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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rights and obligations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_obligations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_of_social_security_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_of_social_security_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Coordination of social security systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_of_social_security_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goods_placed_on_the_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goods_placed_on_the_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Goods placed on the market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goods_placed_on_the_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_customs_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_customs_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ongoing customs procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_customs_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_value_added_tax_and_excise_duty_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_value_added_tax_and_excise_duty_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_value_added_tax_and_excise_duty_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland_Backstop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland_Backstop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Northern Ireland Backstop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland_Backstop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisions_in_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisions_in_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revisions in 2019</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revisions_in_2019-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revisions in 2019 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revisions_in_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland_protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland_protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Northern Ireland protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland_protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Political declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_Committee_of_the_Withdrawal_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Committee_of_the_Withdrawal_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Joint_Committee_of_the_Withdrawal_Agreement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Joint_Committee_of_the_Withdrawal_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specialised_Committee_on_Citizens'_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialised_Committee_on_Citizens'_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialised_Committee_on_Citizens'_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Original deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_government_resignations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_government_resignations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>British government resignations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_government_resignations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contempt_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contempt_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Contempt of Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contempt_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revised_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revised_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Revised deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revised_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_Parliament_votes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_Parliament_votes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>United Kingdom Parliament votes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_Parliament_votes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_ratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_ratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>European Union ratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_ratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_declaration_of_future_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_declaration_of_future_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political declaration of future relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_declaration_of_future_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citizens'_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizens'_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citizens' rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizens'_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2020 EU–UK agreement for implementing Brexit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brexit deal" redirects here. For the trade agreement signed in December 2020, see <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Brexit withdrawal agreement</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg/300px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg/450px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg/600px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="606" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7931e; color:black;"> </span> <small><b>United Kingdom (UK)</b></small></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> <small><b>European Union (EU)</b> and <b>Euratom</b></small></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Treaty setting out terms of withdrawal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Context</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">UK withdrawal from the EU</a> (Brexit)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drafted</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2018<br />October 2019 (revision)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">24 January 2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 2020<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a> by the European Union (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> after consent of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>), Euratom (Council of the European Union) and the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negotiators</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>) <small>(November 2018 draft)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>) <small>(October 2019 draft)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Olly_Robbins" title="Olly Robbins">Olly Robbins</a><sup id="cite_ref-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)">Prime Minister's Europe Adviser</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(2018 draft)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Frost_(British_diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Frost (British diplomat)">David Frost</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)">Prime Minister's Europe Adviser</a>) <small>(2019 draft)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Barclay (politician)">Steve Barclay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">DExEU Secretary of State</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Former_Brexit_Secretaries_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Former_Brexit_Secretaries-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission President</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission President</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit" title="European Union negotiating directives for Brexit">European Union Chief Negotiator</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D" title="Maroš Šefčovič">Maroš Šefčovič</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Commission Vice-President</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> for the UK<br /><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> for the EU and Euratom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Council">Secretary General of the Council of the European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">The 24 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">EU languages</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olly Robbins was appointed as the Prime Minister's Europe Advisor on 18 September 2017. He was previously the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Brexit Department</a>'s first Permanent Secretary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Former_Brexit_Secretaries-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Former_Brexit_Secretaries_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other incumbents during the negotiations were <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a> (July 2016 to July 2018) and <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a> (July 2018 to November 2018).</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/75px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/113px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/150px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <p><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </p> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Glossary of terms</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">European Union (Amendment) Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">European Union Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union">UK opinion polling on EU membership</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns for a referendum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Pledge" title="People's Pledge">People's Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_a_Referendum" title="Labour for a Referendum">Labour for a Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">In or Out</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill</a> (unsuccessful)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom"> 2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 UK Parliament by-elections</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">Clacton</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">Heywood and Middleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">Rochester and Strood</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 UK general election</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 EU membership renegotiation</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU referendum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">EU