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Chinese migration from Sumatra to Mauritius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_migration_from_Sumatra_to_Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_migration_from_China_to_Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_migration_from_China_to_Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Chinese migration from China to Mauritius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_migration_from_China_to_Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_1700s_and_early_1800s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1700s_and_early_1800s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Late 1700s and early 1800s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1700s_and_early_1800s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circa_mid-1800s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circa_mid-1800s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Circa mid-1800s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circa_mid-1800s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1800s_and_mid-1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1800s_and_mid-1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Late 1800s and mid-1900s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1800s_and_mid-1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-1900s_to_late_1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-1900s_to_late_1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Mid-1900s to late 1900s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-1900s_to_late_1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics,_distribution,_and_employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics,_distribution,_and_employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Demographics, distribution, and employment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics,_distribution,_and_employment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics, distribution, and employment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics,_distribution,_and_employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_subgroups_and_cultural_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_subgroups_and_cultural_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ethnic subgroups and cultural identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_subgroups_and_cultural_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cantonese_/_Namshun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonese_/_Namshun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Cantonese / Namshun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonese_/_Namshun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fokien_/_Fukien_/_Hokkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fokien_/_Fukien_/_Hokkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Fokien / Fukien / Hokkien </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fokien_/_Fukien_/_Hokkien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hakka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hakka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Hakka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hakka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-creoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-creoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Sino-creoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-creoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Chinese schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_Commercial_Gazette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Commercial_Gazette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Chinese Commercial Gazette </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Commercial_Gazette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Daily_News" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Daily_News"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Chinese Daily News </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Daily_News-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_Times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_Times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 China Times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_Times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mirror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mirror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 The Mirror </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mirror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SinoNews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SinoNews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 SinoNews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SinoNews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_Mauritians_of_Chinese_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_Mauritians_of_Chinese_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture of Mauritians of Chinese origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_of_Mauritians_of_Chinese_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture of Mauritians of Chinese origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_of_Mauritians_of_Chinese_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_arts_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_arts_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Chinese arts and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_arts_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_literature_/_legends_/_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_literature_/_legends_/_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Chinese literature / legends / stories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_literature_/_legends_/_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Dance and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martial_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martial_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Martial arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martial_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_clans,_Chinese_associations_and_society,_and_name_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_clans,_Chinese_associations_and_society,_and_name_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Chinese clans, Chinese associations and society, and name structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_clans,_Chinese_associations_and_society,_and_name_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names_of_Sino-Mauritians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_Sino-Mauritians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Names of Sino-Mauritians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_Sino-Mauritians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surname_structure_of_Sino-Mauritians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surname_structure_of_Sino-Mauritians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1.1 Surname structure of Sino-Mauritians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surname_structure_of_Sino-Mauritians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_calendar_and_zodiac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_calendar_and_zodiac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Chinese calendar and zodiac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_calendar_and_zodiac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Festivals and holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_religion_systems_and_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_religion_systems_and_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Dual religion systems and other religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_religion_systems_and_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_Chinese_religion_and_Chinese_pagodas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Chinese_religion_and_Chinese_pagodas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Traditional Chinese religion and Chinese pagodas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Chinese_religion_and_Chinese_pagodas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_site_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_site_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Burial site and practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_site_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fengshui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fengshui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.3 Fengshui </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fengshui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Chinese medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_numerology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_numerology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Chinese numerology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_numerology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_cultural_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_cultural_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Significant cultural landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_cultural_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wedding_and_pre-wedding_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wedding_and_pre-wedding_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Wedding and pre-wedding customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wedding_and_pre-wedding_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_contributions_to_Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group of Chinese origins in Mauritius</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sino-Mauritians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Half in <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, with small numbers all over the island<a href="#cite_note-Eriksen_1998_81-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leclerc_2007-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Cantonese</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Eriksen_1998_81-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pan_1994_62-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, others<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Madagascar" title="Chinese people in Madagascar">Chinese people in Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinois_(R%C3%A9union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinois (Réunion)">Sino-Réunionnais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Seychellois" title="Sino-Seychellois">Sino-Seychellois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">Chinese South Africans</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mauritians of Chinese origin, also known as Sino-Mauritians or Chinese Mauritians, are <a href="/wiki/Mauritians" title="Mauritians">Mauritians</a> who trace their ethnic ancestry to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration_history">Migration history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Migration history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_migration_from_Sumatra_to_Mauritius">Chinese migration from Sumatra to Mauritius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chinese migration from Sumatra to Mauritius">edit</a>]</div> Like members of other communities on the island, some of the earliest Chinese in Mauritius arrived involuntarily, having been "<a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">shanghaied</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in the 1740s to work in Mauritius in a scheme hatched by the French admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hector,_comte_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing">Charles Hector, Comte d'Estaing</a>; however, they soon went on strike to protest their kidnapping. The authorities responded by deporting them back to Sumatra.