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Kilonova — Wikipédia

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cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kilonova</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 26 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88" title="مستعر ماكرو – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستعر ماكرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="گران‌نواختر – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گران‌نواختر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="קילונובה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קילונובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilon%C3%B3va" title="Kilonóva – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kilonóva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Կիլոնովա – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիլոնովա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1" title="キロノヴァ – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キロノヴァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="კილონოვა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კილონოვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%B0%94" title="킬로노바 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킬로노바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Килонова – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Килонова" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC" title="ကီလိုနိုဗာ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကီလိုနိုဗာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonowa" title="Kilonowa – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kilonowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Килоновая – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Килоновая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кілонова – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кілонова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kilonova" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="千新星 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="千新星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14468623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Kilonova" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kilonova"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kilonova"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Kilonova" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Kilonova" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;oldid=217080296" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien 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l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg/310px-Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg/465px-Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg/620px-Eso1733s_Artist%27s_impression_of_merging_neutron_stars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6152" data-file-height="4026" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vue_d%27artiste" title="Vue d&#39;artiste">Vue d'artiste</a> d'une kilonova.</figcaption></figure> <p>Une <b>kilonova</b>, aussi nommée <b>macronova</b> ou <b><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> à <a href="/wiki/Processus_r" title="Processus r">processus r</a></b>, est un phénomène <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomique</a> qui se produit lors de la <a href="/wiki/Fusion_d%27%C3%A9toiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion d&#39;étoiles">fusion</a> de deux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Étoile à neutrons">étoiles à neutrons</a> ou d'une étoile à neutrons et d'un <a href="/wiki/Trou_noir" title="Trou noir">trou noir</a>, dans un <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_binaire_(astronomie)" title="Système binaire (astronomie)">système binaire</a>. </p><p>Un <a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Rayonnement électromagnétique">rayonnement électromagnétique</a> intense est émis du fait de la désintégration d'<a href="/wiki/Ion_lourd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion lourd">ions lourds</a> produits par <a href="/wiki/Processus_r" title="Processus r">processus r</a> et éjectés de façon relativement <a href="/wiki/Isotropie" title="Isotropie">isotrope</a> pendant le processus de fusion —&#160;comme pour une brève supernova de faible luminosité<sup id="cite_ref-Tanvir2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanvir2013-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Entre 2017 et 2021, la <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique" title="Communauté scientifique">communauté scientifique</a> a identifié environ 50 signaux qui seraient issus de kilonovae<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Hubble_observes_first_kilonova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_observes_first_kilonova.jpg/220px-Hubble_observes_first_kilonova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_observes_first_kilonova.jpg/330px-Hubble_observes_first_kilonova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_observes_first_kilonova.jpg/440px-Hubble_observes_first_kilonova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>La première kilonova observée par le <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">télescope Hubble</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le terme <i>kilonova</i> est introduit en 2010 par Metzger <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i><sup id="cite_ref-Metzger2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger2010-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> pour décrire un pic de luminosité, qui peut atteindre 1&#160;000&#160;fois celui d'une <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">nova</a> classique, d'où l'utilisation du préfixe «&#160;kilo&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger2010-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et un à dix pour cent de la brillance d'une <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La première suggestion d'observation d'une kilonova est faite en 2008 à la suite de l'observation du <a href="/wiki/Sursaut_gamma" title="Sursaut gamma">sursaut gamma</a> court <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_080503&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 080503 (page inexistante)">GRB 080503</a>&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q86559347" class="extiw" title="d:Q86559347"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article sur Wikidata&#160;: «&#160;Q86559347&#160;»">(d)</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une autre observation de kilonova est postulée en 2013, cette fois par l'observation du sursaut court <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_130603B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 130603B (page inexistante)">GRB 130603B</a>&#160;<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_130603B" class="extiw" title="ja:GRB 130603B"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en japonais&#160;: «&#160;GRB 130603B&#160;»">(ja)</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Tanvir2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanvir2013-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le 16 octobre 2017, les observatoires <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Gravitational-Wave_Observatory" title="Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory">LIGO</a> et <a href="/wiki/Virgo_(interf%C3%A9rom%C3%A8tre)" title="Virgo (interféromètre)">VIRGO</a> annoncent la première détection simultanée d'<a href="/wiki/Onde_gravitationnelle" title="Onde gravitationnelle">ondes gravitationnelles</a> associées à l'événement <a href="/wiki/GW170817" class="mw-redirect" title="GW170817">GW170817</a><sup id="cite_ref-Abbott_et_al._2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott_et_al._2017-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui seraient liées à une kilonova causée par la fusion d'étoile à neutron<sup id="cite_ref-miller2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller2017-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-berger2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger2017-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loeb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loeb-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les chercheurs obervent également une émission de <a href="/wiki/Rayons_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayons X">rayons X</a>, qui diminue en intensité pour finir par se stabiliser en 2020<sup id="cite_ref-GW2017a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GW2017a-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En octobre 2018, des astronomes font un parallèle entre <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_150101B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 150101B (page inexistante)">GRB 150101B</a>&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83794578" class="extiw" title="d:Q83794578"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article sur Wikidata&#160;: «&#160;Q83794578&#160;»">(d)</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/GW170817" class="mw-redirect" title="GW170817">GW170817</a><sup id="cite_ref-NC-20181016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-20181016-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les similarités entre les deux évènements, en ce qui concerne les émissions de <a href="/wiki/Rayon_gamma" title="Rayon gamma">rayon gamma</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Optique" title="Optique">optique</a> et les émissions de <a href="/wiki/Rayon_x" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayon x">rayon x</a>, aussi bien que la nature de l'association des galaxies hôtes, sont considérées «&#160;frappantes&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20181016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20181016-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et cette ressemblance remarquable suggère que ces deux