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<button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senior_non-cabinet_officials_and_advisers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_non-cabinet_officials_and_advisers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Senior non-cabinet officials and advisers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senior_non-cabinet_officials_and_advisers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Domestic affairs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestic affairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bush_tax_cuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_tax_cuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bush tax cuts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bush_tax_cuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance_and_homeland_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance_and_homeland_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Surveillance and homeland security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance_and_homeland_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_finance_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_finance_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Campaign finance reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_finance_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_Social_Security_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_Social_Security_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Attempted Social Security reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_Social_Security_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_Hurricane_Katrina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Response to Hurricane Katrina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_Hurricane_Katrina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_immigration_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_immigration_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Proposed immigration reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_immigration_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Recession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Recession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Great Recession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Recession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Social issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Environmental policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Other legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minorities,_civil_rights_and_affirmative_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minorities,_civil_rights_and_affirmative_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Minorities, civil rights and affirmative action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minorities,_civil_rights_and_affirmative_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign affairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taking_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taking_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Taking office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taking_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_11_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_11_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>September 11 attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_11_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>War in Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bush_Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Bush Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bush_Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Prelude to the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Invasion of Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Continuing occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guantanamo_Bay_and_enemy_combatants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guantanamo_Bay_and_enemy_combatants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Guantanamo Bay and enemy combatants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guantanamo_Bay_and_enemy_combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_trade_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Free trade agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_and_arms_control_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_and_arms_control_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>NATO and arms control treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_and_arms_control_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AIDS_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIDS_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>AIDS relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIDS_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CIA_leak_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA_leak_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>CIA leak scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA_leak_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal_of_United_States_attorneys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal_of_United_States_attorneys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dismissal of United States attorneys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal_of_United_States_attorneys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approval_ratings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval_ratings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Approval ratings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval_ratings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Elections during the Bush presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elections during the Bush presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2002_mid-term_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_mid-term_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>2002 mid-term elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_mid-term_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_re-election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_re-election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>2004 re-election campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_re-election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_mid-term_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_mid-term_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>2006 mid-term elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_mid-term_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_elections_and_transition_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_elections_and_transition_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>2008 elections and transition period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_elections_and_transition_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Evaluation and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Scholarly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Reflections on the Bush presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of George W. Bush</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Μπους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προεδρία του Τζορτζ Γ. Μπους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencia_de_George_W._Bush" title="Presidencia de George W. Bush – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidencia de George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_George_W._Bush" title="Présidence de George W. Bush – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Présidence de George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenza_di_George_W._Bush" title="Presidenza di George W. Bush – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidenza di George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_kabinetje" title="George W. Bush kabinetje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George W. Bush kabinetje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bushs_regjering" title="George W. Bushs regjering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George W. Bushs regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%89%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د جورج ډبليو بوش ولسمشري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جورج ډبليو بوش ولسمشري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presid%C3%AAncia_de_George_W._Bush" title="Presidência de George W. Bush – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidência de George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Президентство Джорджа Вокера Буша – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Президентство Джорджа Вокера Буша" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1719918#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush_administration&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. presidential administration from 2001 to 2009</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with that of his father, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency of George H. W. Bush</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:2px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush"><img alt="George W. Bush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/220px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/330px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/440px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><span style="font-size:120%">Presidency of George W. Bush</span></b></span><br />January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="#Administration">See list</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Election</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 8px;" /> <div class="center"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:6px 0 2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div><br /><div style="line-height:normal; min-height:1px; padding-bottom:;"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Seal of the president of the United States">Seal of the President</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="margin-top:7px; padding-top:0;"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/">Archived website</a></span></span><br /><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/">Library website</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg/75px-George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg/113px-George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="2440" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">George W. Bush</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Business and personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_George_W._Bush" title="List of things named after George W. Bush">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George W. Bush">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li>Non-profit organizaitons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">46th Governor of Texas</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">43rd President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 Iraq surge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_George_W._Bush" title="Political positions of George W. Bush">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">international trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Federal judges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nominations">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Florida recount</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush's signature"><img alt="George W. Bush's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/150px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/225px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/300px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush_series" title="Template:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush_series" title="Template talk:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s tenure as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd president of the United States</a> began with <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">his first inauguration</a> on January 20, 2001, and ended on January 20, 2009. Bush, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, took office following his narrow <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral college</a> victory over <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> incumbent vice president <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, in which he lost the popular vote to Gore by 543,895 votes. Four years later, in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential election</a>, he narrowly defeated Democrat nominee <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, to win re-election and winning both the popular and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral college</a> vote. Bush served two terms and was succeeded by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>. He is the eldest son of the 41st president, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. </p><p>A decisive event reshaping Bush's administration was the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a> event. In its aftermath, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> and Bush declared a <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">global war on terrorism</a>. He ordered an <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">invasion of Afghanistan</a> in an effort to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, destroy <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, and capture <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He also signed the controversial <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> in order to authorize surveillance of suspected terrorists. In 2003, Bush ordered an <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, alleging that the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> regime possessed <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. Intense criticism came when neither WMD stockpiles nor evidence of an <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">operational relationship with al-Qaeda</a> were found. Before 9/11, Bush had pushed through a $1.3 trillion <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">tax cut program</a> and the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>, a major education bill. He also pushed for <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> efforts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Partial-Birth_Abortion_Ban_Act" title="Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act">Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Faith-Based_and_Community_Initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives">faith-based welfare initiatives</a>. Also in 2003, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a>, which created <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Part_D" title="Medicare Part D">Medicare Part D</a>. </p><p>During his second term, Bush reached multiple <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> and successfully nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>. He sought major changes to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and immigration laws, but both efforts failed. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq continued, and in 2007 he launched a <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">surge of troops in Iraq</a>. The Bush administration's response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a> came under attack, with a drop in his approval ratings. A <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">global meltdown in financial markets</a> dominated his last days in office as policymakers looked to avert a major economic disaster, and he established the <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a> (TARP) to buy toxic assets from financial institutions. </p><p>At various points in his presidency, Bush was among both the most popular and unpopular presidents in U.S. history. He received the highest recorded approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks, but also one of the lowest such ratings during the Iraq War and 2007–2008 financial crisis. Although public sentiment of Bush has improved since he left office, his presidency has generally been <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rated as below-average</a> by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000_election">2000 election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 2000 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_elections" title="2000 United States elections">2000 United States elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">2000 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 Republican National Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>2000 Electoral College vote results</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_and_President-Elect_George_W._Bush_shake_hands_during_their_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Bill_Clinton_and_President-Elect_George_W._Bush_shake_hands_during_their_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_Bill_Clinton_and_President-Elect_George_W._Bush_shake_hands_during_their_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Bill_Clinton_and_President-Elect_George_W._Bush_shake_hands_during_their_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_and_President-Elect_George_W._Bush_shake_hands_during_their_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Bill_Clinton_and_President-Elect_George_W._Bush_shake_hands_during_their_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-President_Bill_Clinton_and_President-Elect_George_W._Bush_shake_hands_during_their_meeting_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>Outgoing President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and President-elect George W. Bush in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on December 19, 2000</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> The oldest son of <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, the 41st president of the United States, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> emerged as a presidential contender in his own right with his victory in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994 Texas gubernatorial election</a>. After winning re-election by a decisive margin in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998 Texas gubernatorial election</a>, Bush became the widely acknowledged front-runner in the race for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nomination in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>. In the years preceding the 2000 election, Bush established a stable of advisers, including <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_B._Lindsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence B. Lindsey">Lawrence B. Lindsey</a> and foreign policy expert <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mann317_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann317-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a financial team led by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Ken Mehlman</a>, Bush built up a commanding financial advantage over other prospective Republican candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though several prominent Republicans declined to challenge Bush, Arizona senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> launched a spirited challenge that was supported by many moderates and <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">foreign policy hawks</a>. McCain's loss in the South Carolina primary effectively ended the <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">2000 Republican primaries</a>, and Bush was officially nominated for president at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 Republican National Convention</a>. Bush <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selected</a> former secretary of defense <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> as his running mate; though Cheney offered little electoral appeal and had health problems, Bush believed that Cheney's extensive experience would make him a valuable governing partner.<sup id="cite_ref-mann317_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann317-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> term-limited, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> nominated Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> of Tennessee for president and Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> of Connecticut for vice president. Bush's campaign emphasized their own candidate's character in contrast with that of Clinton, who had been embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a>. Bush held a substantial lead in several polls taken after the final debate in October, but the unearthing of Bush's 1976 DUI arrest appeared to sap his campaign's momentum. By the end of election night, Florida emerged as the key state in the election, as whichever candidate won the state would win the presidency. Bush held an extremely narrow lead in the vote by the end of election night, triggering an automatic <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">recount</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Florida Supreme Court</a> ordered a partial manual recount, but the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> effectively ordered an end to this process, on equal protection grounds, in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i>, leaving Bush with a victory in both the state and the election. Bush won the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">presidential election</a> with 271 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral votes</a> compared to Gore's 266, though Gore narrowly won a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of the nationwide popular vote, receiving 543,895 more votes than Bush. Bush thus became the fourth person to <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">win the presidency while losing the popular vote</a>. In the concurrent <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_elections" title="2000 United States elections">congressional elections</a>, Republicans retained a narrow majority in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, but lost five seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, leaving the partisan balance in the Senate at fifty Republicans and fifty Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann,_pp._35-42_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann,_pp._35-42-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_Cabinet_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/George_W._Bush_Cabinet_2008.jpg/260px-George_W._Bush_Cabinet_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/George_W._Bush_Cabinet_2008.jpg/390px-George_W._Bush_Cabinet_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/George_W._Bush_Cabinet_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>President George W. Bush and his cabinet in 2008</figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Bush cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></th><td>2001–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></th><td>2001–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></th><td>2005–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a></th><td>2001–2002</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">John W. Snow</a></th><td>2003–2006</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a></th><td>2006–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></th><td>2001–2006</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></th><td>2006–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></th><td>2005–2007</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a></th><td>2007–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a></th><td>2001–2006</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Dirk Kempthorne</a></th><td>2006–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a></th><td>2005–2007</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Ed Schafer</a></th><td>2008–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a></th><td>2005–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a></th><td>2001–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and<br />Human Services</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a></th><td>2005–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and<br />Urban Development</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a></th><td>2001–2004</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a></th><td>2004–2008</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Preston" title="Steve Preston">Steve Preston</a></th><td>2008–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a></th><td>2001–2006</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary Peters</a></th><td>2006–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a></th><td>2005–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a></th><td>2005–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Principi" title="Anthony Principi">Anthony Principi</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Jim Nicholson</a></th><td>2005–2007</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Peake" title="James Peake">James Peake</a></th><td>2007–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a></th><td>2003–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></th><td>2005–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the<br />Environmental Protection Agency</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a></th><td>2001–2003</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a></th><td>2003–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson_(politician,_born_1951)" title="Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)">Stephen Johnson</a></th><td>2005–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of<br />Management and Budget</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a></th><td>2001–2003</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a></th><td>2003–2006</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a></th><td>2006–2007</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a></th><td>2007–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">United States Trade Representative</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a></th><td>2001–2005</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a></th><td>2005–2006</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a></th><td>2006–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of<br />National Drug Control Policy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Walters" title="John P. Walters">John Walters</a></th><td>2001–2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a></th><td>2001–2006</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a></th><td>2006–2009</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rejecting the idea of a powerful <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House chief of staff</a>, Bush had high-level officials report directly to him rather than Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a>. Vice President Cheney emerged as the most powerful individual in the White House aside from Bush himself. Bush brought to the White House several individuals who had worked under him in Texas, including Senior Counselor <a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a>, Senior Adviser Karl Rove, legal counsel <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Staff Secretary">Staff Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important White House staff appointees included <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a> as a domestic policy adviser, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerson" title="Michael Gerson">Michael Gerson</a> as chief speechwriter, and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hagin" title="Joe Hagin">Joe Hagin</a> as White House deputy chiefs of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a>, who had served as deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">OMB</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, was appointed secretary of the treasury, while former Missouri senator <a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a> was appointed attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Bush had little foreign policy experience, his appointments would serve an important role in shaping <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a> during his tenure. Several of his initial top foreign policy appointees had served in his <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">father's administration</a>; Vice President Cheney had been secretary of defense, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice had served on the National Security Council, and deputy secretaries <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Armitage (politician)">Richard Armitage</a> had also served in important roles. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> had served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under the first president Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush had long admired Powell, and the former general was Bush's first choice for the position. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, who had served in the same position during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford administration</a>, rounded out the key figures in the national security team.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumsfeld and Cheney, who had served together in the Ford administration, emerged as the leading foreign policy figures during Bush's first term.<sup id="cite_ref-Herring,_pp._938–939_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring,_pp._938–939-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O'Neill, who opposed the Iraq War and feared that the Bush tax cuts would lead to deficits, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">John W. Snow</a> in February 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frustrated by the decisions of the Bush administration, particularly the launching of the Iraq War, Powell resigned following the 2004 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by Rice, while then-deputy national security adviser <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a> took Rice's former position.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Bush's top staffers stayed on after the 2004 election, although Spellings joined the Cabinet as secretary of education and Gonzales replaced Ashcroft as attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2006, Card left the White House in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Ports_World_controversy" title="Dubai Ports World controversy">Dubai Ports World controversy</a> and several botched White House initiatives, and he was replaced by Joshua Bolten.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolten stripped Rove of some of his responsibilities and convinced <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a>, the head of <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, to replace Snow as secretary of the treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 2006 elections, Rumsfeld was replaced by former CIA director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The personnel shake-ups left Rice as one of the most prominent individuals in the administration, and she played a strong role in directing Bush's second term foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gonzales and Rove both left in 2007 after controversy regarding the dismissal of U.S. attorneys, and Gonzales was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a>, a former federal judge.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senior_non-cabinet_officials_and_advisers">Senior non-cabinet officials and advisers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Senior non-cabinet officials and advisers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Advisor to the President">Senior Advisor to the President</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a> (2001–2007), <a href="/wiki/Barry_Steven_Jackson" title="Barry Steven Jackson">Barry Steven Jackson</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a> (2001–2002), <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bartlett" title="Dan Bartlett">Dan Bartlett</a> (2002–2007), <a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Ed Gillespie</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Security Advisor">National Security Advisor</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2001–2005), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hagin" title="Joe Hagin">Joe Hagin</a> (2001–2008), <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2001–2003), <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a> (2003–2004), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a> (2005–2007), <a href="/wiki/Joel_Kaplan" title="Joel Kaplan">Joel Kaplan</a> (2006–2009), <a href="/wiki/Blake_Gottesman" title="Blake Gottesman">Blake Gottesman</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Chief of Staff to the First Lady of the United States"><b>Chief of Staff to the First Lady of the United States</b></a> – Andrea Ball (2001–2004), <a href="/wiki/Anita_McBride" title="Anita McBride">Anita McBride</a> (2005–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_House_Communications_Director" title="White House Communications Director">White House Communications Director</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bartlett" title="Dan Bartlett">Dan Bartlett</a> (2001–2005), <a href="/wiki/Nicolle_Wallace" title="Nicolle Wallace">Nicolle Wallace</a> (2005–2006), <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Sullivan_(communications_professional)" title="Kevin Sullivan (communications professional)">Kevin Sullivan</a> (2006–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2001–2005), <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a> (2005–2007), <a href="/wiki/Fred_F._Fielding" title="Fred F. Fielding">Fred Fielding</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary">White House Press Secretary</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Ari_Fleischer" title="Ari Fleischer">Ari Fleischer</a> (2001–2003), <a href="/wiki/Scott_McClellan" title="Scott McClellan">Scott McClellan</a> (2003–2006), <a href="/wiki/Tony_Snow" title="Tony Snow">Tony Snow</a> (2006–2007), <a href="/wiki/Dana_Perino" title="Dana Perino">Dana Perino</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><b>Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Hubbard_(economist)" title="Glenn Hubbard (economist)">Glenn Hubbard</a> (2001–2003), <a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">Greg Mankiw</a> (2003–2005), <a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Rosen" title="Harvey S. Rosen">Harvey S. Rosen</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2005–2006), <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazear" title="Edward Lazear">Edward Lazear</a> (2006–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassadors_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassadors to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a> (2001–2004), <a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a> (2004–2005), <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a> (2005–2006), <a href="/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad" title="Zalmay Khalilzad">Zalmay Khalilzad</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a> (2005–2007), <a href="/wiki/Mike_McConnell_(U.S._Naval_officer)" title="Mike McConnell (U.S. Naval officer)">Mike McConnell</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Director of the Central Intelligence Agency">CIA Director</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> (2001–2004), <a href="/wiki/John_E._McLaughlin" title="John E. McLaughlin">John E. McLaughlin</a> (acting, 2004), <a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Porter Goss</a> (2004–2006), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a> (2006–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI Director</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Freeh" title="Louis Freeh">Louis Freeh</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Pickard" title="Thomas J. Pickard">Thomas J. Pickard</a> (acting, 2001), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC Chairman</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(attorney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Powell (attorney)">Michael Powell</a> (2001–2005), <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Martin_(FCC)" title="Kevin Martin (FCC)">Kevin Martin</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judicial appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/220px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/330px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/440px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bush appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the 2004 election, many expected that the aging Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> would step down from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. Cheney and White House Counsel Harriet Miers selected two widely respected conservatives, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals</a> judge <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and Fourth Circuit judge <a href="/wiki/Michael_Luttig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Luttig">Michael Luttig</a>, as the two finalists. In June 2005, Justice <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> unexpectedly announced that she would retire from the court, and Bush <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">nominated Roberts</a> for her position the following month. After Rehnquist died in September, Bush briefly considered elevating Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> to the position of chief justice, but instead chose to nominate Roberts for the position. Roberts won confirmation from the Senate in a 78–22 vote, with all Republicans and a narrow majority of Democrats voting to confirm Roberts.<sup id="cite_ref-smithjudges_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithjudges-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To replace O'Connor, the Bush administration wanted to find a female nominee, but was unsatisfied with the conventional options available.<sup id="cite_ref-smithjudges_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithjudges-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush settled on Miers, who had never served as a judge, but who had worked as a corporate lawyer and White House staffer.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Her nomination</a> immediately faced opposition from conservatives (and liberals) who were wary of her unproven ideology and lack of judicial experience. After Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a> informed Bush that Miers did not have the votes necessary to win confirmation, Miers withdrew from consideration. Bush then <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">nominated</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, who received strong support from conservatives but faced opposition from Democrats. Alito won confirmation in a 58–42 vote in January 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-smithjudges_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithjudges-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years immediately after Roberts and Alito took office, the <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a> was generally more conservative than the preceding <a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">Rehnquist Court</a>, largely because Alito tended to be more conservative than O'Connor had been.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_courts">Other courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies</a></div> <p>Bush also <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">appointed</a> 62 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Courts of Appeals">United States Courts of Appeals</a>, 261 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district courts">United States district courts</a>, and 2 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade">United States Court of International Trade</a>. Among them were two future Supreme Court associate justices: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> to a seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit</a> in 2006, and <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit</a> in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domestic affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bush_tax_cuts">Bush tax cuts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bush tax cuts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:1em; text-align:center"> <caption>Federal finances and GDP during the George W. Bush presidency<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fiscal<br />Year </th> <th>Receipts </th> <th>Outlays </th> <th>Surplus/<br />Deficit </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> </th> <th>Debt as a %<br />of GDP<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>2001 </th> <td>1,991.1 </td> <td>1,862.8 </td> <td>128.2 </td> <td>10,526.5 </td> <td>31.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002 </th> <td>1,853.1 </td> <td>2,010.9 </td> <td>−157.8 </td> <td>10,833.7 </td> <td>32.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2003 </th> <td>1,782.3 </td> <td>2,159.9 </td> <td>−377.6 </td> <td>11,283.8 </td> <td>34.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td>1,880.1 </td> <td>2,292.8 </td> <td>−412.7 </td> <td>12,025.5 </td> <td>35.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2005 </th> <td>2,153.6 </td> <td>2,472.0 </td> <td>−318.3 </td> <td>12,834.2 </td> <td>35.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2006 </th> <td>2,406.9 </td> <td>2,655.1 </td> <td>−248.2 </td> <td>13,638.4 </td> <td>35.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td>2,568.0 </td> <td>2,728.7 </td> <td>−160.7 </td> <td>14,290.8 </td> <td>35.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td>2,524.0 </td> <td>2,982.5 </td> <td>−458.6 </td> <td>14,743.3 </td> <td>39.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ref. </th> <td colspan="3"><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bush's promise to cut taxes was the centerpiece of his 2000 presidential campaign, and upon taking office, he made tax cuts his first major legislative priority. A budget surplus had developed during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton administration</a>, and with the Federal Reserve chairman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>'s support, Bush argued that the best use of the surplus was to lower taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-smith160161_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith160161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Bush took office, reduced economic growth had led to less robust federal budgetary projections, but Bush maintained that tax cuts were necessary to boost economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Treasury secretary Paul O'Neill expressed concerns over the tax cut's size and the possibility of future deficits, Vice President Cheney took charge of writing the bill, which the administration proposed to Congress in March 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-smith160161_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith160161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush initially sought a $1.6 trillion tax cut over a ten-year period, but ultimately settled for a $1.35 trillion tax cut.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration rejected the idea of "triggers" that would phase out the tax reductions should the government again run deficits. The <a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001</a> won the support of congressional Republicans and a minority of congressional Democrats, and Bush signed it into law in June 2001. The act lowered the top income tax rate from 39 percent to 35 percent, and it also reduced the <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate tax">estate tax</a>. The narrow Republican majority in the Senate necessitated the use of the <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">reconciliation</a>, which in turn necessitated that the tax cuts would phase out in 2011 barring further legislative action.<sup id="cite_ref-taxcuts1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxcuts1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the tax bill was passed, Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> left the Republican Party and began caucusing with the Democrats, giving them control of the Senate. After Republicans re-took control of the Senate during the 2002 mid-term elections, Bush proposed further tax cuts. With little support among Democrats, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003</a>, which cut taxes by another $350 billion over 10 years. That law also lowered the <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Capital gains tax in the United States">capital gains tax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dividend_tax" title="Dividend tax">taxes on dividends</a>. Collectively, the <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">Bush tax cuts</a> reduced federal individual tax rates to their lowest level since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and government revenue as a share of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> declined from 20.9% in 2000 to 16.3% in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-taxcuts1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxcuts1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Bush tax cuts were later made permanent by the <a href="/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012">American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012</a>, though that act rolled back the tax cuts on top earners.<sup id="cite_ref-steinhauer1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steinhauer1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to the rhetoric of the Bush administration and Republicans, the budget deficit increased, leaving many to believe the tax cuts were at fault. Statements by President Bush, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a> that these tax cuts effectively "paid for themselves" were disputed by the CBPP,<sup id="cite_ref-CBPP2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBPP2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Treasury Department and the CBO.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/260px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/390px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aside from tax cuts, Bush's other major policy initiative upon taking office was education reform. Bush had a strong personal interest in reforming education, especially regarding the education of low-income and minority groups. He often derided the "soft bigotry of low expectations" for allowing low-income and minority groups to fall behind.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many conservatives were reluctant to increase federal involvement in education, Bush's success in campaigning on education reform in the 2000 election convinced many Republicans, including Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> of Ohio, to accept an education reform bill that increased federal funding.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to craft a bipartisan bill, Bush courted Democratic senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, a leading <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> senator who served as the ranking member on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Committee on Health, Education, and Pensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith166167_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith166167-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush favored extensive testing to ensure that schools met uniform standards for skills such as reading and math. Bush hoped that testing would make schools more accountable for their performances and provide parents with more information in choosing which schools to send their children. Kennedy shared Bush's concern for the education of impoverished children, but he strongly opposed the president's proposed <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school vouchers</a>, which would allow parents to use federal funding to pay for private schools. Both men cooperated to pass the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>, which dropped the concept of school vouchers but included Bush's idea of nationwide testing. Both houses of Congress registered overwhelming approval for the bill's final version, which Bush signed into law in January 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-smith166167_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith166167-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kennedy would later criticize the implementation of the act, arguing that Bush had promised greater federal funding for education.