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_migration_from_China_to_Mauritius">Chinese migration from China to Mauritius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chinese migration from China to Mauritius">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_1700s_and_early_1800s">Late 1700s and early 1800s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late 1700s and early 1800s">edit</a>]</div> In the 1780s, thousands of voluntary Chinese migrants (estimated to be more than 3,000<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 22 ) set sail for <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> on board British, French, and Danish ships; they found employment as blacksmiths, carpenters, cobblers, and tailors, and quickly formed a small <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a>, the camp des Chinois, in Port Louis. Even after the British takeover of the island, migration continued unabated.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The first wave of migration from China to Mauritius occurred in the early 1800s, the Chinese migrants who came to Mauritius were mainly <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien People">Hokkien</a> from <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen (Amoy)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Fujian">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Most of these migrants from Fujian were merchants and therefore according to the law they were not allowed to bring their families with them, were not allowed to buy lands unless they abandoned their Chinese citizenship and adopted British citizenship; therefore, this led to many intermarriages with women of the Creole and Indian communities in order to build their own families or buy land under the name of their spouses.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> In 1829, the British brought a group of Chinese migrants to work on sugar plantations; harsh working conditions the Chinese migrants to start a failed revolt.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 22  Between 1840 and 1843 alone, 3,000 Chinese contract workers arrived on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2001_39-11">[11]</a> By 1846, it is estimated that an influx of 50 Chinese migrants came to Mauritius per year.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 22  By mid-century, the total resident Chinese population reached five thousand.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2001_39-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circa_mid-1800s">Circa mid-1800s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Circa mid-1800s">edit</a>]</div> A second wave of migration from China mainly came from the city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton). In the mid-1800s, they mainly came from the district of <a href="/wiki/Shunde_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunde District">Shunde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Some of them were <a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolies</a> who passed through <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and came to Mauritius to work through the British colonial network, while others were merchants and craftsmen.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> These migrants were known as the Cantonese and Namshun (南顺) in Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> By the 1860s, shops run by Sino-Mauritians could be found all over the island. Some members of the colonial government thought that further migration should be prohibited, but Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_Hennessy" title="John Pope Hennessy">John Pope Hennessy</a>, recognizing the role that Sino-Mauritians played in providing cheap goods to less well-off members of society, resisted the restrictionists' lobbying.<a href="#cite_note-Pan_1994_61-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_1800s_and_mid-1900s">Late 1800s and mid-1900s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late 1800s and mid-1900s">edit</a>]</div> During the 1880s, despite the continuous influx of immigrants, Mauritius' Chinese population declined; Chinese traders, legally unable to purchase land in Mauritius, instead brought their relatives from China over to Mauritius. After training them for a few years to give them a handle on the business and to introduce them to life in a Western-ruled colonial society, the traders sent those relatives on their way, with capital and letters of introduction, to establish businesses in neighbouring countries. For example, between 1888 and 1898, nearly 1,800 Chinese departed from Port Louis with ports on the African mainland—largely <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>—as their destinations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj#Famines,_epidemics,_and_public_health" title="British Raj">late 19th to early 20th century</a>, Chinese men in Mauritius married <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Mauritian">Indian</a> women due to both a lack of Chinese women and the higher numbers of Indian women on the island.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 199 <a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-INCORE-16">[16]</a> From the late 1800s to the mid-1900s, a third wave of Chinese migrants came to Mauritius. This time, most of them were Hakka Chinese from the region of <a href="/wiki/Meixian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Meixian District">Meixian</a> (梅县; commonly known as Moyen in Hakka).<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> There were numerous reasons for their arrival in Mauritius, including their desire to escape starvation or seek fortune. During that period of time, Chinese women were allowed to come in Mauritius and contributed to an increase growth of the Chinese community; moreover, the Hakka were reluctant to marry with other ethnic communities and started organizing marriage with Chinese women back home to maintain their community's blood purity, some women even became known as "marriage breakers" as they attempted to break mixed marriage of Chinese men to make them remarry a Chinese spouse.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> The earliest migrants were largely <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Cantonese</a>-speaking; but, later, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>-speakers from Meixian, further east in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Canton</a> (modern-day Guangdong), came to dominate numerically; as in other overseas Chinese communities, rivalry between Hakka and Cantonese became a common feature of the society.<a href="#cite_note-Pan_1994_61-12">[12]</a> The Hakka-Cantonese tensions led to the resettlement of many Cantonese in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Reunion Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> By the end of the 19th century, the Hakkas became the dominant group outnumbering the Cantonese and Fukienese together.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> By 1901, the Sino-Mauritian population had shrunk to 3,515 individuals, among them 2,585 being business owners.<a href="#cite_note-Song_2001_39-11">[11]</a> The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children fathered by Chinese men.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-INCORE-16">[16]</a> These Chinese were mostly traders.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Until the 1930s, Chinese migrants continued to arrive in <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, but with the strain on the local economy's ability to absorb them, many found that Mauritius would only be their first stop; they went on to the African mainland (especially <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>), as well as to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pan_1994_62-4">[4]</a> After World War II, immigration from China largely came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mid-1900s_to_late_1900s">Mid-1900s to late 1900s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mid-1900s to late 1900s">edit</a>]</div> Between the 1950s and 1980s, there was a considerable reduction of contacts with China due to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>; nearly all Chinese migration from China was stopped.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> During this period, Hakka women from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> arrived in Mauritius to marry the local Hakka Chinese men in Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Until 1997, investors and merchants from Hong Kong were encouraged to come to Mauritius to start their own trading business but only few people from Hong Kong permanently migrated to Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Sino-Mauritians continued to maintain the personal ethnic networks connecting them to relatives in <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">greater China</a>, which would play an important role in the 1980s, with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Export-processing_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Export-processing zone">export-processing zones</a>. Foreign investors from Hong Kong and Taiwan, and the factories they built in the EPZs, helped Mauritius to become the third-largest exporter of woollen knitwear in the world.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Along with the investors came a new influx of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant workers</a>, who signed on for three-year stints in the garment factories.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> After the 1980s, China reopened up to the world and migration from China to Mauritius slowly restarted and therefore, the old marriage network of the Hakka was re-established, allowing Hakka women from Meixian to marry the local Hakka Sino-Mauritians.