événements séparés et indépendants proviennent de la même collision d'étoiles à neutron et ils peuvent venir d'une classe inconnue jusqu'alors de kilonova transitoire. Donc, selon ces chercheurs, on peut en conclure que les kilonovae sont des évènements plus diversifiés et communs dans l'Univers qu'on le pensait précédemment<sup id="cite_ref-EA-20181016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20181016-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-NC-20181016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-20181016-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20181016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20181016-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPC-20181017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC-20181017-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En 2020, des astronomes détectent une kilonova à 5,4 milliards d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">années-lumières</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a>, reliée à <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_200522A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 200522A (page inexistante)">GRB 200522A</a>&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97035456" class="extiw" title="d:Q97035456"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article sur Wikidata&#160;: «&#160;Q97035456&#160;»">(d)</span></a>. Après une analyse effectuée avec le télescope Hubble, les scientifiques ont détecté que la partie des <a href="/wiki/Infrarouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrarouges">infrarouges</a> du spectre était 10 fois plus lumineux que ce qui est prévu lors d'une kilonova. Cela pourrait s'expliquer par la création d'un <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tar" title="Magnétar">magnétar</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Formation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Formation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les étoiles à neutrons représentent environ 0,1&#160;% de la <a href="/wiki/Masse_stellaire" title="Masse stellaire">masse stellaire</a> totale d'une galaxie<sup id="cite_ref-frontiersin_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontiersin-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cependant, plusieurs d'entre elles se retrouvent au sein de systèmes binaires avec une <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_massive" class="mw-redirect" title="Étoile massive">étoile massive</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sana_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sana-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Si les conditions appropriées sont réunies, à savoir que les étoiles ont une masse suffisante pour engendrer une supernova et que les étoiles sont assez éloignées l'une de l'autre pour éviter une perturbation trop importante du compagnon lors du cataclysme<sup id="cite_ref-Sana_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sana-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, un système binaire d'étoiles à neutron peut se former. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Colliding_neutron_stars_ESA385307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Colliding_neutron_stars_ESA385307.jpg/220px-Colliding_neutron_stars_ESA385307.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Colliding_neutron_stars_ESA385307.jpg/330px-Colliding_neutron_stars_ESA385307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Colliding_neutron_stars_ESA385307.jpg/440px-Colliding_neutron_stars_ESA385307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4267" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Vue d'artiste de deux étoiles à neutrons en rotation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sur plusieurs millions d'années, les deux astres se rapprochent en raison de la perte d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie" title="Énergie">énergie</a> engendrée par l'émission d'ondes gravitationnelles. Un modèle de fusion d'étoiles à neutron est proposé par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li-Xin_Li&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Li-Xin Li (page inexistante)">Li-Xin Li</a> et Bohdan Paczyński en 1998<sup id="cite_ref-LiPaczynski1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiPaczynski1998-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ainsi, on peut, notamment, évaluer le temps avant la collision (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span>) en fonction de la distance entre les deux corps (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span>), de la <a href="/wiki/Constante_gravitationnelle" title="Constante gravitationnelle">constante gravitationnelle</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span>), de la <a href="/wiki/Vitesse_de_la_lumi%C3%A8re" title="Vitesse de la lumière">vitesse de la lumière</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>) et de la masse des deux corps (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31aafa60e48d39ccce922404c0b80340b2cc777a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ecebe334d5cadc3ffcf245eb02919034d7a2ec8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"></span>) selon la relation<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;: </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t={\frac {5}{256}}\,{\frac {c^{5}}{G^{3}}}\,{\frac {r^{4}}{(m_{1}m_{2})(m_{1}+m_{2})}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>5</mn> <mn>256</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t={\frac {5}{256}}\,{\frac {c^{5}}{G^{3}}}\,{\frac {r^{4}}{(m_{1}m_{2})(m_{1}+m_{2})}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d3226c50d99861768b80b657e3e0885720526d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:32.427ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t={\frac {5}{256}}\,{\frac {c^{5}}{G^{3}}}\,{\frac {r^{4}}{(m_{1}m_{2})(m_{1}+m_{2})}}}"></span></center> <p>Quelques instants avant la collision, le système peut atteindre une <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9quence" title="Fréquence">fréquence</a> de <span title="6&#160;283,2 rad/s" style="cursor:help">60&#160;000</span>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="tours par minute"><a href="/wiki/Tour_par_minute" title="Tour par minute">tours par minute</a></abbr>. Quant à elle, la fusion ne durerait que quelques millisecondes et dégagerait une quantité phénoménale d'énergie<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-frontiersin_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontiersin-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eichler_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichler-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le rapprochement en <a href="/wiki/Spirale" title="Spirale">spirale</a> et la fusion de ces <a href="/wiki/Objet_compact" title="Objet compact">objets compacts</a> seraient une importante source d'ondes gravitationnelles<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger2010-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dnews_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dnews-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cela pourrait également créer des <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prog%C3%A9niteurs_de_sursauts_gamma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Progéniteurs de sursauts gamma (page inexistante)">progéniteurs</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst_progenitors" class="extiw" title="en:Gamma-ray burst progenitors"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Gamma-ray burst progenitors&#160;»">(en)</span></a> de <a href="/wiki/Sursaut_gamma" title="Sursaut gamma">sursauts gamma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Metzger2010_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger2010-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dnews_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dnews-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et être la source principale dans l'Univers des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique">éléments chimiques</a> les plus lourds, produits par <a href="/wiki/Processus_r" title="Processus r">processus r</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tanvir2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanvir2013-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_d'éléments_lourds"><span id="Source_d.27.C3.A9l.C3.A9ments_lourds"></span>Source d'éléments lourds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Source d&#039;éléments lourds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Source d&#039;éléments lourds"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:PeriodicTableOrigins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PeriodicTableOrigins.png/350px-PeriodicTableOrigins.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PeriodicTableOrigins.png/525px-PeriodicTableOrigins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/PeriodicTableOrigins.png/700px-PeriodicTableOrigins.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Kilonova" title="Spécial:EditPage/Kilonova">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue&#160;! <a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire&#160;?</a></div></div> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">«&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova?oldid=643738840">Kilonova</a>&#160;» <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilonova?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:24em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tanvir2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tanvir2013_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanvir2013_1-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Tanvir2013_1-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="TanvirLevanFruchterHjorth2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="N._R._TanvirA._J._LevanA._S._FruchterJ._Hjorth2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> N. R. Tanvir, A. J. Levan, A. S. Fruchter, J. Hjorth, R. A. Hounsell, K. Wiersema et R. L. Tunnicliffe, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A ‘kilonova’ associated with the short-duration γ-ray burst GRB 130603B</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;500,&#8206; <time>2013</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">547-549</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12505">10.1038/nature12505</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+%E2%80%98kilonova%E2%80%99+associated+with+the+short-duration+%CE%B3-ray+burst+GRB%E2%80%89130603B&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.issue=500&amp;rft.aulast=Tanvir&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+R.&amp;rft.au=A.+J.+Levan&amp;rft.au=A.+S.+Fruchter&amp;rft.au=J.+Hjorth&amp;rft.au=R.+A.+Hounsell&amp;rft.au=K.+Wiersema&amp;rft.au=R.+L.+Tunnicliffe&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.pages=547-549&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12505&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20210629#:~:text=During%20the%20five%20years%20since,of%20pairs%20of%20neutron%20stars"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Finds Elusive Mergers of Black Holes with Neutron Stars</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">LIGO Lab / Caltech</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-05-01" data-sort-value="2023-05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1717/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Hubble observes source of gravitational waves for the first time</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">www.spacetelescope.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-18" data-sort-value="2017-10-18">18 octobre 2017</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger2010_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger2010_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger2010_4-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger2010_4-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="D.G.S.E.2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Metzger,_B._D.Martínez-Pinedo,_G.Darbha,_S.Quataert,_E.2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Metzger, B. D., Martínez-Pinedo, G., Darbha, S., Quataert, E., Arcones, A., Kasen, D., Thomas, R., Nugent, P., Panov, I. V. et Zinner, N. T., «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Electromagnetic counterparts of compact object mergers powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei</cite>&#160;» [«&#160;Contreparties électromagnétiques des fusions d'objets compacts alimentées par la désintégration radioactive de noyau produits par processus r&#160;»], <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;406, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-08" data-sort-value="2010-08">août 2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;2650 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16864.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16864.x</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MNRAS.406.2650M">2010MNRAS.406.2650M</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1001.5029">1001.5029</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+counterparts+of+compact+object+mergers+powered+by+the+radioactive+decay+of+r-process+nuclei&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=D.&amp;rft.aufirst=Metzger%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Pinedo%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Darbha%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Quataert%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Arcones%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Kasen%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Nugent%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Panov%2C+I.+V.&amp;rft.au=Zinner%2C+N.+T.&amp;rft.date=2010-08&amp;rft.volume=406&amp;rft.pages=2650&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2010.16864.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1329a/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Hubble captures infrared glow of a kilonova blast</cite></a>&#160;», spacetelescope.org, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-08-05" data-sort-value="2013-08-05">5 août 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-02-28" data-sort-value="2018-02-28">28 février 2018</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PerleyMetzgerGranotButler2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._A._PerleyB._D._MetzgerJ._GranotN._R._Butler2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D. A. <span class="nom_auteur">Perley</span>, B. D. <span class="nom_auteur">Metzger</span>, J. <span class="nom_auteur">Granot</span>, N. R. <span class="nom_auteur">Butler</span>, T. <span class="nom_auteur">Sakamoto</span>, E. <span class="nom_auteur">Ramirez-Ruiz</span>, A. J. <span class="nom_auteur">Levan</span>, J. S. <span class="nom_auteur">Bloom</span> et A. A. <span class="nom_auteur">Miller</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">GRB 080503: Implications of a Naked Short Gamma-Ray Burst Dominated by Extended Emission</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;696, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">1871–1885</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/1871">10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/1871</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...696.1871P">2009ApJ...696.1871P</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.1044">0811.1044</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15196669">15196669</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=GRB+080503%3A+Implications+of+a+Naked+Short+Gamma-Ray+Burst+Dominated+by+Extended+Emission&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Perley&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+A.&amp;rft.au=Metzger%2C+B.+D.&amp;rft.au=Granot%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Butler%2C+N.+R.&amp;rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Ramirez-Ruiz%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Levan%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Bloom%2C+J.+S.&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+A.+A.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=696&amp;rft.pages=1871%E2%80%931885&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F696%2F2%2F1871&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="DNews2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">DNews</span>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seeker.com/kilonova-alert-hubble-solves-gamma-ray-burst-mystery-1767686472.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Kilonova Alert! Hubble Solves Gamma Ray Burst Mystery</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Seeker</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-08-07" data-sort-value="2013-08-07">7 août 2013</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott_et_al._2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott_et_al._2017_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AbbottAbbottAbbottAcernese2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="B._P._AbbottR._AbbottT._D._AbbottF._Acernese2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> B. P. <span class="nom_auteur">Abbott</span>, R. <span class="nom_auteur">Abbott</span>, T. D. <span class="nom_auteur">Abbott</span>, F. <span class="nom_auteur">Acernese</span>, K. <span class="nom_auteur">Ackley</span>, C. <span class="nom_auteur">Adams</span>, T. <span class="nom_auteur">Adams</span>, P. <span class="nom_auteur">Addesso</span>, R. X. <span class="nom_auteur">Adhikari</span> et V. B. <span class="nom_auteur">Adya</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Physical Review Letters</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;119, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;16,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-16" data-sort-value="2017-10-16">16 octobre 2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;161101 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29099225">29099225</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101">10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.119p1101A">2017PhRvL.119p1101A</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05832">1710.05832</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=GW170817%3A+Observation+of+Gravitational+Waves+from+a+Binary+Neutron+Star+Inspiral&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.aulast=Abbott&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+P.&amp;rft.au=Abbott%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Abbott%2C+T.+D.&amp;rft.au=Acernese%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Ackley%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Addesso%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Adhikari%2C+R.+X.&amp;rft.au=Adya%2C+V.+B.