Referendum Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">UK Government pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaigns</a></b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Leave campaigns</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a></b> (official) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Britain" title="Business for Britain">Business for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain" title="Conservatives for Britain">Conservatives for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bpoplive" title="Bpoplive">Bpoplive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></i></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Remain campaigns</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a></b> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Movement_UK" title="European Movement UK">European Movement UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_in_Europe" title="Britain in Europe">Britain in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Influence" title="British Influence">British Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_New_Europe" title="Business for New Europe">Business for New Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(advocacy_group)" title="Nucleus (advocacy group)">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Outcome</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit" title="Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit">Causes for result</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Immediate aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016 Conservative Party election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2016 Labour Party election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">2016 UKIP election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Department for Exiting the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade" title="Department for International Trade">Department for International Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Allegations of unlawful campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Alleged Russian interference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Notice of withdrawal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Article 50 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"><i>Miller</i> case (Article 50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Negotiation positions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit" title="European Union negotiating directives for Brexit">EU negotiation mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers agreement">Chequers agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 UK general election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Withdrawal agreement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_backstop" title="Irish backstop">Irish backstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">Northern Ireland Protocol Bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Legislation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" title="2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">Public Vote Bill</a> (not passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal Bills</a> (not passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill">Scottish EU Continuity Bill</a> (blocked)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2021" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021"> Scottish EU Continuity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">Internal Market Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">EU (Future Relationship) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_(Revocation_and_Reform)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill">Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Impact on the Irish border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">Impact on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">Effects on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Scientific cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Effects on popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Jersey_dispute" title="2021 Jersey dispute">2021 Jersey dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">EU–UK relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">Relations pre- and post-Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">EU–UK trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a> (TCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council" title="EU–UK Partnership Council">Partnership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly" title="EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly">Partnership Assembly</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Relations with EU member states</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Austria–United Kingdom relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belgium–United Kingdom relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Croatia–United Kingdom relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Cyprus–United Kingdom relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Denmark–United Kingdom relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Estonia–United Kingdom relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Greece–United Kingdom relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Hungary–United Kingdom relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">Ireland–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Italy–United Kingdom relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Lithuania–United Kingdom relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malta–United Kingdom relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Netherlands–United Kingdom relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Portugal–United Kingdom relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Romania–United Kingdom relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Slovakia–United Kingdom relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Spain–United Kingdom relations">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Status of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Sweden–United Kingdom relations">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area">Conjectured EEA membership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–present)">Post-referendum opinion polling</a></li> <li>New initiatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_to_Remain" title="Unite to Remain">Unite to Remain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Revoke Article 50 petition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Calls for a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">second referendum</a></b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain for Europe">Britain for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Movement_UK" title="European Movement UK">European Movement UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_our_Future%27s_Sake" title="For our Future's Sake">For our Future's Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthier_IN_the_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthier IN the EU">Healthier IN the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InFacts" class="mw-redirect" title="InFacts">InFacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Future_Our_Choice" title="Our Future Our Choice">Our Future Our Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientists_for_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists for EU">Scientists for EU</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_for_Britain" title="Best for Britain">Best for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)#Opposing_Brexit_(2015–present)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Vote" title="Right to Vote">Right to Vote</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit" title="Timeline of Brexit">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">Referendum Bill</a> blocked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Jan 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Parliament election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Renegotiation begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Referendum Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation</a> concluded</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Feb 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Referendum</a> held</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">becomes PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">Article 50 judgement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Feb 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 50</a> invoked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations begin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Jun 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chequers_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers agreement">Chequers plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Withdrawal agreement plan</a> presented</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> July 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Withdrawal agreement</a> released</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Nov 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">Scottish Continuity Bill</a> blocked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Dec 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Meaningful votes</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan–Mar 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_(14_March_2019)" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Brexit delayed until 12 April</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Brexit delayed until 31 October</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Parliament election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Theresa May resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">becomes PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation</a> and <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland">annulment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Aug–Sep 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Sep 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Withdrawal agreement <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Revisions_in_2019">revised</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Oct 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019#Outcome" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Brexit delayed until 31 January</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Oct 