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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Possible origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possible origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etemenanki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etemenanki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Etemenanki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etemenanki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesopotamian_analogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamian_analogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mesopotamian analogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamian_analogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_of_Jubilees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Jubilees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Book of Jubilees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Jubilees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudo-Philo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudo-Philo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pseudo-Philo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudo-Philo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Josephus'_Antiquities_of_the_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josephus'_Antiquities_of_the_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Josephus' <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josephus'_Antiquities_of_the_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Apocalypse_of_Baruch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Apocalypse_of_Baruch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Greek Apocalypse of Baruch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Apocalypse_of_Baruch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midrash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midrash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Midrash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midrash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Islamic tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Mormon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Mormon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Book of Mormon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Mormon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiplication_of_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiplication_of_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Multiplication of languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiplication_of_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enumeration_of_scattered_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enumeration_of_scattered_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Enumeration of scattered languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enumeration_of_scattered_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparable_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparable_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparable myths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparable_myths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparable myths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparable_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greco-Roman_parallel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Roman_parallel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Greco-Roman parallel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Roman_parallel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arizona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arizona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Arizona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arizona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Botswana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Other traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tower of Babel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toring_van_Babel" title="Toring van Babel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toring van Babel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A2%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A5" title="የባቢሎን ግንብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የባቢሎን ግንብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="برج بابل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج بابل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Բաբելոնի Աշտարակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բաբելոնի Աշտարակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Babel" title="Torre de Babel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torre de Babel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil_q%C3%BCll%C9%99si" title="Babil qülləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Babil qülləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ব্যাবিলনের টাওয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাবিলনের টাওয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa-pia%CC%8Dt-thah" title="Pa-pia̍t-thah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pa-pia̍t-thah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Вавілонская вежа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вавілонская вежа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вавилонска кула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вавилонска кула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Babel" title="Torre de Babel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torre de Babel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonsk%C3%A1_v%C4%9B%C5%BE" title="Babylonská věž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Babylonská věž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B5r_Babel" title="Tŵr Babel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tŵr Babel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babelst%C3%A5rnet" title="Babelstårnet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Babelstårnet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmbau_zu_Babel" title="Turmbau zu Babel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turmbau zu Babel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paabeli_torn" title="Paabeli torn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paabeli torn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Πύργος της Βαβέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύργος της Βαβέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Babel" title="Torre de Babel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torre de Babel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babela_turo" title="Babela turo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Babela turo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babelgo_dorrea_(Bibliako_istorioa)" title="Babelgo dorrea (Bibliako istorioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Babelgo dorrea (Bibliako istorioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="برج بابل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برج بابل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_ke_tower" title="Babel ke tower – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Babel ke tower" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Babel" title="Tour de Babel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tour de Babel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAr_Bh%C3%A1ibil" title="Túr Bháibil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túr Bháibil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil_Kulesi" title="Babil Kulesi – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Babil Kulesi" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Babel" title="Torre de Babel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Torre de Babel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%B2%A8%ED%83%91" title="바벨탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바벨탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Բաբելոնի աշտարակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաբելոնի աշտարակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बाबल का मीनार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाबल का मीनार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonska_kula" title="Babilonska kula – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Babilonska kula" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Babel" title="Menara Babel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menara Babel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turre_de_Babel" title="Turre de Babel – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turre de Babel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_di_Babele" title="Torre di Babele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torre di Babele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%9C" title="מגדל בבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדל בבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Babil" title="Menara Babil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Menara Babil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბაბილონის გოდოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაბილონის გოდოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Вавилон мұнарасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вавилон мұнарасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnara_wa_Babeli" title="Mnara wa Babeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnara wa Babeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birca_Bab%C3%AEl%C3%AA" title="Birca Babîlê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Birca Babîlê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turris_Babel" title="Turris Babel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turris Babel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81beles_tornis" title="Bābeles tornis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bābeles tornis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuerm_vu_Babel" title="Tuerm vu Babel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tuerm vu Babel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babelio_bok%C5%A1tas" title="Babelio bokštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Babelio bokštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4re_de_Bab%C3%A6le" title="Tôre de Babæle – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tôre de Babæle" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bel_tornya" title="Bábel tornya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bábel tornya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вавилонска кула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вавилонска кула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikambon%27_i_Babela" title="Tilikambon' i Babela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tilikambon' i Babela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ബാബേൽ ഗോപുരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാബേൽ ഗോപുരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="بابل برج – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بابل برج" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Babel" title="Menara Babel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menara Babel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83-bi%C4%95k-t%C3%A1k" title="Bă-biĕk-ták – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bă-biĕk-ták" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toren_van_Babel" title="Toren van Babel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toren van Babel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%A1%94" title="バベルの塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バベルの塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babels_t%C3%A5rn" title="Babels tårn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Babels tårn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A5rnet_i_Babel" title="Tårnet i Babel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tårnet i Babel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Babel" title="Tour de Babel – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tour de Babel" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Babel" title="Torre de Babel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Torre de Babel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobil_minorasi" title="Bobil minorasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bobil minorasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਾਬਲ ਦਾ ਮੀਨਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਬਲ ਦਾ ਮੀਨਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="بابل دا برج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بابل دا برج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Babel" title="Tour Babel – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tour Babel" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie%C5%BCa_Babel" title="Wieża Babel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wieża Babel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Babel" title="Torre de Babel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre de Babel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnul_Babel" title="Turnul Babel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turnul Babel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вавилонская башня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вавилонская башня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="بابل دا برج – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بابل دا برج" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulla_e_Babelit" title="Kulla e Babelit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kulla e Babelit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turri_di_Babbeli" title="Turri di Babbeli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turri di Babbeli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tower of Babel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonsk%C3%A1_ve%C5%BEa_(Babylon)" title="Babylonská veža (Babylon) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Babylonská veža (Babylon)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonski_stolp" title="Babilonski stolp – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Babilonski stolp" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вавилонска кула – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вавилонска кула" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabelin_torni" title="Baabelin torni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baabelin torni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babels_torn" title="Babels torn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Babels torn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_ng_Babel" title="Tore ng Babel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tore ng Babel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாபேல் கோபுரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாபேல் கோபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5" title="หอคอยบาเบล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หอคอยบาเบล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B7%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Бурҷи Бобул – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бурҷи Бобул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil_Kulesi" title="Babil Kulesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Babil Kulesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Вавилонська вежа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вавилонська вежа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="بابل کا برج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بابل کا برج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1p_Babel" title="Tháp Babel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tháp Babel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A5%E5%A1%94" title="巴別塔 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴別塔" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_han_Babel" title="Tore han Babel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tore han Babel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A5%E5%A1%94" title="巴別塔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴別塔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%A9-%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%81_B%C3%A1b%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%AC" title="Ilé-Ìṣọ́ Bábẹ́lì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilé-Ìṣọ́ Bábẹ́lì" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mythical structure in the Hebrew Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biblical myth. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tower of Babel (disambiguation)">Tower of Babel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Tower of Babel</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="heb">מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/250px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/375px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/500px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21952" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The Tower of Babel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a> (1563)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Tower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="#Height">§ Height</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tower of Babel</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> meant to explain the existence of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">different languages</a> and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Metzger2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levenson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the story, a united <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human race</a> speaking a single language migrates to <a href="/wiki/Shinar" title="Shinar">Shinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they agree to build a great city with a tower that would reach the sky. <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, observing these efforts and remarking on humanity's power in unity, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other and scatters them around the world, leaving the city unfinished. </p><p>Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known historical structures and accounts, particularly from ancient Mesopotamia. The most widely attributed inspiration is <i><a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> was called <i>Babel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar story is also found in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> legend, <i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></i>, which describes events and locations in southern Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-kramer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kramer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The phrase "Tower of Babel" does not appear in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> nor elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>; it is always "the city and the tower"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or just "the city".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original derivation of the name Babel, which is the Hebrew name for <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, is uncertain. The native <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> name of the city was <i>Bāb-ilim</i>, meaning "gate of God". However, that form and interpretation itself are now usually thought to derive from Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> applied to an earlier form of the name, <i>Babilla</i>, of unknown meaning and probably non-<a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Day2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per the story in Genesis, the city received the name "Babel" from the Hebrew verb <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">bālal</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning to jumble or to confuse, after Yahweh distorted the common language of humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-Mckenzie1995_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mckenzie1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, this reflects <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a> due to the Hebrew terms for Babylon and "to confuse" having similar pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Weltenchronik_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Meister_der_Weltenchronik_001.jpg/170px-Meister_der_Weltenchronik_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Meister_der_Weltenchronik_001.jpg/255px-Meister_der_Weltenchronik_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Meister_der_Weltenchronik_001.jpg/340px-Meister_der_Weltenchronik_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2399" /></a><figcaption>German Late Medieval depiction of the tower's construction from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Ems" title="Rudolf von Ems">Rudolf von Ems</a>' <i>Weltchronik</i>, cgm 5 fol. 29r (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1370s</span>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre">Genre</h3></div> <p>The Tower of Babel is a type of myth known as an <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">etiology</a>, which is intended explain the origin of a custom, ritual, geographical feature, name, or other phenomenon —namely the origins of the multiplicity of languages.<sup id="cite_ref-coogan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coogan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 426">: 426 </span></sup> The confusion of tongues (<i>confusio linguarum</i>) resulting from the construction of the Tower of Babel accounts for the fragmentation of human languages: God was concerned that humans had blasphemed by building the tower to avoid a second flood and so God brought into existence multiple languages, rendering humanity unable to understand each other.<sup id="cite_ref-coogan_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coogan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p>Prior to this event, humanity was stated to speak a single language, although the preceding Genesis 10:5 states that the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomer" title="Gomer">Gomer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Javan" title="Javan">Javan</a> dispersed "with their own tongues."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> explained this apparent contradiction by arguing that the story "without mentioning it, goes back to tell how it came about that the one language common to all men was broken up into many tongues".<sup id="cite_ref-Louth_et_al_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louth_et_al-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship has traditionally held that the two chapters were written by different sources, the former by the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a> and the latter by the <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a>. However, that theory has been debated among scholars in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3></div> <p>The story's theme of competition between God and humans appears elsewhere in Genesis, in the story of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first century Jewish interpretation found in <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> explains the construction of the tower as a <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubristic</a> act of defiance against God ordered by the arrogant tyrant <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a>. </p><p>There have been some contemporary challenges to this classical interpretation, with emphasis placed on the explicit motive of cultural and linguistic homogeneity mentioned in the narrative (v. 1, 4, 6); this reading of the text sees God's actions not as a punishment for pride, but as an etiology of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural differences">cultural differences</a>, presenting Babel as the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hiebert_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiebert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height">Height</h3></div> <p>The Book of Genesis does not specify the tower's height; the phrase, "its top in the sky" (v.4) was an idiom for impressive height, rather than implying arrogance.<sup id="cite_ref-hiebert_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiebert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> mentions the tower's height as being 5,433 cubits and 2 palms, or 2,484 m (8,150 ft), about three times the height of <a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a>, or roughly 1.6 miles high (10:21). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/3_Baruch" title="3 Baruch">Third Apocalypse of Baruch</a> mentions that the "tower of strife" reached a height of 463 cubits, or 211.8 m (695 ft), taller than any structure built <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_three_tallest_structures_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of three tallest structures in the world">in human history</a> until the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> in 1889, which is 324 m (1,063 ft) in height. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> writing <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 594</span>, quotes the earlier historian <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 417</span>) as saying the tower was "laid out foursquare on a very level plain. Its wall, made of baked brick cemented with pitch, is fifty <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a> (23 m or 75 ft) wide, two hundred (91.5 m or 300 ft) high, and four hundred and seventy <a href="/wiki/Stadia_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadia (length)">stades</a> (82.72 km or 51.4 miles) in <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumference</a>. A <i>stade</i> was an ancient Greek unit of length, based on the circumference of a typical sports stadium of the time which was about 176 metres (577 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-engels_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engels-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">gates</a> are situated on each side, which make in all one hundred. The doors of these gates, which are of wonderful size, are cast in bronze. The same historian tells many other tales of this city, and says: 'Although such was the glory of its building still it was conquered and destroyed.'"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical medieval account is given by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a> (1300): He relates that "it measured eighty miles [130 km] round, and it was already 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Paces" class="mw-redirect" title="Paces">paces</a> high, or 5.92 km (3.68 mi) and 1,000 paces thick, and each pace is three of our feet."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14th-century traveler <a href="/wiki/John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mandeville">John Mandeville</a> also included an account of the tower and reported that its height had been 64 <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlongs</a>, or 13 km (8 mi), according to the local inhabitants. </p><p>The 17th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Verstegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Verstegan">Verstegan</a> provides yet another figure – quoting Isidore, he says that the tower was 5,164 paces high, or 7.6 km (4.7 mi), and quoting Josephus that the tower was wider than it was high, more like a mountain than a tower. He also quotes unnamed authors who say that the spiral path was so wide that it contained lodgings for workers and animals, and other authors who claim that the path was wide enough to have fields for growing <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> for the animals used in the construction. </p><p>In his book, <i>Structures: Or Why Things Don't Fall Down</i> (Pelican 1978–1984), Professor <a href="/wiki/J.E._Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E. Gordon">J.E. Gordon</a> considers the height of the Tower of Babel. He wrote, "brick and stone weigh about 120 lb per <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic foot</a> (2,000 kg per cubic metre) and the crushing strength of these materials is generally rather better than 6,000 lbs per square inch or 40 mega-pascals. Elementary arithmetic shows that a tower with parallel walls could have been built to a height of 2.1 km (1.3 mi) before the bricks at the bottom were crushed. However, by making the walls taper towards the top they ... could well have been built to a height where the men of Shinnar would run short of oxygen and had difficulty in breathing before the brick walls crushed beneath their own dead weight." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg/220px-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg/330px-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg/440px-Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a></i> (19th-century illustration), depicts the Tower of Babel in the background.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3></div> <p>Jewish and Christian tradition attributes the composition of the whole <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>, which includes the story of the Tower of Babel, to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. Modern biblical scholarship rejects Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch but is divided on the question of its authorship. Many scholars subscribe to some form of the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary hypothesis</a>, which argues that the Pentateuch is composed of multiple "sources" that were later merged. Scholars who favor this hypothesis, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliot_Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Elliot Friedman">Richard Elliot Friedman</a>, tend to see Genesis 11:1–9 as being composed by the <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">J or Jahwist/Yahwist source</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Michael Coogan</a> suggests that the intentional word play regarding the city of Babel, and the noise of the people's "babbling" is found in the Hebrew words as easily as in English, is considered typical of the Yahwist source.<sup id="cite_ref-coogan_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coogan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">John Van Seters</a>, who has put forth substantial modifications to the hypothesis, suggests that these verses are part of what he calls a "Pre-Yahwistic stage".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars reject the documentary hypothesis altogether. The "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_minimalism" title="Biblical minimalism">minimalist</a>" scholars tend to see the books of Genesis through 2 Kings as written by a single, anonymous author during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period#Judea" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3></div> <p>Biblical scholars see the Book of Genesis as <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> and not as an historical account of events.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genesis is described as beginning with historicized myth and ending with mythicized history.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the story of Babel can be interpreted in terms of its context: Elsewhere in Genesis, it is stated that Babel (<a href="/wiki/LXX" class="mw-redirect" title="LXX">LXX</a>: Βαβυλών) formed part of <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimrod (king)">Nimrod</a>'s kingdom, which is located in Lower Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bible does not specifically mention that Nimrod ordered the building of the tower, but many other sources have associated its construction with him.