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance_and_homeland_security">Surveillance and homeland security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surveillance and homeland security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Bush announced the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Homeland Security">Office of Homeland Security</a> and appointed former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Pennsylvania">governor of Pennsylvania</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> its director.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Act">Homeland Security Act</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS), Ridge became the first director of the newly created department. The department was charged with overseeing immigration, border control, customs, and the newly established <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> (TSA), which focused on <a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">airport security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mann6365_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann6365-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the FBI and CIA remained independent agencies, the DHS was assigned jurisdiction over the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service</a> (which was divided into three agencies), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">United States Customs Service</a> (which was also divided into separate agencies), and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>. The Homeland Security Act represented the most significant departmental reorganization since the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 26, 2001, Bush signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a>. Passed on the president's request, the act permitted increased sharing of intelligence among the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">U.S. Intelligence Community</a> and expanded the government's domestic authority to conduct surveillance of suspected terrorists.<sup id="cite_ref-mann6365_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann6365-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Patriot Act also authorized the use of <a href="/wiki/Roving_wiretap" title="Roving wiretap">roving wiretaps</a> on suspected terrorists and expanded the government's authority to conduct surveillance of suspected "<a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_(terrorism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone wolf (terrorism)">lone wolf</a>" terrorists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also secretly authorized the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> to <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)">conduct warrantless surveillance</a> of communications in and out of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-mann6365_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann6365-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_finance_reform">Campaign finance reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Campaign finance reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McCain's <a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2000_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2000 presidential campaign">2000 presidential campaign</a> brought the issue of <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">campaign finance reform</a> to the fore of public consciousness in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-gitell_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gitell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCain and <a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a> pushed a bipartisan campaign finance bill in the Senate, while <a href="/wiki/Chris_Shays" title="Chris Shays">Chris Shays</a> (R-CT) and <a href="/wiki/Marty_Meehan" title="Marty Meehan">Marty Meehan</a> (D-MA) led the effort of passing it in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-gitell_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gitell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In just the second successful use of the <a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">discharge petition</a> since the 1980s, a mixture of Democrats and Republicans defied Speaker <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Dennis Hastert</a> and passed a campaign finance reform bill.<sup id="cite_ref-ehren_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehren-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House approved the bill with a 240–189 vote,<sup id="cite_ref-barrett_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrett-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the bill passed the Senate in a 60–40 vote, the bare minimum required to overcome the filibuster.<sup id="cite_ref-welch_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welch-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the congressional battle on the bill, Bush declined to take a strong position.<sup id="cite_ref-barrett_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrett-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in March 2002, Bush signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</a>, stating that he thought the law would improve the financing system for elections but was "far from perfect."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law placed several limits on political donations and expenditures, and closed loopholes on contribution limits on donations to political candidates by banning the use of so-called "soft money."<sup id="cite_ref-gitell_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gitell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portions of the law restricting <a href="/wiki/Independent_expenditure" title="Independent expenditure">independent expenditures</a> would later be struck down by the Supreme Court in the 2010 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mbai1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbai1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the passage of the Bush tax cuts and the No Child Left Behind Act, Bush turned his domestic focus to healthcare. He sought to expand <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> so it would also cover the cost of <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>, a program that became known as <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Part_D" title="Medicare Part D">Medicare Part D</a>. Many congressional Democrats opposed the bill because it did not allow Medicare to negotiate the prices of drugs, while many conservative Republicans opposed the expansion of the government's involvement in healthcare. Assisted by Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert and Senate majority leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</a>, Bush overcame strong opposition and won passage of his Medicare bill.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2003, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a>, the largest expansion of Medicare since the program's creation in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_Social_Security_reform">Attempted Social Security reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Attempted Social Security reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Social Security debate in the United States">Social Security debate in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg/220px-Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg/330px-Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg/440px-Bush_discusses_social_security_in_Virginia_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> discussing <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>After winning re-election in 2004, Bush made the partial privatization of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> his top domestic priority.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed restructuring the program so that citizens could invest some of the money they paid in <a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">payroll taxes</a>, which fund the Social Security program.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president argued that Social Security faced an imminent funding crisis and that reform was necessary to ensure its continuing solvency.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush expected a difficult congressional battle over his proposal, but, as he put it, "I've got political capital, and I intend to spend it."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups like the <a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">AARP</a> strongly opposed the plan, as did moderate Democrats like <a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Max Baucus</a>, who had supported the Bush tax cuts. Ultimately, Bush failed to win the backing of a single congressional Democrat for his plan, and even moderate Republicans like <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Snowe" title="Olympia Snowe">Olympia Snowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a> refused to back privatization. In the face of unified opposition, Republicans abandoned Bush's Social Security proposal in mid-2005.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_Hurricane_Katrina">Response to Hurricane Katrina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Response to Hurricane Katrina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_meets_Louisiana_politicians_after_Katrina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bush_meets_Louisiana_politicians_after_Katrina.jpg/220px-Bush_meets_Louisiana_politicians_after_Katrina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bush_meets_Louisiana_politicians_after_Katrina.jpg/330px-Bush_meets_Louisiana_politicians_after_Katrina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Bush_meets_Louisiana_politicians_after_Katrina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_Orleans" title="Mayor of New Orleans">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Nagin" title="Ray Nagin">Ray Nagin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana" title="Governor of Louisiana">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Blanco" title="Kathleen Blanco">Kathleen Blanco</a>, President Bush and Louisiana Senator <a href="/wiki/David_Vitter" title="David Vitter">David Vitter</a> meet September 2, 2005 in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, one of the largest and most powerful hurricanes ever to strike the United States, ravaged several states along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> in August 2005. On a working vacation at his ranch in Texas, Bush initially allowed state and local authorities to respond to the natural disaster. The hurricane made landfall on August 29, devastating the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans" title="2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans">failure of that city's levees</a>. Over eighteen hundred people died in the hurricane, and Bush was widely criticized for his slow response to the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-smith430443_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith430443-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stung by the public response, Bush removed <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> director <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael D. Brown</a> from office and stated publicly that "Katrina exposed serious problems in our response capability at all levels of government."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Hurricane Katrina, Bush's approval rating fell below 40 percent, where it would remain for the rest of his tenure in office.<sup id="cite_ref-smith430443_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith430443-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_immigration_reform">Proposed immigration reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Proposed immigration reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg/220px-Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg/330px-Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg/440px-Bush_Addresses_the_Nation_on_Immigration_Reform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> outlining his comprehensive immigration reform proposal in a television address.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he concentrated on other domestic policies during his first term, Bush supported <a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">immigration reform</a> throughout his administration. In May 2006, he proposed a five-point plan that would increase <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border security</a>, establish a <a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">guest worker program</a>, and create a <a href="/wiki/Path_to_citizenship" title="Path to citizenship">path to citizenship</a> for the twelve million <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">illegal immigrants</a> living in the United States. The Senate passed the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006</a>, which included many of the president's proposals, but the bill did not pass the House of Representatives. After Democrats took control of Congress in the 2006 mid-term elections, Bush worked with Ted Kennedy to re-introduce the bill as the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007</a>. The bill received intense criticism from many conservatives, who had become more skeptical of immigration reform, and it failed to pass the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Recession">Great Recession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Great Recession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></div> <p>After years of financial deregulation accelerating under the Bush administration, banks lent <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage" class="mw-redirect" title="Subprime mortgage">subprime mortgages</a> to more and more home buyers, causing a <a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing bubble">housing bubble</a>. Many of these banks also invested in <a href="/wiki/Credit_default_swap" title="Credit default swap">credit default swaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">derivatives</a> that were essentially bets on the soundness of these loans. In response to declining housing prices and fears of an impending recession, the Bush administration arranged passage of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act of 2008</a>. Falling home prices started threatening the financial viability of many institutions, leaving <a href="/wiki/Bear_Stearns" title="Bear Stearns">Bear Stearns</a>, a prominent U.S.-based investment bank, on the brink of <a href="/wiki/Bank_failure" title="Bank failure">failure</a> in March 2008. Recognizing the growing threat of a financial crisis, Bush allowed Treasury secretary Paulson to arrange for another bank, <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a>, to take over most Bear Stearn's assets. Out of concern that <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Mae" title="Fannie Mae">Fannie Mae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mac" title="Freddie Mac">Freddie Mac</a> might also fail, the Bush administration put both institutions into <a href="/wiki/Conservatorship" title="Conservatorship">conservatorship</a>. Shortly afterwards, the administration learned that <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> was on the verge of bankruptcy, but the administration ultimately declined to intervene on behalf of Lehman Brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paulson hoped that the financial industry had shored itself up after the failure of Bear Stearns and that the failure of Lehman Brothers would not strongly impact the economy, but news of the failure caused stock prices to tumble and froze credit. Fearing a total financial collapse, Paulson and the Federal Reserve took control of <a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">American International Group</a> (AIG), another major financial institution that teetered on the brink of failure. Hoping to shore up the other banks, Bush and Paulson proposed the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008</a>, which would create the $700 billion <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a> (TARP) to buy <a href="/wiki/Toxic_asset" title="Toxic asset">toxic assets</a>. The House rejected TARP in a 228–205 vote; although support and opposition crossed party lines, only about one-third of the Republican caucus supported the bill. After the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> dropped 778 points on the day of the House vote, the House and Senate both passed TARP. Bush later extended TARP loans to U.S. automobile companies, which faced <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10">their own crisis</a> due to the weak economy. Though TARP helped end the financial crisis, it did not prevent the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, which would continue after Bush left office.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:46_Dick_Cheney_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/46_Dick_Cheney_3x4.jpg/180px-46_Dick_Cheney_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/46_Dick_Cheney_3x4.jpg/270px-46_Dick_Cheney_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/46_Dick_Cheney_3x4.jpg/360px-46_Dick_Cheney_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On his first day in office, President Bush reinstated the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_policy" title="Mexico City policy">Mexico City policy</a>, thereby blocking federal aid to foreign groups that offered assistance to women in obtaining <a href="/wiki/Abortions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortions in the United States">abortions</a>. Days later, he announced his commitment to channeling more federal aid to faith-based service organizations, despite the fears of critics that this would dissolve the traditional <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">separation of church and state in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further this commitment, he created the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Faith-Based_and_Community_Initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives">White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives</a> to assist faith-based service organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-millerdomestic1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millerdomestic1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Partial-Birth_Abortion_Ban_Act" title="Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act">Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act</a>, which banned <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">intact dilation and extraction</a>, an abortion procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in his administration, President Bush became personally interested in the issue of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clinton administration had issued guidelines allowing the federal funding of research utilizing stem cells, and Bush decided to study the situation's ethics before issuing his own executive order on the issue. Evangelical religious groups argued that the research was immoral as it destroyed human <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a>, while various advocacy groups touted the potential scientific advances afforded by stem cell research.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2001, Bush issued an executive order banning federal funding for research on new stem cell lines; the order allowed research on existing stem cell lines to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2006, Bush used his first <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">presidential veto</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Stem_Cell_Research_Enhancement_Act" title="Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act">Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act</a>, which would have expanded <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Government of the United States">federal</a> funding of embryonic stem cell research. A similar bill was passed in both the House of Representatives and the Senate early in mid-2007 as part of House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/100-Hour_Plan" title="100-Hour Plan">100-Hour Plan</a>, but was vetoed by Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Supreme Court struck down a state <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy law</a> in the 2003 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i>, conservatives began pushing for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage Amendment</a>, which would define marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Bush endorsed this proposal and made it part of his campaign during the 2004 and 2006 election cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, President Bush did break from his party in his tolerance of civil unions for homosexual couples.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush was staunchly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> and supported Attorney General John Ashcroft's ultimately unsuccessful suit against the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Death_with_Dignity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Death with Dignity Act">Oregon Death with Dignity Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OregonEuthanasia_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OregonEuthanasia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while he was governor of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, Bush had signed a law giving hospitals the authority to remove <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a> from terminally ill patients against the wishes of spouses or parents, if the doctors deemed it as medically appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-RighttoDie_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RighttoDie-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perceived inconsistency in policy became an issue in 2005, when Bush signed controversial legislation to initiate federal intervention in the court battle of <a href="/wiki/Terri_Schiavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Terri Schiavo">Terri Schiavo</a>, a comatose <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> woman who ultimately died.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiavo_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiavo-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policies">Environmental policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environmental policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration">Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_cabinet_mtg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Us_cabinet_mtg.jpg/220px-Us_cabinet_mtg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Us_cabinet_mtg.jpg/330px-Us_cabinet_mtg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Us_cabinet_mtg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Cabinet meeting</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 2001, the Bush administration announced that it would not implement the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, an international treaty signed in 1997 that required nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The administration argued that ratifying the treaty would unduly restrict U.S. growth while failing to adequately limit emissions from developing nations.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration questioned the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush stated that he believed <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> is real<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a serious problem, although he asserted that there existed a "debate over whether it's man-made or naturally caused".