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Simultaneously, Chinese women migrant workers who came to work in textile factories came from all regions of China and some of them decided to remain in Mauritius instead of returning to China after the completion of their work contract; these Chinese women married Sino-Mauritian men and settled with their families in Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> However, the local Sino-Mauritian community in Mauritius declined in numbers as some decided to immigrate to Canada, the US, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics,_distribution,_and_employment">Demographics, distribution, and employment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics, distribution, and employment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_subgroups_and_cultural_identity">Ethnic subgroups and cultural identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnic subgroups and cultural identity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cantonese_/_Namshun">Cantonese / Namshun</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cantonese / Namshun">edit</a>]</div> Sino-Mauritians who trace their Cantonese ancestors from the province of Guandong are known as the "Namshun" (南顺) or "Cantonese" in Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Sino-Mauritian of Cantonese origins in Mauritius have their own separate associations, societies, and events; for example, the Nam Shun Society (Namshun Fooy Koon; 南顺会馆<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a>) in Port Louis.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> The Nam Shun society is an association for the Sino-Mauritians whose ancestors mainly originated from Nam Hoi (<a href="/wiki/Nanhai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhai District">Nanhai district</a>) and Shun Tak (<a href="/wiki/Shunde_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunde District">Shunde</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fokien_/_Fukien_/_Hokkien">Fokien / Fukien / Hokkien</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fokien / Fukien / Hokkien">edit</a>]</div> Sino-Mauritians who trace their ancestors from province <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> in China, are known as 'Fokien', 'Fukien' or 'Hokkien' people in Mauritius; this is in reference of the ancestral province location.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> Due to their intermarriage with other ethnic groups (mostly creole and Indian), people who are born with mixed ancestral are perceived as "Sino-creoles"; Sino-creoles, however, are often proud of their ancestors and perceived themselves as Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hakka">Hakka</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hakka">edit</a>]</div> Nowadays, most Sino-Mauritians living in Mauritius are <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> (客家) who can trace their ancestry back to <a href="/wiki/Meixian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Meixian District">Meixian</a>, Guangdong province.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sino-creoles">Sino-creoles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sino-creoles">edit</a>]</div> The Sino-creoles are typically categorized as "General population" in the Mauritian demographic census despite being a subgroup of the Sino-Mauritian community.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[note 1]</a> The Sino-creoles community in Mauritius can include: <ol><li>Children born of a mixed marriage between a Sino-Mauritian and a non-Chinese person.</li> <li>Descendants of Chinese migrants who married with a member of a non-Chinese community in Mauritius, e.g. descendants of the Fukien male migrants who married women of a non-Chinese ethnic community.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Children born of a Mauritian of non-Chinese origin who married a Chinese spouse from China<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Employment">edit</a>]</div> Historically, most Sino-Mauritians became businesspeople, with a once "virtual monopoly" on retail trade.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> In per capita terms, after the Franco-Mauritian population, they form the second-wealthiest group on the island.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> They own restaurants, retail and wholesale shops, and import-and-export firms. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese restaurants</a> have greatly influenced <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius" title="Culture of Mauritius">Mauritian culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese food</a> is consumed all over the island by people of all backgrounds. Fried noodles is one of the most popular dishes. Mauritians from all ethnic origin and background also enjoy the various vegetables and meat balls (Niouk Yen, Sow Mai, Van Yen, Fee Yen) which originate from the Hakka cuisine in Meixian. In a 2001 Business Magazine survey, 10 of the 50 largest companies were Chinese owned.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> Most Sino-Mauritian youth are at least trilingual: they use <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a> and French orally, while English—the language of administration and education—remains primarily a written language.<a href="#cite_note-Leclerc_2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In the 1990 census, roughly one-third of Sino-Mauritians stated Mauritian Creole as both their ancestral and currently spoken language. The other two-thirds indicated <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">some form of Chinese</a> as their ancestral language<a href="#cite_note-Eriksen_1998_80-81-30">[29]</a> although only fewer than one-quarter of census respondents who identified Chinese as their ancestral language also indicated it as the language spoken in the home.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Few Sino-Mauritian youth speak Chinese; those who do use it primarily for communication with elderly relatives, especially those who did not attend school and thus had little exposure to English or French.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> None use it to communicate with their siblings or cousins.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Among those members of the community who do continue to speak <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, wide divergence with Meixian Hakka has developed in terms of vocabulary and phonology.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Other of varieties of Chinese spoken in Mauritius aside Hakka are: <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Chinese dialects spoken in Mauritius<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[note 2]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chinese ethnic group in Mauritius </th> <th colspan="2">Chinese language and dialects spoken in Mauritius </th></tr> <tr> <td>Fujianese (Fukien / Fokien / Hokkien) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cantonese (Namshun) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hakka </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian dialect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not restricted or defined by any Chinese ethnic groups </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_schools">Chinese schools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chinese schools">edit</a>]</div> Two Chinese-medium middle schools were established in the first half of the 20th century. The Chinese Middle School (华文学校, later called 新华中学 and then 新华学校) was established on 10 November 1912 as a primary school; in 1941, they expanded to include a lower middle school. Their student population exceeded 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-CMS-36">[34]</a> The Chung-Hwa Middle School (中华中学), established by <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> cadres on 20 October 1941, grew to enroll 500 students, but by the end of the 1950s, that had shrunk to just 300; they stopped classes entirely in the 1960s, although their alumni association remains prominent in the Sino-Mauritian community.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The Chinese Middle School also faced the problem of falling student numbers, as more Sino-Mauritians sent their children to mainstream schools, and in the 1970s stopped their weekday classes, retaining only a weekend section. However, their student numbers began to experience some revival in the mid-1980s; in the 1990s, they established a weekday pre-school section. Most of their teachers are local Sino-Mauritians, though some are expatriates from mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-CMS-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Four Chinese-language newspapers continued to be published in Mauritius as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chinanews-38">[36]</a> A monthly news magazine also began publication in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-LExpress20081113-39">[37]</a> The newspapers are printed in Port Louis, but not widely distributed outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-Eriksen_1998_80-81-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Commercial_Gazette">Chinese Commercial Gazette</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chinese Commercial Gazette">edit</a>]</div> The Chinese Commercial Gazette (华侨商报) was once the largest and most influential Chinese-language newspaper in Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-CRI-40">[38]</a> It stopped publishing in the 1960s, and merged with the China Times.<a href="#cite_note-CRI-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-LExpress20050206-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Daily_News">Chinese Daily News</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chinese Daily News">edit</a>]</div> The Chinese Daily News (中华日报) is a pro-<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> newspaper. It was founded in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The rivalry between Beijing-friendly and Taipei-friendly newspapers reached its peak in the 1950s; then-editor-in-chief of the Chinese Daily News, Too Wai Man (杜蔚文), even received death threats.<a href="#cite_note-LExpress20050207-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_Times">China Times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China Times">edit</a>]</div> The China Times (formerly 中国时报; now 华侨时报) was founded in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-CRI-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewsOnSunday-44">[42]</a> The editor-in-chief, Long Siong Ah Keng (吴隆祥), was born in 1921 in Mauritius; at age 11, he followed his parents back to their ancestral village in <a href="/wiki/Mei_County,_Guangdong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mei County, Guangdong">Meixian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, where he graduated from high school and went on to <a href="/wiki/Guangxi_University" title="Guangxi University">Guangxi University</a>. After graduation, he signed on with the Chinese Commercial Gazette and returned to Mauritius. He left Mauritius again in 1952 to work for a Chinese paper in India, but a position at the China Times enticed him back.<a href="#cite_note-CRI-40">[38]</a> Originally a four-page paper, the China Times later expanded to eight full-colour pages.