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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Marx" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Marx (disambiguation)">Marx (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Karl Marx (disambiguation)">Karl Marx (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Karl Marx<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-name-3">[a]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[kaʁl ˈmaʁks]</a>; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political philosophy">philosopher</a>, political theorist, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economist">economist</a>, historian, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, journalist, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolutionary_socialist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary socialist">revolutionary socialist</a>. His best-known works are the 1848 pamphlet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>) and his three-volume <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Das_Kapital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a> (1867–1894); the latter employs his critical approach of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a> in an analysis of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, in the culmination of his intellectual endeavours. Marx's ideas and their subsequent development, collectively known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, have had enormous influence on modern intellectual, economic and political history. <table class="infobox biography vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"> <div class="fn"> Karl Marx </div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts">FRSA</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_001_(rotated).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Karl_Marx_001_%28rotated%29.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_001_%28rotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Karl_Marx_001_%2528rotated%2529.jpg/330px-Karl_Marx_001_%2528rotated%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Karl_Marx_001_%2528rotated%2529.jpg/440px-Karl_Marx_001_%2528rotated%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1414"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> Marx in 1875 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display:inline" class="nickname"> Karl Marx<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-name-3">[a]</a> </div> (1818-05-05)5 May 1818 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Confederation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">14 March 1883(1883-03-14) (aged 64) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"> London, England </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th> <td class="infobox-data label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomb_of_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomb of Karl Marx">Tomb of Karl Marx</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th> <td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prussia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> (1818–1845)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statelessness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a> (after 1845)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Bonn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Jena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> (PhD, 1841)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_von_Westphalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny von Westphalen">Jenny von Westphalen</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"> </div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"> </div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1843; died  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1881) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th> <td class="infobox-data">At least 7,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PadoverXXV-4">[3]</a> including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_Longuet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny Longuet">Jenny</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laura_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laura Marx">Laura</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleanor_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleanor Marx">Eleanor</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Marx">Heinrich Marx</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henriette_Pressburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henriette Pressburg">Henriette Pressburg</a> (mother)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louise_Juta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louise Juta">Louise Juta</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edgar_Longuet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edgar Longuet">Edgar Longuet</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Longuet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Longuet">Jean Longuet</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Juta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Juta">Henry Juta</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederik_Philips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederik Philips">Frederik Philips</a> (cousin)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <hr>Philosophy career <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th> <td class="infobox-data category"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19th-century_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th> <td class="infobox-data category"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th> <td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Difference_Between_the_Democritean_and_Epicurean_Philosophy_of_Nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature">The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature</a> (1841)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctoral_advisor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruno_Bauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Main interests </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>Philosophy</li> <li>economics</li> <li>history</li> <li>politics</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Notable ideas </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Marxism">Marxist terminology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Value_form?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Value form">Value form</a></li> <li>Contributions to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialectical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectics</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxian_critique_of_political_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian critique of political economy">Marxian critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_conflict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> of the worker</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical materialism">Materialist conception of history</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_Signature.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Karl_Marx_Signature.svg/150px-Karl_Marx_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Karl_Marx_Signature.svg/225px-Karl_Marx_Signature.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Karl_Marx_Signature.svg/300px-Karl_Marx_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="47"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, Marx studied at the universities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Bonn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Jena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Jena">Jena</a>, and received a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in philosophy from the latter in 1841. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Young_Hegelians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Young Hegelians">Young Hegelian</a>, he was influenced by the philosophy of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, and both critiqued and developed Hegel's ideas in works such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_German_Ideology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a> (written 1846) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grundrisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a> (written 1857–1858). While in Paris in 1844, Marx wrote his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts</a> and met Engels, who became his closest friend and collaborator. After moving to Brussels in 1845, they were active in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist League">Communist League</a>, and in 1848 they wrote The Communist Manifesto, which expresses Marx's ideas and lays out a programme for revolution. Marx was expelled from Belgium and Germany, and in 1849 moved to London, where he wrote <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a> (1852) and Das Kapital. From 1864, Marx was involved in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (First International), in which he fought the influence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anarchism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a> led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>. In his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a> (1875), Marx wrote on revolution, the state and the transition to communism. He died <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statelessness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> in 1883 and was buried in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Highgate Cemetery">Highgate Cemetery</a>. Marx's <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Critique_of_political_economy,_history_and_society">critiques of history, society and political economy</a> hold that human societies develop through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_conflict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>, this manifests itself in the conflict between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruling_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruling class">ruling classes</a> (known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourgeoisie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>) that control the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Means_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Working_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Working class">working classes</a> (known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>) that enable these means by selling their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour power">labour power</a> in return for wages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-manifesto-5">[4]</a> Employing his historical materialist approach, Marx predicted that capitalism produced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internal_contradictions_of_capital_accumulation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internal contradictions of capital accumulation">internal tensions</a> like previous socioeconomic systems and that these tensions would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a>. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism—owing in part to its instability and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis">crisis</a>-prone nature—would eventuate the working class's development of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_consciousness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classless_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classless society">classless</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist society">communist society</a> constituted by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_association_of_producers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free association of producers">free association of producers</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletarian_revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolutionary</a> action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emancipation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324-7">[6]</a> Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, and his work has been both lauded and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Criticism of Marxism">criticised</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Manchester-8">[7]</a> Marxism has exerted major influence on socialist thought and political movements, and during the 20th century revolutionary governments identifying as Marxist took power in many countries and established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialist_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a> including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. Theoretical variants such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leninism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trotskyism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> have been developed. Marx's work in economics has had a strong influence on modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heterodox_economics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox</a> theories of labour and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_(economics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and he is often cited as one of the principal architects of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social science">social science</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Childhood_and_early_education:_1818%E2%80%931836">1.1 Childhood and early education: 1818–1836</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hegelianism_and_early_journalism:_1836%E2%80%931843">1.2 Hegelianism and early journalism: 1836–1843</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Paris:_1843%E2%80%931845">1.3 Paris: 1843–1845</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Brussels:_1845%E2%80%931848">1.4 Brussels: 1845–1848</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cologne:_1848%E2%80%931849">1.5 Cologne: 1848–1849</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Move_to_London_and_further_writing:_1850%E2%80%931860">1.6 Move to London and further writing: 1850–1860</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#New-York_Daily_Tribune_and_journalism">1.7 New-York Daily Tribune and journalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#First_International_and_Das_Kapital">1.8 First International and Das Kapital</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personal_life">2 Personal life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Family">2.1 Family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Health">2.2 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Death">2.3 Death</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Thought">3 Thought</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Influences">3.1 Influences</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Philosophy_and_social_thought">3.2 Philosophy and social thought</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Human_nature">3.2.1 Human nature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Labour,_class_struggle_and_false_consciousness">3.2.2 Labour, class struggle and false consciousness</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Critique_of_political_economy,_history_and_society">3.2.3 Critique of political economy, history and society</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#International_relations">3.3 International relations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legacy">4 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Selected_bibliography">5 Selected bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">8 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">8.1 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biographies">9.1 Biographies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Commentaries_on_Marx">9.2 Commentaries on Marx</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fiction_works">9.3 Fiction works</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Childhood_and_early_education:_1818–1836">Childhood and early education: 1818–1836</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg/220px-Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5161" data-file-height="4795"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg/220px-Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg/330px-Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg/440px-Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl-Marx-Haus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl-Marx-Haus">Marx's birthplace</a>, now Brückenstraße 10, in Trier. The family occupied two rooms on the ground floor and three on the first floor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Purchased by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> in 1928, it now houses a museum devoted to him.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200112%E2%80%9313-15">[14]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Karl Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Marx">Heinrich Marx</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henriette_Pressburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henriette Pressburg">Henriette Pressburg</a>. He was born at Brückengasse 664 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a>, an ancient city then part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Province of the Lower Rhine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Marx's family was originally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jewish_secularism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jewish secularism">non-religious Jewish</a> but had <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted formally to Christianity</a> before his birth. His maternal grandfather was a Dutch <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rabbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, while his paternal line had supplied Trier's rabbis since 1723, a role taken by his grandfather Meier Halevi Marx.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a> His father, as a child known as Herschel, was the first in the line to receive a secular education. He became a lawyer with a comfortably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_middle_class?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a> income and the family owned a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moselle_wine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moselle wine">Moselle</a> vineyards, in addition to his income as an attorney. Prior to his son's birth and after the abrogation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jewish_emancipation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhineland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Herschel converted from Judaism to join the state <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_Churches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prussian Union of Churches">Evangelical Church of Prussia</a>, taking on the German forename Heinrich over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yiddish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> Herschel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Largely non-religious, Heinrich was a man of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, interested in the ideas of the philosophers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immanuel_Kant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_liberal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a>, he took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, which was then an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absolute_monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a> In 1815, Heinrich Marx began working as an attorney and in 1819 moved his family to a ten-room property near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porta_Nigra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porta Nigra">Porta Nigra</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a> His wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jew from a prosperous business family that later founded the company <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philips_Electronics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Electronics">Philips Electronics</a>. Her sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lion_Philips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lion Philips">Lion Philips</a> (1794–1866) and was the grandmother of both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerard_Philips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerard Philips">Gerard</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton_Philips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anton Philips">Anton Philips</a> and great-grandmother to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frits_Philips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frits Philips">Frits Philips</a>. Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist, upon whom Karl and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_von_Westphalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny von Westphalen">Jenny Marx</a> would later often come to rely for loans while they were exiled in London.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Little is known of Marx's childhood.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The third of nine children, he became the eldest son when his brother Moritz died in 1819.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Marx and his surviving siblings, Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie, and Caroline, were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptism">baptised</a> into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutheran_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a> on 28 August 1824,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[24]</a> and their mother in November 1825.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Marx was privately educated by his father until 1830 when he entered Trier High School (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium_(Trier)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Trier) (page does not exist)">Gymnasium zu Trier</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium_(Trier)" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Trier)">de</a>]), whose headmaster, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Hugo_Wyttenbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Hugo Wyttenbach">Hugo Wyttenbach</a>, was a friend of his father. By employing many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_humanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal humanism">liberal humanists</a> as teachers, Wyttenbach incurred the anger of the local conservative government. Subsequently, police raided the school in 1832 and discovered that literature espousing political liberalism was being distributed among the students. Considering the distribution of such material a seditious act, the authorities instituted reforms and replaced several staff during Marx's attendance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In October 1835 at the age of 16, Marx travelled to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Bonn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> wishing to study philosophy and literature, but his father insisted on law as a more practical field.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Due to a condition referred to as a "weak chest",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200115-29">[28]</a> Marx was excused from military duty when he turned 18. While at the University at Bonn, Marx joined the Poets' Club, a group containing political radicals that were monitored by the police.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Marx also joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking society (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a>: Landsmannschaft der Treveraner) where many ideas were discussed and at one point he served as the club's co-president.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-drinking1-32">[31]</a> Additionally, Marx was involved in certain disputes, some of which became serious: in August 1836 he took part in a duel with a member of the university's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corps_Borussia_Bonn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corps Borussia Bonn">Borussian Korps</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Although his grades in the first term were good, they soon deteriorated, leading his father to force a transfer to the more serious and academic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hegelianism_and_early_journalism:_1836–1843">Hegelianism and early journalism: 1836–1843</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg/170px-Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="3380"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg/170px-Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg/255px-Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg/340px-Jenny_von_Westphalen-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_von_Westphalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny von Westphalen">Jenny von Westphalen</a> in the 1830s </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_(1836)_V01-1.1_raw.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.1_raw.jpg/234px-David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.1_raw.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="3174"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 234px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.1_raw.jpg/234px-David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.1_raw.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="234" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.1_raw.jpg/351px-David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.1_raw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.1_raw.jpg/468px-David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.1_raw.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Trierer students in front of the White Horse, among them, Karl Marx. </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_(1836)_V01-1.2_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.2_cropped.jpg/80px-David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.2_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="398"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.2_cropped.jpg/80px-David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.2_cropped.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="80" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.2_cropped.jpg/120px-David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.2_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/David_Levy-Elkan_-_Die_%E2%80%9ETrierer%E2%80%9C_vor_dem_%E2%80%9EWei%C3%9Fen_Ro%C3%9F%E2%80%9C_in_Godesberg_%281836%29_V01-1.2_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Karl Marx (detail) </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow" style="display:flex"> <div class="thumbcaption"> A famous lithograph by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Levi_Elkan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Levi Elkan">David Levi Elkan</a>, simply known as "Die Trierer", depicts several students, and among them, Karl Marx, in front of the White Horse in 1836. Until 2017, this was the earliest known depiction of Marx, even though he was only identified in 1890 by [Friedrich?] Schneider, a judicial council and senate president in Cologne. However, because this depiction fits into Marx's description, it was accepted as being him since then.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrich2019131%E2%80%93132-35">[34]</a> Depictions of the young Marx by Hellmut Bach (1953) and another drawing that is more idealistic by I. Grinshtein (1961) was based upon this lithography; however they became more famous than the original depiction. The copy preserved in the Stadtmuseum Simeonstift Trier has some lost portions from above (the written year 1836, depictions of the brotherhood's activities etc.) because of ageing: this can be seen from earlier publications of the image. </div> </div> </div> </div> Spending summer and autumn 1836 in Trier, Marx became more serious about his studies and his life. He became engaged to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_von_Westphalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny von Westphalen">Jenny von Westphalen</a>, an educated member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edler">petty nobility</a> who had known Marx since childhood. As she had broken off her engagement with a young <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocrat</a> to be with Marx, their relationship was socially controversial owing to the differences between their religious and class origins, but Marx befriended her father <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_von_Westphalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig von Westphalen">Ludwig von Westphalen</a> (a liberal aristocrat) and later dedicated his doctoral thesis to him.