standards and extended as part of the 3GPP standards process.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The connection between the terminal equipment and the transceiver can be realized with a serial cable (e.g., <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> link, an <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> link, etc. Common AT commands include AT+CMGS (send message), AT+CMSS (send message from storage), AT+CMGL (list messages) and AT+CMGR (read message).<sup id="cite_ref-SMS_AT_extensions_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMS_AT_extensions-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, not all modern devices support receiving of messages if the message storage (for instance the device's internal memory) is not accessible using AT commands.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premium-rated_short_messages">Premium-rated short messages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Premium-rated short messages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Value-added_service_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-added service provider">Value-added service provider</a> (VASP) providing <a href="/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">premium-rate</a> content submits the message to the mobile operator's SMSC(s) using a <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol such as the <a href="/wiki/Short_message_peer-to-peer_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message peer-to-peer protocol">short message peer-to-peer protocol</a> (SMPP) or the <a href="/wiki/EMI_(protocol)" title="EMI (protocol)">External Machine Interface (EMI)</a>. The SMSC delivers the text using the normal Mobile Terminated delivery procedure. The subscribers are charged extra for receiving this premium content; the revenue is typically divided between the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">mobile network operator</a> and the VASP either through revenue share or a fixed transport fee. Submission to the SMSC is usually handled by a third party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mobile-originated short messages may also be used in a premium-rated manner for services such as <a href="/wiki/Televoting" title="Televoting">televoting</a>. In this case, the VASP providing the service obtains a <a href="/wiki/Short_code" title="Short code">short code</a> from the telephone network operator, and subscribers send texts to that number. The payouts to the carriers vary by carrier; percentages paid are greatest on the lowest-priced premium SMS services. Most information providers should expect to pay about 45 percent of the cost of the premium SMS up front to the carrier. The submission of the text to the SMSC is identical to a standard MO Short Message submission, but once the text is at the SMSC, the Service Center (SC) identifies the Short Code as a premium service. The SC will then direct the content of the text message to the VASP, typically using an <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">IP</a> protocol such as SMPP or EMI. Subscribers are charged a premium for the sending of such messages, with the revenue typically shared between the network operator and the VASP. Short codes only work within one country, they are not international.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An alternative to inbound SMS is based on <a href="/wiki/Long_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Long numbers">long numbers</a> (international number format, such as "+44 762 480 5000"), which can be used in place of short codes for SMS reception in several applications, such as TV voting, product promotions and campaigns. Long numbers work internationally, allow businesses to use their own numbers, rather than short codes, which are usually shared across many brands. Additionally, long numbers are nonpremium inbound numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threaded_SMS">Threaded SMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Threaded SMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Threaded SMS is a visual styling orientation of SMS message history that arranges messages to and from a contact in chronological order on a single screen. It was first invented by a developer working to implement the SMS client for the BlackBerry, who was looking to make use of the blank screen left below the message on a device with a larger screen capable of displaying far more than the usual 160 characters, and was inspired by threaded Reply conversations in email.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visually, this style of representation provides a back-and-forth chat-like history for each individual contact.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierarchical-threading at the <a href="/wiki/Conversation_threading#Advantages" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversation threading">conversation-level</a> (as typical in blogs and online messaging boards) is not widely supported by SMS messaging clients. This limitation is due to the fact that there is no <a href="/wiki/Session_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Session identifier">session identifier</a> or subject-line passed back and forth between sent and received messages in the <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> data (as specified by SMS protocol) from which the client device can properly thread an incoming message to a specific dialogue, or even to a specific message within a dialogue. </p><p>Most smart phone text-messaging-clients are able to create some contextual threading of "group messages" which narrows the context of the thread around the common interests shared by group members. On the other hand, advanced enterprise messaging applications which push messages from a remote server often display a dynamically changing reply number (multiple numbers used by the same sender), which is used along with the sender's phone number to create <a href="/wiki/Session_(computer_science)#Session_management_over_SMS" title="Session (computer science)">session-tracking</a> capabilities analogous to the functionality that <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a> provide for web-browsing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As one pervasive example, this technique is used to extend the functionality of many Instant Messenger (IM) applications such that they are able to communicate over two-way dialogues with the much larger SMS user-base.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases where multiple reply numbers are used by the enterprise server to maintain the dialogue, the visual conversation threading on the client may be separated into multiple threads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application-to-person_(A2P)_SMS"><span id="Application-to-person_.28A2P.29_SMS"></span>Application-to-person (A2P) SMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Application-to-person (A2P) SMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While SMS reached its popularity as a person-to-person messaging, another type of SMS is growing fast: application-to-person (A2P) messaging. A2P is a type of SMS sent from a subscriber to an application or sent from an application to a subscriber. It is commonly used by businesses, such as banks, e-gaming, logistic companies, e-commerce, to send SMS messages from their systems to their customers.