&amp;rft.date=2017-10-16&amp;rft.volume=119&amp;rft.pages=161101&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.119.161101&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29099225&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller2017-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-miller2017_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Miller2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._Coleman_Miller2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> M. Coleman <span class="nom_auteur">Miller</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Gravitational waves: A golden binary</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;News and Views, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;7678,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-16" data-sort-value="2017-10-16">16 octobre 2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;36 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature24153">10.1038/nature24153</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.551...36M">2017Natur.551...36M</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Gravitational+waves%3A+A+golden+binary&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.issue=7678&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+Coleman&amp;rft.date=2017-10-16&amp;rft.volume=News+and+Views&amp;rft.pages=36&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature24153&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berger2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-berger2017_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Berger2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="E._Berger2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> E. <span class="nom_auteur">Berger</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Focus on the Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Neutron Star Binary Merger GW170817</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Astrophysical Journal Letters</span></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-16" data-sort-value="2017-10-16">16 octobre 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_GW170817">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-10-16" data-sort-value="2017-10-16">16 octobre 2017</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Focus+on+the+Electromagnetic+Counterpart+of+the+Neutron+Star+Binary+Merger+GW170817&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft.aulast=Berger&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.date=2017-10-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Fjournal%2F2041-8205%2Fpage%2FFocus_on_GW170817&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Connaughton2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Valerie_Connaughton2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Valerie <span class="nom_auteur">Connaughton</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Focus on electromagnetic counterparts to binary black hole mergers</cite>&#160;» (Editorial), <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></span></i>,&#8206; <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205/page/Focus_on_BBHM">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Focus+on+electromagnetic+counterparts+to+binary+black+hole+mergers&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft.aulast=Connaughton&amp;rft.aufirst=Valerie&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Fjournal%2F2041-8205%2Fpage%2FFocus_on_BBHM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loeb-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Loeb_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Loeb2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Abraham_Loeb2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Abraham <span class="nom_auteur">Loeb</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Electromagnetic counterparts to black hole mergers detected by LIGO</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;819, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;2,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03" data-sort-value="2016-03">mars 2016</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;L21 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L21">10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L21</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...819L..21L">2016ApJ...819L..21L</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04735">1602.04735</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+counterparts+to+black+hole+mergers+detected+by+LIGO&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Loeb&amp;rft.aufirst=Abraham&amp;rft.date=2016-03&amp;rft.volume=819&amp;rft.pages=L21&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F819%2F2%2FL21&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GW2017a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-GW2017a_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.02070"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Evidence for X-ray Emission in Excess to the Jet Afterglow Decay 3.5 yrs After the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW 170817: A New Emission Component</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Arxiv</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-05" data-sort-value="2022-03-05">5 mars 2022</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NC-20181016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NC-20181016_14-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-NC-20181016_14-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="E.2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Troja,_E.2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Troja, E. <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A luminous blue kilonova and an off-axis jet from a compact binary merger at z = 0.1341</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;9, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-16" data-sort-value="2018-10-16">16 octobre 2018</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;4089 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30327476">30327476</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6191439">6191439</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06558-7">10.1038/s41467-018-06558-7</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.4089T">2018NatCo...9.4089T</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.10624">1806.10624</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+luminous+blue+kilonova+and+an+off-axis+jet+from+a+compact+binary+merger+at+z+%3D+0.1341&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=E.&amp;rft.aufirst=Troja%2C&amp;rft.date=2018-10-16&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=4089&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-06558-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30327476&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20181016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20181016_15-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20181016_15-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mohon2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lee_Mohon2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Lee <span class="nom_auteur">Mohon</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">GRB 150101B: A Distant Cousin to GW170817</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a></span></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-16" data-sort-value="2018-10-16">16 octobre 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/images/grb-150101b-a-distant-cousin-to-gw170817.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-17" data-sort-value="2018-10-17">17 octobre 2018</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=GRB+150101B%3A+A+Distant+Cousin+to+GW170817&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft.aulast=Mohon&amp;rft.aufirst=Lee&amp;rft.date=2018-10-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fchandra%2Fimages%2Fgrb-150101b-a-distant-cousin-to-gw170817.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-20181016-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-EA-20181016_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="of_Maryland2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="University_of_Maryland2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">All in the family: Kin of gravitational wave source discovered - New observations suggest that kilonovae -- immense cosmic explosions that produce silver, gold and platinum--may be more common than thought</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=EurekAlert!&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="EurekAlert! (page inexistante)">EurekAlert!</a></span></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-16" data-sort-value="2018-10-16">16 octobre 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/uom-ait101518.php">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-17" data-sort-value="2018-10-17">17 octobre 2018</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=All+in+the+family%3A+Kin+of+gravitational+wave+source+discovered+-+New+observations+suggest+that+kilonovae+--+immense+cosmic+explosions+that+produce+silver%2C+gold+and+platinum--may+be+more+common+than+thought&amp;rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&amp;rft.au=University+of+Maryland&amp;rft.date=2018-10-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2018-10%2Fuom-ait101518.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPC-20181017-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-SPC-20181017_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wall2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mike_Wall2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Mike <span class="nom_auteur">Wall</span>, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/42158-another-neutron-star-crash-detected.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Powerful Cosmic Flash Is Likely Another Neutron-Star Merger</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-17" data-sort-value="2018-10-17">17 octobre 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-10-17" data-sort-value="2018-10-17">17 octobre 2018</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.08593"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Broad-band Counterpart of the Short GRB 200522A at z=0.5536: A Luminous Kilonova or a Collimated Outflow with a Reverse Shock?</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Arxiv</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-08-19" data-sort-value="2020-08-19">19 août 2020</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="KaspiBeloborodov2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Victoria_M._KaspiAndrei_M._Beloborodov2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Victoria M. <span class="nom_auteur">Kaspi</span> et Andrei M. <span class="nom_auteur">Beloborodov</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Magnetars</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;55, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time>2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">261–301</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023329">10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023329</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ARA%26A..55..261K">2017ARA&#38;A..55..261K</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.00068">1703.00068</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Magnetars&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Kaspi&amp;rft.aufirst=Victoria+M.