<a href="#cite_note-NewsOnSunday-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mirror">The Mirror</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Mirror">edit</a>]</div> The Mirror (镜报) was established in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Chinanews-38">[36]</a> It is published on a weekly basis every Saturday. At its peak, they had a staff of eight people. Their editor-in-chief, Mr. Ng Kee Siong (黄基松), began his career at the Chinese Commercial Paper in 1942 at the age of 25. After 18 years there, the paper was forced to shut down. He and a team of fellow journalists founded a paper to replace it, the New Chinese Commercial Paper. It was while working there that he met Chu Vee Tow and William Lau, who would help him to establish The Mirror.<a href="#cite_note-LExpress20050206-41">[39]</a> Another editor and journalist, Mr. Poon Yune Lioung POON YOW TSE (冯云龙), who studied foreign languages at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, was also solicited to lend a hand.<a href="#cite_note-Chinanews-38">[36]</a> The paper is printed by Dawn Printing, which is currently run by Ng Kee Siong's son David.<a href="#cite_note-LExpress20050206-41">[39]</a> Most of The Mirror's readers are in their forties or older; it has subscribers not just in Mauritius, but Réunion, Madagascar, Canada, China, Australia and Hong Kong as well.<a href="#cite_note-Chinanews-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-LExpress20050206-41">[39]</a> The paper's local readership has been boosted slightly by guest workers from China, but the circulation barely exceeded 1,000 copies in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Chinanews-38">[36]</a> By 2006, that number had fallen to seven hundred.<a href="#cite_note-LExpress20050206-41">[39]</a> In 2010, The Mirror stopped publication. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SinoNews">SinoNews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: SinoNews">edit</a>]</div> Hua Sheng Bao (华声报), also referred to as Sinonews, was founded in 2005. With regards to its editorial line, it is a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a>. It began as a daily newspaper solely in Chinese, but then changed to an eight-page format, including one page each of English and French news. It mostly prints <a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a> newswire reports, with the last page devoted to local news.<a href="#cite_note-LExpress20081113-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_of_Mauritians_of_Chinese_origins">Culture of Mauritians of Chinese origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture of Mauritians of Chinese origins">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius" title="Culture of Mauritius">Culture of Mauritius</a></div>Nowadays, the Sino-Mauritians is a minority community in Mauritius which is facing numerous challenges, including <a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">deculturalization</a> and the loss of ancestral values; with the young Sino-Mauritians losing their Chinese identity.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_arts_and_literature">Chinese arts and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chinese arts and literature">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_literature_/_legends_/_stories">Chinese literature / legends / stories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Chinese literature / legends / stories">edit</a>]</div> Some Chinese legends and stories continue to persist and to be transmitted in the Sino-Mauritian community due to their associations with the major festivals in which they partake in. Chinese legends and stories which continue to persist within the Sino-Mauritian community, include: <ul><li>The legend of <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chinese_Stories/Houyi_and_Chang%27e#:~:text=According_to_legend,_Chang'e,Emperor_summoned_Houyi_for_help." class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Chinese Stories/Houyi and Chang'e">Houyi and Chang'e</a>, associated with the Moon Festival (<a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-Autumn Festival</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:11-46">[44]</a></li> <li>The legend of <a href="/wiki/Nian" title="Nian">Nian</a>, associated with Chinese New Year's firecracker tradition<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[45]</a></li> <li>The Story of Dragon Boat Festival related to the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">zong</a> and the commemoration of <a href="/wiki/Qu_Yuan" title="Qu Yuan">Qu Yuan</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dance_and_music">Dance and music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dance and music">edit</a>]</div> Sino-Mauritians continue to perform some traditional Chinese dances, like the dragon dance.<a href="#cite_note-:02-48">[46]</a>: 820  The lion dance and dragon dance holds an important place in the Sino-Mauritian culture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Martial_arts">Martial arts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Martial arts">edit</a>]</div> Chinese martial arts are practiced within the Sino-Mauritian community and are no more exclusive to their community in Mauritius. Some of these martial arts are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">Kung fu</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_clans,_Chinese_associations_and_society,_and_name_structure">Chinese clans, Chinese associations and society, and name structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Chinese clans, Chinese associations and society, and name structure">edit</a>]</div> During the colonial period, the Chinese migrants who came to Mauritius were known to be "clanish" in nature.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 109  The 3 main Chinese subgroups (Fukien, Namshun, and Hakka) in Mauritius each had their own recognized leaders.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 110  Recognized leaders during that period were: <a href="/wiki/Hahime_Choisanne" title="Hahime Choisanne">Hahime Choisanne</a> (Fukien), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Affan_Tank_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affan Tank Wen (page does not exist)">Affan Tank Wen</a> (Cantonese).<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 121  Most Chinese immigrants who came to Mauritius during the colonial period easily rebuilt their clan network in Mauritius; these clan networks came to function as <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">mutual aid societies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_centre" title="Community centre">social centres</a> for the Chinese immigrants and their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 115  Chinese Societies and clan associations continue to exist in present-day Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 59  <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of clans in Mauritius </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of Clan </th> <th>Chinese characters </th> <th>Pinyin </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lee<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 115  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ng<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 117  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Names_of_Sino-Mauritians">Names of Sino-Mauritians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Names of Sino-Mauritians">edit</a>]</div> Sino-Mauritians may have a European name (usually a French name) as their first name.<a href="#cite_note-:15-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 59  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Surname_structure_of_Sino-Mauritians">Surname structure of Sino-Mauritians</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Surname structure of Sino-Mauritians">edit</a>]</div> The surname of Sino-Mauritians are typically composed of 2 or 3 syllables-long instead of being one-syllable long as found in typical <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surname</a>; this is the result of surname alternation during the administrative process of the past Chinese immigration system to Mauritius, often happened through the stop over in Hong Kong during the Colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-51">[49]</a> Most Sino-Mauritians use the full Chinese name, which includes the Chinese surname (姓; xing) and Chinese first name (名字, mingzi), of their (patrilineal<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a>), of their Chinese immigrant ancestor (i.e. the first generation Chinese immigrant who arrived to Mauritius) who had his full name turned into a last name during the immigration process.<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[50]</a> Therefore, when a baby is born in Mauritius (second generation), he is registered with the surname of his father and therefore inherit a three-syllables surname;<a href="#cite_note-:15-51">[49]</a> this pattern of surname is later followed by the subsequent generations.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 59  The variation in Sino-Mauritian surname spelling is mostly due to the pronunciation of Chinese names into Latin script.<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[50]</a> Throughout the immigration process, some Chinese migrants had their first name turned into their surname while others had their Chinese nicknames (e.g. in the form of "Ah-given name") turned into their surname.<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[50]</a> Sino-Mauritians who lacks their forefather's xing in their surname rely on oral transmission from generations to generations to be aware of their ancestral surname.<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century, Chinese men living in Mauritius working as shopkeepers wore <a href="/wiki/Shanku" title="Shanku">shanku</a> and braided their hair in a <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queue</a>. When they walked on streets however, they would wear European shoes and large umbrellas; the wealthy Chinese merchants would carry leather bags.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 107  The picture of Ahime Choisanne stored in the Kwan Tee Pagoda in Les Salines shows him wearing formal official uniform of the Qing dynasty (Mandarin robe with <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_square" title="Mandarin square">buzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing guanmao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaozhu" title="Chaozhu">chaozhu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:62-54">[52]</a> Nowadays, Sino-Mauritians mainly wear Western-style clothing in their daily lives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sino-Mauritian_dishes" title="List of Sino-Mauritian dishes">List of Sino-Mauritian dishes</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sino-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Mauritian">Sino-Mauritian</a> cuisine includes both <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> and localization of Chinese cuisine. Sino-Mauritians also follow and/or have maintained some Chinese food traditions and customs. For example, the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_red_eggs" title="Chinese red eggs">Chinese red eggs</a> which are shared with family members.