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genesis 11:9 attributes the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> version of the name, <i>Babel</i>, to the verb <i>balal</i>, which means <i>to confuse or confound</i> in Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first century Roman-Jewish author Flavius Josephus similarly explained that the name was derived from the Hebrew word <i>Babel (בבל)</i>, meaning "confusion".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_origins">Possible origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etemenanki_drawing.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Etemenanki_drawing.gif/220px-Etemenanki_drawing.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Etemenanki_drawing.gif/330px-Etemenanki_drawing.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Etemenanki_drawing.gif/440px-Etemenanki_drawing.gif 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Etemenanki" title="Etemenanki">Etemenanki</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Etemenanki (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: "temple of the foundation of heaven and earth") was the name of a ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in the city of Babylon. It was famously rebuilt by the 6th-century-BCE Neo-Babylonian dynasty rulers <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, but had fallen into disrepair by the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> the Great's conquests. He managed to move the tiles of the tower to another location, but his death stopped the reconstruction, and it was demolished during the reign of his successor <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus Soter</a>. Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (c. 484 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 425 BC</span>) wrote an account of the ziggurat in his <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>Histories</i></a>, which he called the "Temple of <a href="/wiki/Belus_(Babylonian)" title="Belus (Babylonian)">Zeus Belus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to modern scholars, the biblical story of the Tower of Babel was likely influenced by Etemenanki. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Stephen L. Harris</a> proposed this occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_2002_50–51_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_2002_50–51-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> speculated that the authors of Genesis 11:1–9<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were inspired by the existence of an apparently incomplete ziggurat at Babylon, and by the phonological similarity between Babylonian <i>Bab-ilu</i>, meaning "gate of God", and the Hebrew word <i>balal</i>, meaning "mixed", "confused", or "confounded".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamian_analogues">Mesopotamian analogues</h3></div> <p>There are similar stories to the Tower of Babel </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian religion">Sumerian myth</a> similar to that of the Tower of Babel, called <i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-kramer2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kramer2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> is building a massive <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> and demands a tribute of precious materials from <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a> for its construction, at one point reciting an incantation imploring the god <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> to restore (or in Kramer's translation, to disrupt) the linguistic unity of the inhabited regions—named as <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Shubur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>, Sumer, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Uri-ki</a> (Akkad), and the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Martu</a> land, "the whole universe, the well-guarded people—may they all address Enlil together in a single language."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, a further <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> myth, dating from the 8th century BC during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–605 BC), bears a number of similarities to the later written biblical story.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_literature">Later literature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> contains one of the most detailed accounts found anywhere of the Tower. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they began to build, and in the fourth week they made brick with fire, and the bricks served them for stone, and the clay with which they cemented them together was asphalt which comes out of the sea, and out of the fountains of water in the land of Shinar. And they built it: forty and three years were they building it; its breadth was 203 bricks, and the height [of a brick] was the third of one; its height amounted to 5433 <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> and 2 palms, and [the extent of one wall was] thirteen <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit_of_length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (unit of length)">stades</a> [and of the other thirty stades].</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jubilees 10:20–21, Charles' 1913 translation</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudo-Philo">Pseudo-Philo</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo">Pseudo-Philo</a>, the direction for the building is ascribed not only to Nimrod, who is made prince of the <a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamites</a>, but also to <a href="/wiki/Joktan" title="Joktan">Joktan</a>, as prince of the <a href="/wiki/Semites" class="mw-redirect" title="Semites">Semites</a>, and to Phenech son of <a href="/wiki/Dodanim" title="Dodanim">Dodanim</a>, as prince of the <a href="/wiki/Japhetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Japhetite">Japhetites</a>. Twelve men are arrested for refusing to bring bricks, including <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lot_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (Bible)">Lot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah" title="Nahor, son of Terah">Nahor</a>, and several sons of Joktan. However, Joktan finally saves the twelve from the wrath of the other two princes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josephus'_Antiquities_of_the_Jews"><span id="Josephus.27_Antiquities_of_the_Jews"></span>Josephus' <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_de_babel.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tour_de_babel.jpeg/220px-Tour_de_babel.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tour_de_babel.jpeg/330px-Tour_de_babel.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tour_de_babel.jpeg/440px-Tour_de_babel.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption><i>Tower of Babel</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Valckenborch" title="Lucas van Valckenborch">Lucas van Valckenborch</a>, 1594, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a></figcaption></figure><p> The Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 94 CE</span>), recounted history as found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and mentioned the Tower of Babel. He wrote that it was Nimrod who had the tower built and that Nimrod was a tyrant who tried to turn the people away from God. In this account, God confused the people rather than destroying them because annihilation with a Flood had not taught them to be godly.</p><blockquote><p> Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah, a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God as if it were through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence on his power... Now the multitude were very ready to follow the determination of Nimrod and to esteem it a piece of cowardice to submit to God; and they built a tower, neither sparing any pains, nor being in any degree negligent about the work: and, by reason of the multitude of hands employed in it, it grew very high, sooner than any one could expect; but the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was. It was built of burnt brick, cemented together with mortar, made of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, that it might not be liable to admit water. When God saw that they acted so madly, he did not resolve to destroy them utterly, since they were not grown wiser by the destruction of the former sinners [in the Flood]; but he caused a tumult among them, by producing in them diverse languages, and causing that, through the multitude of those languages, they should not be able to understand one another. The place wherein they built the tower is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of that language which they readily understood before; for the Hebrews mean by the word Babel, confusion. The <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a> also makes mention of this tower, and of the confusion of the language, when she says thus:—"When all men were of one language, some of them built a high tower, as if they would thereby ascend up to heaven; but the gods sent storms of wind and overthrew the tower, and gave everyone a peculiar language; and for this reason it was that the city was called Babylon."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_Apocalypse_of_Baruch">Greek Apocalypse of Baruch</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Third_Apocalypse_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Apocalypse of Baruch">Third Apocalypse of Baruch</a> (or 3 Baruch, c. 2nd century), one of the <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a>, describes the just rewards of sinners and the righteous in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the sinners are those who instigated the Tower of Babel. In the account, Baruch is first taken (in a vision) to see the resting place of the souls of "those who built the tower of strife against God, and the Lord banished them." Next he is shown another place, and there, occupying the form of dogs, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those who gave counsel to build the tower, for they whom thou seest drove forth multitudes of both men and women, to make bricks; among whom, a woman making bricks was not allowed to be released in the hour of child-birth, but brought forth while she was making bricks, and carried her child in her apron, and continued to make bricks. And the Lord appeared to them and confused their speech, when they had built the tower to the height of four hundred and sixty-three cubits. And they took a <a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">gimlet</a>, and sought to pierce the heavens, saying, "Let us see (whether) the heaven is made of clay, or of brass, or of iron." When God saw this He did not permit them, but smote them with blindness and confusion of speech, and rendered them as thou seest.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Greek Apocalypse of Baruch, 3:5–8</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midrash">Midrash</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> offers many different accounts of other causes for building the Tower of Babel, and of the intentions of its builders. According to one midrash the builders of the Tower, called "the generation of secession" in the Jewish sources, said: "God has no right to choose the upper world for Himself, and to leave the lower world to us; therefore we will build us a tower, with an idol on the top holding a sword, so that it may appear as if it intended to war with God" (<a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Gen. R.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/RabbaGenesis/midrashrabbahgen027557mbp#page/n353/mode/2up">xxxviii. 7</a>; Tan., ed. Buber, Noah, xxvii. et seq.). </p><p>The building of the Tower was meant to bid defiance not only to God, but also to Abraham, who exhorted the builders to reverence. The passage mentions that the builders spoke sharp words against God, saying that once every 1,656 years, heaven tottered so that the water poured down upon the earth, therefore they would support it by columns that there might not be another deluge (Gen. R. l.c.; Tan. l.c.; similarly Josephus, "Ant." i. 4, § 2). </p><p>Some among that generation even wanted to war against God in heaven (Talmud Sanhedrin 109a). They were encouraged in this undertaking by the notion that arrows that they shot into the sky fell back dripping with blood, so that the people really believed that they could wage war against the inhabitants of the heavens (<a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer ha-Yashar</a>, Chapter 9:12–36). According to Josephus and Midrash Pirke R. El. xxiv., it was mainly Nimrod who persuaded his contemporaries to build the Tower, while other rabbinical sources assert, on the contrary, that Nimrod separated from the builders.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another midrashic account, one third of the Tower builders were punished by being transformed into semi-demonic creatures and banished into three parallel dimensions, inhabited now by their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_tradition">Islamic tradition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turris_Babel_by_Athanasius_Kircher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turris_Babel_by_Athanasius_Kircher.jpg/200px-Turris_Babel_by_Athanasius_Kircher.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turris_Babel_by_Athanasius_Kircher.jpg/300px-Turris_Babel_by_Athanasius_Kircher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turris_Babel_by_Athanasius_Kircher.jpg/400px-Turris_Babel_by_Athanasius_Kircher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3726" data-file-height="3827" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Turris_Babel" title="Turris Babel">Turris Babel</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although not mentioned by name, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> has a story with similarities to the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, although set in the Egypt of Moses: <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> asks <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Haman</a> to build him a stone (or clay) tower so that he can mount up to heaven and confront the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> of Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another story in <a href="/wiki/Sura_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 2">Sura 2</a>:102 mentions the name of <a href="/wiki/Babil" class="mw-redirect" title="Babil">Babil</a>, but tells of when the two angels <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a> taught magic to some people in Babylon and warned them that magic is a sin and that their teaching them magic is a test of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tale about Babil appears more fully in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut</a> (i, 448 f.) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Lis%C4%81n_al-%CA%BFArab" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisān al-ʿArab">Lisān al-ʿArab</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="ar:لسان العرب">ar</a>]</span></i> (xiii. 72), but without the tower: mankind were swept together by winds into the plain that was afterward called "Babil", where they were assigned their separate languages by God, and were then scattered again in the same way. In the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Prophets and Kings (book)">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i> by the 9th-century Muslim theologian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, a fuller version is given: Nimrod has the tower built in Babil, God destroys it, and the language of mankind, formerly <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, is then confused into 72 languages. Another Muslim historian of the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Fida">Abu al-Fida</a> relates the same story, adding that the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a> (an ancestor of Abraham) was allowed to keep the original tongue, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> in this case, because he would not partake in the building.