&amp;rft.au=Beloborodov%2C+Andrei+M.&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.pages=261%E2%80%93301&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-astro-081915-023329&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frontiersin-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-frontiersin_20-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersin_20-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2020.609460/full#B179">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2020.609460/full#B179</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sana-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sana_21-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Sana_21-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Sana, H., Mink, S. E. d., Koter, A. d., Langer, N., Evans, C. J., Geiles, M., et al. (2012). Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars. Science. 337, 444. doi:10.1126/science.1223344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiPaczynski1998-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-LiPaczynski1998_22-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LiPaczyńskiFruchterHjorth1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="L.-X._LiB._PaczyńskiA._S._FruchterJ._Hjorth1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> L.-X. <span class="nom_auteur">Li</span>, B. <span class="nom_auteur">Paczyński</span>, A. S. <span class="nom_auteur">Fruchter</span>, J. <span class="nom_auteur">Hjorth</span>, R. A. <span class="nom_auteur">Hounsell</span>, K. <span class="nom_auteur">Wiersema</span> et R. <span class="nom_auteur">Tunnicliffe</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Transient Events from Neutron Star Mergers</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;507, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time>1998</time>, L59–L62 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/311680">10.1086/311680</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ApJ...507L..59L">1998ApJ...507L..59L</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9807272">astro-ph/9807272</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3091361">3091361</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Transient+Events+from+Neutron+Star+Mergers&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Li&amp;rft.aufirst=L.-X.&amp;rft.au=Paczy%C5%84ski%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Fruchter%2C+A.+S.&amp;rft.au=Hjorth%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Hounsell%2C+R.+A.&amp;rft.au=Wiersema%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Tunnicliffe%2C+R.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=507&amp;rft.pages=L59%E2%80%93L62&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F311680&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Metzger2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brian_D._Metzger2019"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Brian D. <span class="nom_auteur">Metzger</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Kilonovae</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Living Reviews in Relativity</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;23, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-12-16" data-sort-value="2019-12-16">16 décembre 2019</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;1 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1433-8351">1433-8351</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31885490">31885490</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6914724">6914724</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41114-019-0024-0">10.1007/s41114-019-0024-0</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01617">1910.01617</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-019-0024-0">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kilonovae&amp;rft.jtitle=Living+Reviews+in+Relativity&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Metzger&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&amp;rft.date=2019-12-16&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.issn=1433-8351&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41114-019-0024-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31885490&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs41114-019-0024-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AKilonova"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr>(PDF). 29 January 2016 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129142844/http://www.eftaylor.com/exploringblackholes/GravWaves150909v1.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20160129142844/http://www.eftaylor.com/exploringblackholes/GravWaves150909v1.pdf</a>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10543#:~:text=This%20causes%20the%20orbits%20to,at%2060%2C000%20times%20a%20minute">https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10543#:~:text=This%20causes%20the%20orbits%20to,at%2060%2C000%20times%20a%20minute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eichler-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Eichler_26-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Eichler, D., Livio, M., Piran, T., and Schramm, D. N. (1989). Nucleosynthesis, neutrino bursts and gamma-rays from coalescing neutron stars. Nature 340, 126. doi:10.1038/340126a0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Fang, K., and Metzger, B. D. (2017). High-energy neutrinos from millisecond magnetars formed from the merger of binary neutron stars. Astrophys. J 849, 153. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8b6a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dnews-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dnews_28-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Dnews_28-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gugliucci2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicole_Gugliucci2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nicole Gugliucci, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/space/astronomy/how-a-kilonova-solved-a-gamma-ray-burst-mystery-130807.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Kilonova Alert! Hubble Solves Gamma Ray Burst Mystery</cite></a>&#160;» [«&#160;Alerte aux kilonovae&#160;! <i>Hubble</i> résout le mystère des <a href="/wiki/Sursaut_gamma" title="Sursaut gamma">sursauts gamma</a>&#160;»], sur <span class="italique">news.discovery.com</span>, Discovery Communications, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-08-07" data-sort-value="2013-08-07">7 août 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-01-22" data-sort-value="2015-01-22">22 janvier 2015</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilonova&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kilonovae?uselang=fr">Kilonova</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> | <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9manent_de_supernova" title="Rémanent de supernova">Rémanent de supernova</a> | <a href="/wiki/Supernova_imposteuse" title="Supernova imposteuse">Supernova imposteuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_d%27%C3%A9toiles_%C3%A0_neutrons_du_17_ao%C3%BBt_2017" title="Fusion d&#39;étoiles à neutrons du 17 août 2017">Fusion d'étoiles à neutrons du 17 août 2017</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%89toile" title="Modèle:Palette Étoile"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_%C3%89toile&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">Étoiles</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Classe_de_luminosit%C3%A9" title="Classe de luminosité">Classes de luminosité</a> et <a href="/wiki/Type_spectral" title="Type spectral">types spectraux</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r201193429">.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li ul,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li ol,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li ul,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li ol,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li{display:inline;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li:not(:last-child):after,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li:not(:last-child):after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold;white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li>ul,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li>ol,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li>ul,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li>ol{white-space:normal;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li>ul:before,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li>ol:before,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li>ul:before,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li>ol:before{content:" ("}.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li>ul:after,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li li>ol:after,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li>ul:after,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li li>ol:after{content:")"}.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li ol,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li ol>li,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ul>li ol>li:before,.mw-parser-output .liste-verticale-horizontale>ol>li ol>li:before{content:counter(listitem)".