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, carriers have traditionally preferred that A2P messages be sent using a short code rather than a standard <a href="/wiki/Long_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Long code">long code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, US carriers introduced a new service called A2P 10DLC, supporting the used of 10-digit long codes for A2P messages.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom A2P messages can be sent with a dynamic 11 character sender ID; however, short codes are used for OPTOUT commands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_phone_networks">Satellite phone networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Satellite phone networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All commercial <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phone</a> networks except <a href="/wiki/ACeS" title="ACeS">ACeS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optus_Fleet_of_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus Fleet of Satellites">OptusSat</a> support SMS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While early <a href="/wiki/Iridium_Satellite_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium Satellite LLC">Iridium</a> handsets only support incoming SMS, later models can also send messages. The price per message varies for different networks. Unlike some mobile phone networks, there is no extra charge for sending international SMS or to send one to a different satellite phone network. SMS can sometimes be sent from areas where the signal is too poor to make a voice call. </p><p>Satellite phone networks usually have web-based or email-based SMS portals where one can send free SMS to phones on that particular network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unreliability">Unreliability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Unreliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike dedicated texting systems like the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Paging_Protocol" title="Simple Network Paging Protocol">Simple Network Paging Protocol</a> and Motorola's ReFLEX protocol,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMS message delivery is not guaranteed, and many implementations provide no mechanism through which a sender can determine whether an SMS message has been delivered in a timely manner.<sup id="cite_ref-cellular-news_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cellular-news-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMS messages are generally treated as lower-priority traffic than voice, and various studies have shown that around 1% to 5% of messages are lost entirely, even during normal operation conditions, and others may not be delivered until long after their relevance has passed.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of SMS as an emergency notification service in particular has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-cellular-news_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cellular-news-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vulnerabilities">Vulnerabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vulnerabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Phishing_Attack_Example.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SMS_Phishing_Attack_Example.jpg/220px-SMS_Phishing_Attack_Example.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SMS_Phishing_Attack_Example.jpg/330px-SMS_Phishing_Attack_Example.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/SMS_Phishing_Attack_Example.jpg/440px-SMS_Phishing_Attack_Example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attack through SMS, showing a fake message and URL claiming to be from <a href="/wiki/Apple,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple, Inc.">Apple</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_security#Attacks_based_on_SMS_and_MMS" title="Mobile security">Mobile security § Attacks based on SMS and MMS</a></div> <p>The Global Service for Mobile communications (<a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>), with the greatest worldwide number of users, succumbs to several security vulnerabilities. In the GSM, only the airway traffic between the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Station">Mobile Station</a> (MS) and the <a href="/wiki/Base_Transceiver_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Base Transceiver Station">Base Transceiver Station</a> (BTS) is optionally encrypted with a weak and broken <a href="/wiki/Stream_cipher" title="Stream cipher">stream cipher</a> (<a href="/wiki/A5/1" title="A5/1">A5/1</a> or <a href="/wiki/A5/2" title="A5/2">A5/2</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> is unilateral and also vulnerable. There are also many other security vulnerabilities and shortcomings.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such vulnerabilities are inherent to SMS as one of the superior and well-tried services with a global availability in the <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> networks. SMS messaging has some extra security vulnerabilities due to its store-and-forward feature, and the problem of fake SMS that can be conducted via the Internet. When a user is roaming, SMS content passes through different networks, perhaps including the Internet, and is exposed to various vulnerabilities and attacks. Another concern arises when an adversary gets access to a phone and reads the previous unprotected messages.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2005, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> published an analysis of vulnerabilities in SMS-capable cellular networks. The researchers speculated that attackers might exploit the open functionality of these networks to disrupt them or cause them to fail, possibly on a nationwide scale.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SMS_spoofing">SMS spoofing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: SMS spoofing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SMS_spoofing" title="SMS spoofing">SMS spoofing</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> industry has identified a number of potential fraud attacks on mobile operators that can be delivered via abuse of SMS messaging services. The most serious threat is SMS Spoofing, which occurs when a fraudster manipulates address information in order to impersonate a user that has roamed onto a foreign network and is submitting messages to the home network. Frequently, these messages are addressed to destinations outside the home network—with the home SMSC essentially being "hijacked" to send messages into other networks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The only sure way of detecting and blocking spoofed messages is to screen incoming mobile-originated messages to verify that the sender is a valid subscriber and that the message is coming from a valid and correct location. This can be implemented by adding an intelligent routing function to the network that can query originating subscriber details from the <a href="/wiki/Home_location_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Home location register">home location register</a> (HLR) before the message is submitted for delivery. This kind of intelligent routing function is beyond the capabilities of legacy messaging infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitation">Limitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Limitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an effort to limit telemarketers who had taken to bombarding users with hordes of unsolicited messages, India introduced new regulations in September 2011, including a cap of 3,000 SMS messages per subscriber per month, or an average of 100 per subscriber per day.