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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1952 scientific book. For planet Mars projects, see <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">exploration of Mars</a>. For projects named Mars, see <a href="/wiki/Mars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mars (disambiguation)">Mars (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Mars:_A_Technical_Tale" title="Project Mars: A Technical Tale">Project Mars: A Technical Tale</a></i>, the science fiction novel by Wernher von Braun.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Mars Project <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mars+Project&rft.author=%5B%5BWernher+von+Braun%5D%5D&rft.date=1952&rft.pub=%5B%5BFrankfurt%5D%5D%3A+Umschau+Verlag+%27%27%28German+1st+ed.%29%27%27%3Cbr%2F%3E%5B%5BUrbana%2C+Illinois%7CUrbana%5D%5D%3A+%5B%5BUniversity+of+Illinois+Press%5D%5D+%27%27%28English+1st+ed.%29%27%27&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=81+%27%27%28German+1st+ed.%29%27%27%3Cbr%2F%3E91+%27%27%28English+1st+ed.%29%27%27"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WernherVonBraunDasMarsprojekt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/WernherVonBraunDasMarsprojekt.jpg/200px-WernherVonBraunDasMarsprojekt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4b/WernherVonBraunDasMarsprojekt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="372" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First German edition book cover</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Das Marsprojekt</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data">Henry J. White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission to Mars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>: Umschau Verlag <i>(German 1st ed.)</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a> <i>(English 1st ed.)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1953</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">print (<a href="/wiki/Hardback" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardback">hardback</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">81 <i>(German 1st ed.)</i><br />91 <i>(English 1st ed.)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Exploration of Mars </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Mars Project</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><b>Das Marsprojekt</b></i>) is a 1952 non-fiction scientific book by the German (later German-American) rocket physicist, astronautics engineer and space architect <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>. It was translated from the original German by Henry J. White and first published in English by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a> in 1953. </p><p><i>The Mars Project</i> is a technical specification for a <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human expedition to Mars</a>. It was written by von Braun in 1948 and was the first "technically comprehensive design" for such an expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book has been described as "the most influential book on planning human missions to Mars".<sup id="cite_ref-Platoff_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platoff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> developed a fascination for interplanetary flight while he was still at school in Germany. In 1930 he went to university in Berlin to study engineering, and there he joined the Spaceflight Society (<i><a href="/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Raumschiffahrt" title="Verein für Raumschiffahrt">Verein für Raumschiffahrt</a></i>) and later worked on the design of <a href="/wiki/Liquid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-fuel rocket">liquid-fuel rockets</a>. Shortly before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, von Braun was recruited by the German Army to assist in the building of long-range military rockets. He became technical leader of the team that developed the <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2 rocket</a>. As the war drew to a close in early 1945 von Braun and his rocket team fled the advancing <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, and later surrendered to American troops. Von Braun and his scientists, plus 100 V-2s, were shipped to the U.S. Army's rocket research facility at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss" title="Fort Bliss">Fort Bliss</a> in New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Paine-1991_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paine-1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948 the U.S. Army's V-2 test program was completed and von Braun used his spare time to write a <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> novel about a <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a>. He based his story on comprehensive engineering diagrams and calculations, which he included in an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appendix" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:appendix">appendix</a> to the manuscript. The novel was not published, but the appendix formed the basis of a lecture von Braun gave at the First Symposium on Spaceflight held at the <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Planetarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayden Planetarium">Hayden Planetarium</a> in New York City in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appendix was also published in a special edition of the German space flight journal <i>Weltraumfahrt</i> in 1952, and later that year in <a href="/wiki/Hardback" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardback">hardback</a> by Umschau Verlag in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> as <i>Das Marsprojekt</i>. It was translated into English by Henry J. White and published in the United States in 1953 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a> as <i>The Mars Project</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Platoff_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platoff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Portree_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The published titles are shown in bold. </p> <ul><li>1948–1949: Wernher von Braun wrote <i>Marsprojekt</i>, a science fiction novel in German.<sup id="cite_ref-Platoff_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platoff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950: Henry J. White translated <i>Marsprojekt</i> into English as <i>Mars Project</i>.