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Agreement Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> UK leaves the European Union</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Implementation period begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">UK–EU trade deal agreed</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2021" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021">Scottish Continuity Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Implementation period ends</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="nowrap">New EU–UK relationship begins</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> UK–EU trade deal ratified</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a> released</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Feb 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Windsor framework adopted</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">UK portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brexit_sidebar" title="Template:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar" title="Template talk:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:United Kingdom and the European Union">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">UK membership</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><br />(1973–2020)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_EU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/120px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/180px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/240px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="916" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">Accession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">Treaty of Accession 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">1972 EC Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 enlargement of the EC</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 referendum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum_Act_1975" title="Referendum Act 1975">Referendum Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">results</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaty</a> amendments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a>, 1986</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1986" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, 1992</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1993" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a>, 1997</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1998" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a>, 2001</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_2002" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>, 2007</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">UK ratification</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div style="text-align:left"> <p><b>Related:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">2011 UK Act on new EU Treaty amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">EU-related British Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_European_Constitution_referendum" title="United Kingdom European Constitution referendum">Proposed European Constitution referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005" title="European Union Bill 2004–2005">European Union Bill 2004–2005</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom">MEPs</a> for <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituencies_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="European Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom">UK constituencies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1973%E2%80%931979" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1973–1979">Members 1973–1979</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (elected by parliament)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1979%E2%80%931984" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1979–1984">Members 1979–1984</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1979 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1984%E2%80%931989" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1984–1989">Members 1984–1989</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1984 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1989%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1989–1994">Members 1989–1994</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1989 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1994%E2%80%931999" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1994–1999">Members 1994–1999</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1999%E2%80%932004" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1999–2004">Members 1999–2004</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1999 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2004%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2004–2009">Members 2004–2009</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2004 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2009%E2%80%932014" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2009–2014">Members 2009–2014</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2014%E2%80%932019" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2014–2019">Members 2014–2019</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014 election</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2019%E2%80%932020" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2019–2020">Members 2019–2020</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 election</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div style="text-align:left"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of female members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom">Women</a> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Officials and bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Committee" title="European Union Committee">House of Lords EU Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Scrutiny_Committee" title="European Scrutiny Committee">House of Commons EU Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the European Union">Permanent EU Representatives for UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Executive_in_Brussels" title="Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels">Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_of_the_European_Union,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative of the European Union, London">EU Representative in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">UK European Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Department for Exiting the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues and events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>Economy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">The Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK budget rebate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review" title="Balance of Competences Review">Balance of Competences Review</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Withdrawal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 UK general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–2016 membership renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU membership referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Notification of withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact of Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Future relationship</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Withdrawal agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Impact on Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed second referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 UK general election</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">UK portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union" title="Template:United Kingdom in the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:United Kingdom in the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom in the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Brexit withdrawal agreement</b>, officially titled <b>Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a treaty between the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (UK), signed on 24 January 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> setting the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawal of the UK from the EU</a> and Euratom. The text of the treaty was published on 17 October 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a renegotiated version of an agreement published in November 2018. The earlier version of the withdrawal agreement was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> on three occasions, leading to the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> as the new prime minister on 24 July 2019. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> gave its approval to the agreement on 23 January 2020 and the UK government deposited Britain's instrument of ratification on 29 January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> on 30 January 2020, following the consent of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> on 29 January 2020. The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union took effect on 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, and at that moment the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, as per its article 185. </p><p>The Agreement covers such matters as money, citizens' rights, border arrangements and dispute resolution. It also contains a transition period and an outline of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">future relationship between the UK and the EU</a>. Published on 14 November 2018, it was a result of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a>. The agreement was endorsed by the leaders of the 27 remaining EU countries<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British Government</a> led by Prime Minister Theresa May, but faced opposition in the British parliament, whose <a href="/wiki/Meaningful_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaningful vote">approval was necessary</a> for ratification. Approval by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> would also have been required. On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons rejected the withdrawal agreement by a vote of 432 to 202.