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to representations received from some of the service providers and consumers, <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_India" title="Telecom Regulatory Authority of India">TRAI</a> (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) has raised this limit to 200 SMS messages per SIM per day in case of <a href="/wiki/Prepaid_mobile_phone" title="Prepaid mobile phone">prepaid</a> services, and up to 6,000 SMS messages per SIM per month in case of <a href="/wiki/Postpaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpaid">postpaid</a> services with effect from November 1, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was ruled unconstitutional by the Delhi high court, but there are some limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_driven_messaging_service" title="Process driven messaging service">Process driven messaging service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Comparison of mobile phone standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing#Thumbing" title="Typing">Thumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Coding_Scheme" title="Data Coding Scheme">Data Coding Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Messaging_Service" title="Enhanced Messaging Service">Enhanced Messaging Service</a> (EMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_message_service_technical_realisation_(GSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service technical realisation (GSM)">Short message service technical realisation (GSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_hubbing" title="SMS hubbing">SMS hubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_home_routing" title="SMS home routing">SMS home routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCODE" title="BCODE">BCODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstructured_Supplementary_Service_Data" title="Unstructured Supplementary Service Data">Unstructured Supplementary Service Data</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically 140 <a href="/wiki/Bytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytes">bytes</a>, allowing 160 7-bit (i.e. entirely alpha-numeric) characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 2-byte characters in languages such as Chinese when encoded using <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> character encoding.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2012" class="citation web cs1">O'Mahony, Jennifer (3 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GatewayAPI&rft.atitle=RCS%3A+Next+Generation+SMS&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft.aulast=Junge&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgatewayapi.com%2Fblog%2Frcs-next-generation-sms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSM_28/85-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSM_28/85_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSM_28/85_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSM_28/85_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GSM Doc 28/85 "Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM System" rev2, June 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_SMS-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_SMS_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_SMS_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_SMS_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2538083.stm">"Hppy bthdy txt!"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070120045138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2538083.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hppy+bthdy+txt%21&rft.date=2002-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F2538083.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinman" class="citation news cs1">Kleinman, Zoe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-63825894">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Merry Christmas': 30 years of the text message"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203112737/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-63825894">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Merry+Christmas%27%3A+30+years+of+the+text+message&rft.aulast=Kleinman&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-63825894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsmhistory.com/vintage-mobiles/#orbitel_901_1992">"Vintage Mobiles"</a>. <i>History of GSM</i>. Orbitel 901 – the first GSM mobile and the first to receive a commercial SMS text message (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126051916/http://www.gsmhistory.com/vintage-mobiles/#orbitel_901_1992">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+GSM&rft.atitle=Vintage+Mobiles&rft.pages=Orbitel+901+-+the+first+GSM+mobile+and+the+first+to+receive+a+commercial+SMS+text+message+%281992%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmhistory.com%2Fvintage-mobiles%2F%23orbitel_901_1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see GSM document 02/82, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These Message Handling Systems had been standardized in the ITU, see specifications X.400 series</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the book Hillebrand, Trosby, Holley, Harris: SMS the creation of Personal Global Text Messaging, Wiley 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimesblogs.latimes.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimesblogs.latimes.com_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/05/invented-text-messaging.html">"Technology"</a>. May 3, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930082324/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/05/invented-text-messaging.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology&rft.date=2009-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2F05%2Finvented-text-messaging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See GSM document 28/85rev.June 2, 85 and GSM WP1 document 66/86, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFETSI" class="citation web cs1">ETSI, TC-SMG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gts/03/0340/05.02.00_60/gsmts_0340v050200p.pdf">"Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Technical realization of the Short Message Service (SMS)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>etsi.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212070051/https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gts/03/0340/05.02.00_60/gsmts_0340v050200p.