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although variations similar to the biblical narrative of the Tower of Babel exist within Islamic tradition, the central theme of God separating humankind on the basis of language is alien to Islam according to the author <a href="/wiki/Yahiya_Emerick" title="Yahiya Emerick">Yahiya Emerick</a>. In Islamic belief, he argues, God created nations to know each other and not to be separated.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Mormon">Book of Mormon</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, a man named <a href="/wiki/Jared_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jared (Book of Mormon)">Jared</a> and his family ask God that their language not be confounded at the time of the "great tower". Because of their prayers, God preserves their language and leads them to the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Nimrod" title="Valley of Nimrod">Valley of Nimrod</a>. From there, they travel across the sea to the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite no mention of the Tower of Babel in the original text of the Book of Mormon, some leaders in <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) assert that the "great tower" was indeed the Tower of Babel – as in the 1981 introduction to the Book of Mormon – despite the chronology of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ether" title="Book of Ether">Book of Ether</a> aligning more closely with the 21st century BC Sumerian tower temple myth of <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a> to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Innana" class="mw-redirect" title="Innana">Innana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church apologists have also supported this connection and argue the reality of the Tower of Babel: "Although there are many in our day who consider the accounts of the Flood and tower of Babel to be fiction, Latter-day Saints affirm their reality."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either case, the church firmly believes in the factual nature of at least one "great tower" built in the region of ancient Sumer/Assyria/Babylonia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> tradition recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase_of_Shem" title="Paraphrase of Shem">Paraphrase of Shem</a>, a tower, interpreted as the Tower of Babel, is brought by demons along with the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">great flood</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And he caused the flood, and he destroyed your (Shem's) race, to take the light and to take away from faith. But I proclaimed quickly by the mouth of the demon that a tower come up to be up to the particle of light, which was left in the demons and their race – which was water – that the demon might be protected from the turbulent chaos. And the womb planned these things according to my will, that she might pour forth completely. A tower came to be through the demons. The darkness was disturbed by his loss. He loosened the muscles of the womb. And the demon who was going to enter the tower was protected so that the races might continue to acquire coherence through him.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confusion_of_Tongues.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Confusion_of_Tongues.png/200px-Confusion_of_Tongues.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Confusion_of_Tongues.png/300px-Confusion_of_Tongues.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Confusion_of_Tongues.png/400px-Confusion_of_Tongues.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><i>The Confusion of Tongues</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> depicting the Tower of Babel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language" title="Mythical origins of language">Mythical origins of language</a></div> <p>For a long time, <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> wrestled with the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">single original language</a>. In the Middle Ages and down to the 17th century, attempts were made to identify a living descendant of the Adamic language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplication_of_languages">Multiplication of languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endre_Rozsda_-_La_tour_de_Babel_(1958).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Endre_Rozsda_-_La_tour_de_Babel_%281958%29.jpg/220px-Endre_Rozsda_-_La_tour_de_Babel_%281958%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Endre_Rozsda_-_La_tour_de_Babel_%281958%29.jpg/330px-Endre_Rozsda_-_La_tour_de_Babel_%281958%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Endre_Rozsda_-_La_tour_de_Babel_%281958%29.jpg/440px-Endre_Rozsda_-_La_tour_de_Babel_%281958%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption>Tower of Babel by <a href="/wiki/Endre_Rozsda" title="Endre Rozsda">Endre Rozsda</a> (1958)</figcaption></figure> <p>The literal belief that the world's linguistic variety originated with the tower of Babel is <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudolinguistics</a> and is contrary to the known facts about the origin and <a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the biblical introduction of the Tower of Babel account, in Genesis 11:1,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is said that everyone on Earth spoke the same language, but this is inconsistent with the biblical description of the post-Noahic world described in Genesis 10:5,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is said that the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth gave rise to different nations, each with their own language.<sup id="cite_ref-Levenson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levenson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p><p>There have also been a number of traditions around the world that describe a divine confusion of the one original language into several, albeit without any tower. Aside from the Ancient Greek myth that <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> confused the languages, causing <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> to give his throne to <a href="/wiki/Phoroneus" title="Phoroneus">Phoroneus</a>, Frazer specifically mentions such accounts among the Wasania of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, the Kacha <a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga people</a> of Assam, the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Bay" title="Encounter Bay">Encounter Bay</a> in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a> of California, the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a> of Alaska, and the <a href="/wiki/K%27iche%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="K'iche' people">K'iche' Maya</a> of Guatemala.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> myth of "the Cooking of Languages"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has also been compared. </p><p>During the Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew language</a> was widely considered the language used by God to address <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, and by Adam as lawgiver (the <a href="/wiki/Adamic_language" title="Adamic language">Adamic language</a>) by various Jewish, Christian, and Muslim scholastics. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> addresses the topic in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i> (1302–1305). He argues that the Adamic language is of divine origin and therefore unchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzocco2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzocco2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> (c. 1308–1320), however, Dante changes his view to another that treats the Adamic language as the product of Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzocco2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzocco2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had the consequence that it could no longer be regarded as immutable, and hence Hebrew could not be regarded as identical with the language of Paradise. Dante concludes (<i>Paradiso</i> XXVI) that Hebrew is a derivative of the language of Adam. In particular, the chief Hebrew name for God in scholastic tradition, <i><a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a></i>, must be derived of a different Adamic name for God, which Dante gives as <i><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">I</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzocco2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzocco2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>, these languages were considered to be "<a href="/wiki/Japhetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Japhetic">Japhetite</a>" by some authors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Rask" title="Rasmus Rask">Rasmus Rask</a> in 1815; see <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a>). Beginning in Renaissance Europe, priority over Hebrew was claimed for the alleged Japhetic languages, which were supposedly never corrupted because their speakers had not participated in the construction of the Tower of Babel. Among the candidates for a living descendant of the Adamic language were: <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Auraicept_na_n-%C3%89ces" title="Auraicept na n-Éces">Auraicept na n-Éces</a></i>); <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan language">Tuscan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Battista Gelli">Giovanni Battista Gelli</a>, 1542, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_Francesco_Giambullari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piero Francesco Giambullari (page does not exist)">Piero Francesco Giambullari</a>, 1564); <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goropius_Becanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Goropius Becanus">Goropius Becanus</a>, 1569, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Mylius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Mylius (page does not exist)">Abraham Mylius</a>, 1612); <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olaus_Rudbeck" title="Olaus Rudbeck">Olaus Rudbeck</a>, 1675); <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Harsdorffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Philipp Harsdorffer">Georg Philipp Harsdörffer</a>, 1641, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Georg_Schottel" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Georg Schottel">Schottel</a>, 1641). The Swedish physician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Kempe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Kempe (page does not exist)">Andreas Kempe</a> wrote a satirical tract in 1688, where he made fun of the contest between the European nationalists to claim their native tongue as the Adamic language. Caricaturing the attempts by the Swede Olaus Rudbeck to pronounce Swedish the original language of mankind, Kempe wrote a scathing <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> where Adam spoke <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, God spoke Swedish, and the serpent <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primacy of Hebrew was still defended by some authors until the emergence of modern linguistics in the second half of the 18th century, e.g. by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Besnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Besnier (page does not exist)">Pierre Besnier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Besnier" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Besnier">fr</a>]</span> (1648–1705) in <i>A philosophicall essay for the reunion of the languages, or, the art of knowing all by the mastery of one</i> (1675) and by Gottfried Hensel (1687–1767) in his <i><a href="/wiki/Synopsis_Universae_Philologiae" title="Synopsis Universae Philologiae">Synopsis Universae Philologiae</a></i> (1741). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enumeration_of_scattered_languages">Enumeration of scattered languages</h3></div> <p>There are several mediaeval historiographic accounts that attempt to make an enumeration of the languages scattered at the Tower of Babel. Because a count of all the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">descendants of Noah</a> listed by name in chapter 10 of Genesis (<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">LXX</a>) provides 15 names for Japheth's descendants, 30 for Ham's, and 27 for Shem's, these figures became established as the 72 languages resulting from the confusion at Babel—although the exact listing of these languages changed over time. (The LXX Bible has two additional names, Elisa and Cainan, not found in the Masoretic text of this chapter, so early rabbinic traditions, such as the <i>Mishna</i>, speak instead of "70 languages".) Some of the earliest sources for 72 (sometimes 73) languages are the 2nd-century Christian writers <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Stromata" title="Stromata">Stromata</a></i> I, 21) and <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (<i>On the Psalms</i> 9); it is repeated in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350 CE</span>), <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 375</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">The City of God</a></i> 16.6 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 410</span>). The chronicles attributed to Hippolytus (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 234</span>) contain one of the first attempts to list each of the 72 peoples who were believed to have spoken these languages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>) mentions the number of 72; however, his list of names from the Bible drops the sons of Joktan and substitutes the sons of Abraham and Lot, resulting in only about 56 names total; he then appends a list of some of the nations known in his own day, such as the <a href="/wiki/Longobards" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards">Longobards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. This listing was to prove quite influential on later accounts that made the Lombards and Franks themselves into descendants of eponymous grandsons of Japheth, e.g. the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 833</span>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_%27Al%C4%AB_al-Mas%27%C5%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī">al Masudi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 947</span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(al-Bakr%C4%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)">Book of Roads and Kingdoms</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">al-Bakri</a> (1068), the 11th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i>, and the midrashic compilations <i><a href="/wiki/Yosippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosippon">Yosippon</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950</span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Jerahmeel" title="Chronicles of Jerahmeel">Chronicles of Jerahmeel</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></i>. </p><p>Other sources that mention 72 (or 70) languages scattered from Babel are the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> poem <i>Cu cen mathair</i> by <a href="/wiki/Luccreth_moccu_Chiara" title="Luccreth moccu Chiara">Luccreth moccu Chiara</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>); the Irish monastic work <i><a href="/wiki/Auraicept_na_n-%C3%89ces" title="Auraicept na n-Éces">Auraicept na n-Éces</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i> by the Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 915</span>); the Anglo-Saxon dialogue <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Saturn" title="Solomon and Saturn">Solomon and Saturn</a></i>; the Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1113</span>); the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> work <i><a href="/wiki/Bahir" title="Bahir">Bahir</a></i> (1174); the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>); the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Bee" title="Book of the Bee">Book of the Bee</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1221</span>); the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hunnorum_et_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum">Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1284</span>; mentions 22 for Shem, 31 for Ham and 17 for Japheth for a total of 70); <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Villani</a>'s 1300 account; and the rabbinic <i><a href="/wiki/Midrash_ha-Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrash ha-Gadol">Midrash ha-Gadol</a></i> (14th century). Villani adds that it "was begun 700 years after the Flood, and there were 2,354 years from the beginning of the world to the confusion of the Tower of Babel. And we find that they were 107 years working at it; and men lived long in those times". According to the <i>Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum</i>, however, the project was begun only 200 years following the Deluge. </p><p>The tradition of 72 languages persisted into later times. Both <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta" title="José de Acosta">José de Acosta</a> in his 1576 treatise <i>De procuranda indorum salute</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a> a century later in his <i>Sermão da Epifania</i>, expressed amazement at how much this 'number of tongues' could be surpassed, there being hundreds of mutually unintelligible languages indigenous only to Peru and Brazil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparable_myths">Comparable myths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">Comparative mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language" title="Mythical origins of language">Mythical origins of language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Roman_parallel">Greco-Roman parallel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foster_Bible_Pictures_0005-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0005-1.jpg/220px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0005-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0005-1.jpg/330px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0005-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Foster_Bible_Pictures_0005-1.jpg/440px-Foster_Bible_Pictures_0005-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>Building of Babel</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, much of which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Romans</a>, there is a myth referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)#The_Gigantomachy" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Gigantomachy</a>, the battle fought between the Giants and the Olympian gods for supremacy of the cosmos. In <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s telling of the myth, the Giants attempt to reach the gods in heaven by stacking mountains, but are repelled by <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>'s thunderbolts. A.S. Kline translates Ovid's <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> 1.151–155 as:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Rendering the heights of heaven no safer than the earth, they say the giants attempted to take the Celestial kingdom, piling mountains up to the distant stars. Then the all-powerful father of the gods hurled his bolt of lightning, fractured Olympus and threw Mount Pelion down from Ossa below.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3></div> <p>Various traditions similar to that of the tower of Babel are found in Latin America. Some writers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> connected the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Cholula" title="Great Pyramid of Cholula">Great Pyramid of Cholula</a> to the Tower of Babel. The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican friar">Dominican friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a> (1537–1588) reported hearing an account about the pyramid from a hundred-year-old priest at Cholula, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of the Aztec Empire">conquest of the Aztec Empire</a>. He wrote that he was told when the light of the Sun first appeared upon the land, giants appeared and set off in search of the Sun. Not finding it, they built a tower to reach the sky. An angered God of the Heavens called upon the inhabitants of the sky, who destroyed the tower and scattered its inhabitants. The story was not related to either a flood or the confusion of languages, although Frazer connects its construction and the scattering of the giants with the Tower of Babel.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazer,_1918_p._5_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazer,_1918_p._5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another story, attributed by the native historian <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Alva_Cort%C3%A9s_Ixtlilx%C3%B3chitl" title="Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl">Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl</a> (c. 1565–1648) to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Toltecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Toltecs">Toltecs</a>, states that after men had multiplied following a great deluge, they erected a tall <i>zacuali</i> or tower, to preserve themselves in the event of a second deluge. However, their languages were confounded and they went to separate parts of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arizona">Arizona</h3></div> <p>Still another story, attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham people">Tohono O'odham people</a>, holds that <a href="/wiki/Montezuma_(mythology)" title="Montezuma (mythology)">Montezuma</a> escaped a great flood, then became wicked and attempted to build a house reaching to heaven, but the Great Spirit destroyed it with thunderbolts.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3></div> <p>Traces of a somewhat similar story have also been reported among the <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2020)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botswana">Botswana</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>, the people he met living near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ngami" title="Lake Ngami">Lake Ngami</a> in 1849 had such a tradition, but with the builders' heads getting "cracked by the fall of the scaffolding".<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone1858_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone1858-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h3></div> <p>In his 1918 book, <i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_in_the_Old_Testament_Studies_in_Comparative_Religion_Legend_and_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore in the Old Testament Studies in Comparative Religion Legend and Law">Folklore in the Old Testament</a></i>, Scottish social anthropologist Sir <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> documented similarities between Old Testament stories, such as the Flood, and indigenous legends around the world. He identified Livingston's account with a tale found in <a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</a>, wherein the wicked men build a tower of masts to pursue the Creator-God, Nyambe, who has fled to Heaven on a spider-web, but the men perish when the masts collapse. He further relates similar tales of the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti</a> that substitute a pile of porridge pestles for the masts. Frazer moreover cites such legends found among the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo people</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, where the men stack poles or trees in a failed attempt to reach the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazer,_1918_p._5_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazer,_1918_p._5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further cited the <a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kuki people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> as having a similar story. The traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, which Frazer considered to show clear 'Abrahamic' influence, also relate that their ancestors migrated there following the abandonment of a great <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> in the land of the <a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Karenni</a> 30 generations from Adam, when the languages were confused and the Karen separated from the Karenni. He notes yet another version current in the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a>, where mankind's languages are confused following a failed attempt to build houses reaching to heaven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>The "Babel fish" is a fictional fish in <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>' novel <a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(novel)" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a>, which can be placed in someone's ear for them to instantly understand anything said to them in any form of language. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo</a> used this as a base for their "<a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Yahoo! Babel Fish</a>" online translation service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Brueghel the Elder">Pieter Brueghel</a>'s influential portrayal is based on the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> in Rome, while later conical depictions of the tower (as depicted in Doré's illustration) resemble much later Muslim towers observed by 19th-century explorers in the area, notably the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra" title="Great Mosque of Samarra">Minaret of Samarra</a>. <a href="/wiki/M.C._Escher" class="mw-redirect" title="M.C. Escher">M.C. Escher</a> depicts a more stylized geometrical structure in <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel_(M._C._Escher)" title="Tower of Babel (M. C. Escher)">his woodcut</a> representing the story.</li> <li>The composer <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a> wrote an opera based on the story <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Thurm_zu_Babel" title="Der Thurm zu Babel">Der Thurm zu Babel</a></i>.</li> <li>American choreographer <a href="/wiki/Adam_Darius" title="Adam Darius">Adam Darius</a> staged a multilingual theatrical interpretation of <i>The Tower of Babel</i> in 1993 at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts" title="Institute of Contemporary Arts">ICA</a> in London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s 1927 film <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i>, in a flashback, plays upon themes of lack of communication between the designers of the tower and the workers who are constructing it. The short scene states how the words used to glorify the tower's construction by its designers took on totally different, oppressive meanings to the workers. This led to its destruction as they rose up against the designers because of the insufferable working conditions. The appearance of the tower was modeled after <a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Brueghel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tower of Babel (Brueghel)">Brueghel's 1563 painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bukatman_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bukatman-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Michael Oakeshott</a> surveyed historic variations of the Tower of Babel in different cultures<sup id="cite_ref-Worthington_2016_p._121_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worthington_2016_p._121-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produced a modern retelling of his own in his 1983 book, <i>On History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his retelling, Oakeshott expresses disdain for human willingness to sacrifice individuality, culture, and quality of life for grand collective projects. He attributes this behavior to fascination with novelty, persistent dissatisfaction, greed, and lack of self-reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-Corey_2006_p._130_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corey_2006_p._130-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Byatt" title="A. S. Byatt">A. S. Byatt</a>'s novel <i>Babel Tower</i> (1996) is about the question "whether language can be shared, or, if that turns out to be illusory, how individuals, in talking to each other, fail to understand each other".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The progressive band <a href="/wiki/Soul_Secret" title="Soul Secret">Soul Secret</a> wrote a concept album called <i>BABEL</i>, based on a modernized version of the myth.</li> <li>Science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a> wrote a story called "<a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babylon_(story)" title="Tower of Babylon (story)">Tower of Babylon</a>" that imagined a miner's climbing the tower all the way to the top where he meets the vault of heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fantasy novelist <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bancroft" title="Josiah Bancroft">Josiah Bancroft</a> has a series <i>The Books of Babel</i>, which concluded with book IV in 2021.</li> <li>The Tower of Babel appears in the 47th episode of the anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Nights:_Sinbad%27s_Adventures" title="Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures">Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures</a></i>.</li> <li>This biblical episode is dramatized in the Indian television series <i><a href="/wiki/Bible_Ki_Kahaniyan" title="Bible Ki Kahaniyan">Bible Ki Kahaniyan</a></i>, which aired on <a href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</a> from 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Huelsbeck" title="Chris Huelsbeck">Chris Huelsbeck</a>, the composer for the music appearing in several parts of the <a href="/wiki/Turrican" title="Turrican"><i>Turrican</i> game series</a>, has created an orchestral piece titled "Tower of Babel" which appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Turrican_II:_The_Final_Fight" title="Turrican II: The Final Fight">Turrican II: The Final Fight</a></i>.</li> <li>In the 1990 Japanese television anime <i><a href="/wiki/Nadia:_The_Secret_of_Blue_Water" title="Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water">Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water</a></i>, the Tower of Babel is used by the Atlanteans as an interstellar communication device.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the series, the Neo Atlanteans rebuild the Tower of Babel and use its communication beam as a weapon of mass destruction. Both the original and the rebuilt tower resembles the painting <i>Tower of Babel</i> by artist <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>.</li> <li>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Persia:_The_Two_Thrones" title="Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones">Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones</a></i> the last stages of the game and the final boss fight occur in the tower.