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commons rejected the agreement again on 12 March 2019, on a vote of 391 to 242,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_12-03-19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_12-03-19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rejected a third time of 29 March 2019 by 344 votes to 286. On 22 October 2019 the revised withdrawal agreement negotiated by Boris Johnson's government cleared the first stage in Parliament, but Johnson paused the legislative process when the accelerated programme for approval failed to achieve the necessary support, and announced his intention to call a general election.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters22Oct_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 January 2020, Parliament ratified the agreement by passing the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act</a>; on 29 January 2020, the European Parliament gave its consent to the withdrawal agreement. It was subsequently concluded by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> on 30 January 2020. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Transition_period"></span>The withdrawal agreement, in Part Four,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided for a transition or implementation period<sup id="cite_ref-DEXEU-WAB_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEXEU-WAB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 00:00 <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a> on 1 January 2021 (11p.m. <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a> on 31 December 2020 in the UK)<sup id="cite_ref-IPTiming_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPTiming-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (referred to as "IP completion day" in British law and state terminology<sup id="cite_ref-WA-39_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WA-39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PracticeDirection_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PracticeDirection-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EM-HSC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EM-HSC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), during which time the UK remained in the single market, in order to ensure frictionless trade until a long-term relationship was agreed. If no agreement was reached by this date, then the UK would have left the single market without a <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">trade deal</a> on 1 January 2021. Closely connected to the withdrawal agreement is a non-binding political declaration on the future EU–UK relationship. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_and_2016_Brexit_referendum">2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>'s manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">United Kingdom general election in May 2015</a>, the party promised an EU referendum by the end of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">referendum</a>, held on 23 June 2016, resulted in a 51.9% to 48.1% majority vote for leaving the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_2018_draft">The 2018 draft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The 2018 draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">Brexit negotiations in 2018</a></div> <p>The proposed 2018 withdrawal agreement, which ran to 599 pages, covered the following main areas:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Money, particularly the division of assets and liabilities, and payment of any debt outstanding</li> <li>Citizens rights, both of British citizens in EU countries and vice versa</li> <li>Border arrangements and customs, particularly along the border between the UK and the Republic of Ireland</li> <li>The law, and the mechanisms for resolving disputes, currently vested with the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a></li></ul> <p>The agreement also set up a transitional period, which lasted until 31 December 2020 with a provision for extension by mutual consent. During the transitional period, EU law continued to apply to the UK (including participation in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">single market</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">customs union</a>), and the UK continued to pay into the EU budget, but the UK was not represented in the decision-making bodies of the EU. The transition period gave businesses time to adjust to the new situation and time for the British and EU governments to negotiate a new trade deal between the EU and UK.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Irish_border_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish border question">Irish border question</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_backstop" title="Irish backstop">Irish backstop</a> was appended to the agreement setting a fall-back position if effective alternative arrangements failed to be agreed to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Hard_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard border">hard border</a> before the end of the transition period, with the UK shadowing the EU's <a href="/wiki/Common_external_tariff" title="Common external tariff">Common external tariff</a> and Northern Ireland keeping in aspects of the Single Market.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The governance will be through a <a href="/wiki/Joint_committee_(diplomatic)" title="Joint committee (diplomatic)">Joint Committee</a> with representatives of both the European Union and the British government. There will be a number of specialised committees reporting to the Joint Committee. </p><p>The withdrawal agreement also includes <a href="/wiki/European_Schools#Brexit" title="European Schools">provisions</a> for the UK to leave the Convention Defining the Statute of the <a href="/wiki/European_Schools" title="European Schools">European Schools</a>, with the UK bound by the Convention and the accompanying regulations on Accredited European Schools until the end of the last academic year of the transition period, i.e. the end of the spring semester of 2020–2021.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The more important elements of the draft agreement are these:<sup id="cite_ref-draft_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draft-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_provisions">Common provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Common provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agreement assists the arrangements of withdrawing the UK from the European Union and <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a> (Art. 1), provides a clear definition for the territorial scope of the United Kingdom (Art. 3), and assures the legal liability of the Agreement (Art. 4). Additionally, it states that by the end of the transition period, the UK shall be denied access to "any network, any information system and any database established on the basis of Union law" (Art. 8). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizens'_rights:_general_provisions"><span id="Citizens.27_rights:_general_provisions"></span>Citizens' rights: general provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citizens' rights: general provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agreement defines and provides the personal scope of citizens, family members, frontier workers, host states, and nationals. Article 11 deals with continuity of residence and Article 12 discusses non-discrimination (i.e., it would be prohibited to discriminate on grounds of nationality). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_and_obligations">Rights and obligations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rights and obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British nationals and European Union citizens, family members who are British nationals or European Union citizens and family members who are neither of those two shall maintain the right to reside in the host State (Art. 13). The host State may not limit or condition the persons for obtaining, retaining or losing residence rights (Art. 13). Persons with valid documentation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What sort of documention? Passport? Residency? (September 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> would not require entry and exit visas or equal formalities and would be permitted to leave or enter the host state without complications (Art. 14). In case the host State demands "family members who join the Union citizen or United Kingdom national after the end of the transition period to have an entry visa", the host State is required to grant necessary visas through an accelerated process in appropriate facilities free of charge (Art. 14). The Agreement further deals with the issuance of permanent residence permits during and after the transition period, as well as its restrictions. Moreover, it clarifies the rights of workers and self-employed individuals, and provides recognition and identification of professional qualifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_of_social_security_systems">Coordination of social security systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coordination of social security systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This title discusses special cases, administrative cooperation, legal adaptations and development of Union laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goods_placed_on_the_market">Goods placed on the market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Goods placed on the market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agreement defines the goods, services and the processes connected to them. It claims that any good or service that was lawfully placed in the market prior to the withdrawal from the Union may be further made available to the consumers in the UK or the Union States (Art. 40 & 41). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_customs_procedures">Ongoing customs procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ongoing customs procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This title addresses the custom procedures of goods moving from the customs territory of the UK to the customs territory of the Union and vice versa (Art. 47). The processes that start before the end of the transition period "shall be treated as an intra-Union movement regarding importation and exportation licensing requirements in Union law". The Agreement also addresses the ending of temporary storage or customs procedures (Art. 49). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_value_added_tax_and_excise_duty_matters">Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The VAT applies to goods that are exchanged between the Union and the UK. By way of derogation from previous Articles, the Title permits access to information systems that are necessary for the application or processing of the VAT (Art. 51). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexes">Annexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Annexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are ten annexes to the draft. The first is a protocol to maintain an <a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">open border</a> between the EU and the UK on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (generally known as the 'Irish backstop'). The second covers the arrangements for a common customs territory to operate between the EU and the UK, until a technical solution can be found that delivers both an open border and independent customs policies. The third covers operations of the joint customs territory. The fourth covers 'good governance in the area of taxation, environmental protection, labour and social standards, <a href="/wiki/State_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="State aid">state aid</a>, competition, and state-owned undertakings'. The fifth to eighth cover relevant provisions in EU law. The ninth and tenth details procedures arising from main sections of the draft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland_Backstop">Northern Ireland Backstop</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland Backstop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_backstop" title="Irish backstop">Irish backstop</a></div> <p>The Northern Ireland Protocol, known familiarly as the "Irish backstop", was an annex to the November 2018 draft agreement that described the provisions to prevent a <a href="/wiki/Hard_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard border">hard border in Ireland</a> after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. The Protocol included a safety-net provision to handle the circumstances where satisfactory alternative arrangements remain to come into operation at the end of the transition period. </p><p>This created considerable difficulties for the government, particularly with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> on which the government depended on for votes. </p><p>This draft was replaced in the 2019 negotiations by a new <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revisions_in_2019">Revisions in 2019</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revisions in 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agreement was subject to revisions under the <a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry" title="First Johnson ministry">Johnson ministry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">renegotiation in 2019</a>. The amendments adjust approximately 5% of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protocols">Protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the agreement, protocols also exist for the '<a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus">Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland_protocol">Northern Ireland protocol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_backstop" title="Irish backstop">Irish backstop</a> was removed, and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border#2019_renegotiation:_New_protocol" title="Brexit and the Irish border">a new protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. This new protocol meant that Great Britain could fully leave the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a> but that Northern Ireland would be out of the EU Customs Union <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> but not <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcNewDeal_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FTNewDeal_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTNewDeal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another difference was a unilateral exit mechanism for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> which has a vote every four years on whether to continue with these arrangements, for which a simple majority is required.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianOnDeal_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A continuity with the backstop was providing for the application of EU-law in the area of goods and electricity and a role for the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> with regards to procedures in case of non-compliance as well as the possibility and requirement for UK courts to ask for <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_ruling" title="Preliminary ruling">preliminary rulings</a> on the application of EU law and related parts of the protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexes_2">Annexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Annexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>annex 1: <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> coordination</li> <li>annex 2: provisions of <a href="/wiki/Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Union law">union law</a> referred to in article 41(4)</li> <li>annex 3: time limits for situations or customs procedures referred to in article 49(1)</li> <li>annex 4: list of networks, information systems and databases referred in articles 50, 53, 99 and 100</li> <li>annex 5: <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">euratom</a></li> <li>annex 6: list of administrative cooperation procedures referred to in article 98</li> <li>annex 7: list of acts/provisions referred to in article 128(6)</li> <li>annex 8: rules of procedures of the joint committee and specialized committees</li> <li>annex 9: rules of procedures for dispute settlement and code of conduct for members of arbitration panels</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_declaration">Political declaration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2019 revisions also adjusted elements of the political declaration, replacing the word "adequate" with "appropriate" in regard to labour standards. According to Sam Lowe, trade fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform" title="Centre for European Reform">Centre for European Reform</a>, the change excludes labour standards from dispute settlement mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Level_playing_field" title="Level playing field">level playing field</a> mechanism has been moved from the legally-binding withdrawal agreement to the political declaration,<sup id="cite_ref-bbcNewDeal_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the line in the political declaration that “the United Kingdom will consider aligning with union rules in relevant areas” has been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianOnDeal_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joint_Committee_of_the_Withdrawal_Agreement">Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"EU-UK Joint Committee" redirects here. For the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, see <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council" title="EU–UK Partnership Council">EU–UK Partnership Council</a>.</div> <p>Article 164 establishes a <a href="/wiki/Joint_committee_(diplomatic)" title="Joint committee (diplomatic)">joint committee</a> for the implementation of the agreement, which is co-chaired by the EU and the UK and has 6 specialised committees. The Withdrawal Agreement delegated some arrangements relating to the UK's separation from the EU to the Joint Committee to decide upon. A Joint Committee is a commonly used process within deeper trade treaties to manage tensions. </p><p>There is equal representation from both sides with no casting vote and the ability to go to an <a href="/wiki/International_arbitration" title="International arbitration">international arbitration</a> panel if there is no agreement. There are a number of specialist subcommittees that report to the main committee, of which the 'Northern Ireland subcommittee' (dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a>) attracted most news-media attention in Spring 2021, because of the controversy over what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_border" title="Irish Sea border">Irish Sea border</a>. </p><p>As of 21 February 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Joint Committee has met nine times.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialised_Committee_on_Citizens'_Rights"><span id="Specialised_Committee_on_Citizens.27_Rights"></span>Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights" redirects here. For the UK body monitoring the functioning of the citizens’ rights provisions under this agreement, see <a href="/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Authority_for_the_Citizens%27_Rights_Agreements" title="Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements">Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights</b> was established to monitor the implementation and application of citizens' rights under the agreement. As of 15 June 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it has met ten times.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_deal">Original deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Original deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reception of the agreement in the House of Commons ranged from cool to hostile and the vote was delayed more than a month.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_government_resignations">British government resignations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: British government resignations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_resignations_from_the_second_May_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="List of resignations from the second May ministry">List of resignations from the second May ministry</a></div> <p>On 15 November 2018, the day after the agreement was presented and received backing from the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">cabinet</a> of the British government, several members of the government resigned, including <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contempt_of_Parliament">Contempt of Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Contempt of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following an unprecedented vote on 4 December 2018, MPs ruled that the British government was in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">contempt of parliament</a> for refusing to provide to Parliament the full legal advice it had been given on the effect of its proposed terms for withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-brexitbbc20181205_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key point within the advice covered the legal effect of the "backstop" agreement governing Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the UK, in regard to the customs border between the EU and UK, and its implications for the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Friday agreement">Good Friday agreement</a> which had led to the end of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> in Northern Ireland, and specifically, whether the UK would be certain of being able to leave the EU in a practical sense, under the draft proposals. </p><p>The following day, the advice was published. The question asked was, <i>"What is the legal effect of the UK agreeing to the Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement on Ireland and Northern Ireland in particular its effect in conjunction with Articles<span class="nowrap"> </span>5 and 184 of the main Withdrawal Agreement?"