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Seven years after their engagement, on 19 June 1843, they married in a Protestant church in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bad_Kreuznach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bad Kreuznach">Kreuznach</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In October 1836, Marx arrived in Berlin, matriculating in the university's faculty of law and renting a room in the Mittelstrasse.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[37]</a> During the first term, Marx attended lectures of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eduard_Gans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eduard Gans">Eduard Gans</a> (who represented the progressive Hegelian standpoint, elaborated on rational development in history by emphasising particularly its libertarian aspects, and the importance of social question) and of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_von_Savigny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl von Savigny">Karl von Savigny</a> (who represented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_School_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical School of Law">Historical School of Law</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Although studying law, he was fascinated by philosophy and looked for a way to combine the two, believing that "without philosophy nothing could be accomplished".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Marx became interested in the recently deceased German philosopher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, whose ideas were then widely debated among European philosophical circles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[40]</a> During a convalescence in Stralau, he joined the Doctor's Club (Doktorklub), a student group which discussed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hegelianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a> ideas, and through them became involved with a group of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radical_politics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radical politics">radical thinkers</a> known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Young_Hegelians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Young Hegelians">Young Hegelians</a> in 1837. They gathered around <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruno_Bauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a>, with Marx developing a particularly close friendship with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Rutenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Rutenberg">Adolf Rutenberg</a>. Like Marx, the Young Hegelians were critical of Hegel's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metaphysical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a> assumptions but adopted his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hegelian_Dialectic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian Dialectic">dialectical method</a> to criticise established society, politics and religion from a left-wing perspective.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Marx's father died in May 1838, resulting in a diminished income for the family.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Marx had been emotionally close to his father and treasured his memory after his death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperber201355%E2%80%9356-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="1410"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 98px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Gedenktafel_Karl_Marx_im_Foyer_des_Hauptgeb%C3%A4udes_der_Uni_Jena_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Inscription at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Jena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> commemorating the PhD he was awarded there in 1841. </figcaption> </figure> By 1837, Marx was writing both fiction and non-fiction, having completed a short novel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scorpion_and_Felix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scorpion and Felix">Scorpion and Felix</a>; a drama, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oulanem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oulanem">Oulanem</a>; as well as a number of love poems dedicated to his wife. None of this early work was published during his lifetime.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The love poems were published posthumously in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 1.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Marx soon abandoned fiction for other pursuits, including the study of both English and Italian, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art history">art history</a> and the translation of Latin classics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[46]</a> He began co-operating with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruno_Bauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a> on editing Hegel's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lectures_on_the_Philosophy_of_Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion">Philosophy of Religion</a> in 1840. Marx was also engaged in writing his doctoral thesis, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Difference_Between_the_Democritean_and_Epicurean_Philosophy_of_Nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature">The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[47]</a> which he completed in 1841. It was described as "a daring and original piece of work in which Marx set out to show that theology must yield to the superior wisdom of philosophy".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The essay was controversial, particularly among the conservative professors at the University of Berlin. Marx decided instead to submit his thesis to the more liberal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Jena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>, whose faculty awarded him his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in April 1841.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[49]</a> As Marx and Bauer were both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atheists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a>, in March 1841 they began plans for a journal entitled Archiv des Atheismus (Atheistic Archives), but it never came to fruition. In July, Marx and Bauer took a trip to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> from Berlin. There they scandalised their class by getting drunk, laughing in church and galloping through the streets on donkeys.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Marx was considering an academic career, but this path was barred by the government's growing opposition to classical liberalism and the Young Hegelians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Marx moved to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in 1842, where he became a journalist, writing for the radical newspaper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rheinische_Zeitung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rheinische Zeitung">Rheinische Zeitung</a> (Rhineland News), expressing his early views on socialism and his developing interest in economics. Marx criticised right-wing European governments as well as figures in the liberal and socialist movements, whom he thought ineffective or counter-productive.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The newspaper attracted the attention of the Prussian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Censorship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Censorship">government censors</a>, who checked every issue for seditious material before printing, which Marx lamented: "Our newspaper has to be presented to the police to be sniffed at, and if the police nose smells anything un-Christian or un-Prussian, the newspaper is not allowed to appear".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[53]</a> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rheinische_Zeitung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rheinische Zeitung">Rheinische Zeitung</a> published an article strongly criticising the Russian monarchy, Tsar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> requested it be banned and Prussia's government complied in 1843.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Paris:_1843–1845">Paris: 1843–1845</h3> </div> In 1843, Marx became co-editor of a new, radical left-wing Parisian newspaper, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsch-Franz%C3%B6sische_Jahrb%C3%BCcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher">Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher</a> (German-French Annals), then being set up by the German activist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnold_Ruge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnold Ruge">Arnold Ruge</a> to bring together German and French radicals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Therefore Marx and his wife moved to Paris in October 1843. Initially living with Ruge and his wife communally at 23 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rue_Vaneau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rue Vaneau">Rue Vaneau</a>, they found the living conditions difficult, so moved out following the birth of their daughter Jenny in 1844.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Although intended to attract writers from both France and the German states, the Jahrbücher was dominated by the latter and the only non-German writer was the exiled Russian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collectivist anarchism">anarchist collectivist</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Marx contributed two essays to the paper, "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_Hegel%27s_Philosophy_of_Right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right">Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right</a>"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[58]</a> and "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/On_the_Jewish_Question?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="On the Jewish Question">On the Jewish Question</a>",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[59]</a> the latter introducing his belief that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> were a revolutionary force and marking his embrace of communism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan200665%E2%80%9370,_74%E2%80%9380-61">[60]</a> Only one issue was published, but it was relatively successful, largely owing to the inclusion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Heine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>'s satirical odes on King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig of Bavaria</a>, leading the German states to ban it and seize imported copies (Ruge nevertheless refused to fund the publication of further issues and his friendship with Marx broke down).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[61]</a> After the paper's collapse, Marx began writing for the only uncensored German-language radical newspaper left, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vorw%C3%A4rts!?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vorwärts!">Vorwärts!</a> (Forward!). Based in Paris, the paper was connected to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/League_of_the_Just?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="League of the Just">League of the Just</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utopian_socialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialist</a> secret society of workers and artisans. Marx attended some of their meetings but did not join.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In Vorwärts!, Marx refined his views on socialism based upon Hegelian and Feuerbachian ideas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialectical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>, at the same time criticising liberals and other socialists operating in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200190-64">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Engels_1856.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Engels_1856.jpg/170px-Engels_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="582"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Engels_1856.jpg/170px-Engels_1856.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Engels_1856.jpg/255px-Engels_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Engels_1856.jpg/340px-Engels_1856.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, whom Marx met in 1844; the two became lifelong friends and collaborators. </figcaption> </figure> On 28 August 1844, Marx met the German socialist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_la_R%C3%A9gence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Café de la Régence">Café de la Régence</a>, beginning a lifelong friendship.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200175-65">[64]</a> Engels showed Marx his recently published <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[66]</a> convincing Marx that the working class would be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bottomore1991-68">[67]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197382-69">[68]</a> Soon, Marx and Engels were collaborating on a criticism of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former friend, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruno_Bauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a>. This work was published in 1845 as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Holy_Family_(book)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Holy Family (book)">The Holy Family</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200185%E2%80%9386-70">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Although critical of Bauer, Marx was increasingly influenced by the ideas of the Young Hegelians <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Stirner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, but eventually Marx and Engels abandoned Feuerbachian materialism as well.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-et-72">[71]</a> During the time that he lived at 38 Rue Vaneau in Paris (from October 1843 until January 1845),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Marx engaged in an intensive study of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political economy">political economy</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Ricardo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Mill">James Mill</a>, etc.),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197363-74">[73]</a> the French socialists (especially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Claude Henri St. Simon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Fourier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin196390%E2%80%9394-75">[74]</a> and the history of France.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197362-76">[75]</a> The study of, and critique, of political economy is a project that Marx would pursue for the rest of his life<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[76]</a> and would result in his major economic work—the three-volume series called Das Kapital.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> is based in large part on three influences: Hegel's dialectics, French utopian socialism and British political economy. Together with his earlier study of Hegel's dialectics, the studying that Marx did during this time in Paris meant that all major components of "Marxism" were in place by the autumn of 1844.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin196335%E2%80%9361-79">[78]</a> Marx was constantly being pulled away from his critique of political economy—not only by the usual daily demands of the time, but additionally by editing a radical newspaper and later by organising and directing the efforts of a political party during years of potentially revolutionary popular uprisings of the citizenry. Still, Marx was always drawn back to his studies where he sought "to understand the inner workings of capitalism".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197362-76">[75]</a> An outline of "Marxism" had definitely formed in the mind of Karl Marx by late 1844. Indeed, many features of the Marxist view of the world had been worked out in great detail, but Marx needed to write down all of the details of his world view to further clarify the new critique of political economy in his own mind.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Accordingly, Marx wrote <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophical_Manuscripts_of_1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844">The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[80]</a> These manuscripts covered numerous topics, detailing Marx's concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alienated_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienated labour">alienated labour</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a> By the spring of 1845, his continued study of political economy, capital and capitalism had led Marx to the belief that the new critique of political economy he was espousing—that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_socialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>—needed to be built on the base of a thoroughly developed materialistic view of the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197383-83">[82]</a> The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 had been written between April and August 1844, but soon Marx recognised that the Manuscripts had been influenced by some inconsistent ideas of Ludwig Feuerbach. Accordingly, Marx recognised the need to break with Feuerbach's philosophy in favour of historical materialism, thus a year later (in April 1845) after moving from Paris to Brussels, Marx wrote his eleven "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theses_on_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theses on Feuerbach">Theses on Feuerbach</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The "Theses on Feuerbach" are best known for Thesis 11, which states that "philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways, the point is to change it".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[84]</a> This work contains Marx's criticism of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Materialism">materialism</a> (for being contemplative), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idealism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idealism">idealism</a> (for reducing practice to theory), and, overall, philosophy (for putting abstract reality above the physical world).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a> It thus introduced the first glimpse at Marx's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, an argument that the world is changed not by ideas but by actual, physical, material activity and practice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Engels1999-86">[85]</a> In 1845, after receiving a request from the Prussian king, the French government shut down Vorwärts!, with the interior minister, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>, expelling Marx from France.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA90_90%5D-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Brussels:_1845–1848">Brussels: 1845–1848</h3> </div> Unable either to stay in France or to move to Germany, Marx decided to emigrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845. However, to stay in Belgium he had to pledge not to publish anything on the subject of contemporary politics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA90_90%5D-87">[86]</a> In Brussels, Marx associated with other exiled socialists from across Europe, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moses_Hess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Heinzen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Heinzen">Karl Heinzen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Weydemeyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Weydemeyer">Joseph Weydemeyer</a>. In April 1845, Engels moved from Barmen in Germany to Brussels to join Marx and the growing cadre of members of the League of the Just now seeking home in Brussels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA90_90%5D-87">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Later, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Burns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Burns">Mary Burns</a>, Engels' long-time companion, left Manchester, England to join Engels in Brussels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In mid-July 1845, Marx and Engels left Brussels for England to visit the leaders of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chartism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chartism">Chartists</a>, a working-class movement in Britain. This was Marx's first trip to England and Engels was an ideal guide for the trip. Engels had already spent two years living in Manchester from November 1842<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[89]</a> to August 1844.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Not only did Engels already know the English language,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197389-92">[91]</a> but he had also developed a close relationship with many Chartist leaders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197389-92">[91]</a> Indeed, Engels was serving as a reporter for many Chartist and socialist English newspapers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197389-92">[91]</a> Marx used the trip as an opportunity to examine the economic resources available for study in various libraries in London and Manchester.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200192-93">[92]</a> In collaboration with Engels, Marx also set about writing a book which is often seen as his best treatment of the concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_German_Ideology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In this work, Marx broke with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruno_Bauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Stirner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> and the rest of the Young Hegelians, while he also broke with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Ferdinand_Gr%C3%BCn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün">Karl Grün</a> and other "true socialists" whose philosophies were still based in part on "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idealism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idealism">idealism</a>". In German Ideology, Marx and Engels finally completed their philosophy, which was based solely on materialism as the sole motor force in history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197396%E2%80%9397-95">[94]</a> German Ideology is written in a humorously satirical form, but even this satirical form did not save the work from censorship. Like so many other early writings of his, German Ideology would not be published in Marx's lifetime and was published only in 1932.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wk-96">[95]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200193-97">[96]</a> After completing German Ideology, Marx turned to a work that was intended to clarify his own position regarding "the theory and tactics" of a truly "revolutionary proletarian movement" operating from the standpoint of a truly "scientific materialist" philosophy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[97]</a> This work was intended to draw a distinction between the utopian socialists and Marx's own scientific socialist philosophy. Whereas the utopians believed that people must be persuaded one person at a time to join the socialist movement, the way a person must be persuaded to adopt any different belief, Marx knew that people would tend, on most occasions, to act in accordance with their own economic interests, thus appealing to an entire class (the working class in this case) with a broad appeal to the class's best material interest would be the best way to mobilise the broad mass of that class to make a revolution and change society. This was the intent of the new book that Marx was planning, but to get the manuscript past the government censors he called the book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a> (1847)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[98]</a> and offered it as a response to the "petty-bourgeois philosophy" of the French anarchist socialist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> as expressed in his book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Poverty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philosophy of Poverty">The Philosophy of Poverty</a> (1840).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001107-100">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg/220px-Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1998"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 309px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg/220px-Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="309" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg/330px-Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg/440px-Marx%2BFamily_and_Engels.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marx (right) with his daughters and Engels </figcaption> </figure> These books laid the foundation for Marx and Engels's most famous work, a political pamphlet that has since come to be commonly known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>. While residing in Brussels in 1846, Marx continued his association with the secret radical organisation <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/League_of_the_Just?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="League of the Just">League of the Just</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973124-101">[100]</a> As noted above, Marx thought the League to be just the sort of radical organisation that was needed to spur the working class of Europe toward the mass movement that would bring about a working-class revolution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[101]</a> However, to organise the working class into a mass movement the League had to cease its "secret" or "underground" orientation and operate in the open as a political party.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Members of the League eventually became persuaded in this regard. Accordingly, in June 1847 the League was reorganised by its membership into a new open "above ground" political society that appealed directly to the working classes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973123%E2%80%93125-104">[103]</a> This new open political society was called the Communist League.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973125-105">[104]</a> Both Marx and Engels participated in drawing up the programme and organisational principles of the new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist League">Communist League</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Communist-manifesto.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Communist-manifesto.png/170px-Communist-manifesto.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1045"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Communist-manifesto.png/170px-Communist-manifesto.png" data-width="170" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Communist-manifesto.png/255px-Communist-manifesto.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Communist-manifesto.png/340px-Communist-manifesto.