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bush administration's stance on global warming remained controversial in the scientific and environmental communities. Critics alleged that the administration<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> misinformed the public and did not do enough to reduce carbon emissions and deter global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 6, 2009, President Bush designated the world's largest protected marine area. The Pacific Ocean habitat includes the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a> and the waters and corals surrounding three uninhabited islands in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Atoll" title="Rose Atoll">Rose Atoll</a> in American Samoa, and seven islands along the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_legislation">Other legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2002, following several <a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">accounting scandals</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a> scandal, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a> into law. The act expanded reporting requirements for public companies<sup id="cite_ref-ebumiller_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebumiller-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the start of his second term, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005" title="Class Action Fairness Act of 2005">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a>, which had been a priority of his administration and part of his broader goal of instituting <a href="/wiki/Tort_reform" title="Tort reform">tort reform</a>. The act was designed to remove most <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuits from state courts to federal courts, which were regarded as less sympathetic to plaintiffs in class action suits.<sup id="cite_ref-jharris1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jharris1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minorities,_civil_rights_and_affirmative_action"><span id="Minorities.2C_civil_rights_and_affirmative_action"></span>Minorities, civil rights and affirmative action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Minorities, civil rights and affirmative action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bush endorsed civil rights and appointed blacks, women and gays to high positions. The premier cabinet position, Secretary of State, went to <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (2001–2005), the first Black appointee at that high a level. He was followed by <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2005–2009), the first Black woman. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2005–2007) was and remains in 2024 the highest appointed Hispanic in the history of American government. In addition Bush appointed the first senior officials who were publicly gay. However he campaigned against quotas, and warned that affirmative action that involved quotas were unacceptable. He deliberately selected minorities known as opponents of affirmative action for key civil rights positions. Thus in 2001 Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/Linda_Chavez" title="Linda Chavez">Linda Chavez</a> to be the first Latina in the cabinet as Secretary of Labor. She had to withdraw when it was reported that a decade earlier she had hired an illegal immigrant.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/310px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/465px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/620px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">Bush made 49 international trips</a> to 72 different countries during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taking_office">Taking office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Taking office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon taking office, Bush had little experience with foreign policy, and his decisions were guided by his advisers. Bush embraced the views of Cheney and other <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a>, who de-emphasized the importance of <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>; neoconservatives believed that because the United States was the world's lone <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>, it could act unilaterally if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-smith181182_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith181182-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Bush sought to enact the less <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist</a> foreign policy he had promised during the 2000 campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the first several months of his presidency focused on domestic issues, the Bush administration pulled the U.S. out of several existing or proposed multilateral agreements, including the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith181182_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith181182-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_11_attacks">September 11 attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: September 11 attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Motives for the September 11 attacks">Motives for the September 11 attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_talks_on_the_phone_with_Vice_President_Dick_Cheney_from_Air_Force_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_George_W._Bush_talks_on_the_phone_with_Vice_President_Dick_Cheney_from_Air_Force_One.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_talks_on_the_phone_with_Vice_President_Dick_Cheney_from_Air_Force_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_George_W._Bush_talks_on_the_phone_with_Vice_President_Dick_Cheney_from_Air_Force_One.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_talks_on_the_phone_with_Vice_President_Dick_Cheney_from_Air_Force_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_George_W._Bush_talks_on_the_phone_with_Vice_President_Dick_Cheney_from_Air_Force_One.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_talks_on_the_phone_with_Vice_President_Dick_Cheney_from_Air_Force_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5080" data-file-height="3387" /></a><figcaption>President Bush speaks with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a>, September 11, 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/220px-seek%3D11-Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14,_2001.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14,_2001.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm/Remarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARemarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български ‪(bg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARemarks_from_Ground_Zero_September_14%2C_2001.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Bush making remarks from <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a> on September 14, 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>Terrorism had emerged as an important national security issue in the Clinton administration, and it became one of the dominant issues of the Bush administration.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> had established <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, a militant <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> multi-national organization that sought to overthrow Western-backed governments in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. In response to Saudi Arabia's decision to begin hosting U.S. soldiers in 1991, al-Qaeda had begun a terrorist campaign against U.S. targets, orchestrating attacks such as the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a> and the 2000 <a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole bombing</a>. During Bush's first months in office, U.S. intelligence organizations <a href="/wiki/September_11_intelligence_before_the_attacks" title="September 11 intelligence before the attacks">intercepted communications indicating that al-Qaeda was planning another attack</a> on the United States, but foreign policy officials were unprepared for a major attack on the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush was briefed on al-Qaeda's activities, but focused on other foreign policy issues during his first months in office.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 11, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a> <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">hijacked</a> four airliners and flew two of them into the twin towers of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, destroying both 110-story skyscrapers. A <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">third plane</a> crashed into <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">fourth plane</a> was brought down in Pennsylvania following a struggle between the terrorists and the aircraft's passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-mann5860_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann5860-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks had a profound effect on many Americans, who felt vulnerable to international attacks for the first time since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appearing on national television on the night of the attacks, Bush promised to punish those who had aided the attacks, stating, "we will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them." In the following days, Bush urged the public to renounce hate crimes and discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Muslim-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-American">Muslim-Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-American">Arab-Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mann5860_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann5860-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also declared a "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>", instituting new domestic and foreign policies in an effort to prevent future terrorist attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: War in Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamid_Karzai_being_greeted_by_George_W._Bush_in_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamid_Karzai_being_greeted_by_George_W._Bush_in_2005.jpg/220px-Hamid_Karzai_being_greeted_by_George_W._Bush_in_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamid_Karzai_being_greeted_by_George_W._Bush_in_2005.jpg/330px-Hamid_Karzai_being_greeted_by_George_W._Bush_in_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hamid_Karzai_being_greeted_by_George_W._Bush_in_2005.jpg/440px-Hamid_Karzai_being_greeted_by_George_W._Bush_in_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>President Bush and Afghan President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> shake hands in May 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>As Bush's top foreign policy advisers were in agreement that merely launching strikes against al-Qaeda bases would not stop future attacks, the administration decided to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>'s conservative <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> government, which harbored the leaders of al-Qaeda.<sup id="cite_ref-mann6166_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann6166-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powell took the lead in assembling allied nations in a coalition that would launch attacks on multiple fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bush administration focused especially on courting <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>, who agreed to join the coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 14, Congress passed a resolution called the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists</a>, authorizing the president to use the military against those responsible for the attacks. On October 7, 2001, Bush ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invasion of Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mann6166_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann6166-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (CENTCOM), drew up a four-phase invasion plan. In the first phase, the U.S. built up forces in the surrounding area and inserted CIA and special forces operatives who linked up with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a>, an Afghan resistance group opposed to the Taliban. The second phase consisted of a major air campaign against Taliban and al-Qaeda targets, while the third phase involved the defeat of the remaining Taliban and al-Qaeda forces. The fourth and final phase consisted of the stabilization of Afghanistan, which Franks projected would take three to five years. The war in Afghanistan began on October 7 with several air and missile strikes, and the Northern Alliance began its offensive on October 19. The capital of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> was captured on November 13, and <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> was inaugurated as the new president of Afghanistan. However, the senior leadership of the Taliban and al-Qaeda, including bin Laden, avoided capture. Karzai would remain in power for the duration of Bush's presidency, but his effective control was limited to the area around Kabul, as various warlords took control of much of the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Karzai's government struggled to control the countryside, the Taliban regrouped in neighboring Pakistan. As Bush left office, he considered sending additional troops to bolster Afghanistan against the Taliban, but decided to leave the issue for the next administration.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bush_Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bush Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the September 11 attacks, Bush's approval ratings increased tremendously. Inspired in part by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a>, Bush decided to use his newfound political capital to fundamentally change U.S. foreign policy. He became increasingly focused on the possibility of a hostile country providing <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> (WMDs) to terrorist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his early 2002 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a>, Bush set forth what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a>, which held that the United States would implement a policy of <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">preemptive military strikes</a> against nations known to be harboring or aiding a terrorist organization hostile to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush outlined what he called the "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of Evil">Axis of Evil</a>," consisting of three nations that, he argued, posed the greatest threat to world peace due to their pursuit of weapons of mass destruction and potential to aid terrorists. The axis consisted of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush also began emphasizing the importance of spreading democracy worldwide, stating in 2005 that "the survival of liberty in our land depends on the success of liberty in other land." Pursuant to this newly interventionist policy, the Bush administration boosted foreign aid and increased defense expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defense spending rose from $304 billion in fiscal year 2001 to $616 billion in fiscal year 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prelude_to_the_war">Prelude to the war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Prelude to the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Rationale for the Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War" title="United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War">United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Middle_East.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_Middle_East.png/260px-Map_of_Middle_East.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_Middle_East.png/390px-Map_of_Middle_East.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_Middle_East.png/520px-Map_of_Middle_East.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">presidency of his father</a>, the United States had launched the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> after the latter invaded <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. Though the U.S. forced Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait, it left <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s administration in place, partly to serve as a counterweight to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a>, consisting of influential neoconservatives like Paul Wolfowitz and Cheney, advocated for the overthrow of Hussein.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq had <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">developed biological and chemical weapons</a> prior to the Gulf War; after the war, it had submitted to WMD inspections conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations Special Commission</a> until 1998, when Hussein demanded that all UN inspectors leave Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration believed that, by 2001, Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction, and could possibly provide those weapons to terrorists.<sup id="cite_ref-mann72_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann72-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some within the administration also believed that Iraq shared some responsibility for the September 11 attacks,<sup id="cite_ref-mann72_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann72-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hoped that the fall of Hussein's regime would help spread democracy in the Middle East, deter the recruitment of terrorists, and increase the security of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herring,_pp._938–939_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herring,_pp._938–939-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the days following the September 11 attacks, hawks in the Bush administration such as Wolfowitz argued for immediate military action against Iraq, but the issue was temporarily set aside in favor of planning the invasion of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in September 2002, the Bush administration mounted a campaign designed to win popular and congressional support for the invasion of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2002, Congress approved the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution">Iraq Resolution</a>, authorizing the use of force against Iraq. While congressional Republicans almost unanimously supported the measure, congressional Democrats were split in roughly equal numbers between support and opposition to the resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowing to domestic and foreign pressure, Bush sought to win the approval of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> before launching an attack on Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by Powell, the administration won the November 2002 passage of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1441" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441</a>, which called on Iraq to dismantle its WMD program.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, senior administration officials became increasingly convinced that Iraq did indeed possess WMDs and was likely to furnish those WMDs to al-Qaeda; CIA Director <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> assured Bush that it was a "slam dunk" that Iraq possessed a stockpile of WMDs.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring,_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission" title="United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission">U.N. weapons inspections</a> team led by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a>, as well as another team led by <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a>, failed to find evidence of an ongoing Iraqi WMD program, Bush's proposed regime change in Iraq faced mounting international opposition. Germany, China, France, and Russia all expressed skepticism about the need for regime change, and the latter three countries each possessed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">veto power</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the behest of British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, who supported Bush but hoped for more international cooperation, Bush dispatched Powell to the U.N. to make the case to the Security Council that Iraq maintained an active WMD program.<sup id="cite_ref-smith343345_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith343345-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Powell's presentation preceded a shift in U.S. public opinion towards support of the war, it failed to convince the French, Russians, or Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-smith343345_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith343345-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to the findings of Blix and ElBaradei, Bush asserted in a March 17 public address that there was "no doubt" that the Iraqi regime possessed weapons of mass destruction. Two days later, Bush authorized Operation <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Freedom">Iraqi Freedom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> began on March 20, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasion_of_Iraq">Invasion of Iraq</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Invasion of Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg/220px-Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg/330px-Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg/440px-Bush_announces_Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>President Bush announces the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Iraqi Freedom">Operation Iraqi Freedom</a>, March 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>U.S.-led coalition forces, led by General Franks, launched a <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">simultaneous air and land attack on Iraq</a> on March 20, 2003, in what the American media called "<a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">shock and awe</a>." With 145,000 soldiers, the ground force quickly overcame most Iraqi resistance, and thousands of Iraqi soldiers deserted. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">captured</a> the Iraqi capital of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> on April 9, but Hussein escaped and went into hiding. While the U.S. and its allies quickly achieved military success, the invasion was <a href="/wiki/Governmental_positions_on_the_Iraq_War_prior_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">strongly criticized by many countries</a>; UN secretary-general <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> argued that the invasion was a <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">violation of international law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">U.N. Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 1, 2003, Bush delivered the "<a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished speech</a>," in which he declared the end of "major combat operations" in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the <a href="/wiki/WMD_conjecture_in_the_aftermath_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">failure to find evidence of an ongoing WMD program</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">operational relationship between Hussein and al-Qaeda</a>, Bush declared that the toppling of Hussein "removed an ally of al-Qaeda" and ended the threat that Iraq would supply weapons of mass destruction to terrorist organizations. Believing that only a minimal residual American force would be required after the success of the invasion, Bush and Franks planned for a drawdown to 30,000 U.S. troops in Iraq by August 2003. Meanwhile, Iraqis began looting their own capital, presenting one of the first of many challenges the U.S. would face in keeping the peace in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bush appointed <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a> to lead the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (CPA), which was charged with overseeing the transition to self-government in Iraq. In his first major order, Bremer announced a policy of <a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">de-Ba'athification</a>, which denied government and military jobs to members of Hussein's <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'ath Party</a>. This policy angered many of Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, many of whom had joined the Ba'ath Party merely as a career move. Bremer's <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_2" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2">second major order</a> disbanded the Iraqi military and police services, leaving over 600,000 Iraqi soldiers and government employees without jobs. Bremer also insisted that the CPA remain in control of Iraq until the country held elections, reversing an earlier plan to set up a transition government led by Iraqis. These decisions contributed to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a> opposed to the continuing U.S. presence. Fearing the further deterioration of Iraq's security situation, General <a href="/wiki/John_Abizaid" title="John Abizaid">John Abizaid</a> ordered the end of the planned drawdown of soldiers, leaving over 130,000 U.S. soldiers in Iraq. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">captured Hussein</a> on December 13, 2003, but the occupation force continued to suffer casualties. Between the start of the invasion and the end of 2003, 580 U.S. soldiers died, with two thirds of those casualties occurring after Bush's "Mission Accomplished" speech.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuing_occupation">Continuing occupation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Continuing occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Financial_cost_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Financial cost of the Iraq War">Financial cost of the Iraq War</a></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"> <caption>Troop levels in Iraq and Afghanistan<sup id="cite_ref-nyttrooplevels_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyttrooplevels-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>2001 </th> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002 </th> <td>0 </td> <td>4,067 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2003 </th> <td>0 </td> <td>9,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td>108,900 </td> <td>13,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2005 </th> <td>159,000 </td> <td>17,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2006 </th> <td>137,000 </td> <td>19,700 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td>137,000 </td> <td>26,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td>154,000 </td> <td>27,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2009 </th> <td>139,500 </td> <td>34,400 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After 2003, more and more Iraqis began to see the U.S. as an occupying force. The fierce fighting of the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">First Battle of Fallujah</a> alienated many in Iraq, while cleric <a href="/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr" title="Muqtada al-Sadr">Muqtada al-Sadr</a> encouraged <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Muslims to oppose the CPA.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunni and Shia insurgents engaged in a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against the United States, blunting the technological and organizational advantages of the U.S. military.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While fighting in Iraq continued, Americans increasingly came to disapprove of Bush's handling of the Iraq War, contributing to a decline in Bush's approval ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bremer left Iraq in June 2004, transferring power to the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Iraqi Interim Government</a>, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2005, the Iraqi people <a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2005 Iraqi legislative election">voted on</a> representatives for the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi National Assembly">Iraqi National Assembly</a>, and the Shia <a href="/wiki/United_Iraqi_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="United Iraqi Alliance">United Iraqi Alliance</a> formed a governing coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Jaafari" title="Ibrahim al-Jaafari">Ibrahim al-Jaafari</a>. In October 2005, the Iraqis <a href="/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum">ratified a new constitution</a> that created a decentralized governmental structure dividing Iraq into communities of Sunni Arabs, Shia Arabs, and <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a>. After a <a href="/wiki/December_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="December 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">December 2005 election</a>, Jafari was succeeded as prime minister by another Shia, <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>. The elections failed to quell the insurgency, and hundreds of U.S. soldiers stationed in Iraq died during 2005 and 2006. <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq_(2006%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–07)">Sectarian violence</a> between Sunnis and Shias also intensified following the <a href="/wiki/2006_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2006 al-Askari mosque bombing">2006 al-Askari mosque bombing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a December 2006 report, the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a> described the situation in Iraq as "grave and deteriorating," and the report called for the U.S. to gradually withdraw soldiers from Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the violence mounted in 2006, Rumsfeld and military leaders such as Abizaid and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">George Casey</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">coalition forces in Iraq</a>, called for a drawdown of forces in Iraq, but many within the administration argued that the U.S. should maintain its troop levels.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still intent on establishing a democratic government in Iraq, the Bush administration rejected a drawdown and began planning for a change in strategy and leadership following the 2006 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the elections, Bush replaced Rumsfeld with Gates, while <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> replaced Casey and <a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a> replaced Abizaid.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush and his National Security Council formed a plan to "double down" in Iraq, increasing the number of U.S. soldiers in hopes of establishing a stable democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Maliki indicated his support for an increase of U.S. soldiers, Bush announced in January 2007 that the U.S. would send an additional 20,000 soldiers to Iraq as part of a "<a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">surge</a>" of forces.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Senator McCain and a few other hawks supported Bush's new strategy, many other members of Congress from both parties expressed doubt or outright opposition to it.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg/220px-Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg/330px-Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg/440px-Bush_al-Maliki_handshake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>President Bush and Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> shake hands in July 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 2007, Congress, now controlled by Democrats, passed a bill that called for a total withdrawal of all U.S. troops by April 2008, but Bush vetoed the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the votes to override the veto, Congress passed a bill that continued to fund the war but also included the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Minimum_Wage_Act_of_2007" title="Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007">Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007</a>, which increased the federal <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. and Iraqi casualties continuously declined after May 2007, and Bush declared that the surge had been a success in September 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-smith596597_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith596597-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently ordered a drawdown of troops, and the number of U.S. soldiers in Iraq declined from 168,000 in September 2007 to 145,000 when Bush left office.<sup id="cite_ref-smith596597_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith596597-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline in casualties following the surge coincided with several other favorable trends, including the <a href="/wiki/Anbar_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbar Awakening">Anbar Awakening</a> and Muqtada al-Sadr's decision to order his followers to cooperate with the Iraqi government.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, at the insistence of Maliki, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement</a>, which promised complete withdrawal of U.S. troops by the end of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. would <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">withdraw</a> its forces from Iraq in December 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-jlogan_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jlogan-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it later re-deployed soldiers to Iraq to assist government forces in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)">Iraqi Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bender_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bender-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guantanamo_Bay_and_enemy_combatants">Guantanamo Bay and enemy combatants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Guantanamo Bay and enemy combatants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_x-ray_detainees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Camp_x-ray_detainees.jpg/200px-Camp_x-ray_detainees.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Camp_x-ray_detainees.jpg/300px-Camp_x-ray_detainees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Camp_x-ray_detainees.jpg/400px-Camp_x-ray_detainees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Detainees upon arrival at <a href="/wiki/Camp_X-Ray" title="Camp X-Ray">Camp X-Ray</a>, January 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>During and after the invasion of Afghanistan, the U.S. captured numerous members of al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Rather than bringing the prisoners before domestic or international courts, Bush decided to set up a new system of <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunals</a> to try the prisoners. In order to avoid the restrictions of the United States Constitution, Bush held the prisoners at secret <a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">CIA prisons</a> in various countries as well as at the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>. Because the Guantanamo Bay camp is on territory that the U.S. technically leases from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, individuals within the camp are not accorded the same constitutional protections that they would have on U.S. territory. Bush also decided that these "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_combatant" title="Enemy combatant">enemy combatants</a>" were not entitled to all of the protections of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> as they were not affiliated with sovereign states. In hopes of obtaining information from the prisoners, Bush allowed the use of "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib</a>, a U.S. prison in Iraq, elicited widespread outrage after photos of prisoner abuse were made public.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Detainee_Treatment_Act" title="Detainee Treatment Act">Detainee Treatment Act</a>, which purported to ban <a href="/wiki/Torture_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture and the United States">torture</a>, but in his <a href="/wiki/Signing_statement" title="Signing statement">signing statement</a> Bush asserted that his executive power gave him the authority to waive the restrictions put in place by the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's policies suffered a major rebuke from the Supreme Court in the 2006 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a></i>, in which the court rejected Bush's use of military commissions without congressional approval and held that all detainees were protected by the Geneva Conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the ruling, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a>, which effectively overturned <i>Hamdan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court overturned a portion of that act in the 2008 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush" title="Boumediene v. Bush">Boumediene v. Bush</a></i>, but the Guantanamo detention camp remained open at the end of Bush's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg/260px-Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg/390px-Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Red_Sea_Summit_in_Aqaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>President of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>, President Bush, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> in June 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, ongoing since the middle of the 20th century, continued under Bush. After President Clinton's <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a> had ended without an agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> had begun in September 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-smith204206_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith204206-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While previous administrations had tried to act as a neutral authority between the Israelis and Palestinians, the Bush administration placed the blame for the violence on the Palestinians, angering <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> states such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith204206_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith204206-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sgs_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgs-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bush's support for a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> helped smooth over a potential diplomatic split with the Saudis.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In hopes of establishing peace between the Israelis and Palestinians, the Bush administration proposed the <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">road map for peace</a>, but his plan was not implemented and tensions were heightened following the victory of <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006 Palestinian elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gkesslerisrael_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gkesslerisrael-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_trade_agreements">Free trade agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Free trade agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_free-trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="United States free-trade agreements">United States free-trade agreements</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_steel_tariff" title="2002 United States steel tariff">2002 United States steel tariff</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cafta_countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cafta_countries.png/260px-Cafta_countries.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cafta_countries.png/390px-Cafta_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Cafta_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CAFTA-DR" class="mw-redirect" title="CAFTA-DR">CAFTA-DR</a> established a free trade are between the United States and several countries in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Believing that protectionism hampered economic growth, Bush concluded <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> with numerous countries. When Bush took office, the United States had free trade agreements with just three countries: Israel, Canada, and Mexico. Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Chile–United States Free Trade Agreement">Chile–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement">Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> in 2003, and he concluded the <a href="/wiki/Morocco-United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Morocco-United States Free Trade Agreement">Morocco-United States Free Trade Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> the following year. He also concluded the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Bahrain–United States Free Trade Agreement">Bahrain–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Oman–United States Free Trade Agreement">Oman–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" title="Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement">Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Central_America_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement">Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement</a>. Additionally, Bush reached free trade agreements with South Korea, Colombia, and Panama, though agreements with these countries were not ratified until 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NATO_and_arms_control_treaties">NATO and arms control treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: NATO and arms control treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty#United_States_withdrawal" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">US withdrew</a> from the U.S.-Russian <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wbaca_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbaca-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the first time in post-WW2 history that the United States has withdrawn from a major international arms treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-acaabm_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acaabm-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China expressed displeasure at America's withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then newly elected Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> stated that American withdrawal from the ABM Treaty was a mistake,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently in a 1 March 2018 <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly" title="Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly">Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly</a> announced the development of a series of technologically new missile systems in response to the Bush withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-kru18_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kru18-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nbcn_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcn-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nerint_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nerint-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>'s 2017 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Putin_Interviews" title="The Putin Interviews">The Putin Interviews</a></i>, Putin said that in trying to persuade Russia to accept US withdrawal from the treaty, both Clinton and Bush had tried to convince him of an emerging nuclear threat from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ossho_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ossho-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 July 2007, Russia announced that it would suspend implementation of its <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a> obligations, effective after 150 days. This failure can be said to mark the start of the <a href="/wiki/Revanchism#Russia" title="Revanchism">Putinian Revanchism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nticp_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nticp-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a></div> <p>Bush emphasized creating a better personal relationship with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in order to ensure harmonious relations between the U.S. and Russia. After meeting with Putin in June 2001, both presidents expressed optimistic views regarding cooperation between the two former <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 9/11 attacks, Putin allowed the U.S. to use Russian airspace, and Putin encouraged <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> states to grant basing rights to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2002, the U.S. and Russia signed the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a>, which sought to dramatically reduce the nuclear stockpiles of both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Bush and Putin cooled during Bush's second term, as Bush became increasingly critical of Putin's suppression of political opponents in Russia, and they fell to new lows after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></div> <p>In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush grouped Iran with Iraq and North Korea as a member of the "Axis of Evil", accusing Iran of aiding terrorist organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-axis1_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axis1-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Iran re-opened three of its nuclear facilities, potentially allowing it to begin the process of building a nuclear bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-weismans_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weismans-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the resumption of the Iranian nuclear program, many within the U.S. military and foreign policy community speculated that Bush might attempt to impose regime change on Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-shersh1_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shersh1-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> unanimously passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1737" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737">Resolution 1737</a>, which imposed sanctions on Iran in order to curb its nuclear program.<sup id="cite_ref-egootman1_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egootman1-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea–United States relations</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> had <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">developed weapons of mass destruction</a> for several years prior to Bush's inauguration, and the Clinton administration had sought to trade economic assistance for an end to the North Korean WMD program. Though Secretary of State Powell urged the continuation of the rapprochement, other administration officials, including Vice President Cheney, were more skeptical of the good faith of the North Koreans. Bush instead sought to isolate North Korea in the hope that the regime would eventually collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_missile_test,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean missile test, 2006">North Korea launched missile tests</a> on July 5, 2006, leading to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1695" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695</a>. The country said on October 3, "The U.S. extreme threat of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">sanctions</a> and pressure compel the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">DPRK</a> to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear test</a>", which the Bush administration denied and denounced.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days later, North Korea followed through on its promise to <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">test nuclear weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 14, the Security Council unanimously passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1718" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718</a>, sanctioning North Korea for the test.