</i> The advice given was that:<sup id="cite_ref-brexitbbc20181205_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The Protocol is binding on the UK and EU [para 3], and anticipates a final future resolution of the border and customs issues being reached [para 5,12,13]. But "the Protocol is intended to subsist even when negotiations have clearly broken down" [para 16] and "In conclusion, the current drafting of the Protocol<span class="nowrap"> </span>... does not provide for a mechanism that is likely to enable the UK lawfully to exit the UK wide customs union without a subsequent agreement. This remains the case even if parties are still negotiating many years later, and even if the parties believe that talks have clearly broken down and there is no prospect of a future relationship agreement." [para 30]</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revised_deal">Revised deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Revised deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately following announcement of a revised withdrawal agreement on 17 October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> said that they could not support the new deal.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom_Parliament_votes">United Kingdom Parliament votes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Kingdom Parliament votes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="British_Parliament_votes"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/220px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/330px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/440px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Boris Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement in January 2020</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes on Brexit</a></div> <p>On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons voted down the Brexit withdrawal agreement by 230 votes,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest vote against the United Kingdom government in history.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The May government survived a confidence vote <a href="/wiki/2019_motion_of_no_confidence_in_the_May_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 motion of no confidence in the May ministry">the following day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 March 2019, the Commons voted down the agreement a second time by 149 votes, the fourth-largest defeat of the government in the history of the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, widely expected to be held on 19 March 2019, was refused by the <a href="/wiki/John_Bercow" title="John Bercow">Speaker of the House of Commons</a> on 18 March 2019 on the basis of a parliamentary convention dating from 2 April 1604 that prevents British governments from forcing the Commons to repeatedly vote on an issue that the Commons has already voted upon.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2019-03-19-gu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019-03-19-gu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cut-down version of the withdrawal agreement, where the attached political declaration had been removed, passed the speaker's test for 'substantial change', so a third vote was held on 29 March 2019, but was voted down by 58 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 October 2019, the House of Commons agreed by 329 votes to 299 to give a <a href="/wiki/Second_Reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Reading">Second Reading</a> to the revised withdrawal agreement (negotiated by Boris Johnson earlier that month), but when the accelerated timetable which he proposed failed to gain the necessary parliamentary support, Johnson announced that the legislation would be paused.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg22Oct_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg22Oct-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters22Oct_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf/page1-220px-2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf/page1-330px-2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf/page1-440px-2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>United Kingdom’s notification about the Brexit withdrawal agreement</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 December 2019, following the Conservative victory in the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 United Kingdom general election</a>, the House of Commons passed the second reading of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill by a margin of 358–234. After amendments proposed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> and ping-pong between the two houses, the bill received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 23 January 2020, enabling ratification on the British side.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union_ratification">European Union ratification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: European Union ratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._(49461241336).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg/220px-European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg/330px-European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg/440px-European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>President of the European Parliament <a href="/wiki/David_Sassoli" title="David Sassoli">David Sassoli</a> signs the resolution consenting to the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement</figcaption></figure> <p>On the part of the European Union, the European Parliament gave its consent to the ratification of the Agreement also on 29 January 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Council of the European Union approved the conclusion of the Agreement on 30 January 2020<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by written procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, also on 30 January 2020, the European Union deposited its instrument of ratification of the Agreement, thus concluding the deal,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allowing it to enter into force at the moment of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_declaration_of_future_relationship">Political declaration of future relationship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Political declaration of future relationship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></div> <p>The <b>Declaration on Future European Union–United Kingdom Relations</b>, also referred to as the Political Declaration, is a non-binding declaration that was negotiated and signed along with the binding and more comprehensive Withdrawal Agreement in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (UK) from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), colloquially known as Brexit, and the planned end of the transitional period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizens'_rights"><span id="Citizens.27_rights"></span>Citizens' rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citizens' rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Authority_for_the_Citizens%27_Rights_Agreements" title="Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements">Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements</a></div> <p>According to evidence presented by lobby group "British in Europe" (representing British citizens resident in EU countries) to the Brexit Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 2020, "as many as 23 EU member states [had] yet to implement systems to document the future rights of the estimated 1.2 million British citizens already living on the continent, who are in the dark over their future rights and obligations".<sup id="cite_ref-Graun200630_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graun200630-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The UK launched its [registration] system for EU citizens last March [2020], with more than 3.3 million people granted pre-settled or settled status to remain in the country after Brexit", the Committee was told.<sup id="cite_ref-Graun200630_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graun200630-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, Brexit removed British resident living in EU countries the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament and the right to work in another EU country.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 September 2020, the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> reported that the British government planned to draw up new legislation that would bypass the withdrawal agreement's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graun060720_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graun060720-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new law would give ministers the power to define what state aid needs to be reported to the EU, and define what products that at risk of being brought into Ireland from Northern Ireland (the withdrawal agreement states that in the absence of a mutual agreement, all products should be considered at risk).<sup id="cite_ref-Graun070920_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graun070920-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government defended the move, saying the legislation was compliant with the protocol and merely "clarified" ambiguity in the protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ursula von der Leyen warned Johnson not to break international law, saying that the UK's implementation of the withdrawal agreement was a "prerequisite for any future partnership".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 September, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Brandon Lewis</a> told the British Parliament that the government's planned <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Bill">Internal Market Bill</a> will "break international law".