</li> <li>In the web-based game <i><a href="/wiki/Forge_of_Empires" title="Forge of Empires">Forge of Empires</a></i> the Tower of Babel is an available "Great Building".</li> <li>Argentinian novelist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> wrote a story called "<a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_Babel" title="The Library of Babel">The Library of Babel</a>".</li> <li>The Tower of Babel appears as an important location in the Babylonian story arc of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōjo">shōjo</a> <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Crest_of_the_Royal_Family" title="Crest of the Royal Family">Crest of the Royal Family</a></i>.</li> <li>In the video game series <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(franchise)" title="Doom (franchise)">Doom</a></i>, the Tower of Babel appears multiple times. In the original 1993 <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i>, the level "E2M8" is named and takes place at the "Tower of Babel". In <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_Eternal" title="Doom Eternal">Doom Eternal</a></i> the campaign level "Nekravol" contains the Tower of Babel, but instead of its biblical purpose, it functions as a processing line for the suffering of human souls. In-game it is referred to as "The Citadel", but the concept art for <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_Eternal" title="Doom Eternal">Doom Eternal</a></i> (<i>The Art of Doom Eternal</i> artbook, and the Steam Trading Card) refers to it as the "Tower Babel".</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> features an opening number titled "Tower of Babble."</li> <li>2017 comic book <i>La tour de Bab-El-Oued</i> (<i>The tower of Bab-El-Oued</i>) from <a href="/wiki/Joann_Sfar" title="Joann Sfar">Sfar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rabbi%27s_Cat_(comics)" title="The Rabbi's Cat (comics)">The Rabbi's Cat</a></i> series refers to the Tower of Babel in a context of intercultural conflict and cooperation (Jews and Muslims during the French colonization in Algeria).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The fragmentation of modern society, in part due to <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, has been likened to a modern Tower of Babel.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Doshin_the_Giant" title="Doshin the Giant">Doshin the Giant</a></i>, the final monument the island inhabitants can create is called the Tower of Babel,<sup id="cite_ref-KD1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KD1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which begins to sink the island. The titular Doshin the Giant then sacrifices himself to save the island.</li> <li>The 2023 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Chants_of_Sennaar" title="Chants of Sennaar">Chants of Sennaar</a></i> is largely inspired by the Tower of Babel.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuma_Anu_Enlil" title="Enuma Anu Enlil">Enuma Anu Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures" title="List of tallest structures">List of tallest structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minar_(Firuzabad)" title="Minar (Firuzabad)">Minar (Firuzabad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Origin of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BAY</span>-bəl</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Miḡdal Bāḇel</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πύργος τῆς Βαβέλ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pýrgos tês Babél</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Turris Babel</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׁנְעָר</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Šinʿār</i></span>; Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Σενναάρ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sennaár</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֶת הָעִיר וְאֶת הַמִּגְדָּל</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾeṯ hā-ʿîr wəʾeṯ ha-mmiḡdāl</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הָעִיר</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hāʿîr</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בָּלַל</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">11:1–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerCoogan2004" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amlXOOaSuLMC"><i>The Oxford Guide To People And Places of the Bible</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-17610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-17610-0"><bdi>978-0-195-17610-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+To+People+And+Places+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-195-17610-0&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Manning&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamlXOOaSuLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levenson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515"><i>The Jewish Study Bible</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/n60">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-29751-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-29751-5"><bdi>978-0-195-29751-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis%3A+Introduction+and+Annotations&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-195-29751-5&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195297515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravesPatai1986" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Robert; Patai, Raphael (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4sqWAwAAQBAJ&q=Hebrew+Myths:+The+Book+of+Genesis.+Random+House"><i>Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis</i></a>. Random House. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-795-33715-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-795-33715-4"><bdi>978-0-795-33715-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Myths%3A+The+Book+of+Genesis&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-795-33715-4&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Patai%2C+Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4sqWAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHebrew%2BMyths%3A%2BThe%2BBook%2Bof%2BGenesis.%2BRandom%2BHouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzLoebel-FriedGinsburg2007" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Howard; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Ginsburg, Elliot K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60iVk1p8Y9IC&q=Tree+of+Souls+%3A+The+Mythology+of+Judaism%3A+The+Mythology+of+Judaism"><i>Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 704. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-35870-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-35870-4"><bdi>978-0-195-35870-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+of+Souls%3A+The+Mythology+of+Judaism&rft.pages=704&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-195-35870-4&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Loebel-Fried%2C+Caren&rft.au=Ginsburg%2C+Elliot+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60iVk1p8Y9IC%26q%3DTree%2Bof%2BSouls%2B%253A%2BThe%2BMythology%2Bof%2BJudaism%253A%2BThe%2BMythology%2Bof%2BJudaism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tower-of-Babel">"Tower of Babel | Story, Summary, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Tower+of+Babel+%7C+Story%2C+Summary%2C+Meaning%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTower-of-Babel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tower-of-Babel">"Tower of Babel | Story, Summary, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Tower+of+Babel+%7C+Story%2C+Summary%2C+Meaning%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTower-of-Babel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kramer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kramer_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1968" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1968). "The 'Babel of Tongues': A Sumerian Version". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. Vol. 88, no. 1. pp. 108–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+%27Babel+of+Tongues%27%3A+A+Sumerian+Version&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-111&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Day2014_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2014" class="citation book cs1">Day, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtveBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180"><i>From Creation to Babel: Studies in Genesis 1–11</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37030-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-37030-3"><bdi>978-0-567-37030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Creation+to+Babel%3A+Studies+in+Genesis+1%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-567-37030-3&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtveBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietz Otto Edzard: <i>Geschichte Mesopotamiens. Von den Sumerern bis zu Alexander dem Großen</i>, Beck, München 2004, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mckenzie1995-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mckenzie1995_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Mckenzie1995" class="citation book cs1">John L. Mckenzie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE7EyQ_HQAMC&pg=PA73"><i>The Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81913-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81913-6"><bdi>978-0-684-81913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81913-6&rft.au=John+L.+Mckenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaE7EyQ_HQAMC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coogan-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D. (2009). <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: the Hebrew Bible in its Context</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195332728" title="Special:BookSources/9780195332728"><bdi>9780195332728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament%3A+the+Hebrew+Bible+in+its+Context&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195332728&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0110.htm#5">Genesis 10:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louth_et_al-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louth_et_al_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouthOdenConti2001" class="citation book cs1">Louth, Andrew; Oden, Thomas C.; Conti, Marco (2001). <i>Genesis 1–11; Volume 1</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579582206" title="Special:BookSources/1579582206"><bdi>1579582206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+1%E2%80%9311%3B+Volume+1&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1579582206&rft.aulast=Louth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Oden%2C+Thomas+C.&rft.au=Conti%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiebert2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hiebert, Theodore (Spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27638419.pdf">"The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World's Cultures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a></i>. <b>126</b> (1): 31–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27638419">10.2307/27638419</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27638419">27638419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Tower+of+Babel+and+the+Origin+of+the+World%27s+Cultures&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-32&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27638419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27638419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hiebert&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F27638419.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (1985). <i>Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Introduction</i>. Palo Alto: Mayfield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874846966" title="Special:BookSources/9780874846966"><bdi>9780874846966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible%3A+A+Reader%27s+Introduction&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780874846966&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiebert-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hiebert_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiebert_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiebert2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hiebert, Theodore (2007). "The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World's Cultures". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>126</b> (1): 29–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27638419">10.2307/27638419</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27638419">27638419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Tower+of+Babel+and+the+Origin+of+the+World%27s+Cultures&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-58&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27638419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27638419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hiebert&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engels-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-engels_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Engels (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295030">The Length of Eratosthenes' Stade</a>. <i>American Journal of Philology</i> <b>106</b> (3): 298–311. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295030">10.2307/295030</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory of Tours, <i>History of the Franks</i>, from the 1916 translation by Earnest Brehaut, Book I, chapter 6. Available online in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.asp#book3">abridged form</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elfinspell.com/VillaniBook1a.html#sect2">Selections from Giovanni's <i>Chronicle</i> in English</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1997" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Richard Elliot (1997). <i>Who Wrote the Bible?</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-063035-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-063035-3"><bdi>0-06-063035-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Wrote+the+Bible%3F&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-06-063035-3&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Elliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1975" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (1975). <i>Abraham in History and Tradition</i>. Echo Point Books & Media. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62654-006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62654-006-4"><bdi>978-1-62654-006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Echo+Point+Books+%26+Media&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-1-62654-006-4&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson2004">Levenson 2004</a>, p. 11 "How much history lies behind the story of Genesis? Because the action of the primeval story is not represented as taking place on the plane of ordinary human history and has so many affinities with ancient mythology, it is very far-fetched to speak of its narratives as historical at all."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoye1990" class="citation journal cs1">Moye, Richard H. (1990). "In the Beginning: Myth and History in Genesis and Exodus". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>109</b> (4): 580. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267364">10.2307/3267364</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267364">3267364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=In+the+Beginning%3A+Myth+and+History+in+Genesis+and+Exodus&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=580&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267364&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267364%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moye&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0110.htm#10">Genesis 10:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJastrowPriceJastrowGinzberg1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Jastrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Jastrow">Jastrow, Morris</a>; Price, Ira Maurice; <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Jastrow" title="Marcus Jastrow">Jastrow, Marcus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Ginzberg, Louis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Black_MacDonald" title="Duncan Black MacDonald">MacDonald, Duncan B.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2279-babel-tower-of">"Babel, Tower of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 395–398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babel%2C+Tower+of&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=395-398&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jastrow&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft.au=Price%2C+Ira+Maurice&rft.au=Jastrow%2C+Marcus&rft.au=Ginzberg%2C+Louis&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Duncan+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F2279-babel-tower-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0111.htm#9">Genesis 11:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>, 1.4.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D179">"Herodotus, the Histories, Book 1, chapter 179"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+the+Histories%2C+Book+1%2C+chapter+179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0126%253Abook%253D1%253Achapter%253D179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_2002_50–51-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_2002_50–51_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (2002). <i>Understanding the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7674-2916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7674-2916-0"><bdi>978-0-7674-2916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7674-2916-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0111.htm#1">Genesis 11:1–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Asimov, Isaac</a> (1971). <i>Asimov's Guide to the Bible, vol.1: The Old Testament</i>. <a href="/wiki/Avon_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon Books">Avon Books</a>. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-01032-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-01032-5"><bdi>978-0-380-01032-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asimov%27s+Guide+to+the+Bible%2C+vol.1%3A+The+Old+Testament&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-380-01032-5&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kramer2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kramer2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1968" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1968). "The 'Babel of Tongues': A Sumerian Version". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. Vol. 88, no. 1. pp. 108–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+%27Babel+of+Tongues%27%3A+A+Sumerian+Version&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-111&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: composite text." <i>Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature.</i> Line <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/c1823.htm#line134">145f.</a>: an-ki ningin<sub>2</sub>-na ung<sub>3</sub> sang sig<sub>10</sub>-ga den-lil<sub>2</sub>-ra eme 1-am<sub>3</sub> he<sub>2</sub>-en-na-da-ab-dug<sub>4</sub>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/bap/bap22.htm"><i>The Biblical Antiquities of Philo</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">James, M. R.</a> London: SPCK. 1917. pp. 90–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Antiquities+of+Philo&rft.place=London&rft.pages=90-94&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1917&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Fbap%2Fbap22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzberg1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Ginzberg, Louis</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001053501/http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/lginzberg/bl-lginzberg-legends-1-4l.htm"><i>Legends of the Jews, Volume 1</i></a>. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/lginzberg/bl-lginzberg-legends-1-4l.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+the+Jews%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassiclit.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fbl-etexts%2Flginzberg%2Fbl-lginzberg-legends-1-4l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickthal, M. "Quran" (in English), Suras 28:36 and 40:36–37. Amana Publishers, UK 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quran.com/2/102">"Surat Al-Baqarah [2:102] – The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم"</a>. Quran.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surat+Al-Baqarah+%5B2%3A102%26%2393%3B+%E2%80%93+The+Noble+Qur%27an+%E2%80%93+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft.pub=Quran.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F2%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerick2002" class="citation book cs1">Emerick, Yahiya (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9OkFB--ScEC&pg=PA108"><i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Islam</i></a>. Indianapolis: Alpha. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028642338" title="Special:BookSources/9780028642338"><bdi>9780028642338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Understanding+Islam&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780028642338&rft.aulast=Emerick&rft.aufirst=Yahiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9OkFB--ScEC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ether" title="Book of Ether">Ether</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Ether#1:33" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Ether"> 1:33–38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Daniel H. Ludlow</a>, <i>A Companion to Your Study of the Book of Mormon</i> p. 117, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a> (1996, rev. ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldsces.org/inst_manuals/bm-in-sm1996/manualindex.asp"><i>Book of Mormon Student Manual</i></a> (Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), ch. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Parry" title="Donald W. Parry">Parry, Donald W.</a> (January 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1998/01/the-flood-and-the-tower-of-babel?lang=eng">"The Flood and the Tower of Babel"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+Flood+and+the+Tower+of+Babel&rft.date=1998-01&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1998%2F01%2Fthe-flood-and-the-tower-of-babel%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a> (2009). "The Paraphrase of Shem". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SEFmwEACAAJ"><i>The Gnostic Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590306314" title="Special:BookSources/9781590306314"><bdi>9781590306314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Paraphrase+of+Shem&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781590306314&rft.au=Marvin+Meyer&rft.au=Willis+Barnstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SEFmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennock2000" class="citation book cs1">Pennock, Robert T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aC1OccYnX0sC&q=Tower+of+Babel:+The+Evidence+Against+the+New+Creationism"><i>Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism</i></a>. Bradford Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262661652" title="Special:BookSources/9780262661652"><bdi>9780262661652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+Babel%3A+The+Evidence+against+the+New+Creationism&rft.pub=Bradford+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780262661652&rft.aulast=Pennock&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaC1OccYnX0sC%26q%3DTower%2Bof%2BBabel%3A%2BThe%2BEvidence%2BAgainst%2Bthe%2BNew%2BCreationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0111.htm#1">Genesis 11:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0110.htm#5">Genesis 10:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, James George</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/folkloreinoldte00frazgoog#page/n402/mode/2up"><i>Folk-lore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend and Law</i></a>. London: Macmillan. p. 384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk-lore+in+the+Old+Testament%3A+Studies+in+Comparative+Religion%2C+Legend+and+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=James+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffolkloreinoldte00frazgoog%23page%2Fn402%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohl, <i>Reisen in die 'Ostseeprovinzen</i>, ii. 251–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazzocco2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzocco2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzocco2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazzocco2_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzocco1993" class="citation book cs1">Mazzocco, Angelo (1993). <i>Linguistic Theories in Dante and the Humanists</i>. Brill. pp. 159–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09702-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09702-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09702-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Theories+in+Dante+and+the+Humanists&rft.pages=159-181&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09702-5&rft.aulast=Mazzocco&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Olender" title="Maurice Olender">Olender, Maurice</a> (1992). <i>The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion, and Philology in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldhammer" title="Arthur Goldhammer">Arthur Goldhammer</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-51052-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-51052-6">0-674-51052-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph.htm#488381096">"Metamorphoses (Kline) 1, the Ovid Collection, Univ. Of Virginia E-Text Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metamorphoses+%28Kline%29+1%2C+the+Ovid+Collection%2C+Univ.+Of+Virginia+E-Text+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fovid.lib.virginia.edu%2Ftrans%2FMetamorph.htm%23488381096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazer,_1918_p._5-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frazer,_1918_p._5_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frazer,_1918_p._5_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, James George</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/folkloreinoldte00frazgoog#page/n380/mode/2up"><i>Folk-lore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend and Law</i></a>. London: Macmillan. pp. 362–387.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk-lore+in+the+Old+Testament%3A+Studies+in+Comparative+Religion%2C+Legend+and+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pages=362-387&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=James+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffolkloreinoldte00frazgoog%23page%2Fn380%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://letras-uruguay.espaciolatino.com/aaa/cervantes_javier/fernando_de_alva.htm#_ftnref4">"Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl"</a>. <i>letras-uruguay.espaciolatino.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=letras-uruguay.espaciolatino.com&rft.atitle=Fernando+de+Alva+Ixtlilx%C3%B3chitl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fletras-uruguay.espaciolatino.com%2Faaa%2Fcervantes_javier%2Ffernando_de_alva.htm%23_ftnref4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Bancroft</a>, vol. 3, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarish1918" class="citation book cs1">Farish, Thomas Edwin (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/hav7/body.1_div.17.html"><i>History of Arizona, Volume VII</i></a>. Phoenix. pp. 309–310<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Arizona%2C+Volume+VII&rft.place=Phoenix&rft.pages=309-310&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Farish&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthwest.library.arizona.edu%2Fhav7%2Fbody.1_div.17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverley1872" class="citation book cs1">Beverley, H. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.94529/2015.94529.Report-On-The-Census-Of-Bengal1872#page/n207/mode/2up"><i>Report on the Census of Bengal</i></a>. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Census+of+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Bengal+Secretariat+Press&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Beverley&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.94529%2F2015.94529.Report-On-The-Census-Of-Bengal1872%23page%2Fn207%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingstone1858-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone1858_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Livingstone1858" class="citation book cs1">David Livingstone (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missionarytrave01livigoog"><i>Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa</i></a>. Harper & Brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missionarytrave01livigoog/page/n601">567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Travels+and+Researches+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=567&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1858&rft.au=David+Livingstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmissionarytrave01livigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bukatman-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bukatman_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukatman1997" class="citation book cs1">Bukatman, Scott (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bladerunnerbfimo00buka"><i>Blade Runner</i></a></span>. London: British Film Institute. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bladerunnerbfimo00buka/page/n35">62</a>–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85170-623-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85170-623-1"><bdi>0-85170-623-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blade+Runner&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-85170-623-1&rft.aulast=Bukatman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbladerunnerbfimo00buka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worthington_2016_p._121-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Worthington_2016_p._121_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2016" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMk0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT121"><i>Religious and Poetic Experience in the Thought of Michael Oakeshott</i></a>. British Idealist Studies 1: Oakeshott. Andrews UK Limited. p. 121f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-594-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-594-6"><bdi>978-1-84540-594-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+and+Poetic+Experience+in+the+Thought+of+Michael+Oakeshott&rft.series=British+Idealist+Studies+1%3A+Oakeshott&rft.pages=121f&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84540-594-6&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMk0DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reprinted as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakeshott1989" class="citation book cs1">Oakeshott, Michael (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnOMf9Yr0kgC&pg=PA185">"The tower of Babel"</a>. In Clarke, S.G.; Simpson, E. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antitheoryinethi0000unse"><i>Anti-Theory in Ethics and Moral Conservatism</i></a></span>. SUNY Series in Ethical Theory. State University of New York Press. p. 185ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-912-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-912-3"><bdi>978-0-88706-912-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+tower+of+Babel&rft.btitle=Anti-Theory+in+Ethics+and+Moral+Conservatism&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Ethical+Theory&rft.pages=185ff&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-912-3&rft.aulast=Oakeshott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnOMf9Yr0kgC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corey_2006_p._130-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corey_2006_p._130_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorey2006" class="citation book cs1">Corey, E. C. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/michaeloakeshott00core_0"><i>Michael Oakeshott on Religion, Aesthetics, and Politics</i></a></span>. Eric Voegelin Institute series in political philosophy. University of Missouri Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/michaeloakeshott00core_0/page/n146">129</a>–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6517-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-6517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Oakeshott+on+Religion%2C+Aesthetics%2C+and+Politics&rft.series=Eric+Voegelin+Institute+series+in+political+philosophy&rft.pages=129-131&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-6517-3&rft.aulast=Corey&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmichaeloakeshott00core_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorschel2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dorschel, Andreas (25 November 2004). "Ach, Sie waren nicht in Oxford? Antonia S. Byatts Roman "Der Turm zu Babel"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> 274</i> (in German). p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung+274&rft.atitle=Ach%2C+Sie+waren+nicht+in+Oxford%3F+Antonia+S.+Byatts+Roman+%22Der+Turm+zu+Babel%22&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2004-11-25&rft.aulast=Dorschel&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Rothman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/ted-chiangs-soulful-science-fiction">"Ted Chiang's Soulful Science Fiction"</a>, <i>The New Yorker</i>, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Menon" title="Ramesh Menon">Menon, Ramesh</a> (15 November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19891115-bible-ki-kahaniyan-another-religious-saga-on-the-small-screen-816711-1989-11-15">"Bible ki Kahaniyan: Another religious saga on the small screen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Bible+ki+Kahaniyan%3A+Another+religious+saga+on+the+small+screen&rft.date=1989-11-15&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fsociety-the-arts%2Fstory%2F19891115-bible-ki-kahaniyan-another-religious-saga-on-the-small-screen-816711-1989-11-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesecretofbluewater.com/note7-i.htm">"Nadia & Reality"</a>. <i>Tamaro Forever presents The Secret of Blue Water</i>. 13 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamaro+Forever+presents+The+Secret+of+Blue+Water&rft.atitle=Nadia+%26+Reality&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesecretofbluewater.com%2Fnote7-i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebarnot2017" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Debarnot, Eric (15 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benzinemag.net/2017/12/15/chat-rabbin-tome-7-tour-de-bab-el-oued-joann-sfar/">"Le chat du rabbin Tome 7 : La tour de Bab-El-Oued – Joann Sfar"</a>. <i>Benzine</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Benzine&rft.atitle=Le+chat+du+rabbin+Tome+7+%3A+La+tour+de+Bab-El-Oued+%E2%80%93+Joann+Sfar&rft.date=2017-12-15&rft.aulast=Debarnot&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benzinemag.net%2F2017%2F12%2F15%2Fchat-rabbin-tome-7-tour-de-bab-el-oued-joann-sfar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidt2022" class="citation news cs1">Haidt, Jonathan (11 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/social-media-democracy-trust-babel/629369/">"Why the Past 10 Years of American Life Have Been Uniquely Stupid"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+the+Past+10+Years+of+American+Life+Have+Been+Uniquely+Stupid&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.aulast=Haidt&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2022%2F05%2Fsocial-media-democracy-trust-babel%2F629369%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KD1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KD1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Kyojin no Doshin 1: Koushiki Gaidobukku (Doshin the Giant 1: Official Guide book) for 64DD version</i>. Nintendo Co., Ltd. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-575-16201-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-575-16201-9"><bdi>4-575-16201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kyojin+no+Doshin+1%3A+Koushiki+Gaidobukku+%28Doshin+the+Giant+1%3A+Official+Guide+book%29+for+64DD+version&rft.pub=Nintendo+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=4-575-16201-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonlan2023" class="citation web cs1">Donlan, Christopher (12 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurogamer.net/chants-of-sennaar-review">"<i>Chants of Sennaar</i> review – a puzzling linguistic marvel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=Chants+of+Sennaar+review+%E2%80%93+a+puzzling+linguistic+marvel&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft.aulast=Donlan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Fchants-of-sennaar-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB,_"Babel"1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Henry_Sayce" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Henry Sayce">Sayce, Archibald Henry</a> (1878), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Babel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Babel">"Babel" </a></span>, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 178</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Sayce&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB,_"Babel"1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Babel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Babel">"Babel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maas, Anthony John (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Tower of Babel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Tower_of_Babel">"Tower of Babel" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tower+of+Babel&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Anthony+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/VIII. The Tower of Babel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/VIII._The_Tower_of_Babel">"The Tower of Babel" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tower+of+Babel&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPr._Diego_Duran" class="citation cs2">Pr. Diego Duran, <i>Historia Antiqua de la Nueva Espana (Madrid, 1585)</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Antiqua+de+la+Nueva+Espana+%28Madrid%2C+1585%29&rft.au=Pr.+Diego+Duran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATower+of+Babel" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Ixtilxochitl, Don Ferdinand d'Alva, <i>Historia Chichimeca</i>, 1658</li> <li>Lord Kingsborough, <i>Antiquities of Mexico, vol. 9</i></li> <li>H.H. Bancroft, <i>Native Races of the Pacific States</i> (New York, 1874)</li> <li>Klaus Seybold, "Der Turmbau zu Babel: Zur Entstehung von Genesis XI 1–9," <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum</a></i> (1976).</li> <li>Samuel Noah Kramer, <i>The "Babel of Tongues": A Sumerian Version</i>, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1968).</li> <li>Kyle Dugdale: <i>Babel's Present.</i> Ed. by Reto Geiser and Tilo Richter, Standpunkte, Basel 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9523540-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9523540-8-7">978-3-9523540-8-7</a> (<i>Standpunkte Dokumente</i> No. 5).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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Babel">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" class="extiw" title="q:Tower of Babel">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/47421/Tower-of-Babel">"Tower of Babel."</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towerofbabel.com/sections/tome/babelinbiblia/">Babel In Biblia: The Tower in Ancient Literature by Jim Rovira</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=536">"The Tower of Babel and the Birth of Nationhood"</a> by Daniel Gordis at <i>Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyscraperPage" title="SkyscraperPage">SkyscraperPage</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=9362">Tower of Babel</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=47329">Tower of Babel – Baruch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328091916/http://herbarium-art.ru/3/gh-5eng.htm">HERBARIUM Art Project. Anatomy of the Tower of Babel. 2010</a></li> <li>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (ISBE), James Orr, M.A., D.D., General Editor – 1915 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007052238/http://www.thecorner-stone.org/Bible-Study-Resources/Dictionary/Bible-Word-Compendium/b/Ba/babel-tower-of.php">online</a>)</li> <li>Easton's Bible Dictionary, M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., published by Thomas Nelson, 1897. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007052238/http://www.thecorner-stone.org/Bible-Study-Resources/Dictionary/Bible-Word-Compendium/b/Ba/babel-tower-of.php">online</a>)</li> <li>Nave Topical Bible, Orville J. Nave, AM., D.D., LL.D. 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href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History of creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu creationism">Hindu creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="Outline of the creation–evolution controversy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">Creation and evolution in public education</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_evolution_hearings" title="Kansas evolution hearings">Kansas evolution hearings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">Teach the Controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">Created kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism">Category:Creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Genesis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Genesis" title="Template:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Genesis" title="Template talk:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Genesis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Genesis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Genesis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></b></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">Primeval history</a> (1–11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narratives</a> (1:1–2:3, 2:4–25)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> (3) </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> (4)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a> (5:1–6:8, 11:10–26)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> (6:1–9:28)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a> (9:20–27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a> and the origin of nations (10:1–11:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tower of Babel</a> (11:1–9)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">Patriarchal age</a> (12–50)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (12–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_Lot%27s_conflict" title="Abraham and Lot's conflict">Abraham and Lot's conflict</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a> (14:1–17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Covenant of the pieces</a> (15)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> (19:1–28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (21–35)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a> (22)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Jacob">his sons</a> (25–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder" title="Jacob's Ladder">Jacob's Ladder</a> (28)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">Jacob wrestling with the angel</a> (32:22–32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_many_colors" title="Coat of many colors">coat of many colors</a> (37–50)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_Jacob" title="Blessing of Jacob">Blessing of Jacob</a> (49)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">1:1</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:2" title="Genesis 1:2">1:2</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:3" title="Genesis 1:3">1:3</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:4" title="Genesis 1:4">1:4</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:5" title="Genesis 1:5">1:5</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Bereshit (parashah)">Bereshit</a> (1:1–6:8)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noach_(parashah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noach (parashah)">Noach</a> (6:9–11:32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha" title="Lech-Lecha">Lech-Lecha</a> (12:1–17:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Vayeira</a> (18:1–22:24)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chayei_Sarah" title="Chayei Sarah">Chayei Sarah</a> (23:1–25:18)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toledot" title="Toledot">Toledot</a> (25:19–28:9)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayetze" title="Vayetze">Vayetze</a> (28:10–32:3)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayishlach" title="Vayishlach">Vayishlach</a> (32:4–36:43)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayeshev" title="Vayeshev">Vayeshev</a> (37:1–40:23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miketz" title="Miketz">Miketz</a> (41:1–44:17)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vayigash" title="Vayigash">Vayigash</a> (44:18–47:27)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaychi" title="Vaychi">Vayechi</a> (47:28–50:26)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">Framework interpretation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wife%E2%80%93sister_narratives_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis">Wife–sister narratives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arcana_C%C5%93lestia" title="Arcana Cœlestia">Arcana Cœlestia</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Pesher on Genesis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Berlin_17213" title="Papyrus Berlin 17213">Papyrus Berlin 17213</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_656" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 656</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1007" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Textual variants in the Book of Genesis">Textual variations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41213#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955192v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955192v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bible. Mojžíšova, 1., XI, 1-9"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn20211099493&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5065586">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810672424305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284652805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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