<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[53]</a> It is also customary for Sino-Mauritians to eat <a href="/wiki/Fried_noodles" title="Fried noodles">fried noodles</a> on birthday celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 104  Despite being one of the smallest community in Mauritius, Sino-Mauritian cuisine is the most present in the restaurants throughout the island.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_calendar_and_zodiac">Chinese calendar and zodiac</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chinese calendar and zodiac">edit</a>]</div> Some Sino-Mauritian still refer to the <a href="/wiki/Tung_Shing" title="Tung Shing">Tung Shing</a> (Chinese almanac) to find auspicious dates and time for diverse events in their lives, including: <ul><li>Their wedding date;<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[45]</a></li> <li>The time to light firecrackers on Chinese New Year<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[45]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a> is still followed and holds an important place within the Sino-Mauritian community.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Festivals_and_holidays">Festivals and holidays</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Festivals and holidays">edit</a>]</div> Sino-Mauritian, like all Mauritians regardless of their origins, celebrates on the Gregorian calendar-based <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> (1 January).<a href="#cite_note-:02-48">[46]</a>: 817  They also follow some Traditional Chinese festival and holidays: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of Traditional Festivals / Holidays followed by Sino-Mauritians </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of Festivals / Holidays </th> <th>Approximate month on Gregorian calendar </th> <th>Date of Chinese calendar </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> festival<a href="#cite_note-:19-57">[55]</a> </td> <td>January or February </td> <td>1st day of the year </td> <td>Public Holiday in Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lantern_Festival" title="Lantern Festival">Lantern Festival</a> </td> <td>February or early March </td> <td>15th day of the 1st month </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tin Hao (<a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a>) Festival<a href="#cite_note-:19-57">[55]</a> </td> <td>March or April </td> <td> </td> <td>Celebration of the anniversary of the goddess Tin Hao </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Tomb sweeping day</a>, also known as Fete des morts chinois </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a> </td> <td>Late May or June </td> <td>5th day of the 5th month </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kwan Tee Festival,<a href="#cite_note-:19-57">[55]</a> also known as Fete Mine (lit. "Noodle festival)<a href="#cite_note-:7-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-54">[52]</a> </td> <td>August </td> <td>24th day of the 6th month </td> <td>Celebration of the anniversary of god <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Di</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-autumn Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-46">[44]</a> </td> <td>Mid-September to early October </td> <td>15th day of the 8th month </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_religion_systems_and_other_religions">Dual religion systems and other religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Dual religion systems and other religions">edit</a>]</div> The majority of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Mauritian">Sino-Mauritians</a> are Catholics, a result of conversions during the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> During the colonial era, some of the earliest converts to Catholicism were Chinese men who married with Christian Creole women.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 165  In this form of interethnic marriage, boys born of Chinese men could be baptized but they would still follow the traditions of their fathers; however, daughters were usually raised as Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 165  Therefore, some Chinese had to convert to Catholicism in order to marry.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 165  However, until the end of the 19th century, more than 92% of the Chinese were still following their traditional Chinese religions.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 166  Other reasons leading to the increase in Christianity of conversion were the social benefits of being Catholics; local schools also introduced Roman Catholic faith to their students; there were also many similarities in rites shared between Chinese religions and Catholicism which gave them a sense of familiarity; but the major reason is related to the tolerance of the Catholic church who allowed Chinese converts to continue their ancestor worship as it was considered a cultural practice instead of a religious practice.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 166–167  Many Hakka converted due to social pressure and interactions with the Catholic communities; e.g. Catholic neighbours would convince them to convert.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 166–167  Converting to Catholicism also allowed them to send their children to Catholic schools.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 166–167  The rate of conversion speeded up in the early 20th century; it is estimated that 17% of the Chinese were Christians in 1911 and by 1921, 28% of the Chinese and Sino-Mauritians in the country had become Christians.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 167 From the 1940s to 1960s, there were also many Catholic missionaries who worked on converting the Chinese and Sino-Mauritians to Catholicism, leading to a significant impact on the increase in the conversion speed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 167–169  From the 1950s and onwards, Chinese religions re-emerged leading to the construction of more pagodas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 170–171 By 1980s, 66% of the Sino-Mauritians were Catholic and a small amount converted to Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171  Nowadays, a majority of Sino-Mauritians also identify as Catholic Christians.<a href="#cite_note-:3-61">[59]</a> Other Sino-Mauritians are Protestant. Despite their identifying as Catholics, there is however a long tradition of religious parallelism among the Sino-Mauritian families, and as such, elements of Chinese religions still continue to exist even among the Christian Sino-Mauritian families.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171  Nowadays, Sino-Mauritians (even Catholic Sino-Mauritian<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171 ) still follow some form of Chinese-related religions (which include <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese Folk religions</a>); a minority of Sino-Mauritians follow <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>; they also follow <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:142-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Typically, some syncretism occurred, incorporating elements of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and traditional ancestor worship. Sino-Mauritian Christians, especially members of the older generations, sometimes retain certain traditions from Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Catholics Sino-Mauritians still frequent Chinese pagodas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171  The Catholic Church of Mauritius also recognise the dual religion system practice by the Sino-Mauritians to preserve their distinct traditions, including ancestral worship which remains a significant aspect of their everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 173  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_Chinese_religion_and_Chinese_pagodas">Traditional Chinese religion and Chinese pagodas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Traditional Chinese religion and Chinese pagodas">edit</a>]</div> In the present day, <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Di</a> (Kwan Tee; the god of wealth, also the god of war and the righteous and the benefactor) is an important deity for Sino-Mauritians, especially for those working in the business field.<a href="#cite_note-:7-59">[57]</a> In Chinese Pagodas, altars can also be found for <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guan Yin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Goddess Mazu</a> (also known as Tin Hao; the goddess of the sea and the protector of sailors), the God <a href="/wiki/Caishen" title="Caishen">Choy Sun</a> (the God of Good Fortune).<a href="#cite_note-:62-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-57">[55]</a> The goddess Mazu is usually prayed by Sino-Mauritians to seek for protection for their relatives who travel abroad and to wish for their safe and good return home.<a href="#cite_note-:19-57">[55]</a> For the one-month-old celebration of a Sino-Mauritian baby, the parents and the grandparents of the child make offerings to the <a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Yudi</a> (god of Heaven) and to Guan Yin.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 103  Pagodas also shelter ancestral cult altars and ancestral tablets. Following Chinese tradition, religious services are typically conducted one week after death at the Pagoda and the ancestral tablet of the deceased with his name written in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> will be deposited behind the altar.<a href="#cite_note-:10-65">[63]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, descendants of the deceased can practice the ancestral rites before the Ancestral tablets as a sign of respect.