\a0 "}</style><div class="liste-verticale-horizontale"> <ul><li>Classes de types spectraux&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_type_pr%C3%A9coce" title="Étoile de type précoce">Type précoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_type_interm%C3%A9diaire" title="Étoile de type intermédiaire">Type intermédiaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_type_tardif" title="Étoile de type tardif">Type tardif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_hyperg%C3%A9ante" title="Étoile hypergéante">Hypergéante</a> (0)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variable_lumineuse_bleue" title="Variable lumineuse bleue">Variable lumineuse bleue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_hyperg%C3%A9ante#Hypergéantes_bleues" title="Étoile hypergéante">bleue</a> (O0-A0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperg%C3%A9ante_jaune" title="Hypergéante jaune">jaune</a> (fin A0 - début K0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_hyperg%C3%A9ante#Hypergéantes_rouges" title="Étoile hypergéante">rouge</a> (K0-M0)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_superg%C3%A9ante" title="Étoile supergéante">Supergéante</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superg%C3%A9ante_bleue" title="Supergéante bleue">bleue</a> (O<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>-B<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superg%C3%A9ante_blanche" title="Supergéante blanche">blanche</a> (A<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superg%C3%A9ante_jaune" title="Supergéante jaune">jaune</a> (F<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>-G<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superg%C3%A9ante_rouge" title="Supergéante rouge">rouge</a> (K<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>-M<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_g%C3%A9ante_lumineuse" title="Étoile géante lumineuse">Géante lumineuse</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_g%C3%A9ante" title="Étoile géante">Géante</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr>)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ante_bleue" title="Géante bleue">bleue</a> (O<abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr>-B<abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr>-certaines A<abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ante_rouge" title="Géante rouge">rouge</a> (K<abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr>-M<abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_sous-g%C3%A9ante" title="Étoile sous-géante">Sous-géante</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_naine" title="Étoile naine">Naine</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9quence_principale" title="Séquence principale">séquence principale</a> = <abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr>)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_bleue_de_la_s%C3%A9quence_principale" title="Étoile bleue de la séquence principale">bleue</a> (O<abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_bleu-blanc_de_la_s%C3%A9quence_principale" title="Étoile bleu-blanc de la séquence principale">bleu-blanc</a> (B<abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_blanche_de_la_s%C3%A9quence_principale" title="Étoile blanche de la séquence principale">blanche</a> (A<abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_jaune-blanc_de_la_s%C3%A9quence_principale" title="Étoile jaune-blanc de la séquence principale">jaune-blanc</a> (F<abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_jaune" title="Naine jaune">jaune</a> (G<abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_orange" title="Naine orange">orange</a> (K<abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_rouge" title="Naine rouge">rouge</a> (M<abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_sous-naine" title="Étoile sous-naine">Sous-naine</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="6"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VI</span></abbr>)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_sous-naine_de_type_O" title="Étoile sous-naine de type O">Type O</a> (O<abbr class="abbr" title="6"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VI</span></abbr>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_sous-naine_de_type_B" title="Étoile sous-naine de type B">Type B</a> (B<abbr class="abbr" title="6"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VI</span></abbr>)</li></ul></li> <li>Naine (stade évolué)&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naine_bleue_(stade_de_naine_rouge)" title="Naine bleue (stade de naine rouge)">bleue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_blanche" title="Naine blanche">blanche</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Article de qualité"><img alt="Article de qualité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/10px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/15px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/20px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_rouge_(stade_de_naine_blanche)" title="Naine rouge (stade de naine blanche)">rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_noire" title="Naine noire">noire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Classes particulières&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_type_solaire" title="Étoile de type solaire">Étoile de type solaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_brune" title="Naine brune">Naine brune</a> (objet substellaire)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Types</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_double" title="Étoile double">Étoile double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_en_fuite" title="Étoile en fuite">Étoile en fuite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_intergalactique" title="Étoile intergalactique">Étoile intergalactique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tra%C3%AEnarde_bleue" title="Traînarde bleue">Traînarde bleue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_Be" title="Étoile Be">Étoile Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_enveloppe" title="Étoile à enveloppe">Étoile à enveloppe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_B(e)" title="Étoile B(e)">Étoile [Be]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_binaire" title="Étoile binaire">Étoile binaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable" title="Étoile variable">Étoile variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_multiple" title="Étoile multiple">Étoile multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9toiles_hypoth%C3%A9tiques" title="Liste d&#39;étoiles hypothétiques">Étoiles hypothétiques</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_binaire" title="Étoile binaire">Binaires</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_binaire_%C3%A0_contact" title="Étoile binaire à contact">À contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_%C3%A0_%C3%A9clipses" title="Binaire à éclipses">À éclipses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_%C3%A0_enveloppe_commune" title="Binaire à enveloppe commune">À enveloppe commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_astrom%C3%A9trique" title="Binaire astrométrique">Astrométrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_d%C3%A9tach%C3%A9e" title="Binaire détachée">Détachée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_semi-d%C3%A9tach%C3%A9e" title="Binaire semi-détachée">Semi-détachée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_spectroscopique" title="Binaire spectroscopique">Spectroscopique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_TTL" title="Binaire TTL">TTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_visuelle" title="Binaire visuelle">Visuelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_X" title="Binaire X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_X_%C3%A0_faible_masse" title="Binaire X à faible masse">X à faible masse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_X_%C3%A0_forte_masse" title="Binaire X à forte masse">X à forte masse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaire_gamma" title="Binaire gamma">gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursauteur_X" title="Sursauteur X">Sursauteur X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_symbiotique" title="Étoile symbiotique">Étoile symbiotique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_binaire" title="Pulsar binaire">Pulsar binaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">Microquasar</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable" title="Étoile variable">Variables</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9signation_des_%C3%A9toiles_variables" title="Désignation des étoiles variables">Désignation des étoiles variables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ph%C3%A9ide" title="Céphéide">Céphéide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_cataclysmique" title="Variable cataclysmique">Cataclysmique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polaire_(variable_cataclysmique)" title="Polaire (variable cataclysmique)">Polaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A9ruptive" title="Étoile éruptive">Éruptive (type UV Ceti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_Ae/Be_de_Herbig" title="Étoile Ae/Be de Herbig">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_lumineuse_bleue" title="Variable lumineuse bleue">Lumineuse bleue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_semi-r%C3%A9guli%C3%A8re" title="Étoile variable semi-régulière">Semi-régulière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_Alpha2_Canum_Venaticorum" title="Étoile variable de type Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum">Type Alpha<sup>2</sup> Canum Venaticorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_Beta_Lyrae" title="Étoile variable de type Beta Lyrae">Type Beta Lyrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_BY_Draconis" title="Étoile variable de type BY Draconis">Type BY Draconis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_Delta_Scuti" title="Étoile variable de type Delta Scuti">Type Delta Scuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_FU_Orionis" title="Étoile