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etsi.org&rft.atitle=Digital+cellular+telecommunications+system+%28Phase+2%2B%29%3B+Technical+realization+of+the+Short+Message+Service+%28SMS%29&rft.aulast=ETSI&rft.aufirst=TC-SMG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etsi.org%2Fdeliver%2Fetsi_gts%2F03%2F0340%2F05.02.00_60%2Fgsmts_0340v050200p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Hillebrand" title="Friedhelm Hillebrand">Friedhelm Hillebrand</a> "GSM and UMTS, the creation of Global Mobile Communication", Wiley 2002, chapters 10 and 16, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-84322-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-84322-5">0-470-84322-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GSM document 19/85, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GSM document 28/85r2, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsmhistory.com/sms/">"So who really did create SMS?"</a>. Stephen Temple. February 24, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511181922/http://www.gsmhistory.com/sms/">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So+who+really+did+create+SMS%3F&rft.pub=Stephen+Temple&rft.date=2013-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmhistory.com%2Fsms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSM_02.03-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSM_02.03_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSM_02.03_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=29">"Teleservices Supported by a GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)"</a>. GSM TS 02.03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teleservices+Supported+by+a+GSM+Public+Land+Mobile+Network+%28PLMN%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.3gpp.org%2Fdesktopmodules%2FSpecifications%2FSpecificationDetails.aspx%3FspecificationId%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Document GSM IDEG 79/87r3, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GSM 03.40, WP4 document 152/87, available on the GSM-SMG Archive DVD-ROM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn_Trosby2004" class="citation journal cs1">Finn Trosby (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925185855/http://,www.telenor.com/telektronikk/volumes/pdf/3.2004/Page_187-194.pdf">"SMS the strange duckling of GSM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Telektronikk</i>. <b>3</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telenor.com/telektronikk/volumes/pdf/3.2004/Page_187-194.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 25, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telektronikk&rft.atitle=SMS+the+strange+duckling+of+GSM&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Finn+Trosby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telenor.com%2Ftelektronikk%2Fvolumes%2Fpdf%2F3.2004%2FPage_187-194.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neil_Papworth-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neil_Papworth_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/uk-hails-10th-birthday-of-sms/articleshow/30216466.cms">"UK hails 10th birthday of SMS"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 4 December 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=UK+hails+10th+birthday+of+SMS&rft.date=2002-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fuk-hails-10th-birthday-of-sms%2Farticleshow%2F30216466.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316145401/http://www.logica.com/history%2Band%2Bkey%2Bmilestones/350233679">"First commercial deployment of Text Messaging (SMS)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logica.com/history%2Band%2Bkey%2Bmilestones/350233679">the original</a> on March 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+commercial+deployment+of+Text+Messaging+%28SMS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logica.com%2Fhistory%252Band%252Bkey%252Bmilestones%2F350233679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Homeland Security. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524003007/https://www.eff.org/sites/default/files/filenode/3260%20TOD%20CELLULAR%20PHONE%20TECHNOLOGIES.pdf">"Cellular Technologies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Electronic Frontier Foundation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/sites/default/files/filenode/3260%20TOD%20CELLULAR%20PHONE%20TECHNOLOGIES.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cellular+Technologies&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation%29&rft.au=US+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffilenode%2F3260%2520TOD%2520CELLULAR%2520PHONE%2520TECHNOLOGIES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203214126/https://www.telenor.com/about/who-we-are/history/our-history-in-norway/">"Our history in Norway"</a>. <i>Telenor Group</i>. 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telenor.com/about/who-we-are/history/our-history-in-norway/">the original</a> on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>Telenor leads in establishing GSM (2G) – the SMS service was a part of this platform</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telenor+Group&rft.atitle=Our+history+in+Norway&rft.pages=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telenor.com%2Fabout%2Fwho-we-are%2Fhistory%2Four-history-in-norway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1522609.stm">"BT unveils new mobile brand"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. September 3, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409180842/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1522609.stm">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=BT+unveils+new+mobile+brand&rft.date=2001-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F1522609.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNael2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nael, Merili (June 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.err.ee/537689/suri-tekstisonumite-looja-matti-makkonen">"Suri tekstisõnumite looja Matti Makkonen"</a> [Creator of text messages Matti Makkonen died]. <i>Err.ee</i> (in Estonian). <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">Eesti Rahvusringhääling</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055510/http://uudised.err.ee/v/majandus/7155b340-33ce-40d3-8a26-0f8644be4a24">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Err.ee&rft.atitle=Suri+tekstis%C3%B5numite+looja+Matti+Makkonen&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Nael&rft.aufirst=Merili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.err.ee%2F537689%2Fsuri-tekstisonumite-looja-matti-makkonen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsmworld-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsmworld_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsmworld_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020215194430/http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2001/press_releases_4.shtml">"More Than 200 Billion GSM Text Messages Forecast for Full Year 2001"</a> (Press release). GSM Association. 