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the waning days of his presidency, Bush attempted to re-open negotiations with North Korea, but North Korea continued to develop its nuclear programs.<sup id="cite_ref-kesslernk_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kesslernk-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AIDS_relief">AIDS relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: AIDS relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after taking office, Bush pledged $200 million to <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finding this effort insufficient, Bush assembled a team of experts to find the best way for the U.S. reduce the worldwide damage caused by the <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experts, led by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_S._Fauci" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony S. Fauci">Anthony S. Fauci</a>, recommended that the U.S. focus on providing antiretroviral drugs to developing nations in Africa and the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_186-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his State of the Union message in January 2003, President Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> relief, the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_For_AIDS_Relief" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief</a>. With the approval of Congress, Bush committed $15 billion to this effort, which represented a huge increase compared to funding under previous administrations. Near the end of his presidency, Bush signed a re-authorization of the program that doubled its funding. By 2012, the PEPFAR program provided antiretroviral drugs for over 4.5 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-mann9192_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mann9192-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_scandals_during_the_George_W._Bush_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scandals during the George W. Bush Administration">Political scandals during the George W. Bush Administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA_leak_scandal">CIA leak scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: CIA leak scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2005, Bush and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>'s respective chief political advisers, Karl Rove and <a href="/wiki/Scooter_Libby" title="Scooter Libby">Lewis "Scooter" Libby</a>, came under fire for revealing the identity of covert <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) <a href="/wiki/Covert_agent" title="Covert agent">agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Plame" title="Valerie Plame">Valerie Plame</a> to reporters in the <a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">CIA leak scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith452455_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith452455-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plame's husband, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Wilson" title="Joseph C. Wilson">Joseph C. Wilson</a>, had challenged Bush's assertion that Hussein had sought to obtain uranium from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa? (page does not exist)">Africa?</a>, and a special prosecutor was tasked with determining whether administration officials had leaked Plame's identity in retribution against Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libby resigned on October 28, hours after his <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> on multiple counts of <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>, false statements, and <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction</a> in this case. In March 2007, Libby was convicted on four counts, and Cheney pressed Bush to pardon Libby. Rather than pardoning Libby or allowing him to go to jail, Bush commuted Libby's sentence, creating a split with Cheney, who accused Bush of leaving "a soldier on the battlefield."<sup id="cite_ref-smith452455_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith452455-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal_of_United_States_attorneys">Dismissal of United States attorneys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Dismissal of United States attorneys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/220px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/330px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/440px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>President Bush announcing his nomination of Alberto Gonzales as the next U.S. Attorney General, November 10, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2006, Bush dismissed eight <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States attorneys</a>. Though these attorneys serve at the pleasure of the president, the large-scale mid-term dismissal was without precedent, and Bush faced accusations that he had dismissed the attorneys for purely political reasons. During the 2006 elections, several Republican officials complained that the U.S. attorneys had not sufficiently investigated <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">voter fraud</a>. With the encouragement of Harriet Miers and Karl Rove, Attorney General Gonzales dismissed eight U.S. attorneys who were considered insufficiently supportive of the administration's policies. Though Gonzales argued that the attorneys had been fired for performance reasons, publicly released documents showed that the attorneys were dismissed for political reasons. As a result of the dismissals and the subsequent congressional investigations, Rove and Gonzales both resigned. A 2008 report by the Justice Department inspector general found that the dismissals had been politically motivated, but no one was ever prosecuted in connection to the dismissals.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approval_ratings">Approval ratings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Approval ratings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/220px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/330px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/440px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4A7EBB; color:black;"> </span> approve</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BE4B48; color:white;"> </span> disapprove</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#98B954; color:black;"> </span> unsure</div> <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> Bush public opinion polling from February 2001 to January 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bush's <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_approval_rating" title="United States presidential approval rating">approval ratings</a> ran the gamut from high to all-time record low. Bush began his presidency with ratings near fifty percent.<sup id="cite_ref-ApprovalRatingsOverTime_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApprovalRatingsOverTime-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the time of national crisis following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, polls showed approval ratings of greater than 85%, peaking in one October 2001 poll at 92%,<sup id="cite_ref-ApprovalRatingsOverTime_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApprovalRatingsOverTime-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a steady 80–90% approval for about four months after the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward, his ratings steadily declined as the economy suffered and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> initiated by his administration continued. By early 2006, his average rating was averaging below 40%, and in July 2008, a poll indicated a near all-time low of 22%. Upon leaving office the final poll recorded his approval rating as 19%, a record low for any U.S. president.<sup id="cite_ref-ApprovalRatingsOverTime_191-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApprovalRatingsOverTime-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BushJobRatings_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BushJobRatings-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_during_the_Bush_presidency">Elections during the Bush presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Elections during the Bush presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em"> <caption>Congressional party leaders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Senate leaders </th> <th colspan="2">House leaders </th></tr> <tr> <th>Congress </th> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><small>2001</small> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Lott2001_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott2001-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>2001–2002</small> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><small>2003–2004</small> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><small>2005–2006</small> </th> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a></b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a> </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><small>2007–2008</small> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><small>2009</small> </th> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Republican seats in Congress</a><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Congress </th> <th>Senate </th> <th>House </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th</a><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><b>50</b><sup id="cite_ref-Lott2001_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott2001-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>221</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a> </th> <td><b>51</b> </td> <td><b>229</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a> </th> <td><b>55</b> </td> <td><b>231</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a> </th> <td>49 </td> <td>202 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>41 </td> <td>178 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002_mid-term_elections">2002 mid-term elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 2002 mid-term elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_elections" title="2002 United States elections">2002 United States elections</a></div> <p>In the 2002 mid-term elections, Bush became the first president since the 1930s to see his own party pick up seats in both houses of Congress. Republicans picked up two seats in the <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2002 United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a>, allowing them to re-take control of the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush delivered speeches in several venues in support of his party, campaigning on his desire to remove the administration of Saddam Hussein. Bush saw the election results as a vindication of his domestic and foreign policies.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_re-election_campaign">2004 re-election campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 2004 re-election campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_elections" title="2004 United States elections">2004 United States elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">2004 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 Republican National Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/495px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/660px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>President Bush defeated Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> in the 2004 presidential election.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bush and his campaign team seized on the idea of Bush as a "strong wartime leader," though this was undermined by the increasingly-unpopular Iraq War.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His conservative policies on tax cuts and several other issues appealed to many on the right, but Bush could also lay claim to some centrist achievements, including No Child Left Behind, Sarbanes-Oxley, and Medicare Part D.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing that he might hurt Bush's re-election chances, Cheney offered to step down from the ticket, but Bush refused this offer, and the two were re-nominated without opposition at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 Republican National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the advice of pollster <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dowd" title="Matthew Dowd">Matthew Dowd</a>, who perceived a steady decline in the number of <a href="/wiki/Swing_vote" title="Swing vote">swing voters</a>, the 2004 Bush campaign emphasized turning out conservative voters rather than the persuasion of moderates.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2004 Democratic primaries</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> of Massachusetts defeated several other candidates, effectively clinching the nomination on March 2. A <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> veteran, Kerry had voted to authorize the Iraq War but had come to oppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bush campaign sought to define Kerry as a "flip-flopper" due to his vote on a bill funding the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerry sought to convince Republican senator John McCain to become <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2004 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">his running mate</a>, but chose Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> of North Carolina for the position after McCain rejected the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election saw a major jump in turnout; while 105 million people had voted in 2000, 123 million people voted in 2004. Bush won 50.7% percent of the popular vote, making him the first individual to win a majority of the popular vote since his father in <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>, while Kerry took 48.3% of the popular vote. Bush won 286 electoral votes, winning Iowa, New Mexico, and every state he won in 2000 except for New Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_mid-term_elections">2006 mid-term elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 2006 mid-term elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_elections" title="2006 United States elections">2006 United States elections</a></div> <p>Damaged by the unpopularity of the Iraq War and President Bush, the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the 2006 elections. Republicans were also damaged by various scandals, including the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff_Indian_lobbying_scandal" title="Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal">Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mark_Foley_scandal" title="Mark Foley scandal">Mark Foley scandal</a>. The elections confirmed Bush's declining popularity, as many of the candidates he had personally campaigned for were defeated. After the elections, Bush announced the resignation of Rumsfeld and promised to work with the new Democratic majority.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_elections_and_transition_period">2008 elections and transition period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 2008 elections and transition period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_elections" title="2008 United States elections">2008 United States elections</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">John McCain 2008 presidential campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Presidential transition of Barack Obama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/495px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ElectoralCollege2008.svg/660px-ElectoralCollege2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> defeated Republican <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> in the 2008 presidential election.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush,_Barack_Obama_walking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/President_Bush%2C_Barack_Obama_walking.jpg/220px-President_Bush%2C_Barack_Obama_walking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/President_Bush%2C_Barack_Obama_walking.jpg/330px-President_Bush%2C_Barack_Obama_walking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/President_Bush%2C_Barack_Obama_walking.jpg/440px-President_Bush%2C_Barack_Obama_walking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Outgoing President George W. Bush and President-elect <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on November 10, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2008 elections took place on November 4. Bush was term-limited in 2008 due to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22nd Amendment</a>. Senator John McCain won the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008 Republican presidential primaries</a>, while Democratic senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> of Illinois defeated Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> of New York to win the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2008 Democratic presidential primaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith634637_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith634637-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obama's victory in the Democratic presidential primaries was due in large part to his strong opposition to the Iraq War, as Clinton had voted to authorize the Iraq War in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCain sought to distance himself from the unpopular policies of Bush, and Bush appeared only by satellite at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 Republican National Convention</a>, making him the first sitting president since <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> to not appear at his own party's convention in <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith634637_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith634637-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCain briefly took the lead in polls of the race taken after the Republican convention, but Obama quickly re-emerged as the leader in polls.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCain's campaign was badly damaged by the unpopularity of the Bush administration and the Iraq War, and McCain's response to the outbreak of a full-blown financial crisis in September 2008 was widely viewed as erratic.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obama won 365 electoral votes and 52.9% of the popular vote. The election gave Democrats unified control of the legislative and executive branches for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_elections" title="1994 United States elections">1994 elections</a>. After the election, Bush congratulated Obama and invited him to the White House. With the help of the Bush administration, the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">presidential transition of Barack Obama</a> was widely regarded as successful, particularly for a transition between presidents of different parties.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inauguration</a> on January 20, 2009, Obama thanked Bush for his service as president and his support of Obama's transition.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation_and_legacy">Evaluation and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Evaluation and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings of presidents of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_W_Bush.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_W_Bush.png/330px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_W_Bush.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_W_Bush.png/495px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_W_Bush.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_W_Bush.png/660px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_W_Bush.png 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Graph of Bush's approval ratings in <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> polls</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2009 <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> survey of historians <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> Bush in 36th place among the 42 former presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-kwalsh_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwalsh-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> poll of historians ranked Bush as the 33rd greatest president.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 poll of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Bush as the 30th greatest president.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Melvyn Leffler writes that the Bush administration's achievements in foreign policy "were outweighed by the administration's failure to achieve many of its most important goals."<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summing up evaluations of Bush's presidency, Gary L. Gregg II writes: </p> <blockquote><p>The Bush presidency transformed American politics, its economy, and its place in the world, but not in ways that could have been predicted when the governor of Texas declared his candidacy for America's highest office. As president, Bush became a lightning rod for controversy. His controversial election and policies, especially the war in Iraq, deeply divided the American people. Arguably his greatest moment as president was his initial, heartfelt response to the tragedy of the 9/11 attacks. Soon, however, his administration was overshadowed by the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. President Bush's place in U.S. history will be debated and reconsidered for many years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Andrew Rudalevige has compiled a list of the 14 most important achievements under the Bush administration:<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Major revisions of the tax code, with additional cuts in each of his first six years in office.</li> <li>Major educational policy changes and reauthorization of major federal education laws.</li> <li>Expansion of Medicare by adding drug coverage.</li> <li>Name two justices to the Supreme Court, and 350 judges to lower federal courts.</li> <li>Promoted the Partial Birth Abortion Ban.</li> <li>Large-scale AIDS and anti-malaria programs especially for Africa.</li> <li>Quadrupling the number of countries with free trade agreements.</li> <li>Huge bailout of banking system after near collapse of the financial system.</li> <li>Created the Department of Homeland Security.</li> <li>White House control over federal bureaucracy.</li> <li>Patriot Acts which broaden federal law enforcement powers.</li> <li>Strengthen presidential discretion on surveillance of terror suspects.</li> <li>Military Commissions Act, with special application to Guantánamo Bay prison.</li> <li>Overthrow of two hostile regimes – Taliban in Afghanistan and Saddam Hussein in Iraq.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/12px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/18px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/24px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="798" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:2000s" title="Portal:2000s">2000s portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency of George H. W. Bush</a>, his father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">Premiership of Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">List of people pardoned by George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Political effects of Hurricane Katrina">Political effects of Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_George_W._Bush" title="Protests against George W. Bush">Protests against George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image of George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States_(21st_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States (21st century)">List of federal political scandals in the United States (21st century)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No ongoing WMD program was ever found in Iraq,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the U.S. did discover some chemical weapons that had been produced prior to 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The table shows the number of American troops in Iraq and Afghanistan at the beginning of each year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lott2001-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lott2001_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lott2001_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">With Republican vice president <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> provides the tie-breaking vote, the Republicans also holding a majority in the Senate since January 20, 2001. In June 2001, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> left the Republican Party and began caucusing with the Democrats, giving the Democrats a majority.