</li> <li>1952: <i>Marsprojekt</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> technical appendix was published in German by Umschau Verlag as <i><b>Das Marsprojekt</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platoff_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platoff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1953: <i>Mars Project</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> technical appendix was published in English by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a> as <i><b>The Mars Project</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platoff_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platoff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>late 1950s: <i><a href="/wiki/This_Week_(magazine)" title="This Week (magazine)">This Week</a></i> published excerpts from the unpublished <i>Mars Project</i> novel.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergaust_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergaust-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006: The <i>Mars Project</i> novel was published by <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Books" title="Apogee Books">Apogee Books</a> as <i><b><a href="/wiki/Project_Mars:_A_Technical_Tale" title="Project Mars: A Technical Tale">Project Mars: A Technical Tale</a></b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzmiller_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzmiller-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Mars Project</i> is a technical specification for a <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a> that von Braun wrote in 1948, with a provisional launch date of 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He envisioned an "enormous scientific expedition" involving a fleet of ten spacecraft with 70 crew members that would spend 443 days on the surface of Mars before returning to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft, seven passenger ships, and three cargo ships, would all be assembled in Earth orbit using materials supplied by 950 launches of three-stage <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">heavy-lift launch vehicles</a>. The fleet would use a <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> that, although corrosive and toxic, could be stored without refrigeration during the three-year round-trip to Mars. Von Braun calculated the size and weight of each ship, and how much fuel each of them would require for the round trip (5,320,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a>). <a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann trajectories</a> would be used to move from Earth- to Mars-orbit, and von Braun computed each rocket burn necessary to perform the required manoeuvres.<sup id="cite_ref-Portree_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once in Mars orbit, the crew would use telescopes to find a suitable site for their base camp near the equator. A crewed winged craft would detach itself from one of the orbiting ships and glide down to one of Mars' <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a> and use <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">skis</a> to land on the ice. The crew would then travel 6,500 km overland using <a href="/wiki/Tracked_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracked vehicle">crawlers</a> to the identified base camp site and build a landing strip. The rest of the ground crew would descend from orbit to the landing strip in wheeled gliders. A skeleton crew would remain behind in the orbiting ships. The gliders would also serve as ascent craft to return the crew to the mother ships at the end of the ground mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Portree_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Von Braun based his Mars Project on the large <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> expeditions of the day. For example, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a> (1946–1947) was a United States Navy program that included 4,700 men, 13 ships and 23 aircraft. At the time, Antarctic explorers were cut off from the rest of the world and the necessary skills had to be on hand to deal with any problem that arose. Von Braun expected the Martian explorers to face similar problems and included a large multi-disciplined crew in his mission, as well as multiple ships and landers for redundancy to reduce risk to personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Portree_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shortcomings">Shortcomings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shortcomings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his introduction to <i>The Mars Project</i>, von Braun stated that his study was not yet complete. He said that he had omitted the details of some topics that would need to be addressed further, including the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">orbit of Mars</a>, interplanetary <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">astronavigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor showers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">long-term effects of spaceflight on humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Platoff_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platoff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are other shortcomings in <i>The Mars Project</i> that von Braun could not have anticipated in 1948. He had not planned on any uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">exploratory missions to Mars</a> taking place before the first human expedition, and he had not foreseen the technological advances that would take place, or the development of <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">robot spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Portree_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1965 that the uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a> spacecraft found that the density of the <a href="/wiki/Martian_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian atmosphere">Martian atmosphere</a> was only one tenth of what had been estimated, making it clear that the huge winged gliders planned by von Braun would not have had enough lift to be able to <a href="/wiki/Mars_lander#Methods_of_descent_and_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars lander">descend safely onto the surface of Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The danger of high energy <a href="/wiki/Solar_particle_event" title="Solar particle event">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic radiation</a> beyond low Earth orbit was not known in 1948. The <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a> were not discovered until 1958, and von Braun did not plan for the <a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays#Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">protection of the crews from such radiation</a>, whether in space or on the Martian surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg/175px-Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg/263px-Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg/350px-Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> in 1954.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Mars Project</i> was the first technical study on the feasibility of a human mission to Mars, and has been regarded as "the most influential book" on planning such missions.