<a href="#cite_note-:10-65">[63]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of Chinese pagoda in Mauritius and deity worship </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th>Year built </th> <th>Built by </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Main deity </th> <th>Minor deities </th> <th>Ancestor shrine or altar </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Choy Shun </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Joseph-Rivière road, Chinatown, Port Louis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caishen" title="Caishen">Caishen</a> (God of wealth)<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[64]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Fok Tiak pagoda<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 163  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Fook Soo Am (福壽庵) </td> <td>1954<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171  </td> <td>Sister Fee Fong<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> </td> <td>Magon street, Port Louis </td> <td>Buddhist temple (<a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Heen Foh Lee Kwon Pagoda </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Di</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">: 162 </a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kwan Tee Pagoda<a href="#cite_note-:62-54">[52]</a> </td> <td>29 January 1842<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 154  </td> <td>Ahime Choïsanne (Liog Choi Sine) </td> <td>Les Salines, Port Louis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Di</a> (God of wealth, god of war and the righteous and the benefactor) </td> <td> <ul><li>Dabo Xianjun (大帛仙君)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> (Giver of Children)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Luzu Dadi</a> (呂祖帝大)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a> (Protector of sailors), also called Ma Chou</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Lao" title="Yue Lao">Yuelao xingjun</a> (月老星君; God of love and marriage)</li></ul> </td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Law Kwan Chung Pagoda<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Namshun Fooy Koon Pagodas<a href="#cite_note-:19-57">[55]</a> </td> <td>Kwan Tee Pagoda </td> <td>1895 </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2">Close to the Champ de Mars race course, Port Louis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Di</a> (God of wealth, god of war and the righteous and the benefactor) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caishen" title="Caishen">Caishen</a> (God of wealth), called Choy Sun </td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tin Hao Pagoda </td> <td>1896<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171  </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a> (Goddess of the sea), also called Tin Hao / Tin Hau </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Poo Chi<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171  </td> <td>1948 </td> <td> </td> <td>Volcy Pougnet street, Mauritius </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Shen Chen<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171  </td> <td>1951 </td> <td> </td> <td>Pope Hennessy street </td> <td>Buddhist temple </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Shen Shan<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 170–171  </td> <td>1974 </td> <td> </td> <td>Tank Wen street, Port Louis </td> <td>Buddhist temple </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tien Tan Pagoda<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 170–171  </td> <td>1951 </td> <td> </td> <td>Foot of the Pouce mountain, Port Louis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Yu huang</a> (Jade Emperor) </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burial_site_and_practices">Burial site and practices</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Burial site and practices">edit</a>]</div> By 1819, there was already a burial site for the Chinese community in Mauritius in Port Louis.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 154  The early Chinese graves in Mauritius (e.g. those dating from the late 1830s) were made of stones; each gravestone would 3 perpendicular rows of characters engraved on them and coloured in red.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 154  Despite the majority of Sino-Mauritians identifying as Catholics, some Sino-Mauritian families still preserve traditional Chinese funeral rites and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-:4-14">[14]</a>: 171  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fengshui">Fengshui</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Fengshui">edit</a>]</div> Fengshui is important to the Sino-Mauritian community and their ancestors. The site location of the first pagoda in Mauritius, Kwan Tee Pagoda, was based on Fengshui.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_medicine">Chinese medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Chinese medicine">edit</a>]</div> Natural remedies (local or imported from China) are still used in the Sino-Mauritian community in Mauritius where <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a> has likely been valued, preserved, and transmitted from generation to generation.<a href="#cite_note-:17-68">[66]</a> Sino-Mauritians are also observed to have deep knowledge on the preparation and administration of herbal remedies.<a href="#cite_note-:17-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_numerology">Chinese numerology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Chinese numerology">edit</a>]</div> Sino-Mauritians maintain certain beliefs related to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">Chinese numerology</a> which impact their daily lives. For example, the number 4 (四 si) continues to be associated with its homonym death (死 si), and therefore is considered an unlucky number to be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_cultural_landmarks">Significant cultural landmarks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Significant cultural landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius" title="Culture of Mauritius">Culture of Mauritius</a></div> Significant cultural landmarks of the Sino-Mauritian include: the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius#Chinatown_of_Mauritius,_Port_Louis" title="Culture of Mauritius">Chinatown of Mauritius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Chinese pagoda</a> throughout the island.<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[64]</a> In 2013, there were 11 pagodas in Mauritius all found in Port Louis.<a href="#cite_note-:8-66">[64]</a> Port Louis also houses the <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Kwan tee</a> Pagoda at Les Salines, which is the oldest Chinese pagoda in Mauritius and in the Southern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-:62-54">[52]</a> Port Louis also houses one of the oldest Chinatowns in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:13-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wedding_and_pre-wedding_customs">Wedding and pre-wedding customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Wedding and pre-wedding customs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pre-wedding_customs" title="Chinese pre-wedding customs">Chinese pre-wedding customs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_marriage" title="Traditional Chinese marriage">Traditional Chinese marriage</a></div> Nowadays, many Sino-Mauritians have Catholic weddings and their wedding celebrations are almost similar to those of the Mauritian Creoles, but they also fuses some form of traditional Confucian or Buddhist traditions involving gift exchange between families and dowry, processions between each other's houses and performing prayers and rites at their family altars.<a href="#cite_note-:142-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 97  Traditionally, the parents of the bride throw a dinner party approximately one week before the wedding for her close relatives and friends.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 97  On the day of the wedding, they offer offerings to their ancestors and the grooms eat 2 hard boiled eggs (symbol of fertility). Their bridal bed needs to be made by 2 women who are considered having a successful and fortunate marriage and who have a son and a daughter; this is followed by a young boy who performs a somersault.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 97  The bride typically wears a white dress and her father helps place a headdress and a veil on her; the groom's mother gives a new set of gold jewelry to his new daughter-in-law as dowry when the groom's party goes to pick up the bride. The mother of the bride gives her a bouquet and they go to the church in separate cars; the church procession and services are the same as Catholic Mauritian creole wedding, but not all the Chinese guests attend as many older generations were not Christian and the latter would directly go to the reception hall and wait for the couple to arrive.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 97  They also perform the tea ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-:142-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 98  Some couple consult the <a href="/wiki/Tung_Shing" title="Tung Shing">Tung Shing</a> (Chinese almanac) to find auspicious dates and time for their tea ceremony to take place while others decide to have the tea ceremony between the church ceremony and the reception hall ceremony which made the couple and bridal party to make a detour to their house to perform the tea ceremony before going to the reception hall.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 98  When the couple arrive to the reception hall, string of red firecrackers are set. The couple and their bridesmaid walk round the hall and food is served. Speeches and toasts are not very common.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 97  There is also a cake cutting moment and following this event, the guests start to disperse. Most Chinese wedding will also end with dances, and the <a href="/wiki/Sega_(genre)" title="Sega (genre)">sega</a> is becoming increasingly popular.<a href="#cite_note-:144-50">[48]</a>: 97–98  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_contributions_to_Mauritius">Significant contributions to Mauritius</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Significant contributions to Mauritius">edit</a>]</div> Despite being a minority group in Mauritius, thee Sino-Mauritians and their ancestors have contributed to the social and economic development of the Mauritian community and have influenced the multicultural society of Mauritius. They are a small community which has distinguished themselves from the other communities in Mauritius by being pioneers and being an indispensable part of the economic entity.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>List of Contributions </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Microcredit system </td> <td>Chinese and Sino-Mauritians working in retail trail provided basic necessities and staple food to the Mauritian community, they created a micro-credit system with the carnet laboutik (lit. "shop notebook") to sell food on credit for their customers who would their arrears during the sugarcane harvest season.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese food culture </td> <td>Chinese cuisine is an integral part of Mauritian cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> Mauritians, regardless of their origins, appreciate Chinese cuisine and consume Chinese food;<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> the most common Chinese dishes consumed by Mauritians are: <ul><li>Noodles (fried or boiled), dumplings, chopsuey, Pekin duck.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese dance </td> <td>Dragon and Lion dance have become a common feature in Mauritian culture.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese martial arts </td> <td>Chinese martial arts (Wushu, Kungfu, and Taichi) in Mauritius is no more exclusive to the Sino-Mauritians and are now practiced by many Non-Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese zodiac </td> <td>Mauritians are curious to know their Chinese zodiac sign. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fengshui </td> <td>Fengshui is being adopted by Mauritians of diverse origins.