variable de type FU Orionis">Type FU Orionis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_Mira" title="Étoile variable de type Mira">Type Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_RR_Lyrae" title="Étoile variable de type RR Lyrae">Type RR Lyrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_T_Tauri" title="Étoile variable de type T Tauri">Type T Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_W_Virginis" title="Étoile variable de type W Virginis">Type W Virginis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_Wolf-Rayet" title="Étoile Wolf-Rayet">Wolf-Rayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursauteur_gamma_mou" title="Sursauteur gamma mou">Sursauteur gamma mou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_blanche_%C3%A0_pulsations" title="Naine blanche à pulsations">Blanche à pulsations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_battements_de_c%C5%93ur" title="Étoile à battements de cœur">À battements de cœur</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_multiple" title="Étoile multiple">Multiples</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_stellaire" title="Système stellaire">Système stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_stellaire" title="Amas stellaire">Amas stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superamas_stellaire" title="Superamas stellaire">Superamas stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_stellaire" title="Association stellaire">Association stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_OB" title="Association OB">Association OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_ouvert" title="Amas ouvert">Amas ouvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_globulaire" title="Amas globulaire">Amas globulaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_blobs" title="Blue blobs">Blue blobs</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_chimiquement_particuli%C3%A8re" title="Étoile chimiquement particulière">Compositions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tallicit%C3%A9" title="Métallicité">Métallicité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_Am" title="Étoile Am">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toiles_Ap_et_Bp" title="Étoiles Ap et Bp">Ap et Bp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_Ap_%C3%A0_oscillations_rapides" title="Étoile Ap à oscillations rapides">roAp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_baryum" title="Étoile à baryum">Baryum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_carbon%C3%A9e" title="Étoile carbonée">Carbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_CH" title="Étoile à CH">CH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_CN" title="Étoile à CN">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_h%C3%A9lium" title="Étoile à hélium">Hélium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_h%C3%A9lium_extr%C3%AAme" title="Étoile à hélium extrême">Hélium extrême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_pauvre_en_h%C3%A9lium" title="Étoile pauvre en hélium"><i>He-weak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_type_Lambda_Bootis" title="Étoile de type Lambda Bootis">Lambda Bootis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_mercure_et_mangan%C3%A8se" title="Étoile à mercure et manganèse">Mercure et manganèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_PG_1159" title="Étoile PG 1159">PG 1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_plomb" title="Étoile à plomb">Plomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_type_S" title="Étoile de type S">Type S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_techn%C3%A9tium" title="Étoile à technétium">Technétium</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Objet_compact" title="Objet compact">Objets compacts</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-%C3%A9toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Proto-étoile à neutrons">Proto-étoile à neutrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Étoile à neutrons">Étoile à neutrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tar" title="Magnétar">Magnétar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9signation_des_pulsars" title="Désignation des pulsars">Désignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_double" title="Pulsar double">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_milliseconde" title="Pulsar milliseconde">Milliseconde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_X" title="Pulsar X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_X_anormal" title="Pulsar X anormal">X anormal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trou_noir" title="Trou noir">Trou noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">Microquasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9toiles_hypoth%C3%A9tiques" title="Liste d&#39;étoiles hypothétiques">Hypothétiques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(%C3%A9toile)" title="Coatlicue (étoile)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_congel%C3%A9e" title="Étoile congelée">Étoile congelée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_fer" title="Étoile de fer">Étoile de fer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_noire_(gravit%C3%A9_semi-classique)" title="Étoile noire (gravité semi-classique)">Étoile noire (gravité semi-classique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_noire_(mati%C3%A8re_noire)" title="Étoile noire (matière noire)">Étoile noire (matière noire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_pr%C3%A9ons" title="Étoile à préons">Étoile à préons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A9trange" title="Étoile étrange">Étoile à quarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naine_bleue_(stade_de_naine_rouge)" title="Naine bleue (stade de naine rouge)">Naine bleue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_Q" title="Étoile Q">Étoile Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objet_de_Thorne-%C5%BBytkow" title="Objet de Thorne-Żytkow">Objet de Thorne-Żytkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-%C3%A9toile" title="Quasi-étoile">Quasi-étoile</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Classifications</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9signation_stellaire" title="Désignation stellaire">Désignations stellaires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9signation_de_Bayer" title="Désignation de Bayer">Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9signation_de_Flamsteed" title="Désignation de Flamsteed">Flamsteed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_de_l%27astronomie_stellaire" title="Chronologie de l&#39;astronomie stellaire">Chronologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagramme_de_Hertzsprung-Russell" title="Diagramme de Hertzsprung-Russell">Diagramme de Hertzsprung-Russell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_spectral" title="Type spectral">Type spectral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classe_de_luminosit%C3%A9" title="Classe de luminosité">Classe de luminosité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9quence_principale" title="Séquence principale">Séquence principale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branche_des_g%C3%A9antes_rouges" title="Branche des géantes rouges">Branche des géantes rouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_d%27instabilit%C3%A9" title="Bande d&#39;instabilité">Bande d'instabilité</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boucle_bleue" title="Boucle bleue">Blue loop</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branche_asymptotique_des_g%C3%A9antes" title="Branche asymptotique des géantes">Branche asymptotique des géantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_post-AGB" title="Étoile post-AGB">Étoile post-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_stellaire" title="Population stellaire">Population stellaire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_population_I" title="Étoile de population I"><abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_population_II" title="Étoile de population II"><abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_population_III" title="Étoile de population III"><abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_d%27%C3%A9toiles" title="Catalogue d&#39;étoiles">Catalogues</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_de_Barnard" title="Catalogue de Barnard">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_Henry_Draper" title="Catalogue Henry Draper">Henry Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_Gliese" title="Catalogue Gliese">Gliese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_Hipparcos" title="Catalogue Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_de_Messier" title="Catalogue de Messier">Messier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">NGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_d%27%C3%A9toiles_doubles_de_Washington" title="Catalogue d&#39;étoiles doubles de Washington">Washington (étoiles doubles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_d%27%C3%A9toiles_doubles_Aitken" title="Catalogue d&#39;étoiles doubles Aitken">Aitken (étoiles doubles)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_listes_d%27%C3%A9toiles" title="Liste de listes d&#39;étoiles">Listes</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9toiles_les_plus_brillantes" title="Liste des étoiles les plus brillantes">Brillantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9toiles_par_magnitude_apparente" title="Liste d&#39;étoiles par magnitude apparente">Brillantes en apparence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9toiles_brillantes_les_plus_proches" title="Liste des étoiles brillantes les plus proches">Brillantes et proches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9toiles_extr%C3%AAmes" title="Liste d&#39;étoiles extrêmes">Extrêmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9toiles_par_taille_d%C3%A9croissante" title="Liste