<sup id="cite_ref-Platoff_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platoff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Wade wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a></i>, "What is astonishing is that von Braun's scenario is still valid today."<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1952 and 1954, one of America's popular magazines,<sup id="cite_ref-Portree_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's</a></i> brought von Braun's ideas to the attention of the general public when they published a series of eight articles on space flight and exploration entitled "<a href="/wiki/Man_Will_Conquer_Space_Soon!" title="Man Will Conquer Space Soon!">Man Will Conquer Space Soon!</a>". Von Braun contributed to many of the articles, which were illustrated with paintings by space artists <a href="/wiki/Chesley_Bonestell" title="Chesley Bonestell">Chesley Bonestell</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the <i>Collier's</i> series made von Braun a household name, and he appeared on several TV shows. He also collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> and appeared in three episodes of Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney anthology television series">Disneyland</a></i> TV program.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two other shows that featured von Braun were "<a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Moon" title="Man and the Moon">Man and the Moon</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Mars_and_Beyond" title="Mars and Beyond">Mars and Beyond</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956 von Braun revised his Mars Plan and scaled down the size of the mission to two ships and 12 crew, requiring only 400 launches to launch the components and fuel to assemble in orbit. He published his results in a new book, <i>The Exploration of Mars</i> with co-author German-American science writer and space advocate, <a href="/wiki/Willy_Ley" title="Willy Ley">Willy Ley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade-1956_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-1956-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original <i>Mars Project</i> was later republished by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a> in 1962, and again in 1991, with a <a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">foreword</a> by American scientist and the third Administrator of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a>. </p><p>Von Braun's unpublished science fiction novel from 1948 was eventually published in Canada by <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Books" title="Apogee Books">Apogee Books</a> in December 2006 as <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Mars:_A_Technical_Tale" title="Project Mars: A Technical Tale">Project Mars: A Technical Tale</a></i>. It included his technical papers on the proposed project and paintings by Chesley Bonestell.<sup id="cite_ref-Paine-1991_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paine-1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vonBraun-2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonBraun-2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> copy of <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Mars:_A_Technical_Tale" title="Project Mars: A Technical Tale">Project Mars: A Technical Tale</a></i>, the novel published in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-vonBraun-2006_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonBraun-2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incorrectly shows its publication date as 1953, the year the English translation of <i>The Mars Project</i> was published.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wade-1952-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1952_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wade, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806011611/http://www.astronautix.com/v/vonbraunmarpedition-1952.html">"Von Braun Mars Expedition – 1952"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronautix.com/v/vonbraunmarpedition-1952.html">the original</a> on August 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Von+Braun+Mars+Expedition+%E2%80%93+1952&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastronautix.com%2Fv%2Fvonbraunmarpedition-1952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Platoff-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Platoff_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Platoff_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Platoff_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Platoff_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Platoff_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Platoff_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Platoff_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatoff2001" class="citation web cs1">Platoff, Annie (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192655/https://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/CR-2001-208928.pdf">"Eyes on the Red Planet: Human Mars Mission Planning, 1952–1970"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA Johnson Space Center</a></i>. "Chapter 2", pp. 4–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/CR-2001-208928.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 31, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Johnson+Space+Center&rft.atitle=Eyes+on+the+Red+Planet%3A+Human+Mars+Mission+Planning%2C+1952%E2%80%931970&rft.pages=%22Chapter+2%22%2C+pp.+4-8&rft.date=2001-07&rft.aulast=Platoff&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fston.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fcollections%2FTRS%2F_techrep%2FCR-2001-208928.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paine-1991-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paine-1991_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paine-1991_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine, Thomas O.</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30NImj-DxIYC&pg=PR7">"Foreword"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">von Braun, Wernher</a> (ed.). <i>The Mars Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. vii–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06227-8"><bdi>978-0-252-06227-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Mars+Project&rft.pages=vii-xiii&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06227-8&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30NImj-DxIYC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portree-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portree_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortree2001" class="citation web cs1">Portree, David S. F. (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/humans_to_Mars.htm">"Humans to Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA History Office</a></i>. "Chapter 1", pp. 1–2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+History+Office&rft.atitle=Humans+to+Mars&rft.pages=%22Chapter+1%22%2C+pp.