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fire crackers </td> <td>Firecrackers which is traditionally used in Chinese culture are used during major festivals of Mauritians, including those of non-Chinese origins, e.g. Gregorian New Year, Divali and Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[43]</a> Firecrackers are also set-off on the eve of the Gregorian-calendar based New Year's Eve.<a href="#cite_note-:02-48">[46]</a>: 817  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin">Notable Mauritians of Chinese origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable Mauritians of Chinese origin">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Entertainment</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kwok-Choon" title="Patrick Kwok-Choon">Patrick Kwok-Choon</a>: film, television, and stage actor.</li> <li>Brendan Pang: Australian cook and restaurant-owner who competed in <a href="/wiki/MasterChef_Australia" title="MasterChef Australia">MasterChef Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Politics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moilin_Jean_Ah-Chuen" title="Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen">Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen</a> 朱梅麟: First Chinese Cabinet Minister, 1967–1976; First Chinese Member, Legislative Council, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tsang_Mang_Kin" title="Joseph Tsang Mang Kin">Joseph Tsang Mang Kin</a> 曾繁兴: Cabinet Minister, 1995–2000; as a poet, Tsang has written a number of poems on the Hakka culture</li></ul> <dl><dt>Government officials</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeung_Kam_John_Yeung_Sik_Yuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen">Bernard Yeung Sik Yuen</a> 杨钦俊: Chief Justice, Mauritius, 2008–2013</li></ul> Dick Christophe Ng Sui WA: Barrister and politician. Chairman of ICT Regulatory Authority of Mauritius. Former Commissioner of the Independent Police Complaints Commission. 2018-2019. <dl><dt>Corporate</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%A9tan_Siew" title="Gaétan Siew">Gaétan Siew</a>: Architect. Past Secretary General of African Union of Architects. Past President of International Union of Architects</li> <li>Lawrence Wong: CEO of LaTrobe. President of Mauritius Cycling Federation<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sports</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Cheung" title="Kevin Cheung">Kevin Cheung</a>: National swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Foo_Kune" title="Karen Foo Kune">Karen Foo Kune</a>: National badminton player; Sportswoman of the Year, 2004 and 2009; Ranked number one badminton player in the African continent on several occasions, Member of Parliament (2024-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Foo_Kune" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Foo Kune">Kate Foo Kune</a>: African Badminton Champion 2018, 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elodie_Li_Yuk_Lo" title="Elodie Li Yuk Lo">Elodie Li Yuk Lo</a>: National beach volleyball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lim_Kee_Chong" title="Lim Kee Chong">Lim Kee Chong</a>: International football referee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Lee_Baw" title="Nathalie Lee Baw">Nathalie Lee Baw</a>: swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Lim_Wen_Ying" title="Christophe Lim Wen Ying">Christophe Lim Wen Ying</a>: swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elodie_Poo-cheong" title="Elodie Poo-cheong">Elodie Poo-cheong</a>: swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicki_Chan-Lam" title="Nicki Chan-Lam">Nicki Chan-Lam</a>: British-born badminton player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Kok_Shun" title="Alicia Kok Shun">Alicia Kok Shun</a>: swimmer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shannon_Wong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shannon Wong (page does not exist)">Shannon Wong</a>: Tennis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_of_African_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian of African origin">Mauritian of African origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_of_French_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian of French origin">Mauritian of French origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian of Indian origin">Mauritian of Indian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The Mauritian constitution recognizes only four communities, classified according to both origins and religions, which includes "Sino-Mauritian" (who originate from China) and the "General population". The "General population" category include 1. Descendants of European settlers and Creole people, and 2. Any person born from inter-ethnic marriage </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Most ancestors of Sino-Mauritans were originally from Southern China, and therefore Standard Mandarin was not an ancestral language of any Sino-Mauritians. Standard Mandarin is taught in schools </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eriksen_1998_81-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eriksen_1998_81_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eriksen_1998_81_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEriksen1998">Eriksen 1998</a>, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2833.htm">"Mauritius"</a>. State.gov. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Mauritius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2833.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritians+of+Chinese+origin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leclerc_2007-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leclerc_2007_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leclerc_2007_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeclerc2007">Leclerc 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan_1994_62-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pan_1994_62_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pan_1994_62_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPan1994">Pan 1994</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEriksen1998">Eriksen 1998</a>, p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPan1994">Pan 1994</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPan1994">Pan 1994</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinn2012" class="citation book cs1">Shinn, David Hamilton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/822017908">China and Africa: a century of engagement</a>. Joshua Eisenman (1st ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0800-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0800-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-0800-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/822017908">822017908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Africa%3A+a+century+of+engagement&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F822017908&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0800-9&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F822017908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritians+of+Chinese+origin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPan1994">Pan 1994</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-24">y</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefort2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lefort, Julie (13 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/mauritius50/papers/1/7">"Chinese Languages spoken in Mauritius: An Overview"</a>. 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title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-424-6"><bdi>978-962-209-424-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour%2C+Confusion%2C+and+Concessions%3A+The+History+of+the+Chinese+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-962-209-424-6&rft.aulast=Yap&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft.au=Leong+Man%2C+Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritians+of+Chinese+origin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao1999" class="citation cs2">Zhao, Huijun (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929031950/http://engine.cqvip.com/content/H/81953X/2001/000/003/SK18_H2_12330521.pdf">"毛里求斯华人社会语言概况 (The Language Use of Sino-Mauritians)"</a> (PDF), Fangyan (3), <a href="/wiki/South_China_Normal_University" title="South China Normal University">South China Normal University</a>: 238–244, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://engine.cqvip.com/content/H/81953X/2001/000/003/SK18_H2_12330521.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 September 2011, retrieved 27 October 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fangyan&rft.atitle=%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5+%28The+Language+Use+of+Sino-Mauritians%29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=238-244&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Huijun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fengine.cqvip.com%2Fcontent%2FH%2F81953X%2F2001%2F000%2F003%2FSK18_H2_12330521.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritians+of+Chinese+origin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template talk:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Algeria" title="Chinese people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Egypt" title="Chinese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Libya" title="Chinese people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Morocco" title="Chinese people in Morocco">Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cape_Verde" title="Chinese people in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Mali" title="Chinese people in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Nigeria" title="Chinese people in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Senegal" title="Chinese people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Tanzania" title="Chinese people in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uganda" title="Chinese people in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cameroon" title="Chinese people in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in the DRC">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Republic_of_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Angola" title="Chinese people in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Botswana" title="Chinese people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Lesotho" title="Chinese people in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Madagascar" title="Chinese people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Malawi" title="Chinese people in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mozambique" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Namibia" title="Chinese people in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_(R%C3%A9union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinois (Réunion)">Réunion</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Seychellois" title="Sino-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zambia" title="Chinese people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="Chinese people in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Belize" title="Ethnic