d&#39;étoiles par taille décroissante">Géantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9toiles_hypoth%C3%A9tiques" title="Liste d&#39;étoiles hypothétiques">Hypothétiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9toiles_les_plus_massives" title="Liste des étoiles les plus massives">Plus massives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9toiles_les_moins_massives" title="Liste des étoiles les moins massives">Moins massives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_noms_traditionnels_d%27%C3%A9toiles" title="Liste de noms traditionnels d&#39;étoiles">Noms traditionnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_noms_d%27%C3%A9toiles_et_de_plan%C3%A8tes_officiellement_reconnus_par_l%27Union_astronomique_internationale" title="Liste des noms d&#39;étoiles et de planètes officiellement reconnus par l&#39;Union astronomique internationale">Noms officiellement reconnus par l'UAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9toiles_et_de_naines_brunes_proches" title="Liste d&#39;étoiles et de naines brunes proches">Proches</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Naissance_des_%C3%A9toiles" title="Naissance des étoiles">Formation</a><br /><small>(pré-séquence principale)</small></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuage_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Nuage moléculaire">Nuage moléculaire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuage_mol%C3%A9culaire_g%C3%A9ant" title="Nuage moléculaire géant">Géant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disque_d%27accr%C3%A9tion" title="Disque d&#39;accrétion">Disque d'accrétion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instabilit%C3%A9_gravitationnelle" title="Instabilité gravitationnelle">Instabilité gravitationnelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse_obscure" title="Nébuleuse obscure">Nébuleuse obscure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_HI" title="Région HI">Région H<abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_HII" title="Région HII">Région H<abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globule_de_Bok" title="Globule de Bok">Globule de Bok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto%C3%A9toile" title="Protoétoile">Protoétoile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globule_obscur" title="Globule obscur">Globule obscur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonction_de_masse_initiale" title="Fonction de masse initiale">Fonction de masse initiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objet_Herbig-Haro" title="Objet Herbig-Haro">Objet Herbig-Haro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_de_la_pr%C3%A9-s%C3%A9quence_principale" title="Étoile de la pré-séquence principale">Pré-séquence principale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajet_de_Hayashi" title="Trajet de Hayashi">Trajet de Hayashi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Nébuleuses<br /><small>(post-séquence principale)</small></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9manent_de_supernova" title="Rémanent de supernova">Rémanent de supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse_de_vent_de_pulsar" title="Nébuleuse de vent de pulsar">Nébuleuse de vent de pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%C3%A9buleuse_plan%C3%A9taire" title="Protonébuleuse planétaire">Protonébuleuse planétaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse_plan%C3%A9taire" title="Nébuleuse planétaire">Nébuleuse planétaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Physique_stellaire" title="Physique stellaire">Physique stellaire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9rosismologie" title="Astérosismologie">Astérosismologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulle_de_Wolf-Rayet" title="Bulle de Wolf-Rayet">Bulle de Wolf-Rayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_magn%C3%A9tique_stellaire" title="Champ magnétique stellaire">Champ magnétique stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9matique_stellaire" title="Cinématique stellaire">Cinématique stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compacit%C3%A9_(astronomie)" title="Compacité (astronomie)">Compacité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effondrement_gravitationnel" title="Effondrement gravitationnel">Effondrement gravitationnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89volution_stellaire" title="Évolution stellaire">Évolution stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freinage_magn%C3%A9tique_(astronomie)" title="Freinage magnétique (astronomie)">Freinage magnétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instabilit%C3%A9_de_Rayleigh-Taylor" title="Instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor">Instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(astrophysique)" title="Jet (astrophysique)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limite_d%27Eddington" title="Limite d&#39;Eddington">Limite d'Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limite_d%27Oppenheimer-Volkoff" title="Limite d&#39;Oppenheimer-Volkoff">Limite d'Oppenheimer-Volkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobe_de_Roche" title="Lobe de Roche">Lobe de Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masse_de_Chandrasekhar" title="Masse de Chandrasekhar">Masse de Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9canisme_de_Kelvin-Helmholtz" title="Mécanisme de Kelvin-Helmholtz">Mécanisme de Kelvin-Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9osynth%C3%A8se_stellaire" title="Nucléosynthèse stellaire">Nucléosynthèse stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_naine" title="Nova naine">Naine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_rouge_lumineuse" title="Nova rouge lumineuse">Rouge lumineuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kilonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_%C3%A0_effondrement_de_c%C5%93ur" title="Supernova à effondrement de cœur">À effondrement de cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_par_production_de_paires" title="Supernova par production de paires">Par production de paires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_thermonucl%C3%A9aire" title="Supernova thermonucléaire">Thermonucléaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnova" title="Unnova">Unnova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon_de_Schwarzschild" title="Rayon de Schwarzschild">Rayon de Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9action_alpha" title="Réaction alpha">Réaction alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_stellaire" title="Rotation stellaire">Rotation stellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursaut_gamma" title="Sursaut gamma">Sursaut gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfert_radiatif" title="Transfert radiatif">Transfert de rayonnement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exc%C3%A8s_de_couleur" title="Excès de couleur">Excès de couleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_de_l%27h%C3%A9lium" title="Flash de l&#39;hélium">Flash de l'hélium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremblement_d%27%C3%A9toile" title="Tremblement d&#39;étoile">Tremblement d'étoile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_de_convection" title="Zone de convection">Zone de convection</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Soleil" title="Soleil">Soleil</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_de_l%27espace" title="Météorologie de l&#39;espace">Activité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_solaire" title="Apex solaire">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boucle_coronale" title="Boucle coronale">Boucle coronale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosph%C3%A8re" title="Chromosphère">Chromosphère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constante_solaire" title="Constante solaire">Constante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couronne_solaire" title="Couronne solaire">Couronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_solaire" title="Cycle solaire">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89clipse" title="Éclipse">Éclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89jection_de_masse_coronale" title="Éjection de masse coronale">Éjection de masse coronale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ruption_solaire" title="Éruption solaire">Éruption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temp%C3%AAte_solaire_de_1859" title="Tempête solaire de 1859">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ruption_solaire_de_1989" title="Éruption solaire de 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temp%C3%AAte_solaire_de_juillet_2012" title="Tempête solaire de juillet 2012">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_solaire" title="Filament solaire">Filament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9liopause" title="Héliopause">Héliopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9liosismologie" title="Héliosismologie">Héliosismologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onde_de_Moreton" title="Onde de Moreton">Onde de Moreton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosph%C3%A8re" title="Photosphère">Photosphère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protub%C3%A9rance_solaire" title="Protubérance solaire">Protubérance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonnement_solaire" title="Rayonnement solaire">Rayonnement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_de_transition_solaire" title="Région de transition solaire">Région de transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicule_(astronomie)" title="Spicule (astronomie)">Spicule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursaut_solaire" title="Sursaut solaire">Sursaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vent_solaire" title="Vent solaire">Vent</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul 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