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Pour ce faire, nous utilisons les instruments scientifiques les plus grands et les plus complexes du monde.</p> <p class="cern-btn"><a href="/fr/about">En savoir plus</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-0 col-sm-0 col-md-8 col-lg-8 col-item-megamenu"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-item-megamenu"> <ul class="cern-submenu"> <li> <p class="h2 cernmenu-level-0"> <a href="/fr/about/who-we-are" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5898">Qui sommes-nous ?</a> </p> <ul class=""> <li> <p class=" cernmenu-level-1 cernmenu-level-last "> <a href="/fr/about/who-we-are/our-mission" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5273">Nos missions</a> </p> </li> <li> <p class=" cernmenu-level-1 cernmenu-level-last "> <a href="/fr/about/who-we-are/our-governance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5277">Notre gouvernance</a> </p> </li> <li> <p class=" cernmenu-level-1 cernmenu-level-last "> <a href="/fr/about/who-we-are/our-governance/member-states" 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class="view-header"> <p>Actualités, opinions, annonces et articles à la une</p> </div> <div class="view-content clearfix"> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191265" id="preview-card" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern basic_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-11/202410-267_167.jpg?itok=9FkCAvwX') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-11/202410-267_167.jpg?itok=9FkCAvwX" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern basic_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/cern-council-selects-mark-thomson-next-director-general-starting-2026"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/cern-council-selects-mark-thomson-next-director-general-starting-2026" hreflang="fr" title="Le Conseil du CERN choisit Mark Thomson comme prochain directeur général du CERN à compter de 2026"> <span> Le Conseil du CERN choisit Mark Thomson comme... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-11-06T11:00:02Z">6 novembre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191152" id="preview-card--2" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern basic_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern basic_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/news/cern/estonian-flag-raised-cern"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/news/cern/estonian-flag-raised-cern" hreflang="fr" title="Le drapeau de l’Estonie hissé au CERN"> <span> Le drapeau de l’Estonie hissé au CERN </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-17T12:33:54Z">17 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> 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<div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Physics </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-11T09:08:31Z">11 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191077" id="preview-card--4" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern basic_page" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern basic_page"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks" hreflang="fr" title="Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de célébrer sept décennies de découvertes et de se projeter vers un futur brillant pour la science et l’innovation"> <span> Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-01T10:00:00Z">1 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <p class="cern-btn"><a 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BIRTH OF WEB, LHC...</span> <div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search"> <form action="/fr/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Rechercher</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Indiquer les termes à rechercher" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Rechercher" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Rechercher" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only"><span class="sr-only">Rechercher</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown cern-menu-lang-switcher"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="separator">|</span> fr <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/453" class="en"><a href="/science/engineering/powering-cern" class="language-link" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/453">en</a></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/453" class="fr is-active"><a href="/fr/science/engineering/powering-cern" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/453">fr</a></li></ul> </section> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- /.navbar-collapse --> </div> <!