Chinese in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">from Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">from Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Chinese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">from Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">from Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Americans_by_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Chinese Americans by location">by city and state</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Costa_Rica" title="Chinese people in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nicaraguans" title="Chinese Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Panama" title="Ethnic Chinese in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Argentines" title="Chinese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Chile" title="Chinese people in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peruvians" title="Chinese Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Venezuelans" title="Chinese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mongolia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_East_Timor" title="Chinese people in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Bangka-Belitung_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Bangka-Belitung Islands">Bangka-Belitung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokang people">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthay">Panthay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Pashu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese nationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Straits-Born Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Phuket Baba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Chinese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoa Chinese people">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_N%C3%B9ng" title="Chinese Nùng">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diu_people" title="San Diu people">San Diu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bangladesh" title="Chinese people in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese community in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Iran" title="Chinese people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Chinese people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Denmark" title="Chinese people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Finland" title="Chinese people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sweden" title="Chinese people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Belgium" title="Chinese people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora_in_France" title="Chinese diaspora in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_Paris" title="Chinese community in Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Germany" title="Chinese people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Chinese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">from Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_London" title="Chinese community in London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Italy" title="Chinese people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Spain" title="Chinese people in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Chinese people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chinese people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Romania" title="Chinese of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Serbia" title="Chinese people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">from Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Fiji" title="Chinese in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Palau" title="Chinese in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Zealanders" title="Chinese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Samoa" title="Chinese in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Tonga" title="Chinese in Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas department</a> of France in the western Indian Ocean. See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hongkong_Disapora" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Hongkong Disapora">Hong Kong Diaspora</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mauritius_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mauritius_topics" title="Template:Mauritius topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mauritius_topics" title="Template talk:Mauritius topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mauritius_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mauritius topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mauritius_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mauritius-related_articles" title="Index of Mauritius-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius" title="History of Mauritius">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritius" title="Geography of Mauritius">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mauritius" title="Wildlife of Mauritius">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outer_Islands_of_Mauritius" title="Outer Islands of Mauritius">Outer islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal%C3%A9ga" title="Agaléga">Agaléga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Brandon" title="St. Brandon">Cargados Carajos (St. Brandon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigues" title="Rodrigues">Rodrigues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islets_of_Mauritius" title="Islets of Mauritius">Islets of Mauritius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing bank">Fishing banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_Bank" title="Hawkins Bank">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth_Bank" title="Nazareth Bank">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saya_de_Malha_Bank" title="Saya de Malha Bank">Saya de Malha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudan_Banks" title="Soudan Banks">Soudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mauritius" title="Districts of Mauritius">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flacq_District" title="Flacq District">Flacq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Port_District" title="Grand Port District">Grand Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_District" title="Moka District">Moka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamplemousses_District" title="Pamplemousses District">Pamplemousses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaines_Wilhems_District" title="Plaines Wilhems District">Plaines Wilhems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis_District" title="Port Louis District">Port Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_du_Rempart_District" title="Rivière du Rempart District">Rivière du Rempart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_Noire_District" title="Rivière Noire District">Rivière Noire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanne_District" title="Savanne District">Savanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Claims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago" title="Chagos Archipelago">Chagos Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius" title="Coat of arms of Mauritius"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius_%28Original_version%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius_%28Original_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius_%28Original_version%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius_%28Original_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius_%28Original_version%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius_%28Original_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="692" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mauritius" title="Politics of Mauritius">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mauritius" title="Cabinet of Mauritius">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mauritius" title="Constitution of Mauritius">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mauritius" title="Elections in Mauritius">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mauritius" title="Foreign relations of Mauritius">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mauritius" title="Government of Mauritius">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mauritius">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Mauritius">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Mauritius">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mauritius" title="List of political parties in Mauritius">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mauritius" title="Supreme Court of Mauritius">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mauritius" title="Agriculture in Mauritius">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mauritius" title="List of companies of Mauritius">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Mineral industry of Mauritius">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_rupee" title="Mauritian rupee">Rupee (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Sugar industry of Mauritius">Sugar industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritius" title="Telecommunications in Mauritius">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mauritius" title="Tourism in Mauritius">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mauritius" title="Transport in Mauritius">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mauritius" title="Category:Society of Mauritius">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritius" title="Demographics of Mauritius">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian Creole people">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritians" title="Franco-Mauritians">Franco-Mauritians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Mauritian">Indo-Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Mauritian">Sino-Mauritian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius" title="Culture of Mauritius">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian creole">Creole language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">Dodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_literature" title="Mauritian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritians" title="Mauritians">Mauritians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mauritius">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega_(genre)" title="Sega (genre)">Sega</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mauritius">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mauritius" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mauritius">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mauritius" title="Outline of Mauritius">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mauritius-related_articles" title="Index of Mauritius-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mauritius" title="Category:Mauritius">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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