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The first edition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Manifesto of the Communist Party</a>, published in German in 1848 </figcaption> </figure> In late 1847, Marx and Engels began writing what was to become their most famous work – a programme of action for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist League">Communist League</a>. Written jointly by Marx and Engels from December 1847 to January 1848, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> was first published on 21 February 1848.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The Communist Manifesto laid out the beliefs of the new Communist League. No longer a secret society, the Communist League wanted to make aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding its beliefs as the League of the Just had been doing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001115-108">[107]</a> The opening lines of the pamphlet set forth the principal basis of Marxism: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ShillingMellor2001-109">[108]</a> It goes on to examine the antagonisms that Marx claimed were arising in the clashes of interest between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourgeoisie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> (the wealthy capitalist class) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> (the industrial working class). Proceeding on from this, the Manifesto presents the argument for why the Communist League, as opposed to other socialist and liberal political parties and groups at the time, was truly acting in the interests of the proletariat to overthrow capitalist society and to replace it with socialism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Later that year, Europe experienced a series of protests, rebellions, and often violent upheavals that became known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001125-111">[110]</a> In France, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Revolution of 1848">a revolution</a> led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Second_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001125-111">[110]</a> Marx was supportive of such activity and having recently received a substantial inheritance from his father (withheld by his uncle Lionel Philips since his father's death in 1838) of either 6,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MaltsevN.-93-112">[111]</a> or 5,000 francs<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001126%E2%80%9327-114">[113]</a> he allegedly used a third of it to arm Belgian workers who were planning revolutionary action.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001126%E2%80%9327-114">[113]</a> Although the veracity of these allegations is disputed,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MaltsevN.-93-112">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[114]</a> the Belgian Ministry of Justice accused Marx of it, subsequently arresting him and he was forced to flee back to France, where with a new republican government in power he believed that he would be safe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001126%E2%80%9327-114">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cologne:_1848–1849">Cologne: 1848–1849</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg/220px-Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1047"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg/220px-Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg/330px-Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg/440px-Marx_and_Engels_at_the_Rheinische_Zeitung.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marx and Engels in the printing house of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neue_Rheinische_Zeitung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neue Rheinische Zeitung">Neue Rheinische Zeitung</a>. E. Capiro, 1895 </figcaption> </figure> Temporarily settling down in Paris, Marx transferred the Communist League executive headquarters to the city and also set up a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Workers%27_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German Workers' Society">German Workers' Club</a> with various German socialists living there.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001128-117">[116]</a> Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne where he began issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[117]</a> in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time the bourgeoisie must overthrow the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feudalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001129-119">[118]</a> On 1 June, Marx started the publication of a daily newspaper, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neue_Rheinische_Zeitung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neue Rheinische Zeitung">Neue Rheinische Zeitung</a>, which he helped to finance through his recent inheritance from his father. Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, the newspaper featured Marx as a primary writer and the dominant editorial influence. Despite contributions by fellow members of the Communist League, according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> it remained "a simple dictatorship by Marx".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001130%E2%80%93132-120">[119]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigel197850-121">[120]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DL-Marx-122">[121]</a> Whilst editor of the paper, Marx and the other revolutionary socialists were regularly harassed by the police and Marx was brought to trial on several occasions, facing various allegations including insulting the Chief Public Prosecutor, committing a press misdemeanor and inciting armed rebellion through tax boycotting,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mehring2003-125">[124]</a> although each time he was acquitted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20130622083426httpbooksgooglecombooksid4rbH49xtcpkCpgPA192_192%5D-126">[125]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mehring2003-125">[124]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Meanwhile, the democratic parliament in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prussia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> collapsed and the king, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_William_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William IV">Frederick William IV</a>, introduced a new cabinet of his reactionary supporters, who implemented counterrevolutionary measures to expunge left-wing and other revolutionary elements from the country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001136%E2%80%9337-128">[127]</a> Consequently, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was soon suppressed, and Marx was ordered to leave the country on 16 May 1849.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DL-Marx-122">[121]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001137%E2%80%93146-129">[128]</a> Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counterrevolution and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cholera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic, and was soon expelled by the city authorities, who considered him a political threat. With his wife Jenny expecting their fourth child and with Marx not able to move back to Germany or Belgium, in August 1849 he sought refuge in London.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001147%E2%80%93148-130">[129]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Watson2010-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Move_to_London_and_further_writing:_1850–1860">Move to London and further writing: 1850–1860</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg/190px-Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg/190px-Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg/285px-Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg/380px-Karl_Marx_-_28_Dean_Street_Soho_London_W1D_3RY.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Marx lived at 28 Dean Street, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soho">Soho</a>, London from 1851 to 1856. An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Heritage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue_plaque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> is visible on the second floor. </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg/190px-Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg/190px-Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg/285px-Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg/380px-Karl_Marx_1818-1883_lived_here_1851-56.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Close up of the Blue plaque. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> Marx moved to London in early June 1849 and would remain based in the city for the rest of his life. The headquarters of the Communist League also moved to London. However, in the winter of 1849–1850, a split within the ranks of the Communist League occurred when a faction within it led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August_Willich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="August Willich">August Willich</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Schapper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Schapper">Karl Schapper</a> began agitating for an immediate uprising. Willich and Schapper believed that once the Communist League had initiated the uprising, the entire working class from across Europe would rise "spontaneously" to join it, thus creating revolution across Europe. Marx and Engels protested that such an unplanned uprising on the part of the Communist League was "adventuristic" and would be suicide for the Communist League.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973233-132">[131]</a> Such an uprising as that recommended by the Schapper/Willich group would easily be crushed by the police and the armed forces of the reactionary governments of Europe. Marx maintained that this would spell doom for the Communist League itself, arguing that changes in society are not achieved overnight through the efforts and will power of a handful of men.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973233-132">[131]</a> They are instead brought about through a scientific analysis of economic conditions of society and by moving toward revolution through different stages of social development. In the present stage of development (circa 1850), following the defeat of the uprisings across Europe in 1848 he felt that the Communist League should encourage the working class to unite with progressive elements of the rising bourgeoisie to defeat the feudal aristocracy on issues involving demands for governmental reforms, such as a constitutional republic with freely elected assemblies and universal (male) suffrage. In other words, the working class must join with bourgeois and democratic forces to bring about the successful conclusion of the bourgeois revolution before stressing the working-class agenda and a working-class revolution.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After a long struggle that threatened to ruin the Communist League, Marx's opinion prevailed and eventually, the Willich/Schapper group left the Communist League. Meanwhile, Marx also became heavily involved with the socialist German Workers' Educational Society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The Society held their meetings in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Windmill_Street?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Windmill Street">Great Windmill Street</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soho">Soho</a>, central London's entertainment district.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001151%E2%80%93155-134">[133]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harriss2006-135">[134]</a> This organisation was also racked by an internal struggle between its members, some of whom followed Marx while others followed the Schapper/Willich faction. The issues in this internal split were the same issues raised in the internal split within the Communist League, but Marx lost the fight with the Schapper/Willich faction within the German Workers' Educational Society and on 17 September 1850 resigned from the Society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="New-York_Daily_Tribune_and_journalism">New-York Daily Tribune and journalism</h3> </div> In the early period in London, Marx committed himself almost exclusively to his studies, such that his family endured extreme poverty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-egsbio-138">[137]</a> His main source of income was Engels, whose own source was his wealthy industrialist father.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-egsbio-138">[137]</a> In Prussia as editor of his own newspaper, and contributor to others ideologically aligned, Marx could reach his audience, the working classes. In London, without finances to run a newspaper themselves, he and Engels turned to international journalism. At one stage they were being published by six newspapers from England, the United States, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prussia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, Austria, and South Africa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Marx's principal earnings came from his work as European correspondent, from 1852 to 1862, for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New-York_Daily_Tribune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Daily Tribune">New-York Daily Tribune</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kluger-140">[139]</a>: 17 and from also producing articles for more "bourgeois" newspapers. Marx had his articles translated from German by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Pieper_(revolutionary)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wilhelm Pieper (revolutionary) (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Pieper</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieper_(Revolution%25C3%25A4r)" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Pieper (Revolutionär)">de</a>], until his proficiency in English had become adequate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dispatches-141">[140]</a> The New-York Daily Tribune had been founded in April 1841 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horace_Greeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973274-142">[141]</a> Its editorial board contained progressive bourgeois journalists and publishers, among them <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a> and the journalist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Charles Dana</a>, who was editor-in-chief. Dana, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourierist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourierist">fourierist</a> and an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abolitionist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a>, was Marx's contact. The Tribune was a vehicle for Marx to reach a transatlantic public, such as for his "hidden warfare" against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Charles_Carey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Charles Carey">Henry Charles Carey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[142]</a> The journal had wide working-class appeal from its foundation; at two cents, it was inexpensive;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[143]</a> and, with about 50,000 copies per issue, its circulation was the widest in the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kluger-140">[139]</a>: 14 Its editorial ethos was progressive and its anti-slavery stance reflected Greeley's.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kluger-140">[139]</a>: 82 Marx's first article for the paper, on the British parliamentary elections, was published on 21 August 1852.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[144]</a> On 21 March 1857, Dana informed Marx that due to the economic recession only one article a week would be paid for, published or not; the others would be paid for only if published. Marx had sent his articles on Tuesdays and Fridays, but, that October, the Tribune discharged all its correspondents in Europe except Marx and B. Taylor, and reduced Marx to a weekly article. Between September and November 1860, only five were published. After a six-month interval, Marx resumed contributions from September 1861 until March 1862, when Dana wrote to inform him that there was no longer space in the Tribune for reports from London, due to American domestic affairs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MECW-146">[145]</a> In 1868, Dana set up a rival newspaper, the New York Sun, at which he was editor-in-chief.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In April 1857, Dana invited Marx to contribute articles, mainly on military history, to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_American_Cyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New American Cyclopedia">New American Cyclopedia</a>, an idea of George Ripley, Dana's friend and literary editor of the Tribune. In all, 67 Marx-Engels articles were published, of which 51 were written by Engels, although Marx did some research for them in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[147]</a> By the late 1850s, American popular interest in European affairs waned and Marx's articles turned to topics such as the "slavery crisis" and the outbreak of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861 in the "War Between the States".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Between December 1851 and March 1852, Marx worked on his theoretical work about the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>, titled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Napoleon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In this he explored concepts in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_struggle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>, and victory of the proletariat over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourgeois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx2008-151">[150]</a> The 1850s and 1860s may be said to mark a philosophical boundary distinguishing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Young_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Young Marx">young Marx</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hegelian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idealism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idealism">idealism</a> and the more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mature_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mature Marx">mature Marx</a>'s<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wood-152">[151]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wood1993-153">[152]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hook1994-154">[153]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johnston2000-155">[154]</a> scientific ideology associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structural_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Structural Marxism">structural Marxism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johnston2000-155">[154]</a> However, not all scholars accept this distinction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hook1994-154">[153]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GeorgeScanlan1975-156">[155]</a> For Marx and Engels, their experience of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> to 1849 were formative in the development of their theory of economics and historical progression. After the "failures" of 1848, the revolutionary impetus appeared spent and not to be renewed without an economic recession. Contention arose between Marx and his fellow communists, whom he denounced as "adventurists". Marx deemed it fanciful to propose that "will power" could be sufficient to create the revolutionary conditions when in reality the economic component was the necessary requisite. The recession in the United States' economy in 1852 gave Marx and Engels grounds for optimism for revolutionary activity, yet this economy was seen as too immature for a capitalist revolution. Open territories on America's western frontier dissipated the forces of social unrest. Moreover, any economic crisis arising in the United States would not lead to revolutionary contagion of the older economies of individual European nations, which were closed systems bounded by their national borders. When the so-called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panic_of_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a> in the United States spread globally, it broke all economic theory models, and was the first truly global economic crisis.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="First_International_and_Das_Kapital">First International and Das Kapital</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/170px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 287px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/170px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="287" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/255px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg/340px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_Das_Kapital_Marx_1867.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The first volume of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital:_Critique_of_Political_Economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital: Critique of Political Economy">Das Kapital</a> </figcaption> </figure> Marx continued to write articles for the New York Daily Tribune as long as he was sure that the Tribune's editorial policy was still progressive. However, the departure of Charles Dana from the paper in late 1861 and the resultant change in the editorial board brought about a new editorial policy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[157]</a> No longer was the Tribune to be a strong <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abolitionist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> paper dedicated to a complete <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> victory. The new editorial board supported an immediate peace between the Union and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> in the Civil War in the United States with slavery left intact in the Confederacy. Marx strongly disagreed with this new political position and in 1863 was forced to withdraw as a writer for the Tribune.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973345-159">[158]</a> In 1864, Marx became involved in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (also known as the First International),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20130622083426httpbooksgooglecombooksid4rbH49xtcpkCpgPA192_192%5D-126">[125]</a> to whose General Council he was elected at its inception in 1864.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20130616235612httpbooksgooglecombooksid4rbH49xtcpkCpgPA269_267%5D-160">[159]</a> In that organisation, Marx was involved in the struggle against the anarchist wing centred on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> (1814–1876).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-egsbio-138">[137]</a> Although Marx won this contest, the transfer of the seat of the General Council from London to New York in 1872, which Marx supported, led to the decline of the International.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-JessopWheatley1999-526-161">[160]</a> The most important political event during the existence of the International was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris_Commune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871 when the citizens of Paris rebelled against their government and held the city for two months. In response to the bloody suppression of this rebellion, Marx wrote one of his most famous pamphlets, "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Civil War in France">The Civil War in France</a>", a defence of the Commune.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Curtis1997-162">[161]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Given the repeated failures and frustrations of workers' revolutions and movements, Marx also sought to understand and provide a critique suitable for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>, and hence spent a great deal of time in the reading room of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> studying.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220-164">[163]</a> By 1857, Marx had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landed_property?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landed property">landed property</a>, wage labour, the state, and foreign trade, and the world market, though this work did not appear in print until 1939, under the title <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grundrisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie</a> (English: Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Segrest2002-165">[164]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In 1859, Marx published <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[167]</a> his first serious critique of political economy. This work was intended merely as a preview of his three-volume <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Das_Kapital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a> (English title: Capital: Critique of Political Economy), which he intended to publish at a later date. In A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx began to critically examine axioms and categories of economic thinking.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostone199354%E2%80%9355,_173,_192-169">[168]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-171">[170]</a> The work was enthusiastically received, and the edition sold out quickly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973318-172">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Karl-Marx.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Karl-Marx.jpg/170px-Karl-Marx.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Karl-Marx.jpg/170px-Karl-Marx.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Karl-Marx.jpg/255px-Karl-Marx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Karl-Marx.jpg/340px-Karl-Marx.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marx photographed by John Mayall, 1875 </figcaption> </figure> The successful sales of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a> stimulated Marx in the early 1860s to finish work on the three large volumes that would compose his major life's work – Das Kapital and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a>, which discussed and critiqued the theoreticians of political economy, particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Ricardo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-egsbio-138">[137]</a> Theories of Surplus Value is often referred to as the fourth volume of Das Kapital and constitutes one of the first comprehensive treatises on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_economic_thought?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of economic thought">history of economic thought</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rockmore2002-173">[172]</a> In 1867, the first volume of Das Kapital was published, a work which critically analysed capital.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BrewerMarx1984-15-174">[173]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-171">[170]</a> Das Kapital proposes an explanation of the "laws of motion" of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> from its origins to its future by describing the dynamics of the accumulation of capital, with topics such as the growth of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wage_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a>, the transformation of the workplace, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_accumulation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>, competition, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> system, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">tendency of the rate of profit to fall</a> and land-rents, as well as how waged labour continually reproduce the rule of capital.