+1-2&rft.date=2001-02&rft.aulast=Portree&rft.aufirst=David+S.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fmonograph21%2Fhumans_to_Mars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergaust-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergaust_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergaust2017" class="citation book cs1">Bergaust, Erik (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP01DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158"><i>Wernher von Braun</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6623-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6623-4"><bdi>978-0-8117-6623-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wernher+von+Braun&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2017-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-6623-4&rft.aulast=Bergaust&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZP01DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitzmiller-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spitzmiller_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzmiller2010" class="citation web cs1">Spitzmiller, Ted (January 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.nss.org/book-review-project-mars/">"Book Review: Project Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Space+Society&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Project+Mars&rft.date=2010-01-27&rft.aulast=Spitzmiller&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.nss.org%2Fbook-review-project-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1993" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Mike (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022055449/https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/disney_article.html">"The Disney-Von Braun Collaboration and Its Influence on Space Exploration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center History Office</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/disney_article.html">the original</a> on October 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marshall+Space+Flight+Center+History+Office&rft.atitle=The+Disney-Von+Braun+Collaboration+and+Its+Influence+on+Space+Exploration&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Fvonbraun%2Fdisney_article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wade-1956-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wade-1956_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wade, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212417/http://www.astronautix.com/v/vonbraunmarpedition-1956.html">"Von Braun Mars Expedition – 1956"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/v/vonbraunmarpedition-1956.html">the original</a> on October 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Von+Braun+Mars+Expedition+%E2%80%93+1956&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fv%2Fvonbraunmarpedition-1956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vonBraun-2006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vonBraun-2006_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vonBraun-2006_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Braun2006" class="citation book cs1">von Braun, Wernher (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProjectMars/mode/2up"><i>Project Mars: A Technical Tale</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Books" title="Apogee Books">Apogee Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9738203-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9738203-3-0"><bdi>0-9738203-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Mars%3A+A+Technical+Tale&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9738203-3-0&rft.aulast=von+Braun&rft.aufirst=Wernher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FProjectMars%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Braun1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">von Braun, Wernher</a> (1991) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V16e-xQmyZQC"><i>The Mars Project</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06227-8"><bdi>978-0-252-06227-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mars+Project&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06227-8&rft.aulast=von+Braun&rft.aufirst=Wernher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV16e-xQmyZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2007" class="citation journal cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (July–August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.2968/063004019">"Wernher von Braun's ultimate weapon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></i>. <b>63</b> (4): 50–57, 78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BuAtS..63d..50J">2007BuAtS..63d..50J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2968%2F063004019">10.2968/063004019</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-3282">1938-3282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Wernher+von+Braun%27s+ultimate+weapon&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=50-57%2C+78&rft.date=2007-07%2F2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2968%2F063004019&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.eissn=1938-3282&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007BuAtS..63d..50J&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.2968%2F063004019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Mars+Project" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mars_Project&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human missions to Mars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_mission_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_Mars_mission_plans" title="List of crewed Mars mission plans">List of crewed Mars mission plans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">21st-century<br />proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Base_Camp" title="Mars Base Camp">Mars Base Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austere_Human_Missions_to_Mars" title="Austere Human Missions to Mars">Austere Human Missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Piloted_Orbital_Station" title="Mars Piloted Orbital Station">Mars Piloted Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Mars to Stay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program#Orion_Mars_mission" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_mission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mars_mission.jpg/155px-Mars_mission.