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 October 2020, the European Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the British government as the first step in an infringement procedure, as the UK's Internal Market Bill would be "in full contradiction" to the Northern Ireland Protocol if adopted as-is.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following discussions of the <a href="/wiki/EU-UK_Joint_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="EU-UK Joint Committee">EU-UK Joint Committee</a> on 8 December 2020, the two sides reached an agreement in principle on all issues regarding the implementation of the withdrawal agreement, and the UK agreed to withdraw the offending clauses of the Internal Market Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 2021, without having used the Joint Committee process, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland informed the UK Parliament of the Government's intention to extend unilaterally (beyond 31 March 2021) the grace period for post-Brexit checks on some goods entering Northern Ireland from Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EU objected to this and threatened to resort to legal action over what it said was the second time the UK had sought to breach international law in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol. On 4 March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ireland)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Coveney" title="Simon Coveney">Simon Coveney</a> supported the Commission's threat of legal action if the UK "cannot be trusted" to implement the Protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graun4321_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graun4321-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the agreement, has postponed its decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-Graun4321_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graun4321-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a>, announced on 27 February 2023 and formally adopted by both parties on 24 March 2023, changes aspects of the Protocol's operation, particularly to ease custom checks on goods arriving from Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Framework came into effect on 1 October 2023 and provides a new basis for trusted traders to move their goods through a new “green lane” between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, gives the UK government more control over VAT rates applying in Northern Ireland and states that medicines placed on the market Northern Ireland will be regulated by the UK and not the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gives the Northern Ireland administration and UK government a mechanism to object to, pause, and potentially disapply updated and amended EU laws, mainly concerning goods.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (Euratom) – legally distinct from the EU but having the same membership, from which the United Kingdom also withdrew</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:22020X0131(02)">"Notice concerning the entry into force of the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community"</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=EU+postpones+setting+date+for+ratifying+Brexit+trade+deal.+Move+follows+Boris+Johnson+being+accused+of+breaking+international+law+for+second+time+over+Northern+Ireland.&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.au=Daniel+Boffey+and+Rory+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2Fmar%2F04%2Fuks-plan-to-extend-brexit-grace-period-infuriates-irish-and-eu-officials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrexit+withdrawal+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-65058955">"UK and EU formally adopt new Brexit Windsor Framework deal"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+and+EU+formally+adopt+new+Brexit+Windsor+Framework+deal&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-65058955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrexit+withdrawal+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClafferty2023" class="citation news cs1">McClafferty, Enda (2 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-66953035">"Windsor Framework: New NI trade rules 'will work unbelievably well'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Windsor+Framework%3A+New+NI+trade+rules+%27will+work+unbelievably+well%27&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft.aulast=McClafferty&rft.aufirst=Enda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-66953035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrexit+withdrawal+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9736/CBP-9736.pdf">"Northern Ireland Protocol: The Windsor Framework"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>House of Commons Library</i>. March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+Protocol%3A+The+Windsor+Framework&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2FCBP-9736%2FCBP-9736.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrexit+withdrawal+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/UK_notification_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" class="extiw" title="wikisource:UK notification on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">UK notification on the Brexit withdrawal agreement</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948181/20201229_Draft_Gov.uk_EU__Future_Relationship__Bill_.pdf">UK <i>Draft European Union (Future Relationship) Bill</i> 29 December 2020</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:12020W/TXT">Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community</a> on <a href="/wiki/Eur-Lex" class="mw-redirect" title="Eur-Lex">Eur-Lex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/news/Brexit-UK-withdrawal-from-the-eu.html">The UK's withdrawal from the EU</a> - news and documents on <a href="/wiki/Eur-Lex" class="mw-redirect" title="Eur-Lex">Eur-Lex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomashobbes.co.uk/brexit/the-withdrawal-agreement-a-commentary/">The Withdrawal Agreement – a commentary</a>: <i>thomashobbes.co.uk</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-exiting-the-european-union">Gov.UK – Department for Exiting the European Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224011110/http://planforbritain.gov.uk/">UK Government – "Plan for Britain" website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/unitedkingdom_en#brexit">Europa (EU official website) – UK – Brexit – overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/brexit-negotiations_en">European Commission – Brexit negotiations website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/brexit-negotiations/negotiating-documents-article-50-negotiations-united-kingdom_en">European Commission – list of published negotiating documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-uk-after-referendum/"><i>Brexit</i>, EC, CEU Timeline and list of key documents for Brexit negotiations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828215154/http://jackofkent.com/brexit-negotiations-resource-page/">Resource page</a> and commentary by <a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Green" title="David Allen Green">David Allen Green</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/eu/brexit/keydocuments/Omnibus-Bill-Memo.pdf">Explanatory Memorandum for the <i>Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Consequential Provisions) Bill 2019</i> introduced by the Irish government in the legislature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/about-us/brexit-uk-withdrawal-eu/brexit-related-guidance-companies">"Brexit-related guidance for companies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Medicines+Agency+%28EMA%29&rft.atitle=Brexit-related+guidance+for+companies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fbrexit-uk-withdrawal-eu%2Fbrexit-related-guidance-companies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrexit+withdrawal+agreement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8713/CBP-8713.pdf">House of Commons Briefings: The October 2019 EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland protocol">NI protocol</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit" title="Timeline of Brexit">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum question</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">"<a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">European Union Referendum Act 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972 Accession Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a> <ul><li>Amendments: <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1986" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1993" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1998" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_2002" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993" title="European Economic Area Act 1993">European Economic Area Act 1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed bills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005" title="European Union Bill 2004–2005">European Union Bill 2004–05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(Repeal)_Bills" title="European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills">European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">2014 Clacton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">2014 Heywood and Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">2014 Rochester and Strood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">UK accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 EC enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">UK membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK Opt-outs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">The European Union: In or Out</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review" title="Balance of Competences Review">Balance of Competences Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Unlawful campaigning allegations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">Pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaign<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Remain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Aftermath of<br />referendum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political party<br />leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Conservative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election" title="February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election">Scottish, Feb 