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostone2006190,_26%E2%80%9327._135,_374%E2%80%9375-175">[174]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2012-176">[175]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepperell2010104%E2%80%93105-177">[176]</a> Marx proposes that the driving force of capital is in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_(economics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a>, whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surplus_value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a>. Demand for a Russian language edition of Das Kapital soon led to the printing of 3,000 copies of the book in the Russian language, which was published on 27 March 1872. By the autumn of 1871, the entire first edition of the German-language edition of Das Kapital had been sold out and a second edition was published. Volumes II and III of Das Kapital remained mere manuscripts upon which Marx continued to work for the rest of his life. Both volumes were published by Engels after Marx's death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-egsbio-138">[137]</a> Volume II of Das Kapital was prepared and published by Engels in July 1893 under the name Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Volume III of Das Kapital was published a year later in October 1894 under the name Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Theories of Surplus Value derived from the sprawling Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863, a second draft for Das Kapital, the latter spanning volumes 30–34 of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels. Specifically, Theories of Surplus Value runs from the latter part of the Collected Works' thirtieth volume through the end of their thirty-second volume;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[181]</a> meanwhile, the larger Economic Manuscripts of 1861–1863 run from the start of the Collected Works' thirtieth volume through the first half of their thirty-fourth volume. The latter half of the Collected Works' thirty-fourth volume consists of the surviving fragments of the Economic Manuscripts of 1863–1864, which represented a third draft for Das Kapital, and a large portion of which is included as an appendix to the Penguin edition of Das Kapital, volume I.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[182]</a> A German-language abridged edition of Theories of Surplus Value was published in 1905 and in 1910. This abridged edition was translated into English and published in 1951 in London, but the complete unabridged edition of Theories of Surplus Value was published as the "fourth volume" of Das Kapital in 1963 and 1971 in Moscow.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-184">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marx_old.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marx_old.jpg/170px-Marx_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2646"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marx_old.jpg/170px-Marx_old.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marx_old.jpg/255px-Marx_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marx_old.jpg/340px-Marx_old.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marx in 1882 </figcaption> </figure> During the last decade of his life, Marx's health declined, and he became incapable of the sustained effort that had characterised his previous work.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-egsbio-138">[137]</a> He did manage to comment substantially on contemporary politics, particularly in Germany and Russia. His <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a> opposed the tendency of his followers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August_Bebel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a> to compromise with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_socialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State socialism">state socialist</a> ideas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> in the interests of a united socialist party.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-egsbio-138">[137]</a> This work is also notable for another famous Marx quote: "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_need?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his need">From each according to his ability, to each according to his need</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CGP_P1-185">[184]</a> In a letter to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vera_Zasulich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vera Zasulich">Vera Zasulich</a> dated 8 March 1881, Marx contemplated the possibility of Russia's bypassing the capitalist stage of development and building communism on the basis of the common ownership of land characteristic of the village <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mir_(social)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir (social)">mir</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-egsbio-138">[137]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[185]</a> While admitting that Russia's rural "commune is the fulcrum of social regeneration in Russia", Marx also warned that in order for the mir to operate as a means for moving straight to the socialist stage without a preceding capitalist stage it "would first be necessary to eliminate the deleterious influences which are assailing it [the rural commune] from all sides".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-k72-187">[186]</a> Given the elimination of these pernicious influences, Marx allowed that "normal conditions of spontaneous development" of the rural commune could exist.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-k72-187">[186]</a> However, in the same letter to Vera Zasulich he points out that "at the core of the capitalist system ... lies the complete separation of the producer from the means of production".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-k72-187">[186]</a> In one of the drafts of this letter, Marx reveals his growing passion for anthropology, motivated by his belief that future communism would be a return on a higher level to the communism of our prehistoric past. He wrote that "the historical trend of our age is the fatal crisis which capitalist production has undergone in the European and American countries where it has reached its highest peak, a crisis that will end in its destruction, in the return of modern society to a higher form of the most archaic type – collective production and appropriation". He added that "the vitality of primitive communities was incomparably greater than that of Semitic, Greek, Roman, etc. societies, and, a fortiori, that of modern capitalist societies".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Before he died, Marx asked Engels to write up these ideas, which were published in 1884 under the title <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Family">Family</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jenny_laura_marx.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jenny_laura_marx.jpg/170px-Jenny_laura_marx.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="494"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jenny_laura_marx.jpg/170px-Jenny_laura_marx.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jenny_laura_marx.jpg/255px-Jenny_laura_marx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jenny_laura_marx.jpg/340px-Jenny_laura_marx.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Jenny Carolina and Jenny Laura Marx (1869): all the Marx daughters were named Jenny in honour of their mother, Jenny von Westphalen. </figcaption> </figure> Marx and von Westphalen had seven children together, but partly owing to the poor conditions in which they lived whilst in London, only three survived to adulthood.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Their children were: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_Longuet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny Longuet">Jenny Caroline</a> (m. Longuet; 1844–1883); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laura_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laura Marx">Jenny Laura</a> (m. Lafargue; 1845–1911); Edgar (1847–1855); Henry Edward Guy ("Guido"; 1849–1850); Jenny Eveline Frances ("Franziska"; 1851–1852); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleanor_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleanor Marx">Jenny Julia Eleanor</a> (1855–1898) and one more who died before being named (July 1857). According to his son-in-law, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Lafargue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a>, Marx was a loving father.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[189]</a> In 1962, there were allegations that Marx fathered a son, Freddy,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Montefiore-191">[190]</a> out of wedlock by his housekeeper, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helene_Demuth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helene Demuth">Helene Demuth</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001173-192">[191]</a> but the claim is disputed for lack of documented evidence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carver,_1991-193">[192]</a> Helene Demuth was also largely entrusted as a confidante. In her obituary, penned by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, her role is revealed as: "Marx took counsel of Helena Demuth, not only in difficult and intricate party matters, but even in respect of his economical writings".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Marx frequently used pseudonyms, often when renting a house or flat, apparently to make it harder for the authorities to track him down. While in Paris, he used that of "Monsieur Ramboz", whilst in London, he signed off his letters as "A. Williams". His friends referred to him as "Moor", owing to his dark complexion and black curly hair, while he encouraged his children to call him "Old Nick" and "Charley".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001152-195">[194]</a> He also bestowed nicknames and pseudonyms on his friends and family, referring to Friedrich Engels as "General", his housekeeper Helene as "Lenchen" or "Nym", while one of his daughters, Jennychen, was referred to as "Qui Qui, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>" and another, Laura, was known as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cockatoo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cockatoo">Kakadou</a>" or "the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khoikhoi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Hottentot</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001152-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Health">Health</h3> </div> Marx drank heavily after joining the Trier Tavern Club drinking society in the 1830s, and continued to do so until his death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-drinking1-32">[31]</a> Marx was afflicted by poor health, what he himself described as "the wretchedness of existence",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg200098-196">[195]</a> and various authors have sought to describe and explain it. His biographer Werner Blumenberg attributed it to liver and gall problems which Marx had in 1849 and from which he was never afterward free, exacerbated by an unsuitable lifestyle. The attacks often came with headaches, eye inflammation, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neuralgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neuralgia">neuralgia</a> in the head, and rheumatic pains. A serious nervous disorder appeared in 1877 and protracted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insomnia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> was a consequence, which Marx fought with narcotics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg2000100-197">[196]</a> The illness was aggravated by excessive nocturnal work and faulty diet. Marx was fond of highly seasoned dishes, smoked fish, caviare, pickled cucumbers, "none of which are good for liver patients", but he also liked wine and liqueurs and smoked an enormous amount "and since he had no money, it was usually bad-quality cigars". From 1863, Marx complained a lot about boils: "These are very frequent with liver patients and may be due to the same causes".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg2000100-197">[196]</a> The abscesses were so bad that Marx could neither sit nor work upright. According to Blumenberg, Marx's irritability is often found in liver patients: <blockquote> The illness emphasised certain traits in his character. He argued cuttingly, his biting satire did not shrink at insults, and his expressions could be rude and cruel. Though in general Marx had blind faith in his closest friends, nevertheless he himself complained that he was sometimes too mistrustful and unjust even to them. His verdicts, not only about enemies but even about friends, were sometimes so harsh that even less sensitive people would take offence ... There must have been few whom he did not criticize like this ... not even Engels was an exception.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg200099%E2%80%93100-198">[197]</a> </blockquote> According to Princeton historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerrold_Seigel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerrold Seigel">Jerrold Seigel</a>, in his late teens, Marx may have had pneumonia or pleurisy, the effects of which led to his being exempted from Prussian military service. In later life whilst working on Das Kapital (which he never completed),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg200098-196">[195]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigel1978494-199">[198]</a> Marx suffered from a trio of afflictions. A liver ailment, probably hereditary, was aggravated by overwork, a bad diet, and lack of sleep. Inflammation of the eyes was induced by too much work at night. A third affliction, eruption of carbuncles or boils, "was probably brought on by general physical debility to which the various features of Marx's style of life – alcohol, tobacco, poor diet, and failure to sleep – all contributed. Engels often exhorted Marx to alter this dangerous regime". In Seigel's thesis, what lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his health may have been guilt about self-involvement and egoism, originally induced in Karl Marx by his father.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigel1978495%E2%80%93496-200">[199]</a> In 2007, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retrodiagnosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrodiagnosis">retrodiagnosis</a> of Marx's skin disease was made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dermatologist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermatologist">dermatologist</a> Sam Shuster of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newcastle_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> and for Shuster, the most probable explanation was that Marx suffered not from liver problems, but from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">hidradenitis suppurativa</a>, a recurring infective condition arising from blockage of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apocrine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apocrine">apocrine</a> ducts opening into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hair_follicles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair follicles">hair follicles</a>. This condition, which was not described in the English medical literature until 1933 (hence would not have been known to Marx's physicians), can produce joint pain (which could be misdiagnosed as rheumatic disorder) and painful eye conditions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster20081%E2%80%932-201">[200]</a> To arrive at his retrodiagnosis, Shuster considered the primary material: the Marx correspondence published in the 50 volumes of the Marx/Engels Collected Works. There, "although the skin lesions were called 'furuncles', 'boils' and 'carbuncles' by Marx, his wife, and his physicians, they were too persistent, recurrent, destructive and site-specific for that diagnosis". The sites of the persistent 'carbuncles' were noted repeatedly in the armpits, groins, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perianal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianal">perianal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital">genital</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_penis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human penis">penis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scrotum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suprapubic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprapubic">suprapubic</a> regions and inner thighs, "favoured sites of hidradenitis suppurativa". Professor Shuster claimed the diagnosis "can now be made definitively".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster20081%E2%80%932-201">[200]</a> Shuster went on to consider the potential <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychosocial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> effects of the disease, noting that the skin is an organ of communication and that hidradenitis suppurativa produces much psychological distress, including loathing and disgust and depression of self-image, mood, and well-being, feelings for which Shuster found "much evidence" in the Marx correspondence. Professor Shuster went on to ask himself whether the mental effects of the disease affected Marx's work and even helped him to develop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx's theory of alienation">his theory of alienation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster20083-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Death">Death</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_(10).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_%2810%29.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_%2810%29.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_%2810%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_%2810%29.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_%2810%29.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Karl_Marx_Highgate_Cemetery_in_London_2016_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomb_of_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomb of Karl Marx">Tomb of Karl Marx</a>, East <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Highgate Cemetery">Highgate Cemetery</a>, London </figcaption> </figure> Following the death of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catarrh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catarrh">catarrh</a> that kept him in ill health for the last 15 months of his life. It eventually brought on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronchitis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pleurisy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> that killed him in London on 14 March 1883, when he died a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statelessness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statelessness">stateless person</a> at age 64.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stateless-203">[202]</a> Family and friends in London buried his body in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Highgate Cemetery">Highgate Cemetery</a> (East), London, on 17 March 1883 in an area reserved for agnostics and atheists. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Eliot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>'s grave is nearby. According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Wheen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Wheen">Francis Wheen</a>, there were between nine and eleven mourners at his funeral.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA382_382%5D-204">[203]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GouldMcGarr2007-205">[204]</a> Research from contemporary sources identifies thirteen named individuals attending the funeral: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleanor_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleanor Marx">Eleanor Marx</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Aveling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Aveling">Edward Aveling</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Lafargue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Longuet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Longuet">Charles Longuet</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helene_Demuth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helene Demuth">Helene Demuth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a>, Gottlieb Lemke, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_Lessner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick Lessner">Frederick Lessner</a>, G Lochner, Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ray_Lankester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Schorlemmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Schorlemmer">Carl Schorlemmer</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_Radford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest Radford">Ernest Radford</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[205]</a> A contemporary newspaper account claims that twenty-five to thirty relatives and friends attended the funeral.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[206]</a> A writer in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Graphic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Graphic">The Graphic</a> noted: 'By a strange blunder ... his death was not announced for two days, and then as having taken place at Paris. The next day the correction came from Paris; and when his friends and followers hastened to his house in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haverstock_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Haverstock Hill">Haverstock Hill</a>, to learn the time and place of burial, they learned that he was already in the cold ground. But for this secresy [sic] and haste, a great popular demonstration would undoubtedly have been held over his grave'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Several of his closest friends spoke at his funeral, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a> and Friedrich Engels. Engels' speech included the passage: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep – but forever.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1883:_The_death_of_Karl_Marx-209">[208]</a> </blockquote> Marx's surviving daughters <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleanor_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleanor Marx">Eleanor</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laura_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laura Marx">Laura</a>, as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Longuet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Longuet">Charles Longuet</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Lafargue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a>, Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, were also in attendance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GouldMcGarr2007-205">[204]</a> He had been predeceased by his wife and his eldest daughter, the latter dying a few months earlier in January 1883. Liebknecht, a founder and leader of the German Social Democratic Party, gave a speech in German, and Longuet, a prominent figure in the French working-class movement, made a short statement in French.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GouldMcGarr2007-205">[204]</a> Two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telegram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegrams</a> from workers' parties in France and Spain[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] were also read out.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GouldMcGarr2007-205">[204]</a> Together with Engels's speech, this constituted the entire programme of the funeral.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GouldMcGarr2007-205">[204]</a> Non-relatives attending the funeral included three communist associates of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for three years after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cologne_Communist_Trial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cologne Communist Trial">Cologne Communist Trial</a> of 1852; G. Lochner, whom Engels described as "an old member of the Communist League"; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Schorlemmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Schorlemmer">Carl Schorlemmer</a>, a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, and a communist activist involved in the 1848 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolution_in_Baden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution in Baden">Baden revolution</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GouldMcGarr2007-205">[204]</a> Another attendee of the funeral was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ray_Lankester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a>, a British zoologist who would later become a prominent academic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GouldMcGarr2007-205">[204]</a> Marx left a personal estate valued for probate at £250,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-probate-210">[209]</a> equivalent to £38,095 in 2024.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Upon his own death in 1895, Engels left Marx's two surviving daughters a "significant portion" of his considerable estate, valued in 2024 at US$6.8 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Montefiore-191">[190]</a> Marx and his family were reburied on a new site nearby in November 1954. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomb_of_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomb of Karl Marx">tomb</a> at the new site, unveiled on 14 March 1956,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-212">[211]</a> bears the carved message: "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of All Lands Unite</a>", the final line of The Communist Manifesto; and, from the 11th "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theses_on_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theses on Feuerbach">Thesis on Feuerbach</a>" (as edited by Engels), "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways—the point however is to change it".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wh1-213">[212]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB)</a> had the monument with a portrait bust by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laurence_Bradshaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laurence Bradshaw">Laurence Bradshaw</a> erected and Marx's original tomb had only humble adornment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wh1-213">[212]</a> Black civil rights leader and CPGB activist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudia_Jones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudia Jones">Claudia Jones</a> was later buried beside Karl Marx's tomb. The Marxist historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> remarked: "One cannot say Marx died a failure." Although he had not achieved a large following of disciples in Britain, his writings had already begun to make an impact on the left-wing movements in Germany and Russia. Within twenty-five years of his death, the continental European socialist parties that acknowledged Marx's influence on their politics had contributed to significant gains in their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Representative_democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> elections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[213]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Thought">Thought</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Influences_on_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Influences on Karl Marx">Influences on Karl Marx</a> </div> Marx's thought demonstrates influence from many sources, including but not limited to: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>'s philosophy<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a></li> <li>The classical political economy (economics) of Adam Smith and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Ricardo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sherman1995-216">[215]</a> as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi</a>'s critique of laissez-faire economics and analysis of the precarious state of the proletariat<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Paresh-217">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Left_in_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Left in France">French socialist thought</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sherman1995-216">[215]</a> in particular the thought of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Fourier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Beilharz1992-218">[217]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359-219">[218]</a></li> <li>Earlier German philosophical materialism among the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Young_Hegelians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Young Hegelians">Young Hegelians</a>, particularly that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruno_Bauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-et-72">[71]</a> as well as the French materialism of the late 18th century, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diderot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diderot">Diderot</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Claude Adrien Helvétius</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%27Holbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels'</a> analysis of the working class,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bottomore1991-68">[67]</a> as well as the early descriptions of class provided by French liberals and Saint-Simonians such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Thierry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Thierry">Augustin Thierry</a></li> <li>Marx's Judaic legacy has been identified as formative to both his moral outlook<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-220">[219]</a> and his materialist philosophy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigel1978112%E2%80%93119-221">[220]</a></li> </ul> Marx's view of history, which came to be called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a> (controversially adapted as the philosophy of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialectical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a> by Engels and Lenin), certainly shows the influence of Hegel's claim that one should view reality (and history) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialectic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialectic">dialectically</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> However, whereas Hegel had thought in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idealist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealist">idealist</a> terms, putting ideas in the forefront, Marx sought to conceptualise dialectics in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Materialist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> terms, arguing for the primacy of matter over idea.