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mars_mission.jpg/233px-Mars_mission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mars_mission.jpg/310px-Mars_mission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1393" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">20th-century<br />proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Piloted_Complex" title="Martian Piloted Complex">Martian Piloted Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelita_project" title="Aelita project">Aelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Direct" title="Mars Direct">Mars Direct</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Design_Reference_Mission" title="Mars Design Reference Mission">Mars Design Reference Mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Design_Reference_Mission_3.0" title="NASA Design Reference Mission 3.0">3.0</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mars_analog_habitat" title="Mars analog habitat">Mars analogs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_analogs" title="List of Mars analogs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Analogue_Research_Station_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Analogue Research Station Program">Mars Analogue Research Station Program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flashline_Mars_Arctic_Research_Station" title="Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station">FMARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Desert_Research_Station" title="Mars Desert Research Station">MDRS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Mars_Analog_Svalbard_Expedition" title="Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition">Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HI-SEAS" title="HI-SEAS">HI-SEAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEEMO" title="NEEMO">NEEMO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Mars_Project" title="Caves of Mars Project">Caves of Mars Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Hardware<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_habitat" title="Mars habitat">Mars habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewed_Mars_rover" title="Crewed Mars rover">Crewed Mars rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_suit" title="Mars suit">Mars suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Excursion_Module" title="Mars Excursion Module">Mars Excursion Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Mars lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Miscellany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction" title="Mars in fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction#Novels_and_short_stories" title="Mars in fiction">novels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_cycler" title="Mars cycler">Mars cycler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_orbit_rendezvous" title="Mars orbit rendezvous">Mars orbit rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Mars atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Mars flyby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars" title="Template:Mars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars" title="Template talk:Mars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mars" title="Outline of Mars">Outline of Mars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areography" title="Areography">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_general_circulation_model" title="Mars general circulation model">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dust_devils" title="Martian dust devils">Dust devil tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_methane_on_Mars" title="Natural methane on Mars">Methane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Mars" title="List of terrae on Mars">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus (Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander#Landing_zone" title="Mars Polar Lander">Ultimi Scopuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Physical<br />features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">"Canals"</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">Craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Descriptor_terms_(feature_types)" title="Planetary nomenclature">Labyrinthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">by height</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Observed rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_chaos_terrain_on_Mars" title="List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Meteorites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_cracks_on_Mars" title="Mud cracks on Mars">Mud cracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_theory" title="Mars ocean theory">Ocean theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander_on_Mars" title="True polar wander on Mars">polar wander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Recurring slope lineae (RSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">"Swiss cheese" feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis#Location_and_Size" title="Tharsis">Tharsis bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars" title="Astronomy on Mars">Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stickney_(crater)" title="Stickney (crater)">Stickney crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtoc" title="Limtoc">Limtoc crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(Deimian_crater)" title="Swift (Deimian crater)">Swift crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire_(crater)" title="Voltaire (crater)">Voltaire crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Mars" title="Solar eclipses on Mars">Solar eclipses on Mars</a></li> <li>Satellite transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planetary transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Mercury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars-crossers</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_WD5" title="2007 WD5">2007 WD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5261_Eureka" title="5261 Eureka">5261 Eureka</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(101429)_1998_VF31" title="(101429) 1998 VF31">1998 VF<sub>31</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(121514)_1999_UJ7" title="(121514) 1999 UJ7">1999 UJ<sub>7</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(311999)_2007_NS2" title="(311999) 2007 NS2">2007 NS<sub>2</sub></a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">Orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft">Missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Artificial objects on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction" title="Mars in fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">List of films set on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_scientist" title="Martian scientist">Martian scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mars" title="Flag of Mars">Flag of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Timekeeping on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sol" title="Mars sol">Sol (day on Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian calendar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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