12 February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2001/press_releases_4.shtml">the original</a> on February 15, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Than+200+Billion+GSM+Text+Messages+Forecast+for+Full+Year+2001&rft.pub=GSM+Association&rft.date=2001-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmworld.com%2Fnews%2Fpress_2001%2Fpress_releases_4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2b-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2b_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2008" class="citation news cs1">Crystal, David (July 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/referenceandlanguages/story/0,,2289259,00.html">"2b or not 2b?"</a>. <i>Guardian Unlimited</i>. 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GSM TS 03.40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203215922/https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=141">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+realization+of+the+Short+Message+Service+%28SMS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.3gpp.org%2Fdesktopmodules%2FSpecifications%2FSpecificationDetails.aspx%3FspecificationId%3D141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=747">"Technical realization of the Short Message Service (SMS)"</a>. 3GPP TS 23.040. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207054608/https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=747">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+realization+of+the+Short+Message+Service+%28SMS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.3gpp.org%2Fdesktopmodules%2FSpecifications%2FSpecificationDetails.aspx%3FspecificationId%3D747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSM_03.41-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSM_03.41_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=142">"Technical Realization of Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (SMSCB)"</a>. GSM TS 03.41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203215908/https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=142">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Realization+of+Short+Message+Service+Cell+Broadcast+%28SMSCB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.3gpp.org%2Fdesktopmodules%2FSpecifications%2FSpecificationDetails.aspx%3FspecificationId%3D142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=748">"Technical realization of Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)"</a>. 3GPP TS 23.041. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203215908/https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=748">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+realization+of+Cell+Broadcast+Service+%28CBS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.3gpp.org%2Fdesktopmodules%2FSpecifications%2FSpecificationDetails.aspx%3FspecificationId%3D748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fccwea-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fccwea_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>fccwea</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923234130/http://www.eena.org/ressource/static/files/2011_11_17_one2many.pdf">"Cell Broadcast ; One2many"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Wiley, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver" class="citation cs2">Oliver, Earl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/research/tr/2007/CS-2007-42.pdf"><i>Design and Implementation of a Short Message Service Data Channel for Mobile Systems</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126180516/https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/research/tr/2007/CS-2007-42.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+and+Implementation+of+a+Short+Message+Service+Data+Channel+for+Mobile+Systems&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.uwaterloo.ca%2Fresearch%2Ftr%2F2007%2FCS-2007-42.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.o2.co.uk/t5/How-to-Guides/Text-Message-Tips-not-sent-or-received/ba-p/1179723">"Text Message Tips (not sent or received)"</a>. <i>community.o2.co.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=community.o2.co.uk&rft.atitle=Text+Message+Tips+%28not+sent+or+received%29&rft.date=2018-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.o2.co.uk%2Ft5%2FHow-to-Guides%2FText-Message-Tips-not-sent-or-received%2Fba-p%2F1179723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmri" class="citation web cs1">Amri, Kuross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511143408/http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/userpages/kumbes/public%5Fhtml/ra/sms/">"Communication Networks"</a>. 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London: Springer. pp. 70, 79, 163–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-6377-8"><bdi>978-1-4615-6377-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847640648">847640648</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111044135/https://search.worldcat.org/title/847640648">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>when sending very long SMS messages (longer than 10 segments with Unicode characters) some mobile carriers may have trouble handling these messages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twilio+Help+Center&rft.atitle=Does+Twilio+support+concatenated+SMS+messages+or+messages+over+160+characters%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.twilio.com%2Farticles%2F223181508-Does-Twilio-support-concatenated-SMS-messages-or-messages-over-160-characters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssb22.user.srcf.net/adjuster/sms.html">"Simplifying Unicode punctuation for SMS"</a>. <i>ssb22.user.srcf.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715062556/https://ssb22.user.srcf.net/adjuster/sms.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Support.sprintpcs.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.sprintpcs.com/doc/sp7648.xml?selectedDeviceId=5707&related=y&Referring%20Related%20DocID%20List%20Index=5&docid=7434&navtypeid=10&pagetypeid=7&prevPageIndex=10">the original</a> on October 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=TRAI+cap+on+SMS+goes&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Farticle2832402.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASMS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMS&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SMS" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:SMS">SMS</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3gpp.org/">3GPP</a> – the organization that maintains the SMS specification</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c036050_ISO_IEC_21989_2002(E).zip">ISO Standards (In Zip file format)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/ETSI/GSM0338.TXT">GSM 03.38 to Unicode</a> – how the GSM 7-bit default alphabet characters map into Unicode</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_phones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile<br />networks</a>,<br />protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><b>Digital</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br />specific<br /><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment<br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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