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> Where Hegel saw the "spirit" as driving history, Marx saw this as an unnecessary mystification, obscuring the reality of humanity and its physical actions shaping the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> He wrote that Hegelianism stood the movement of reality on its head, and that one needed to set it upon its feet.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> Despite his dislike of mystical terms, Marx used <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gothic_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> language in several of his works: in The Communist Manifesto he proclaims "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre", and in The Capital he refers to capital as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Necromancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a> that surrounds the products of labour".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-222">[221]</a> Though inspired by French socialist and sociological thought,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sherman1995-216">[215]</a> Marx criticised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utopian_socialists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialists">utopian socialists</a>, arguing that their favoured small-scale socialistic communities would be bound to marginalisation and poverty and that only a large-scale change in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic system">economic system</a> could bring about real change.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359-219">[218]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Other important contributions to Marx's revision of Hegelianism came from Engels's book, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a>, which led Marx to conceive of the historical dialectic in terms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_conflict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> and to see the modern working class as the most progressive force for revolution,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bottomore1991-68">[67]</a> as well as from the social democrat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a>, who in Die Bewegung der Produktion described the movement of society as "flowing from the contradiction between the forces of production and the mode of production."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Levine-224">[223]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated144-225">[224]</a> Marx believed that he could study history and society scientifically, discerning tendencies of history and thereby predicting the outcome of social conflicts. Some followers of Marx, therefore, concluded that a communist revolution would inevitably occur. However, Marx famously asserted in the eleventh of his "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theses_on_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theses on Feuerbach">Theses on Feuerbach</a>" that "philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point however is to change it" and he clearly dedicated himself to trying to alter the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324-7">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wh1-213">[212]</a> Marx's theories inspired several theories and disciplines of future, including but not limited to: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique of political economy">Contemporary critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kondratiev_wave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kondratiev wave">Kondratiev wave</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuznets_swing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuznets swing">Kuznets swing</a></li> <li>Theory of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underconsumption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Underconsumption">Underconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creative_destruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crisis_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quantitative_Economic_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative Economic History">Quantitative Economic History</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World-systems_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Philosophy_and_social_thought">Philosophy and social thought</h3> </div> Marx has been called "the first great user of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critical_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical method">critical method</a> in social sciences", a characterisation stemming from his frequent use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polemic">polemics</a> throughout his work to effect critiques of other thinkers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sherman1995-216">[215]</a> He criticised speculative philosophy, equating <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metaphysics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> with ideology.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBannerji200127-226">[225]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[226]</a> By adopting this approach, Marx attempted to separate key findings from ideological biases.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sherman1995-216">[215]</a> This set him apart from many contemporary philosophers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Human_nature">Human nature</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Marx's theory of human nature</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:G.W.F._Hegel_(by_Sichling,_after_Sebbers).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg/192px-G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="573"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg/192px-G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg/288px-G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg/384px-G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg/192px-Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="2063"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg/192px-Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg/288px-Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg/384px-Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbach.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow" style="display:flex"> <div class="thumbcaption"> The philosophers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G.W.F. Hegel</a> (left) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>, whose ideas on dialectics heavily influenced Marx </div> </div> </div> </div> Like Tocqueville, who described a faceless and bureaucratic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Despotism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Despotism">despotism</a> with no identifiable despot,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Marx also broke with classical thinkers who spoke of a single tyrant and with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montesquieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, who discussed the nature of the single despot. Instead, Marx set out to analyse "the despotism of capital".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Fundamentally, Marx assumed that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human history">human history</a> involves transforming <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human nature">human nature</a>, which encompasses both human beings and material objects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ollman1973-230">[229]</a> Humans recognise that they possess both actual and potential selves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_labour-231">[230]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_critique-232">[231]</a> For both Marx and Hegel, self-development begins with an experience of internal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a> stemming from this recognition, followed by a realisation that the actual self, as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subjective</a> agent, renders its potential counterpart an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Object_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">object</a> to be apprehended.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_critique-232">[231]</a> Marx further argues that by moulding nature<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lefever-233">[232]</a> in desired ways<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Holland_desire-234">[233]</a> the subject takes the object as its own and thus permits the individual to be actualised as fully human. For Marx, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx's theory of human nature">human nature</a> – Gattungswesen, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Species-being?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Species-being">species-being</a> – exists as a function of human labour.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_labour-231">[230]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_critique-232">[231]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Holland_desire-234">[233]</a> Fundamental to Marx's idea of meaningful labour is the proposition that for a subject to come to terms with its alienated object it must first exert influence upon literal, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Materialism">material objects</a> in the subject's world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_objects-235">[234]</a> Marx acknowledges that Hegel "grasps the nature of work and comprehends objective man, authentic because actual, as the result of his own work",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_work-236">[235]</a> but characterises Hegelian self-development as unduly "spiritual" and abstract.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_spiritual-237">[236]</a> Marx thus departs from Hegel by insisting that "the fact that man is a corporeal, actual, sentient, objective being with natural capacities means that he has actual, sensuous objects for his nature as objects of his life-expression, or that he can only express his life in actual sensuous objects".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marx_objects-235">[234]</a> Consequently, Marx revises Hegelian "work" into material "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_(economics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a>" and in the context of human capacity to transform nature the term "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour power">labour power</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Labour,_class_struggle_and_false_consciousness">Labour, class struggle and false consciousness</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alienation_(Marxism)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienation (Marxism)">Alienation (Marxism)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_struggle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Karl Marx, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MarxEngels2009pp5-238">[237]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/170px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1449"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/170px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/255px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/340px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A monument dedicated to Marx and Engels in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China </figcaption> </figure> Marx had a special concern with how people relate to their own labour power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222-239">[238]</a> He wrote extensively about this in terms of the problem of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros200696-240">[239]</a> As with the dialectic, Marx began with a Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a more materialist conception.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222-239">[238]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> mediates social relationships of production (such as among workers or between workers and capitalists) through commodities, including labour, that are bought and sold on the market.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222-239">[238]</a> For Marx, the possibility that one may give up ownership of one's own labour – one's capacity to transform the world – is tantamount to being alienated from one's own nature and it is a spiritual loss.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222-239">[238]</a> Marx described this loss as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodity_fetishism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a>, in which the things that people produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement of their own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Balibar1995-241">[240]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodity_fetishism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a> provides an example of what Engels called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/False_consciousness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a>",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ko%C5%82akowskiFalla2005-242">[241]</a> which relates closely to the understanding of ideology. By "ideology", Marx and Engels meant ideas that reflect the interests of a particular class at a particular time in history, but which contemporaries see as universal and eternal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hernadi1989-243">[242]</a> Marx and Engels's point was not only that such beliefs are at best half-truths, as they serve an important political function. Put another way, the control that one class exercises over the means of production include not only the production of food or manufactured goods but also the production of ideas (this provides one possible explanation for why members of a subordinate class may hold ideas contrary to their own interests).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thompson1990-244">[243]</a> An example of this sort of analysis is Marx's understanding of religion, summed up in a passage from the preface<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[244]</a> to his 1843 Contribution to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_Hegel%27s_Philosophy_of_Right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right">Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MarxO'Malley1977-246">[245]</a> </blockquote> Whereas his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> senior thesis at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium_(Trier)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Trier) (page does not exist)">Gymnasium zu Trier</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium_(Trier)" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium (Trier)">de</a>] argued that religion had as its primary social aim the promotion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidarity_(sociology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity (sociology)">solidarity</a>, here Marx sees the social function of religion in terms of highlighting/preserving political and economic status quo and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_inequality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SwatosKivisto1998-247">[246]</a> Marx was an outspoken opponent of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Child_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Child labour">child labour</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[247]</a> saying that British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children's blood too", and that U.S. capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated2-222">[221]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Critique_of_political_economy,_history_and_society">Critique of political economy, history and society</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxian_economics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> But you Communists would introduce community of women, screams the whole bourgeoisie in chorus. The bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production. He hears that the means of production are to be exploited in common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion than that the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the women. He has not even a suspicion that the real point aimed at is to do away with the status of women as mere mean of production. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-250">[249]</a></cite> </div> Marx's thoughts on labour and its function in reproducing capital were related to the primacy he gave to social relations in determining the society's past, present and future.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Turner2005-251">[250]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-252">[251]</a> Critics have called this <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_determinism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic determinism">economic determinism</a>. Labour is the precondition for the existence of, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accumulation_of_capital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Accumulation of capital">accumulation of capital</a>, which both shape the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social system">social system</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-252">[251]</a> For Marx, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social change">social change</a> was driven by conflict between opposing interests, by parties situated in the historical situation of their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2012-176">[175]</a> This became the inspiration for the body of works known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conflict_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict theory">conflict theory</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Turner2005-251">[250]</a> In his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociocultural evolution">evolutionary</a> model of history, he argued that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human history">human history</a> began with free, productive and creative activities that was over time coerced and dehumanised, a trend most apparent under capitalism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> Marx noted that this was not an intentional process, but rather due to the immanent logic of the current <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> which demands more human labour (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">abstract labour</a>) to reproduce the social relationships of capital.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostone2006190,_26%E2%80%9327._135,_374%E2%80%9375-175">[174]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepperell2010104%E2%80%93105-177">[176]</a> The organisation of society depends on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Means_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. The means of production are all things required to produce material goods, such as land, natural resources, and technology but not human labour. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relations_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a> are the social relationships people enter into as they acquire and use the means of production.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Turner2005-251">[250]</a> Together, these compose the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> and Marx distinguished historical eras in terms of modes of production. Marx differentiated between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Base_and_superstructure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Base and superstructure">base and superstructure</a>, where the base (or substructure) is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic system">economic system</a> and superstructure is the cultural and political system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Turner2005-251">[250]</a> Marx regarded this mismatch between economic base and social <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Base_and_superstructure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Base and superstructure">superstructure</a> as a major source of social disruption and conflict.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Turner2005-251">[250]</a> Despite Marx's stress on the critique of capitalism and discussion of the new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist society">communist society</a> that should replace it, his explicit critique is guarded, as he saw it as an improved society compared to the past ones (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slavery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feudalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a> Marx never clearly discusses issues of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morality">morality</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justice">justice</a>, but scholars agree that his work contained <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logical_implication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical implication">implicit</a> discussion of those concepts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg/220px-Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg/220px-Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg/330px-Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg/440px-Murales_Rivera_-_Treppenhaus_7_Marx.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> A mural by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diego_Rivera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> showing Karl Marx, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Palace (Mexico)">National Palace</a> in Mexico City </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> Marx's view of capitalism was two-sided.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wood1993-153">[152]</a> On one hand, in the 19th century's deepest critique of the dehumanising aspects of this system he noted that defining features of capitalism include alienation, exploitation and recurring, cyclical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_depression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic depression">depressions</a> leading to mass unemployment. On the other hand, he characterised capitalism as "revolutionising, industrialising and universalising qualities of development, growth and progressivity" (by which Marx meant industrialisation, urbanisation, technological progress, increased <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Productivity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Productivity">productivity</a> and growth, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rationality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rationality">rationality</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a>) that are responsible for progress, at in contrast to earlier forms of societies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wood1993-153">[152]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> Marx considered the capitalist class to be one of the most revolutionary in history because it constantly improved the means of production, more so than any other class in history and was responsible for the overthrow of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feudalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359-219">[218]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gilbert2010-253">[252]</a> Capitalism can stimulate considerable growth because the capitalist has an incentive to reinvest profits in new technologies and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_equipment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital equipment">capital equipment</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222-239">[238]</a> According to Marx, capitalists take advantage of the difference between the labour market and the market for whatever commodity the capitalist can produce. Marx observed that in practically every successful industry, input unit-costs are lower than output unit-prices. Marx called the difference "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surplus_value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a>" and argued that it was based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surplus_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surplus labour">surplus labour</a>, the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive, and what they can produce.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a> Although Marx describes capitalists as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vampire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vampire">vampires</a> sucking worker's blood,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> he notes that drawing profit is "by no means an injustice" since Marx, according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allen_W._Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allen W. Wood">Allen W. Wood</a> "excludes any trans-epochal standpoint from which one can comment" on the morals of such particular arrangements.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a> Marx also noted that even the capitalists themselves cannot go against the system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359-219">[218]</a> The problem is the "cancerous cell" of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_(economics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, understood not as property or equipment, but the social relations between workers and owners, (the selling and purchasing of labour power) – the societal system, or rather <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_of_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, in general.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359-219">[218]</a> At the same time, Marx stressed that capitalism was unstable and prone to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crisis_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crisis theory">periodic crises</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wk-96">[95]</a> He suggested that over time capitalists would invest more and more in new technologies and less and less in labour.