-- /.container-fluid --> </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container-fluid cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-story_page"> <div class="has-no-column wrapper-center col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="layout layout__region story-page-node-layout-content"> <div class="field--items"> </div> <div class="story-page-node--image story-page-legacy-title" style="background: radial-gradient(at center center, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 100%), url(/sites/default/files/2018-06/power_station_1.jpeg) no-repeat center center / cover"> <h1 class="story-page-node--title text-center mb-4"> L’énergie du CERN </h1> <hr style="width: 150px;border-top-width: 2px;" /> <p class="story-page-node--strap text-center mb-4"><b>Si la plus grande expérience scientifique du monde est gourmande en électricité, les câbles supraconducteurs permettent de limiter les dépenses</b></p> </div> <div class="container story-page-legacy-body"> <div class="story-page-node--body mt-2 clearfix"> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6em;">À mesure que le <a href="/fr/about/physics">programme de physique</a> du CERN a évolué et s’est étoffé, les physiciens du Laboratoire ont utilisé des <a href="/fr/about/accelerators">accélérateurs</a> et des <a href="/fr/about/how-detector-works">détecteurs</a> de plus en plus puissants pour étudier les particules fondamentales. Le CERN a dû innover pour s’adapter à une demande croissante en électricité. Sur une année, le Laboratoire consomme 1,3 térawatt heures d’électricité. C’est l’énergie qu’il faut pour alimenter 300 000 foyers au Royaume-Uni pendant un an. Mais les besoins en énergie varient au fil des mois, selon les saisons et les exigences des expériences.</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 1.6em;">Au plus fort de sa consommation, généralement entre mai et mi-décembre, le CERN utilise environ 200 mégawatts d'électricité, ce qui représente environ un tiers de l’énergie nécessaire pour alimenter la ville de Genève, située tout près du Laboratoire, en Suisse. C’est durant cette période de l’année que le <a href="/fr/about/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">Grand collisionneur de hadrons</a> (LHC) fonctionne, et il utilise cette électricité pour accélérer des protons à une vitesse proche de celle de la lumière. Durant les mois d’hiver, la consommation d’électricité du CERN redescend à quelque 80 mégawatts. </span></p> <h2>Des besoins qui ont évolué</h2> <p>D’où provient cette grande quantité d’électricité ? La réponse a évolué avec le temps. Lors de la création du CERN, en 1954, une sous-station électrique sur le site côté suisse suffisait pour répondre aux besoins du Laboratoire. L’électricité, fournie par une centrale électrique, entrait dans la sous-station, puis était redirigée selon les besoins, comme les voyageurs dans une gare. Avec l'extension du domaine – et du programme scientifique –, le CERN a revu sa stratégie d’alimentation en électricité.</p> <p>Dans les années 1970, une ligne électrique a été installée pour relier une nouvelle sous-station située sur le site du CERN côté français à une sous-station d’interconnexion, 35 kilomètres plus à l’ouest, faisant partie du réseau européen. La sous-station française approvisionne aujourd’hui l’ensemble du CERN, alors que la sous-station suisse est conservée comme source d’alimentation de secours.</p> <h2>Des câbles supraconducteurs pour économiser de l’énergie</h2> <p>Faite de cuivre, la ligne électrique principale a un fort rendement énergétique, mais l’électricité perd une partie de son énergie lors de son transport vers les électro-aimants internes du fait de la résistance électrique et lorsque <a href="/fr/about/engineering/cryogenics-low-temperatures-high-performance">la ligne est refroidie aux très basses températures</a> requises dans le LHC. Pour remédier à ces pertes d’énergie, les électro-aimants sont reliés à leur source d’alimentation électrique par des câbles <a href="/fr/about/engineering/superconductivity">supraconducteurs</a> en niobium-titane (NbTi). Ces câbles peuvent conduire 100 fois le courant des câbles en cuivre traditionnels, car ils n'offrent aucune résistance lorsqu'ils sont refroidis à une température proche du zéro absolu. On évite ainsi une grande perte d’énergie lors du passage du courant dans les câbles. Pour qu’ils soient dans un état supraconducteur, les <a href="/fr/about/engineering/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets">aimants du LHC</a> sont maintenus à 1,9 K (-271,3°C), une température plus basse que celle de l’espace intersidéral, grâce à un circuit fermé d’hélium liquide.</p> <figure><img src="/sites/home.web.cern.ch/files/image/inline-images/old/Superconducting%20coils.jpeg"><figcaption>Le câble en cuivre sur la gauche mesure 11 cm de haut, 28 cm de large et 8 cm d’épaisseur. Il peut transporter un courant de 12 500 ampères à température ambiante. Lorsqu’elle est refroidie à 1,9 K, la bobine de niobium et de titane sur la droite devient supraconductrice et peut transporter le même courant (Image CERN)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lorsque le courant se déplace de sa source d’approvisionnement jusqu’au LHC, il traverse un gradient de températures. De l’eau refroidit les câbles de cuivre afin de faciliter le passage de la température ambiante à la température cryogénique maintenue le long de l'accélérateur.</p> <p>Aujourd’hui, le procédé de refroidissement constitue le principal facteur de coûts de la supraconductivité. L’énergie économisée grâce à l’utilisation de câbles supraconducteurs est dépensée en énergie nécessaire au refroidissement de ces câbles. 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