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_196-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">17 days of the 107th Congress (January 3, 2001 – January 19, 2001) took place under President Clinton, and 17 days of the 111th Congress (January 3, 2009 – January 19, 2009) took place during Bush's second term.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/PDF-Ranking-FINAL-REAL.pdf">"All ranking and Tables"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+ranking+and+Tables&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F06%2FPDF-Ranking-FINAL-REAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mann317-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mann317_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mann317_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 31–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann,_pp._35-42-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann,_pp._35-42_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 35–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 152–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 134–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 53–54, 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 129–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herring,_pp._938–939-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herring,_pp._938–939_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herring,_pp._938–939_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herring (2008), pp. 938–939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 389–390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 382–383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 417–418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 278–280, 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 363–367</span> </li> <li 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</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 343–345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James L. Gibson, and Gregory A. Caldeira, "Confirmation politics and the legitimacy of the US Supreme Court: Institutional loyalty, positivity bias, and the Alito nomination." American Journal of Political Science 53.1 (2009): 139–155. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.wustl.edu/files/pages/imce/jlgibson/ajps2009.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024235739/https://pages.wustl.edu/files/pages/imce/jlgibson/ajps2009.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2010" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (July 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/us/25roberts.html">"Court Under Roberts Is Most Conservative in Decades"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223223927/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/us/25roberts.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Under+Roberts+Is+Most+Conservative+in+Decades&rft.date=2010-07-24&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F25%2Fus%2F25roberts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All figures, except for debt percentage, are presented in billions of dollars. The receipt, outlay, deficit, GDP, and debt figures are calculated for the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a>, which ends on September 30. For example, fiscal year 2020 ended on September 30, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Represents the national debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/historical-tables/">"Historical Tables"</a>. <i>White House</i>. Office of Management and Budget. Table 1.1<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=GEORGE+W.+BUSH%3A+DOMESTIC+AFFAIRS&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fgwbush%2Fdomestic-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilbank2003" class="citation news cs1">Milbank, Dana (November 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/11/06/bush-signs-ban-on-late-term-abortions-into-effect/22d3c373-ae0a-4e6b-8e3e-a06b040c2ae6/">"Bush Signs Ban on Late-Term Abortions Into Effect"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044805/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/11/06/bush-signs-ban-on-late-term-abortions-into-effect/22d3c373-ae0a-4e6b-8e3e-a06b040c2ae6/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Vetoes+Measure+on+Stem+Cell+Research&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F21%2Fwashington%2F21stem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 377–379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Dodson, "The Peculiar Federal Marriage Amendment." <i>Arizona State Law Journal</i> 36 (2004): 783+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2409&context=faculty_scholarship">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumiller2004" class="citation news cs1">Bumiller, Elisabeth (October 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/26/politics/campaign/bush-says-his-party-is-wrong-to-oppose-gay-civil-unions.html">"Bush Says His Party Is Wrong to Oppose Gay Civil Unions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Federal+judge+backs+Oregon+suicide+law&rft.date=2002-04-18&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2002%2F04%2F17%2Fcourt-suicide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RighttoDie-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RighttoDie_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228084150/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002215324_texaslaw22.html">"As governor, Bush signed right-to-die law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Times">Seattle Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=As+governor%2C+Bush+signed+right-to-die+law&rft.date=2005-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Fnationworld%2F2002215324_texaslaw22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiavo-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schiavo_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabingtonAllen,_Mike2005" class="citation news cs1">Babington, Charles; Allen, Mike (March 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51402-2005Mar20.html">"Congress Passes Schiavo Measure"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809122331/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51402-2005Mar20.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Congress+Passes+Schiavo+Measure&rft.date=2005-03-21&rft.aulast=Babington&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Allen%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA51402-2005Mar20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1247518.stm">"US blow to Kyoto hopes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. March 28, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512181432/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1247518.stm">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+blow+to+Kyoto+hopes&rft.date=2001-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F1247518.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacekura2022" class="citation cs2">Macekura, Stephen (2022), Engerman, David C.; Friedman, Max Paul; McAlister, Melani (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-america-and-the-world/environment-climate-and-global-disorder/855C9166EF4055A5351254E1FB84D1C0">"Environment, Climate, and Global Disorder"</a>, <i>The Cambridge History of America and the World: Volume 4: 1945 to the Present</i>, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press, pp. 488–511, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108297554.023">10.1017/9781108297554.023</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41927-7"><bdi>978-1-108-41927-7</bdi></a>, <q>The Bush Administration even questioned the widely accepted scientific evidence that human actions had generated global climate change. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060626-2.html">the original</a> on May 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Conference&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2006-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2006%2F06%2F20060626-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6341451">"NASA Scientist Rips Bush on Global Warming"</a>. MSNBC. October 27, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507053351/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6341451">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Scientist+Rips+Bush+on+Global+Warming&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft.date=2004-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna6341451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rewriting-the-science/">"60 Minutes: Rewriting the Science"</a>. CBS News. March 19, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502232627/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/60minutes/main1415985_page2.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=60+Minutes%3A+Rewriting+the+Science&rft.date=2006-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Frewriting-the-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomm2006" class="citation book cs1">Romm, Joe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellhighwaterglo00romm_0"><i>Hell or High Water</i></a>. William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117212-0"><bdi>978-0-06-117212-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77537768">77537768</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025201014/https://archive.org/details/hellhighwaterglo00romm_0">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+or+High+Water&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77537768&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117212-0&rft.aulast=Romm&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellhighwaterglo00romm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span>; Romm calls Bush's "don't rush to judgment" and "we need to ask more questions" stance a classic delay tactic. Part 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Goldenberg: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/jan/06/ocean-conservation-george-bush-pacific">Bush designates ocean conservation areas in final weeks as president</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215211708/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/jan/06/ocean-conservation-george-bush-pacific">Archived</a> 2017-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" – guardian.co.uk, January 6, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebumiller-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebumiller_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumiller2002" class="citation news cs1">Bumiller, Elizabeth (July 31, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/31/business/corporate-conduct-the-president-bush-signs-bill-aimed-at-fraud-in-corporations.html">"CORPORATE CONDUCT: THE PRESIDENT; Bush Signs Bill Aimed at Fraud In Corporations"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227193420/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/31/business/corporate-conduct-the-president-bush-signs-bill-aimed-at-fraud-in-corporations.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CORPORATE+CONDUCT%3A+THE+PRESIDENT%3B+Bush+Signs+Bill+Aimed+at+Fraud+In+Corporations&rft.date=2002-07-31&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F07%2F31%2Fbusiness%2Fcorporate-conduct-the-president-bush-signs-bill-aimed-at-fraud-in-corporations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jharris1-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jharris1_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisBranigin2005" class="citation news cs1">Harris, John F.; Branigin, William (February 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35084-2005Feb18.html">"Bush Signs Class-Action Changes Into Law"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032245/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35084-2005Feb18.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bush+Signs+Class-Action+Changes+Into+Law&rft.date=2005-02-18&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Branigin%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA35084-2005Feb18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melvin I. Urofsky, <i>The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History from Reconstruction to Today</i> (2020) pp. 412–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linda Chavez, <i>An Unlikely Conservative: The Transformation of an Ex-Liberal (Or How I Became the Most Hated Hispanic in America)</i> (Basic Books. 2002) pp. 10–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin Liu, "The Bush Administration and Civil Rights: Lessons Learned." <i>Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy</i> 4 (2009): 77–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Gerstle, Minorities, Multiculturalism and the Presidency of George W. Bush," in Julian E. Zelizer, ed., <i>The Presidency of George W. Bush</i> (2010) pp 252–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/bush-george-w">"Travels of President George W. Bush"</a>. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120133808/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/bush-george-w">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travels+of+President+George+W.+Bush&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Ftravels%2Fpresident%2Fbush-george-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith181182-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith181182_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith181182_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 181–182, 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 128–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herring (2008), pp. 936, 941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herring (2008), pp. 939–941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 145–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mann5860-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mann5860_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mann5860_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 58–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herring (2008), pp. 941–942</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 254–256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mann6166-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mann6166_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mann6166_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 61–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herring (2008), p. 942</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 163–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herring (2008), pp. 942–943</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 249–251, 602–605</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 166–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 277–278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herring (2008), pp. 943–944</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leffler (2011), pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leffler (2011), pp. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 179–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 174–175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mann72-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mann72_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mann72_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 72–75, 78–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 61–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herring (2008), pp. 947–949</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 321–325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 312–314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 330–331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 185–186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 338–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith343345-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith343345_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith343345_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 343–345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 353–355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 356–361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper (2007), pp. 192–196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeinart2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Beinart, Peter (May 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/05/question-iraq-war-rubio-bush/393551/">"The Problem With Asking Republicans, 'Would You Have Invaded Iraq?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapps.ropercenter.uconn.edu/CFIDE/roper/presidential/webroot/presidential_rating_detail.cfm?allRate=True&presidentName=Bush">the original</a> on February 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Job+Performance+Ratings+for+President+Bush&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Roper+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebapps.ropercenter.uconn.edu%2FCFIDE%2Froper%2Fpresidential%2Fwebroot%2Fpresidential_rating_detail.cfm%3FallRate%3DTrue%26presidentName%3DBush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSA_Today2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> (May 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/polls/tables/live/01132003.htm">"CNN/USA TODAY/GALLUP Poll"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909034609/http://www.usatoday.com/news/polls/tables/live/01132003.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CNN%2FUSA+TODAY%2FGALLUP+Poll&rft.date=2005-05-20&rft.au=USA+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolls%2Ftables%2Flive%2F01132003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BushJobRatings-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BushJobRatings_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollingReport.com" class="citation web cs1">PollingReport.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913124937/http://www.pollingreport.com/BushJob.htm">"PRESIDENT BUSH – Overall Job Rating in national polls"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pollingreport.com/BushJob.htm">the original</a> on September 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRESIDENT+BUSH+%E2%80%93+Overall+Job+Rating+in+national+polls&rft.au=PollingReport.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pollingreport.com%2FBushJob.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125052550/http://americanresearchgroup.com/economy/">"The National Economy"</a>. <i>americanresearchgroup.com</i>. February 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanresearchgroup.com/economy/">the original</a> on January 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=americanresearchgroup.com&rft.atitle=The+National+Economy&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanresearchgroup.com%2Feconomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Republican seats at the start of each session of Congress. Independents caucusing with the Democratic Party (<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a>) are counted as Democrats for the purposes of this table. Throughout Bush's presidency, there were a total of 100 Senate seats in 435 House seats, so a Republican majority in the Senate required 50 seats (since Republican Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> could provide the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking vote</a>), and a Republican majority in the House required 218 seats (assuming no vacancies).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 329–330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 383–384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 392–393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 401–403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2015), pp. 96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 404–405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 412–415</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 519–526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith634637-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith634637_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith634637_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 634–637</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobson (2010), pp. 212–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 637–638</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobson (2010), pp. 216–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 638–639</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2016), pp. 652–654</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kwalsh-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kwalsh_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Walsh, Kenneth T. (February 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/history/articles/2009/02/17/historians-rank-george-w-bush-among-worst-presidents">"Historians Rank George W. Bush Among Worst Presidents"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202121702/http://www.usnews.com/news/history/articles/2009/02/17/historians-rank-george-w-bush-among-worst-presidents">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Historians+Rank+George+W.+Bush+Among+Worst+Presidents&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2F2009%2F02%2F17%2Fhistorians-rank-george-w-bush-among-worst-presidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall">"Presidential Historians Survey 2017"</a>. <i>C-Span</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301043807/https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-Span&rft.atitle=Presidential+Historians+Survey+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpresidentsurvey2017%2F%3Fpage%3Doverall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottinghausVaughn2018" class="citation news cs1">Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html/">"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190310203020/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html/">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Does+Trump+Stack+Up+Against+the+Best+%E2%80%94+and+Worst+%E2%80%94+Presidents%3F&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.aulast=Rottinghaus&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Justin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F02%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fhow-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leffler (2011), pp. 38–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_II2016" class="citation web cs1">Gregg II, Gary L. (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/impact-and-legacy">"GEORGE W. BUSH: IMPACT AND LEGACY"</a>. <i>Miller Center</i>. University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174215/https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/impact-and-legacy">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=GEORGE+W.+BUSH%3A+IMPACT+AND+LEGACY&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Gregg+II&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fgwbush%2Fimpact-and-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Rudalevige, "Rating Bush," in Iwan Morgan, and Philip Davies, eds. <i>Assessing George W. Bush's Legacy: The Right Man?</i> (2010) pp 32–5 at pp 21–22.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2007" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadcertainpresi00drap"><i>Dead Certain: The Presidency of George W. Bush</i></a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743277280" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743277280"><bdi>978-0743277280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Certain%3A+The+Presidency+of+George+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0743277280&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadcertainpresi00drap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr"><i>From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3B+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, Gary (2010). "George W. Bush, the Iraq War, and the Election of Barack Obama". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 207–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2010.03755.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2010.03755.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23044817">23044817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=George+W.+Bush%2C+the+Iraq+War%2C+and+the+Election+of+Barack+Obama&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-224&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2010.03755.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23044817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffler2011" class="citation journal cs1">Leffler, Melvyn P. (2011). "9/11 in Retrospect: George W. Bush's Grand Strategy, Reconsidered". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>90</b> (5): 33–44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23041774">23041774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=9%2F11+in+Retrospect%3A+George+W.+Bush%27s+Grand+Strategy%2C+Reconsidered&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=33-44&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23041774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leffler&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2015" class="citation book cs1">Mann, James (2015). <i>George Bush</i>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805093971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805093971"><bdi>978-0805093971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Bush&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0805093971&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jean Edward (2016). <i>Bush</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476741192" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476741192"><bdi>978-1476741192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bush&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1476741192&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Bibliography of George W. Bush</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly">Scholarly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Scholarly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. <i>Change and Continuity in the 2004 and 2006 Elections</i> (2007), 324pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0872894150">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Allard, Scott W. "The Changing Face of Welfare During the Bush Administration." <i>Publius</i> 2007 37(3): 304–332. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Peter (2013). <i>Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House</i>. Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+Fire%3A+Bush+and+Cheney+in+the+White+House&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Barilleaux, Ryan, et al. <i>Testing the limits: George W. Bush and the imperial presidency</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009).</li> <li>Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly.</i> 36#4 2006. pp 606+.</li> <li>Brands, Hal, and Peter Feaver. "The case for Bush revisionism: Reevaluating the legacy of America’s 43rd president." <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i> 41.1–2 (2018): 234–274. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halbrands.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/12___20___2017_The-case-f.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew Rudalevige, eds.. <i>The George W. Bush Legacy</i> Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0872893464">excerpts and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Congressional Quarterly. <i>CQ Almanac Plus</i> highly detailed annual compilation of events in Congress, White House, Supreme Court, summarizing the weekly "Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report". (annual, 2002–2009) <ul><li>Congressional Quarterly. <i>Congress and the Nation: Volume 12: 2005–2008</i> (CQ Press, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congressnationre0012cong/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conlan, Tim and John Dinan. "Federalism, the Bush Administration, and the Transformation of American Conservatism." <i>Publius</i> 2007 37(3): 279–303. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li> <li>Corrado, Anthony, E. J. Dionne Jr., Kathleen A. Frankovic. <i>The Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations</i> (2001)</li> <li>Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. "Comparing the Environmental Policies of Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush." <i>White House Studies</i> 2007 7(2): 163–179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li> <li>Denton, Robert E., ed. <i>The George W. Bush Presidency : A Rhetorical Perspective</i> (Lexingtron, 2012)</li> <li>Desch, Michael C. "Bush and the Generals." <i>Foreign Affairs</i> 2007 86(3): 97–108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0015-7120">0015-7120</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/Ebsco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebsco">Ebsco</a></li> <li>Dobel, J. Patrick. "Prudence and presidential ethics: the decisions on Iraq of the two presidents Bush." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 40.1 (2010): 57–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J-Dobel/publication/227947694_Prudence_and_Presidential_Ethics_The_Decisions_on_Iraq_of_the_Two_Presidents_Bush/links/5a84850c4585159152b804f0/Prudence-and-Presidential-Ethics-The-Decisions-on-Iraq-of-the-Two-Presidents-Bush.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Dolan, Chris J., and David B. Cohen. "The War About the War: Iraq and the Politics of National Security Advising in the GW Bush Administration's First Term." <i>Politics & Policy</i> 34.1 (2006): 30–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/36019832/P_P_Dolan-Cohen_Article.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Eckersley, Robyn. "Ambushed: the Kyoto Protocol, the Bush Administration's Climate Policy and the Erosion of Legitimacy." <i>International Politics</i> 2007 44(2–3): 306–324. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1384-5748">1384-5748</a></li> <li>Edwards III, George C. and Philip John Davies, eds. <i>New Challenges for the American Presidency</i> New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 245 pp. articles from <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i></li> <li>Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds. <i>The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush</i> (2007), 478pp; essays by scholars; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199217971">excerpt and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Ferguson, Michaele L. et al. eds. <i>W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a New Politics of Gender</i> (Duke UP, 2007)</li> <li>Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds. <i>Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed</i> (2007), 146pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0815728840">excerpt and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Gormley, Beatrice. <i>Laura Bush: America's First Lady</i> (Simon and Schuster, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds6mEDOCa3oC&dq=bush+civil+rights+&pg=PA15">online</a></li> <li>Graham John D. <i>Bush on the Home Front: Domestic Policy Triumphs and Setbacks</i> (Indiana University Press, 2010) 425 pages; covers taxation, education, health care, energy, the environment, and regulatory reform.</li> <li>Greenstein, Fred I. ed. <i>The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment</i> Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003</li> <li>Greenstein, Fred I. "The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison" in <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> v 32#2 2002 pp 387+.</li> <li>Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. <i>Considering the Bush Presidency</i> Oxford University Press, 2004. 210 pp. British perspectives</li> <li>Greene, John Robert. <i>The Presidency of George W. Bush</i> Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3268-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3268-8">978-0-7006-3268-8</a></li> <li>Hadley, Stephen J., et al. eds. <i>Hand-Off: The Foreign Policy George W. Bush Passed to Barack Obama</i> ( Rowman & Littlefield Publishers/Brookings Institution Press. 2023) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3977-7">978-0-8157-3977-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hand-Off-Foreign-Policy-George-Passed/dp/081573977X/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, "From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bush's NATO Enlargement." <i>White House Studies.</i> (2004) 4#3 pp: 319+.</li> <li>Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. <i>George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm</i> SUNY Press 2004</li> <li>Holzer, Harold. <i>The Presidents Vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media—from the Founding Fathers to Fake News</i> (Dutton, 2020) pp. 359–376. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=siY6EAAAQBAJ&dq=HOLZER+PRESS+Harold&pg=PR15">online</a></li> <li>Jacobson, Gary C. "The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate" <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> v 33 No.4 2003 pp 701+. * Jacobson, Gary C. "Referendum: the 2006 Midterm Congressional Elections." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 2007 122(1): 1–24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0032-3195">0032-3195</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/Ebsco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebsco">Ebsco</a></li> <li>Lind, Nancy S., and Bernard I. Tamas, eds. <i>Controversies of the George W. Bush Presidency: Pro and Con documents</i> (Greenwood, 2006); primary sources.</li> <li>Liu, Goodwin. "The Bush Administration and Civil Rights: Lessons Learned." <i>Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy</i> 4 (2009): 77+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=djclpp">online</a></li> <li>Maranto, Robert et al. eds. <i>The Second Term of George W. Bush: Prospects and Perils</i> (2006)</li> <li>Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H.Rhodes. "George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism." <i>Publius</i> 2007 37(3): 478–503. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li> <li>Moens, Alexander <i>The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty.</i> Ashgate, 2004. 227 pp.</li> <li>Morgan, Iwan. <i>The Age of Deficits: Presidents and Unbalanced Budgets from Jimmy Carter to George W. Bush</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Age-Deficits-Presidents-Unbalanced-Budgets/dp/B0088OZU32/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Morgan, Iwan, ed. <i>Right On?: Political Change and Continuity in George W. Bush's America</i> (2006)</li> <li>Morgan, Iwan, and Philip John Davies, eds. <i>Assessing George W. Bush's Legacy–The Right Man?</i> (2010) essays by British experts.</li> <li>Murray, Donette, David Brown, and Martin A. Smith, eds. <i>George W. Bush's Foreign Policies: Principles and Pragmatism</i> (Routledge, 2017).</li> <li>Nautré, Zoé. <i>U.S. Idealism Meets Reality: Democracy Promotion in the Middle East During the George W. Bush Administration</i> (Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik eV. 2010).</li> <li>Rabe, Barry. "Environmental Policy and the Bush Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and State Experimentation." <i>Publius</i> 2007 37(3): 413–431. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Rozell, Mark. <i>The Press and the Bush Presidency</i> (1996)</li> <li>Rozell, Mark, and Gleaves Whitney, eds. <i>Religion and the Bush presidency</i> (Springer, 2007).</li> <li>Sabato, Larry J. ed. <i>The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency</i> (2007), experts on the 2006 elections in major states</li> <li>Siracusa, Joseph M., and Laurens J. Visser. <i>Going to War with Iraq: A Comparative History of the Bush Presidencies</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).</li> <li>Strozeski, Josh, et al. "From Benign Neglect to Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign Policies of Bush 41 and 43." <i>White House Studies</i> 2007 7(1): 35–51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpdegrove2017" class="citation book cs1">Updegrove, Mark K. (2017). <i>The Last Republicans: Inside the Extraordinary Relationship between George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush</i>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062654120" title="Special:BookSources/9780062654120"><bdi>9780062654120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Republicans%3A+Inside+the+Extraordinary+Relationship+between+George+H.W.+Bush+and+George+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780062654120&rft.aulast=Updegrove&rft.aufirst=Mark+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarshaw2010" class="citation book cs1">Warshaw, Shirley Anne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copresidencyofbu00wars"><i>The Co-Presidency of Bush and Cheney</i></a>. Stanford Politics and Policy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804758185" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804758185"><bdi>978-0804758185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Co-Presidency+of+Bush+and+Cheney&rft.pub=Stanford+Politics+and+Policy&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0804758185&rft.aulast=Warshaw&rft.aufirst=Shirley+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcopresidencyofbu00wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wekkin, Gary D. "George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the Presidency?" <i>White House Studies</i> 2007 7(2): 113–124. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li> <li>Wong, Kenneth and Gail Sunderman. "Education Accountability as a Presidential Priority: No Child Left Behind and the Bush Presidency." <i>Publius</i> 2007 37(3): 333–350. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelizer2010" class="citation book cs1">Zelizer, Julian E., ed. (2010). <i>The Presidency of George W. Bush: A First Historical Assessment</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691134857" title="Special:BookSources/9780691134857"><bdi>9780691134857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+George+W.+Bush%3A+A+First+Historical+Assessment&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780691134857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency">Reflections on the Bush presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Reflections on the Bush presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnes, Fred. <i>Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming America</i> (2006)</li> <li>Bartlett, Bruce. <i>Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy</i> (2006)</li> <li>Cheney, Dick. <i>In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir</i> (2011)</li> <li>Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. <i>W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a New Politics of Gender</i> (2007)</li> <li>Gerson, Michael J. <i>Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace America's Ideals (And Why They Deserve to Fail If They Don't)</i> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/006134950X">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Greenspan, Alan. <i>The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World</i> (2007)</li> <li>Hayes, Stephen F. <i>Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President</i> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060723467">excerpts and online search</a></li> <li>Hughes, Karen. <i>George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader</i> (2005)</li> <li>Mabry, Marcus. <i>Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power</i> (2007)</li> <li>Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. <i>Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential</i> (2003)</li> <li>Rice, Condoleezza. <i>No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington</i> (2011)</li> <li>Rumsfeld, Donald. <i>Known and Unknown: A Memoir</i> (2011)</li> <li>Suskind, Ron. <i>The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill</i> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0743255461">excerpts and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Bob</a>. <i>Plan of Attack</i> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/074325547X">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Yamashiro, Daniel K.M. "Religious Influences on Crisis Presidential Decision-Making: A New Belief in the Operational Code Analysis of George W. Bush" (Thesis Harvard U. 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/33826499/YAMASHIRO-DOCUMENT-2017.pdf?sequence=1">online</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Primary sources</b> </p> <ul><li>Bush, George W. <i>George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and Patriotism</i> (2004)</li> <li>Bush, George W. <i><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidency of George W. 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Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a></i> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a></i> (2021)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11"><i>Fahrenheit 9/11</i> (2004 documentary)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)"><i>W.</i> (2008 film)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dick_Cheney" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dick_Cheney" title="Template:Dick Cheney"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dick_Cheney" title="Template talk:Dick Cheney"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dick_Cheney" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dick Cheney"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dick_Cheney" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>17th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wyoming%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Wyoming's at-large congressional district">WY–AL</a> (1979–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Dick_Cheney" title="Electoral history of Dick Cheney">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming" title="1984 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming" title="1986 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Wyoming" title="1988 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming">1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates#October_5:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Centre_College)" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates#October_5:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Case_Western_Reserve_University)" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathidium_cheneyi" title="Agathidium cheneyi">Agathidium cheneyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney_hunting_accident" title="Dick Cheney hunting accident">Dick Cheney hunting accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Dick_Cheney" title="Efforts to impeach Dick Cheney">Efforts to impeach Dick Cheney</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exceptional:_Why_the_World_Needs_a_Powerful_America" title="Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America">Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_My_Time:_A_Personal_and_Political_Memoir" title="In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir">In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(2018_film)" title="Vice (2018 film)">Vice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and<br />personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Cheney" title="Lynne Cheney">Lynne Cheney</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">Liz Cheney</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cheney" title="Mary Cheney">Mary Cheney</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">← Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_H._W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template talk:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_H._W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">41st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1989–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN Ambassador</a> (1971–1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">TX–7</a> (1967–1971)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1989)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1989)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1990)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1991)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1991)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)#January_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">January 1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#The_Gulf_War_and_Bush's_formulation" title="New world order (politics)">New world order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement#Negotiation_and_U.S._ratification" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">Vomiting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_broccoli_comments" title="George H. W. Bush broccoli comments">Broccoli comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_horseshoe_pit" title="White House horseshoe pit">White House horseshoe pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26O_desk" title="C&O desk">Oval Office desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush#Administration" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_George_H._W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="1989 George H. W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#1980_presidential_election" title="George H. W. Bush">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">"a thousand points of light"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"Read my lips: no new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Clinton transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Public_image" title="George H. W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of George H. W. Bush">Saturday Night Live parodies</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a></i> (2010 short film)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear" title="The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear">The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_It_Takes:_The_Way_to_the_White_House" title="What It Takes: The Way to the White House">What It Takes: The Way to the White House</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Bush:_The_Life_of_a_Lone_Star_Yankee" title="George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee">George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_(film)" title="George H.W. Bush (film)">George H.W. Bush</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_for_Democracy" title="Bad for Democracy">Bad for Democracy</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_and_Power" title="Destiny and Power">Destiny and Power</a></i> (2015 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials,_honors,_and_awards_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials, honors, and awards of George H. W. Bush">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Reagan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS <i>George H.W. Bush</i> (CVN-77)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (son</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Bush Coyne</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Bush">Pierce Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Walker Bush">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Bush</a> (great-great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millie_(dog)" title="Millie (dog)">Millie</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully_(dog)" title="Sully (dog)">Sully (service dog)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">← Ronald Reagan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">← Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:George H. W. Bush">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&oldid=1259438282">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_George_W._Bush&oldid=1259438282</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Category:Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. 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