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sep-82">[81]</a> Since Marx believed that profit derived from surplus value appropriated from labour, he concluded that the rate of profit would fall as the economy grows.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223-254">[253]</a> Marx believed that increasingly severe crises would punctuate this <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Business_cycles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Business cycles">cycle</a> of growth and collapse.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223-254">[253]</a> Moreover, he believed that in the long-term, this process would enrich and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empowerment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empowerment">empower</a> the capitalist class and impoverish the proletariat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223-254">[253]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359-219">[218]</a> In section one of The Communist Manifesto, Marx describes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feudalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, capitalism and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged ... the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes ... The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-manifesto-5">[4]</a> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MandK_Industrial_Revolution_1900.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MandK_Industrial_Revolution_1900.jpg/220px-MandK_Industrial_Revolution_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="266"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MandK_Industrial_Revolution_1900.jpg/220px-MandK_Industrial_Revolution_1900.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MandK_Industrial_Revolution_1900.jpg/330px-MandK_Industrial_Revolution_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/MandK_Industrial_Revolution_1900.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Outside a factory in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oldham">Oldham</a>, 1900. Marx believed that industrial workers, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, would rise up around the world. </figcaption> </figure> Marx believed that those structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism, or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Post-capitalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Post-capitalism">post-capitalistic</a>, communist society: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The development of modern industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-manifesto-5">[4]</a> </blockquote> Thanks to various processes overseen by capitalism, such as urbanisation, the working class, the proletariat, should grow in numbers and develop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_consciousness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>, in time realising that they can and must change the system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> Marx believed that if the proletariat were to seize the means of production, they would encourage social relations that would benefit everyone equally, abolishing the exploiting class and introducing a system of production less vulnerable to cyclical crises.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323-215">[214]</a> Marx argued in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_German_Ideology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a> that capitalism will end through the organised actions of an international working class: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Elster1985-255">[254]</a> </blockquote> In this new society, the alienation would end and humans would be free to act without being bound by selling their labour.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223-254">[253]</a> It would be a democratic society, enfranchising the entire population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359-219">[218]</a> In such a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utopia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utopia">utopian</a> world, there would also be little need for a state, whose goal was previously to enforce the alienation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223-254">[253]</a> Marx theorised that between capitalism and the establishment of a socialist/communist system, would exist a period of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> – where the working class holds political power and forcibly socialises the means of production.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359-219">[218]</a> As he wrote in his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a>, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist revolution">revolutionary transformation</a> of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karl_Marx:Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme-256">[255]</a> While he allowed for the possibility of peaceful transition in some countries with strong <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy">democratic</a> institutional structures (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netherlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>), he suggested that in other countries in which workers cannot "attain their goal by peaceful means" the "lever of our revolution must be force".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg/330px-Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg/440px-Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx_Monument?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Marx Monument">Karl Marx Monument</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemnitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, known as Karl-Marx-Stadt from 1953 to 1990 </figcaption> </figure> Marx viewed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> as the main counter-revolutionary threat to European revolutions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649%E2%80%93239-258">[257]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crimean_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, Marx backed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and its allies Britain and France against Russia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649%E2%80%93239-258">[257]</a> He was absolutely opposed to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Slavism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>, viewing it as an instrument of Russian foreign policy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649%E2%80%93239-258">[257]</a> Marx had considered the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slavs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> nations except <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish people">Poles</a> as 'counter-revolutionary'. Marx and Engels published in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neue_Rheinische_Zeitung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neue Rheinische Zeitung">Neue Rheinische Zeitung</a> in February 1849: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> To the sentimental phrases about brotherhood which we are being offered here on behalf of the most counter-revolutionary nations of Europe, we reply that hatred of Russians was and still is the primary revolutionary passion among Germans; that since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolution</a> [of 1848] hatred of Czechs and Croats has been added, and that only by the most determined use of terror against these Slav peoples can we, jointly with the Poles and Magyars, safeguard the revolution. We know where the enemies of the revolution are concentrated, viz. in Russia and the Slav regions of Austria, and no fine phrases, no allusions to an undefined democratic future for these countries can deter us from treating our enemies as enemies. Then there will be a struggle, an "inexorable life-and-death struggle", against those Slavs who betray the revolution; an annihilating fight and ruthless terror – not in the interests of Germany, but in the interests of the revolution!"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-259">[258]</a> </blockquote> Marx and Engels sympathised with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narodniks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narodniks">Narodnik</a> revolutionaries of the 1860s and 1870s. When the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narodnaya Volya">Russian revolutionaries</a> assassinated Tsar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>, Marx expressed the hope that the assassination foreshadowed 'the formation of a Russian commune'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-260">[259]</a> Marx supported the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Russian Wars">Polish uprisings</a> against tsarist Russia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649%E2%80%93239-258">[257]</a> He said in a speech in London in 1867: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> In the first place the policy of Russia is changeless... Its methods, its tactics, its manoeuvres may change, but the polar star of its policy – world domination – is a fixed star. In our times only a civilised government ruling over barbarian masses can hatch out such a plan and execute it. ... There is but one alternative for Europe. Either Asiatic barbarism, under Muscovite direction, will burst around its head like an avalanche, or else it must re-establish Poland, thus putting twenty million heroes between itself and Asia and gaining a breathing spell for the accomplishment of its social regeneration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-261">[260]</a> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg/220px-India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg/220px-India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg/330px-India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg/440px-India-7669_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> poster in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kerala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India </figcaption> </figure> Marx supported the cause of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish independence</a>. In 1867, he wrote Engels: "I used to think the separation of Ireland from England impossible. I now think it inevitable. The English working class will never accomplish anything until it has got rid of Ireland. ... English reaction in England had its roots ... in the subjugation of Ireland."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-262">[261]</a> Marx spent some time in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Algeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, which had been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French conquest of Algeria">invaded</a> and made a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_colonial_empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French colonial empire">French colony</a> in 1830, and had the opportunity to observe life in colonial North Africa. He wrote about the colonial justice system, in which "a form of torture has been used (and this happens 'regularly') to extract confessions from the Arabs; naturally it is done (like the English in India) by the 'police'; the judge is supposed to know nothing at all about it."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-alahram-263">[262]</a> Marx was surprised by the arrogance of many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pied-Noir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">European settlers</a> in Algiers and wrote in a letter: "when a European colonist dwells among the 'lesser breeds,' either as a settler or even on business, he generally regards himself as even more inviolable than handsome William I [a Prussian king]. Still, when it comes to bare-faced arrogance and presumptuousness vis-à-vis the 'lesser breeds,' the British and Dutch outdo the French."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-alahram-263">[262]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: "Marx's analysis of colonialism as a progressive force bringing modernization to a backward feudal society sounds like a transparent rationalization for foreign domination. His account of British domination, however, reflects the same ambivalence that he shows towards capitalism in Europe. In both cases, Marx recognizes the immense suffering brought about during the transition from feudal to bourgeois society while insisting that the transition is both necessary and ultimately progressive. He argues that the penetration of foreign commerce will cause a social revolution in India."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-264">[263]</a> Marx discussed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Raj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Raj">colonial rule</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonial_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonial India">India</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a> in June 1853: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> There cannot remain any doubt but that the misery inflicted by the British on Hindostan [India] is of an essentially different and infinitely more intensive kind than all Hindostan had to suffer before. England has broken down the entire framework of Indian society, without any symptoms of reconstitution yet appearing... [however], we must not forget that these idyllic village communities, inoffensive though they may appear, had always been the solid foundation of Oriental despotism, that they restrained the human mind within the smallest possible compass, making it the unresisting tool of superstition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-alahram-263">[262]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-265">[264]</a> </blockquote> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal,_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal%2C_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal%2C_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal%2C_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal%2C_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal%2C_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal%2C_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal%2C_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Marx_und_Engels_Denkmal%2C_alter_Platz_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels monument in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx-Engels_Forum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx-Engels Forum">Marx-Engels Forum</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin-Mitte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Mitte">Berlin-Mitte</a>, Germany </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg/220px-Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="2126"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 305px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg/220px-Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="305" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg/330px-Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg/440px-Stamp_Soviet_Union_1948_CPA_1246.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 1948 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union_stamp_catalogue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union stamp catalogue">Soviet Union stamp</a>, featuring Marx and Engels, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Manifesto </figcaption> </figure> Marx's ideas have had a profound impact on world politics and intellectual thought,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324-7">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Manchester-8">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-266">[265]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Allan2010-267">[266]</a> in particular in the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-268">[267]</a> Followers of Marx have often debated among themselves over how to interpret Marx's writings and apply his concepts to the modern world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersenKaspersen2000123%E2%80%93-269">[268]</a> The legacy of Marx's thought has become contested between numerous tendencies, each of which sees itself as Marx's most accurate interpreter. In the political realm, these tendencies include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_theories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theories">political theories</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leninism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trotskyism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxemburgism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburgism">Luxemburgism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">libertarian Marxism</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersenKaspersen2000123%E2%80%93-269">[268]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open Marxism">Open Marxism</a>. Various currents have also developed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academic_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Marxism">academic Marxism</a>, often under influence of other views, resulting in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structuralist_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Structuralist Marxism">structuralist Marxism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_materialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, phenomenological Marxism, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analytical_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analytical Marxism">analytical Marxism</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hegelian_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian Marxism">Hegelian Marxism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersenKaspersen2000123%E2%80%93-269">[268]</a> From an academic perspective, Marx's work contributed to the birth of modern sociology. He has been cited as one of the 19th century's three masters of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">school of suspicion</a>", alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sigmund_Freud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-270">[269]</a> and as one of the three principal architects of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social science">social science</a> along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Weber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-271">[270]</a> In contrast to other philosophers, Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324-7">[6]</a> Both Marx and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_Comte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secularisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> and new developments in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophy_of_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophy of history">philosophies of history</a> and science. Working in the Hegelian tradition, Marx rejected Comtean <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociological_positivism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological positivism">sociological positivism</a> in an attempt to develop a science of society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200219-272">[271]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Löwith">Karl Löwith</a> considered Marx and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> to be the two greatest philosophical successors of Hegel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-273">[272]</a> In modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociological_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociological theory">sociological theory</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxist_sociology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist sociology</a> is recognised as one of the main classical perspectives. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> considers Marx the true founder of modern sociology "in so far as anyone can claim the title".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin1963130-274">[273]</a> Beyond social science, he has also had a lasting legacy in philosophy, literature, the arts, and the humanities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger19801-275">[274]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-278">[277]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg/170px-Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="386" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="2048"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 386px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg/170px-Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="386" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg/255px-Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg/340px-Karl-Marx-Statue_in_Trier.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Marx statue in Trier, Germany </figcaption> </figure> Social theorists of the 20th and 21st centuries have pursued two main strategies in response to Marx. One move has been to reduce it to its analytical core, known as analytical Marxism. Another, more common move has been to dilute the explanatory claims of Marx's social theory and emphasise the "relative <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomy">autonomyworking</a>-class agenda" of aspects of social and economic life not directly related to Marx's central narrative of interaction between the development of the "forces of production" and the succession of "modes of production". This has been the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neo-Marxist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxist">neo-Marxist</a> theorising adopted by historians inspired by Marx's social theory such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E._P._Thompson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a> and Eric Hobsbawm. It has also been a line of thinking pursued by thinkers and activists such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> who have sought to understand the opportunities and the difficulties of transformative political practice, seen in the light of Marxist social theory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-279">[278]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-281">[280]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Marx's ideas had a profound influence on subsequent artists and art history, with avant-garde movements across literature, visual art, music, film, and theatre.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-283">[282]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Communist_countries.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Communist_countries.svg/300px-Communist_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="440"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Communist_countries.svg/300px-Communist_countries.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Communist_countries.svg/450px-Communist_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Communist_countries.svg/600px-Communist_countries.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A map of countries that declared themselves to be socialist states under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> definition between 1979 and 1983, which marked the greatest territorial extent of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_socialist_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of socialist states">socialist states</a> </figcaption> </figure> Politically, Marx's legacy is more complex. Throughout the 20th century, revolutions in dozens of countries labelled themselves "Marxist"—most notably the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, which led to the founding of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-April_Thesis-284">[283]</a> Major world leaders including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-April_Thesis-284">[283]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mao_Zedong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-285">[284]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fidel_Castro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-286">[285]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salvador_Allende?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-287">[286]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-288">[287]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-289">[288]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-290">[289]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nelson_Mandela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-291">[290]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_Jinping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-euronews-292">[291]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Sankara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-293">[292]</a> have all cited Marx as an influence. Beyond where Marxist revolutions took place, Marx's ideas have informed political parties worldwide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-294">[293]</a> In countries associated with Marxism, some events have led political opponents to blame Marx for millions of deaths,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-295">[294]</a> while others argue for a distinction between the legacy and influence of Marx specifically, and the legacy and influence of those who have shaped his ideas for political purposes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-296">[295]</a> Arthur Lipow describes Marx and his collaborator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> as "the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-297">[296]</a> The cities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marks,_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marks, Russia">Marks, Russia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemnitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemnitz">Karl-Marx-Stadt, Germany</a>, now known as Chemnitz, were named after Marx.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-298">[297]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-299">[298]</a> In May 2018, to mark the bicentenary of his birth, a 4.5m statue of him by leading Chinese sculptor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wu_Weishan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wu Weishan">Wu Weishan</a> and donated by the Chinese government was unveiled in his birthplace of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a>, Germany. The then-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> president <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> defended Marx's memory, saying that today Marx "stands for things which he is not responsible for and which he didn't cause because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-independent-300">[299]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-301">[300]</a> In 2017, a feature film, titled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Young_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Young Karl Marx">The Young Karl Marx</a>, featuring Marx, his wife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny Marx">Jenny Marx</a>, and Engels, among other revolutionaries and intellectuals prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, received good reviews for both its historical accuracy and its brio in dealing with intellectual life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-302">[301]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe">Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx/Engels_Collected_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx/Engels Collected Works">Marx/Engels Collected Works</a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Difference_Between_the_Democritean_and_Epicurean_Philosophy_of_Nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature">The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature</a> (doctoral thesis),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-303">[302]</a> 1841</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Philosophical_Manifesto_of_the_Historical_School_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law">The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law</a>, 1842</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_Hegel%27s_Philosophy_of_Right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right">Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right</a>, 1843</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/On_the_Jewish_Question?