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Following the war, Baer lived under an assumed name to avoid prosecution but was recognized and arrested in December 1960. He died in detention before he could stand trial.{{sfn|Klee|2011|p=24}} == Life == [[File:Richard Baer, Josef Mengele, Rudolf Hoess, Auschwitz. Album Höcker.jpg|thumb|left|From left to right: Richard Baer, [[Josef Mengele]] and [[Rudolf Höss]] (1944)]] Born in [[Floß|Floss]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]] in 1911, Baer grew up in a Protestant family.{{sfn|Orth|2004|p=96}} In 1925, he moved to [[Weiden in der Oberpfalz]], where he performed a three-year apprenticeship to become a pastry chef. After completing his vocational training, Baer toured Bavaria for several years as a journeyman.{{sfn|Orth|2004|p=97}} Eventually, in winter of 1932, he returned to the pastry company of his apprenticeship and worked there until he resigned in March 1933.{{sfn|Orth|2004|p=98}} Baer signed on with the [[Nazi Party]] in 1930, and on 1 July 1932 he became a member of the [[Allgemeine SS]].{{sfn|Klee|2013|p=25}} In the local SS post in Weiden, he met the future concentration camp commandant [[Martin Gottfried Weiss]]. Under the direction of Weiss, a small SS gang offered protection to speakers at weekend public meetings of the Nazi Party in the surrounding villages.{{sfn|Orth|2004|p=97}} Baer later stated that he had joined the Allgemeine SS because he liked the "soldier discipline" and the "joy of playing soldiers".{{sfn|Klee|2013|p=25}}<ref name=Langbein1980/> After the Nazis came to power, most of the SS men in Weiden served as auxiliary police officers locally{{sfn|Orth|2004|p=98}} and, as early as mid-April 1933, they were assigned as guards to the Dachau concentration camp, where Baer was subject to military drills, [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Ideology of the SS|ideological indoctrination]], and hard training in systematic techniques for the terrorisation of prisoners. His teacher was [[Theodor Eicke]], the camp commandant since June 1933 and shaper of the so-called "Dachau Model" of the Nazi concentration camp system.<ref name=OffenenArchiv>{{cite web |title=Richard Baer |website=Offenen Archiv - KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme |format=pdf |language=de |url=http://www.offenes-archiv.de/de/medium-ansicht?id=3912 }}</ref> Baer described the training for guard duty in Dachau as being "very strict" and "sharply polished": "The more we were polished, the more proud we were of it".<ref name=Langbein1980>During interrogations after his arrest, quoted in {{harvtxt|Langbein|1980|p=362}}</ref> From December 1934 to end-March 1935, Baer performed guard duty at the infamous [[Gestapo]] prison ''[[Columbia concentration camp|Columbia-Haus]]'' in Berlin.{{sfn|Gross|Renz|2013|p=280}} He was later assigned to the [[SS-Totenkopfverbände|SS-Death's Head]] (SS-TV) 2nd regiment ''Brandenburg'', which in 1936 was involved in the build up of the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]].<ref name=OffenenArchiv/> After taking a platoon commander course in [[Oranienburg concentration camp]], Baer served from March to September 1938 with the SS-TV 3rd regiment ''Thuringen'' in [[Buchenwald concentration camp]]. In September 1938, Baer was promoted to SS-[[second lieutenant]] (''[[Untersturmführer]]'') and, at the end of the same year, he headed the first group of guards in the newly established [[Neuengamme concentration camp]], then still a [[Subcamp|sub-camp]] of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In September 1940, he became a commando overseer.<ref name=OffenenArchiv/> At the end of 1940, Baer asked to join the front line and, after completing a course to become a company commander, he was sent to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern front]]. In December 1941, as a result of a wound, he was transferred back to Neuengamme concentration camp.<ref name=OffenenArchiv/> In 1942, Baer was appointed adjutant to the commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp. At Neuengamme, he participated in the killing of Soviet prisoners-of-war in a special [[gas chamber]] and in the selection of prisoners for the so-called [[Action 14f13|Operation 14f13]] in the [[Aktion T4|T4 Euthanasia Program]].{{sfn|Klee|2011|p=24}} [[File:Auschwitz-Richard Baer Karl Hocker Enno Lolling.jpg|right|thumb| [[Enno Lolling]], the director of Office DIII "Sanitation and Hygiene" in Department D "Concentration camps Inspectorate" of the [[SS Main Economic and Administrative Office]]; with Richard Baer, commandant of Auschwitz I, and his adjutant [[Karl-Friedrich Höcker]] (left to right)]] From November 1942 to May 1944, Baer was adjutant to [[Oswald Pohl]], then chief of the [[SS Main Economic and Administrative Office]]. In November 1943, he took over the office DI (Central Office) in the Department D "Concentration camps Inspectorate". He succeeded [[Arthur Liebehenschel]], considered by [[Heinrich Himmler|Himmler]] to be too "soft" with the prisoners{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}, as the third and final commandant of [[Auschwitz]] I from 11 May 1944, until the final dissolution of the camp in early 1945. From November 1943 until the end of 1944, [[Fritz Hartjenstein]] and [[Josef Kramer]] were responsible for the extermination camp in [[Auschwitz concentration camp#Auschwitz II-Birkenau|Auschwitz II-Birkenau]], so Baer was only Commandant of that part of the camp from the end of 1944 until February 1945. Near the end of the war, having replaced [[Otto Förschner]] as commandant of the [[Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp]] in [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]], Baer was responsible for the mass execution of Soviet prisoners by hanging{{fact|date=January 2023}}. His final rank was [[Sturmbannführer|SS Major]].