2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">UKIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition to Brexit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed second referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Petition to revoke Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2017 United Kingdom local elections">2017 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2018 United Kingdom local elections">2018 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2019 United Kingdom local elections">2019 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Witney_by-election" title="2016 Witney by-election">2016 Witney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election" title="2016 Richmond Park by-election">2016 Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election" title="2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election">2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Copeland_by-election" title="2017 Copeland by-election">2017 Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election" title="2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election">2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Peterborough_by-election" title="2019 Peterborough by-election">2019 Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election" title="2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election">2019 Brecon and Radnorshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_to_Leave" class="mw-redirect" title="March to Leave">March to Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Alliance" title="Brexit Alliance">Brexit Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform" title="Independent Alliance for Reform">Independent Alliance for Reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"><i>Miller I</i> case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Invocation of Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowhammer" title="Operation Yellowhammer">Operation Yellowhammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland"><i>Miller II / Cherry</i> case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact of Brexit<br />and<br />potential effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">on Northern Ireland and<br />the Republic of Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation" title="2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation">2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Brexit and the Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">proposed changes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_border" title="Irish Sea border">Irish Sea border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_plan" title="Chequers plan">Chequers plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Brexit withdrawal agreement plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enacted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020"> Internal Market Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_50p_coin" title="Brexit 50p coin">Brexit 50p coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband" title="Chaos with Ed Miliband">Chaos with Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_(headline)" title="Enemies of the People (headline)">Enemies of the People</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave" title="Leave Means Leave">Leave Means Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum" title="Northern Future Forum">Northern Future Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Brexit" title="Rue du Brexit">Rue du Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Terminology (Glossary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Street" title="Tufton Street">Tufton Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Media depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Remainiacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Remainiacs">Remainiacs</a> </i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_Tonight_(video_game)" title="Not Tonight (video game)">Not Tonight</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BorderIrish" title="BorderIrish">@BorderIrish</a> (2018–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Founding_treaties_of_the_European_Communities_(1951–1993)_and_Union_(since_1993)_and_related_political_documents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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1993) and related political documents</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Founding treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Consolidated versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Treaty on European Union">Treaty on European Union</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community</a> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Amendments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">In force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences" title="London and Paris Conferences">Paris</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Rome</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_association_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_with_the_European_Economic_Community" title="Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community">Netherlands Antilles Association Convention</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities" title="Budgetary treaties of the European Communities">First Budgetary Treaty</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities" title="Budgetary treaties of the European Communities">Second Budgetary Treaty</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (2007)</li> <li>Protocol 36 (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism#Treaty_basis" title="European Stability Mechanism">Article 136</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Unratified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation of UK membership</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Changes in membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Accession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1979" title="Treaty of Accession 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1985" title="Treaty of Accession 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1994" title="Treaty of Accession 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003" title="Treaty of Accession 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005" title="Treaty of Accession 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2011" title="Treaty of Accession 2011">2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Secession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">Greenland (1984)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom (“Brexit” 2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Unratified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">Treaty establishing the European Defence Community</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community_(1952)" title="European Political Community (1952)">Treaty establishing the European Political Community</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Expired or terminated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Brussels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union</a>, 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels#Modification" title="Treaty of Brussels">Modified Brussels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a>, 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Paris</a> (European Coal and Steel Community, 1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related political documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Declaration" title="Europe Declaration">Europe Declaration</a> (1951)</li> <li>Declarations at the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences" title="London and Paris Conferences">London and Paris Conferences</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux_memorandum" title="Benelux memorandum">Benelux memorandum</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaak_Report" title="Spaak Report">Spaak Report</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouchet_Plan" title="Fouchet Plan">Fouchet Plan</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davignon_report" title="Davignon report">Davignon report</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copenhagen report (page does not exist)">Copenhagen report</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London report (page does not exist)">London report</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">Solemn Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Declaration" title="Rome Declaration">Rome Declaration</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Convention</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Declaration" title="Petersberg Declaration">Petersberg Declaration</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo_declaration" title="Saint-Malo declaration">Saint-Malo declaration</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_acquis" title="Schengen acquis">Schengen acquis of the EU</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_declaration" title="Bologna declaration">Bologna declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PFI_Convention" title="PFI Convention">PFI Convention</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville_Declarations_on_the_Treaty_of_Nice" title="Seville Declarations on the Treaty of Nice">Seville Declarations</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention" title="Prüm Convention">Prüm Convention</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(2007)" title="Berlin Declaration (2007)">Berlin Declaration</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Stability_Mechanism" title="Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact" title="European Fiscal Compact">European Fiscal Compact</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Agreement on a Unified Patent Court</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Fund Agreement</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Declaration_(European_Union)" title="Malta Declaration (European Union)">Malta Declaration</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versailles_declaration" title="Versailles declaration">Versailles declaration</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&oldid=1245389836">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&oldid=1245389836</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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