{{sfn|Klee|2011|p=24}} == Post-war == Baer returned to his home county at the end of the war and eventually settled near [[Hamburg]], living as Karl Egon Neumann, a forestry worker.{{sfn|Klee|2011|p=24}} In the course of investigation during the [[Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials]], a warrant for his arrest was issued in October 1960 and his photograph was printed in newspapers. The story of Baer's arrest is vividly recounted by Devin Pendas in his book ''The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial''.{{sfn|Pendas|2006|p=48}} After seeing a wanted picture in the [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid newspaper]] ''[[Bild-Zeitung]]'', a co-worker on ''[[Fürst]]'' [[Otto von Bismarck|von Bismarck]]'s estate reported that Baer was working as a forester there. When officials confronted "Neumann" on the early morning of 20 December 1960, he at first denied everything. Having already addressed Baer as her "husband", the woman in the house subsequently gave her name as "Frau Baer", but still claimed that Baer was named "Neumann". Baer, however, finally admitted his true identity. On the advice of his lawyer, he refused to testify. He died of a heart attack{{fact|date=January 2023}} while in pre-trial detention in 1963.{{sfn|Orth|2004|loc=p. 290 note 68}} ==See also== * [[Höcker Album]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} == References == * {{cite book |editor1-last=Gross |editor1-first=Raphael |editor2-last=Renz |editor2-first=Werner |year=2013 |title=Der Frankfurter Auschwitz-Prozess (1963–1965) |others=Annotated edition in 2 volumes |series=Wissenschaftliche Reihe des Fritz Bauer Instituts |location=Frankfurt a/Main / New York City |publisher=Campus Verlag |isbn=978-3593399607 |language=de }} * {{cite book |last=Klee |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Klee |year=2011 |title=Das Personen Lexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945? |trans-title=People Dictionary of the Third Reich. Who's Who Before and After 1945 |location=Koblenz |publisher=Edition Kramer |isbn=978-398114834-3 |language=de }} * {{cite book |last=Klee |first=Ernst |year=2013 |title=Auschwitz - Täter, Gehilfen, Opfer und was aus ihnen wurde |trans-title=Auschwitz - Perpetrators, Helpers, Victims, and what became of them |edition=Kindle |location=Frankfurt a/Main |publisher=Fischer E-books |isbn=978-310402813-2 |language=de }} * {{cite book |last=Langbein |first=Hermann |author-link=Hermann Langbein |year=1980 |title=Menschen in Auschwitz |location=Frankfurt |publisher=Ullstein |isbn=9783548330143 |language=de }} * {{cite book |last=Orth |first=Karin |author-link=Karin Orth |year=2004 |title=Die Konzentrationslager-SS. Sozialstrukturelle Analysen und biographische Studien |location=München |publisher=[[dtv Verlagsgesellschaft|DTV]] |isbn=3-423-34085-1 |language=de }} * {{cite book |last=Pendas |first=David |year=2006 |title=The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 1963-1965: Genocide, History and the Limits of the Law |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521127981 }} * {{cite book |last=Segev |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Segev |year=1995 |title=Die Soldaten des Bösen. Zur Geschichte der KZ-Kommandanten |location=Reinbek bei Hamburg |publisher=[[Rowohlt Verlag]] |isbn=3-499-18826-0 |language=de }} * {{cite book |last=Wagner |first=Jens-Christian |author-link=Jens-Christian Wagner |year=2001 |title=Produktion des Todes: Das KZ Mittelbau-Dora |location=Göttingen |publisher=Wallstein Verlag |isbn=3-89244-439-0 |language=de }} ==External links== *[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Baer.html Richard Baer] on the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] * {{cite web |title=Auschwitz Through the Lens of the SS [Höcker Album photos] |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/collections-highlight-auschwitz-through-the-lens-of-the-ss }} *[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/03/17/080317fa_fact_wilkinson ''Picturing Auschwitz''] {{Holocaust Poland}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baer, Richard}} [[Category:1911 births]] [[Category:1963 deaths]] [[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp personnel]] [[Category:German mass murderers]] [[Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland]] [[Category:Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp personnel]] [[Category:Nazi concentration camp commandants who died in prison custody]] [[Category:Neuengamme concentration camp personnel]] [[Category:People from Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district)]] [[Category:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria]] [[Category:Prisoners who died in German detention]] [[Category:SS-Sturmbannführer]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) 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