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="On the Jewish Question">On the Jewish Question</a>, 1843</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Notes_on_James_Mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Notes on James Mill">Notes on James Mill</a>, 1844</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a>, 1844</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Holy_Family_(book)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Holy Family (book)">The Holy Family</a>, 1845</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theses_on_Feuerbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theses on Feuerbach">Theses on Feuerbach</a>, written 1845, first published posthumously 1888 by Engels.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_German_Ideology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a>, 1845</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a>, 1847</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wage_Labour_and_Capital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wage Labour and Capital">Wage Labour and Capital</a>, 1847</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">Manifesto of the Communist Party</a>, 1848</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Class_Struggles_in_France_1848-1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Class Struggles in France 1848-1850">The Class Struggles in France</a>, 1850</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Napoleon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon</a>, 1852</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grundrisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a> (Foundations of a Critique of Political Economy), 1857</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a>, 1859</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Writings_on_the_U.S._Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Writings on the U.S. Civil War">Writings on the U.S. Civil War</a>, 1861</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a>, (posthumously published by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Kautsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a>) 3 volumes, 1862</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Address_of_the_International_Working_Men%27s_Association_to_Abraham_Lincoln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln">Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln</a>, 1864</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Value,_Price_and_Profit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Value, Price and Profit">Value, Price and Profit</a>, 1865</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital,_Volume_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume I">Capital. Volume I: A Critique of Political Economy The Process of Production of Capital</a> (Das Kapital), 1867</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Civil War in France">The Civil War in France</a>, 1871</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a>, 1875</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Notes_on_Adolph_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Notes on Adolph Wagner (page does not exist)">Notes on Adolph Wagner</a>, 1883</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital,_Volume_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume II">Das Kapital, Volume II</a> (posthumously published by Engels), 1885</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital,_Volume_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume III">Das Kapital, Volume III</a> (posthumously published by Engels), 1894</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2807_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2807 Karl Marx">2807 Karl Marx</a>, an asteroid</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criticisms_of_Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticisms of Marxism">Criticisms of Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx_in_film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx in film">Karl Marx in film</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxian_class_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian class theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx_Memorial_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx Memorial Library">Marx Memorial Library</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx%27s_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx's method">Marx's method</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx_Reloaded?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx Reloaded">Marx Reloaded</a>, a 2011 movie</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mathematical_manuscripts_of_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx">Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre-Marx_socialists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pre-Marx socialists">Pre-Marx socialists</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_socialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of Karl Marx">Timeline of Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a>, an article by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Einstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biographies_of_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biographies of Karl Marx">Biographies of Karl Marx</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-name-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-name_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-name_3-1">b</a> His name was spelled Carl Marx in the birth register of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a> and he occasionally used this spelling in official contexts up to the 1840s. His full name is sometimes given as Karl Heinrich Marx, but he never officially had a middle name, using the forms Karl Heinrich or Carl Heinrich (with his father's first name added after his own) only several times as a student.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrich201934%E2%80%9335-2">[2]</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DRSA%252fSC%252fIM%252f701%252fS1000%26pos%3D9">"Letter from Karl Marx accepting membership of the Society 1862"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416202116/http://www.calmview2.eu/RSA/CalmViewA/Record.aspx?src%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DRSA%252fSC%252fIM%252f701%252fS1000%26pos%3D9">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Arts&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Karl+Marx+accepting+membership+of+the+Society+1862&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calmview2.eu%2FRSA%2FCalmViewA%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DRSA%252fSC%252fIM%252f701%252fS1000%26pos%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrich201934–35-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrich201934%E2%80%9335_2-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeinrich2019">Heinrich 2019</a>, pp. 34–35.</li> <li id="cite_note-PadoverXXV-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PadoverXXV_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadover1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saul_K._Padover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saul K. Padover">Padover, Saul</a>, ed. (1975). "Introduction: Marx, the Human Side". Karl Marx on Education, Women, and Children. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McGraw_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a>. p. xxv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Marx%2C+the+Human+Side&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+on+Education%2C+Women%2C+and+Children&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxv&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-manifesto-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-manifesto_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-manifesto_5-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-manifesto_5-2">c</a> Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1848).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm">The Communist Manifesto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902090238/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm">Archived</a> 2 September 2009 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027041955/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm">"Index"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm">the original</a> on 27 October 2007 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Index&rft.btitle=Critique+of+the+Gotha+Program&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1875%2Fgotha%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223–24-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324_7-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324_7-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324_7-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223%E2%80%9324_7-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCalhoun2002">Calhoun 2002</a>, pp. 23–24.</li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Manchester_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Manchester_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/461545.stm">"Marx the millennium's 'greatest thinker'"</a>. BBC News World Online. 1 October 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902192653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/461545.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+World+Online&rft.atitle=Marx+the+millennium%27s+%27greatest+thinker%27&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F461545.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger, Roberto Mangabeira</a> (2007). Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics. Princeton: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Trade+Reimagined%3A+The+World+Division+of+Labor+and+the+Method+of+Economics&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Roberto+Mangabeira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Hicks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Hicks">Hicks, John</a> (May 1974). "Capital Controversies: Ancient and Modern". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_American_Economic_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Economic Review">The American Economic Review</a>. 64 (2): 307. <q>The greatest economists, Smith or Marx or Keynes, have changed the course of history ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Capital+Controversies%3A+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=307&rft.date=1974-05&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter, Joseph</a> (1952). Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes. Unwin University books. Vol. 26 (4th ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11078-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11078-5"><bdi>978-0-415-11078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Great+Economists%3A+From+Marx+to+Keynes&rft.series=Unwin+University+books&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11078-5&rft.aulast=Schumpeter&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle" class="citation web cs1">Little, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%2520and%2520Method%25203.htm">"Marxism and Method"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210095117/http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Marxism%2520and%2520Method%25203.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Method&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umd.umich.edu%2F~delittle%2FMarxism%2520and%2520Method%25203.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2017" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Sung Ho (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/">"Max Weber"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101547/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/weber/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2017. <q>Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Max+Weber&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopaedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Sung+Ho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2017%2Fentries%2Fweber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 178, Plate 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200112–13-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen200112%E2%80%9313_15-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 12–13.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 7; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 8, 12; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 4–5; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 7–9, 12; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 2–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6q0OHHNyFeEC%26pg%3DPA419">Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews – A History</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 419. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34888-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34888-9"><bdi>978-0-547-34888-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924094733/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6q0OHHNyFeEC%26pg%3DPA419">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2018 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%27s+Sword%3A+The+Church+and+the+Jews+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-547-34888-9&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6q0OHHNyFeEC%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 4–6; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 2–4.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 5, 8–12; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 11; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 5–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 7; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 10; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 7.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, chpt. 6</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 12; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 13.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 7.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurley2020" class="citation web cs1">Turley, Justin (24 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/">"The Baptism of Karl Marx, 1824"</a>. Landmark Events. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712232703/https://landmarkevents.org/the-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landmark+Events&rft.atitle=The+Baptism+of+Karl+Marx%2C+1824&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft.aulast=Turley&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flandmarkevents.org%2Fthe-baptism-of-karl-marx-1824%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Karl Marx: Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2004. pp. 57–58. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861387-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861387-9"><bdi>978-0-19-861387-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861387-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 12–15; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 13; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 7–11.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 14; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 13.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200115-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen200115_29-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 15.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 20; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 16; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 14</li> <li id="cite_note-drinking1-32">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-drinking1_32-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-drinking1_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2017" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Rachel (14 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/">"Karl Marx: the drinking years"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/karl-marx-drinking-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Karl+Marx%3A+the+drinking+years&rft.date=2017-10-14&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftheatre%2Fwhat-to-see%2Fkarl-marx-drinking-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 21–22; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 22; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 14.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrich2019131–132-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrich2019131%E2%80%93132_35-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeinrich2019">Heinrich 2019</a>, pp. 131–132.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 23; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 23–30; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 16–21, 33; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 15, 20.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 70–71; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 52–53; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 61–62.</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 31; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 15.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 21</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 33; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 21.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 32–34; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 21–22; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 21–22.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 34–38; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 34; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 25–27.</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 44, 69–70; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 17–18.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESperber201355–56-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESperber201355%E2%80%9356_44-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSperber2013">Sperber 2013</a>, pp. 55–56.</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 33; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 18–19</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1975" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1975). Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Vol. 1. New York: International Publishers. pp. 531–632.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Karl+Marx+and+Frederick+Engels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=531-632&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 33; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 25–26.</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> Marx's thesis was posthumously published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1975" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1975). Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Vol. 1. New York: International Publishers. pp. 25–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Karl+Marx+and+Frederick+Engels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25-107&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988">.</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 32.</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 45; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 33; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 28–29, 33.</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 38–45; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 34; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 32–33, 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 49; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 33.</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 50–51; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 34–36, 42–44; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 35–47.</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 57; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 47; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 48–50.</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 60–61; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 47–48; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 50–51.</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 68–69, 72; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 48; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 59–61</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 77–79; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 62–66; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 73–74, 94.</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, p. 72; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 64–65; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 71–72.</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1975" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a> (1975). "Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law". Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Vol. 3. New York: International Publishers. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contribution+to+the+Critique+of+Hegel%27s+Philosophy+of+Law&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Karl+Marx+and+Frederick+Engels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1975" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a> (1975). "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/On_the_Jewish_Question?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="On the Jewish Question">On the Jewish Question</a>". Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Vol. 3. New York: International Publishers. p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Jewish+Question&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Karl+Marx+and+Frederick+Engels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan200665–70,_74–80-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan200665%E2%80%9370,_74%E2%80%9380_61-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 65–70, 74–80.</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 1976</a>, pp. 72, 75–76; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 65; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 88–90.</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 66–67, 112; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, pp. 79–80.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200190-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen200190_64-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200175-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen200175_65-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 75.</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansel2001" class="citation book cs1">Mansel, Philip (2001). Paris Between Empires. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Martins_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martins Press">St. Martins Press</a>. p. 390.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Between+Empires&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=St.+Martins+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mansel&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1975). "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a>". Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Vol. 4. New York: International Publishers. pp. 295–596.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Condition+of+the+Working+Class+in+England&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Karl+Marx+and+Frederick+Engels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=295-596&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Bottomore1991-68">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bottomore1991_68-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bottomore1991_68-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bottomore1991_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottomore1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Bottomore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Bottomore">Bottomore, T. B.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dq4QwNP_K1pYC%26pg%3DPA108">A Dictionary of Marxist thought</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 108–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18082-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18082-1"><bdi>978-0-631-18082-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622075208/http://books.google.com/books?id%3Dq4QwNP_K1pYC%26pg%3DPA108">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Marxist+thought&rft.pages=108-&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18082-1&rft.aulast=Bottomore&rft.aufirst=T.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4QwNP_K1pYC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197382-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197382_69-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 82.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200185–86-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen200185%E2%80%9386_70-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 85–86.</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1975" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a> (1975). "The Holy Family". Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Vol. 4. New York: International Publishers. pp. 3–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Family&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Karl+Marx+and+Frederick+Engels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-211&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-et-72">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-et_72-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-et_72-1">b</a> Several authors elucidated this long neglected crucial turn in Marx's theoretical development, such as Ernie Thomson in The Discovery of the Materialist Conception of History in the Writings of the Young Karl Marx, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 2004; for a short account see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html">Max Stirner, a durable dissident</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518155939/http://www.lsr-projekt.de/poly/eninnuce.html">Archived</a> 18 May 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> Taken from the caption of a picture of the house in a group of pictures located between pages 160 and 161 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197363-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197363_74-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 63.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin196390–94-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin196390%E2%80%9394_75-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBerlin1963">Berlin 1963</a>, pp. 90–94.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197362-76">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197362_76-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197362_76-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 62.</li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> Larisa Miskievich, "Preface" to Volume 28 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. xii</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> Karl Marx, Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 35, Volume 36 and Volume 37 (International Publishers: New York, 1996, 1997 and 1987).</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin196335–61-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin196335%E2%80%9361_79-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBerlin1963">Berlin 1963</a>, pp. 35–61.</li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> Note 54 contained on p. 598 in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> Karl Marx, "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 3 (International Publishers: New York, 1975) pp. 229–346.</li> <li id="cite_note-sep-82">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-12">m</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-13">n</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sep_82-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/">"Karl Marx"</a>. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208100606/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karl+Marx&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopaedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmarx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988">. First published Tue 26 August 2003; substantive revision Mon 14 June 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197383-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197383_83-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 83.</li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach", contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5 (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 3–14.</li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> Karl Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach," contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5, p. 8.</li> <li id="cite_note-Engels1999-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Engels1999_86-0">^</a> Doug Lorimer, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Engels1999" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Engels (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_A7P0fL_kYsC%26pg%3DPA34">Socialism: utopian and scientific</a>. Resistance Books. pp. 34–36. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909196-86-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909196-86-8"><bdi>978-0-909196-86-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617114803/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D_A7P0fL_kYsC%26pg%3DPA34">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+utopian+and+scientific&rft.pages=34-36&rft.pub=Resistance+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-909196-86-8&rft.au=Friedrich+Engels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_A7P0fL_kYsC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA90_90]-87">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA90_90%5D_87-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA90_90%5D_87-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA90_90%5D_87-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3KOyuSakn80C%26pg%3DPA90">90</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> Heinrich Gemkow et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography (Verlag Zeit im Bild ["New Book Publishing House"]: Dresden, 1972) p. 101</li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> Heinrich Gemkow, et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography, p. 102.</li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> Heinrich Gemkow, et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography (Verlag Zeit im Bild [New Book Publishing House]: Dresden, 1972) p. 53</li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> Heinrich Gemkow, et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography, p. 78.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197389-92">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197389_92-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197389_92-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197389_92-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 89.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200192-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen200192_93-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 92.</li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "German Ideology" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 5 (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 19–539.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197396–97-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev197396%E2%80%9397_95-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, pp. 96–97.</li> <li id="cite_note-wk-96">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wk_96-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wk_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairdKaufmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pearson_Prentice_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-158591-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-158591-1"><bdi>978-0-13-158591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plato+to+Derrida&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-13-158591-1&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Forrest+E.&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen200193-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen200193_97-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 93.</li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> See Note 71 on p. 672 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6 (International Publishers: New York, 1976).</li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6 (International Publishers: New York, 1976) pp. 105–212.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001107-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001107_100-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 107.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973124-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973124_101-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 124.</li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> Note 260 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11 (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 671–72.</li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> Note 260 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11, p. 672.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973123–125-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973123%E2%80%93125_104-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, pp. 123–125.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973125-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973125_105-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 125.</li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> Frederick Engels, "Principles of Communism" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6 (International Publishers, New York, 1976) pp. 341–57.</li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "The Communist Manifesto" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6, pp. 477–519.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001115-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001115_108-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 115.</li> <li id="cite_note-ShillingMellor2001-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ShillingMellor2001_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillingMellor2001" class="citation book cs1">Shilling, Chris; Mellor, Philip A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1CdgJe9Jx0UC%26pg%3DPA114">The Sociological Ambition: Elementary Forms of Social and Moral Life</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAGE_Publications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 114. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6549-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6549-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-6549-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915145130/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1CdgJe9Jx0UC%26pg%3DPA114">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociological+Ambition%3A+Elementary+Forms+of+Social+and+Moral+Life&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6549-7&rft.aulast=Shilling&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Mellor%2C+Philip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CdgJe9Jx0UC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mar48">Marx and Engels 1848</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001125-111">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001125_111-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001125_111-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 125.</li> <li id="cite_note-MaltsevN.-93-112">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MaltsevN.-93_112-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MaltsevN.-93_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltsevYuri_N.1993" class="citation book cs1">Maltsev; Yuri N. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dgx0X4NvNE_gC%26pg%3DPA93">Requiem for Marx</a>. Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 93–94. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-116-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-116-9"><bdi>978-1-61016-116-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722083729/http://books.google.com/books?id%3Dgx0X4NvNE_gC%26pg%3DPA93">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Requiem+for+Marx&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-61016-116-9&rft.au=Maltsev&rft.au=Yuri+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgx0X4NvNE_gC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadover1978" class="citation book cs1">Padover, Saul Kussiel (1978). Karl Marx, an intimate biography. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McGraw-Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%2C+an+intimate+biography&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Padover&rft.aufirst=Saul+Kussiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001126–27-114">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001126%E2%80%9327_114-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001126%E2%80%9327_114-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001126%E2%80%9327_114-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 126–27.</li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a> David McLellan 1973 Karl Marx: His life and Thought. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 189–90</li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix1982" class="citation journal cs1">Felix, David (1982). "Heute Deutschland! Marx as Provincial Politician". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_European_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central European History">Central European History</a>. 15 (4): 332–350. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0008938900010621">10.1017/S0008938900010621</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9389">0008-9389</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4545968">4545968</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145405027">145405027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Heute+Deutschland%21+Marx+as+Provincial+Politician&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=332-350&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0008-9389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145405027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4545968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900010621&rft.aulast=Felix&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001128-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001128_117-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 128.</li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">^</a> Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "Demands of the Communist Party" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 7 (International Publishers: New York, 1977) pp. 3–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001129-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001129_119-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 129.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001130–132-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001130%E2%80%93132_120-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 130–132.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigel197850-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeigel197850_121-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSeigel1978">Seigel 1978</a>, p. 50.</li> <li id="cite_note-DL-Marx-122">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DL-Marx_122-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DL-Marx_122-1">b</a> Doug Lorimer. Introduction. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DxlYfFDJDXewC%26pg%3DPA6">The Class Struggles in France: From the February Revolution to the Paris Commune</a>. Resistance Books. p. 6. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876646-19-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876646-19-6"><bdi>978-1-876646-19-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617100749/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DxlYfFDJDXewC%26pg%3DPA6">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Class+Struggles+in+France%3A+From+the+February+Revolution+to+the+Paris+Commune&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Resistance+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-876646-19-6&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlYfFDJDXewC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm">"Neue Rheinsiche Zeitung No. 145 November 1848"</a>. www.marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129110224/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/17c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Neue+Rheinsiche+Zeitung+No.+145+November+1848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1848%2F11%2F17c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 136–137; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D4rbH49xtcpkC%26pg%3DPA192">192</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSplichal2002">Splichal 2002</a>, p. 115;</li> <li id="cite_note-Mehring2003-125">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mehring2003_125-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mehring2003_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz_Mehring2003" class="citation book cs1">Franz Mehring (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D486z9lE-jdsC%26pg%3DPR19">Karl Marx: The Story of His Life</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychology_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. pp. 19–20. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31333-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31333-9"><bdi>978-0-415-31333-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220242/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D486z9lE-jdsC%26pg%3DPR19">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+The+Story+of+His+Life&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31333-9&rft.au=Franz+Mehring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D486z9lE-jdsC%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007[httpswebarchiveorgweb20130622083426httpbooksgooglecombooksid4rbH49xtcpkCpgPA192_192]-126">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20130622083426httpbooksgooglecombooksid4rbH49xtcpkCpgPA192_192%5D_126-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20130622083426httpbooksgooglecombooksid4rbH49xtcpkCpgPA192_192%5D_126-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D4rbH49xtcpkC%26pg%3DPA192">192</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2014" class="citation book cs1">Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. pp. 76–77. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4905-7274-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4905-7274-1"><bdi>978-1-4905-7274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=99+Tactics+of+Successful+Tax+Resistance+Campaigns&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=Picket+Line+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4905-7274-1&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001136–37-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001136%E2%80%9337_128-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 136–37.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001137–146-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001137%E2%80%93146_129-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 137–146.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001147–148-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001147%E2%80%93148_130-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 147–148.</li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2010-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Watson2010_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2010" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlktG_12nBXEC%26pg%3DPA250">The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution, and the Twentieth Century</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HarperCollins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. 250–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076022-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076022-9"><bdi>978-0-06-076022-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617094656/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DlktG_12nBXEC%26pg%3DPA250">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Genius%3A+Europe%27s+Third+Renaissance%2C+the+Second+Scientific+Revolution%2C+and+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=250-&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-076022-9&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlktG_12nBXEC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973233-132">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973233_132-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973233_132-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 233.</li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> Note 269 contained on p. 674 in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001151–155-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001151%E2%80%93155_134-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, pp. 151–155.</li> <li id="cite_note-Harriss2006-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Harriss2006_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriss2006" class="citation book cs1">Harriss, Phil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dzv6GxJzhrbgC%26pg%3DPA20">London Markets</a> (4th ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Holland_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Holland Publishers">New Holland Publishers</a>. p. 20. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86011-306-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86011-306-2"><bdi>978-1-86011-306-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620190116/http://books.google.com/books?id%3Dzv6GxJzhrbgC%26pg%3DPA20">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Markets&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86011-306-2&rft.aulast=Harriss&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzv6GxJzhrbgC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> Note 269 on p. 674 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11.</li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDussel2001" class="citation book cs1">Dussel, Enrique D. (2001). Moseley, Fred Baker (ed.). Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63. Translated by Angulo, Yolanda. London; New York: Routledge. p. xxxiii. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21545-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21545-5"><bdi>0-415-21545-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+an+Unknown+Marx%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Manuscripts+of+1861%E2%80%9363&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=xxxiii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-21545-5&rft.aulast=Dussel&rft.aufirst=Enrique+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-egsbio-138">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-egsbio_138-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-egsbio_138-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-egsbio_138-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-egsbio_138-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-egsbio_138-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-egsbio_138-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-egsbio_138-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-egsbio_138-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901101839/http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography">"Karl Heinrich Marx – Biography"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_European_Graduate_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Graduate School">The European Graduate School</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.egs.edu/library/karl-marx/biography/">the original</a> on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl+Heinrich+Marx+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=The+European+Graduate+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egs.edu%2Flibrary%2Fkarl-marx%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">^</a> Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 295.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kluger-140">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kluger_140-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kluger_140-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kluger_140-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluger1986" class="citation book cs1">Kluger, Richard (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/paperlife00klug">The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune</a>. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50877-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50877-1"><bdi>978-0-394-50877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paper%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+the+New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50877-1&rft.aulast=Kluger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaperlife00klug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Dispatches-141"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Dispatches_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2007" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a> (2007). Ledbetter, James (ed.). Dispatches for the New York Tribune: Selected Journalism of Karl Marx. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penguin_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-144192-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-144192-4"><bdi>978-0-14-144192-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dispatches+for+the+New+York+Tribune%3A+Selected+Journalism+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-144192-4&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973274-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973274_142-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 274.</li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1965" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1965). "Marx to Engels, June 14, 1853". In Ryazanskaya, S. W. (ed.). Selected Correspondence. Translated by Lasker, I. (2nd ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 83–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marx+to+Engels%2C+June+14%2C+1853&rft.btitle=Selected+Correspondence&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=83-86&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> Taken from a picture on p. 327 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11 (International Publishers: New York, 1979).</li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">^</a> Karl Marx, "The Elections in England – Tories and Whigs" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11 (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 327–32.</li> <li id="cite_note-MECW-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MECW_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/MarxEngelsCollectedWorksVolume10MKarlMarx">"Marx & Engels Collected Works, vol.41"</a>. 15 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marx+%26+Engels+Collected+Works%2C+vol.41&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMarxEngelsCollectedWorksVolume10MKarlMarx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> Richard Kluger, The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune (Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, New York, 1986) p. 121.</li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcLellan2006">McLellan 2006</a>, p. 262</li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> Note 1 at p. 367 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 19 (International Publishers: New York, 1984).</li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">^</a> Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 11 (International Publishers: New York, 1979) pp. 99–197.</li> <li id="cite_note-Marx2008-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx2008_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2008" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DryOVzGSq0zYC%26pg%3DPA141">The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a>. Wildside Press LLC. p. 141. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-6374-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-6374-6"><bdi>978-1-4344-6374-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722084040/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DryOVzGSq0zYC%26pg%3DPA141">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+18th+Brumaire+of+Louis+Bonaparte&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-6374-6&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DryOVzGSq0zYC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wood_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Cunningham_Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Cunningham Wood">Wood, John Cunningham</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0Pr97rppN2EC%26pg%3DPA346">Karl Marx's economics: critical assessments</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychology_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 346. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06558-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06558-0"><bdi>978-0-415-06558-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620212506/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D0Pr97rppN2EC%26pg%3DPA346">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%27s+economics%3A+critical+assessments&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06558-0&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=John+Cunningham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Pr97rppN2EC%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Wood1993-153">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wood1993_153-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wood1993_153-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wood1993_153-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Cunningham_Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Cunningham Wood">Wood, John Cunningham</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DzoNIh_NYeRwC%26pg%3DPA232">Karl Marx's economics: critical assessments: second series</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 232. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08711-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08711-7"><bdi>978-0-415-08711-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617082303/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DzoNIh_NYeRwC%26pg%3DPA232">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%27s+economics%3A+critical+assessments%3A+second+series&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08711-7&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=John+Cunningham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzoNIh_NYeRwC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hook1994-154">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hook1994_154-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hook1994_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidney_Hook1994" class="citation book cs1">Sidney Hook (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJXQ_cwiMhAUC%26pg%3DPR24">From Hegel to Marx: studies in the intellectual development of Karl Marx</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Columbia_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 24–25. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-09665-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-09665-2"><bdi>978-0-231-09665-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923164300/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DJXQ_cwiMhAUC%26pg%3DPR24">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hegel+to+Marx%3A+studies+in+the+intellectual+development+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-231-09665-2&rft.au=Sidney+Hook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJXQ_cwiMhAUC%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston2000-155">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johnston2000_155-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johnston2000_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Gregory2000" class="citation book cs1">Derek Gregory (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhuma0000unse_w3r7/page/795/mode/1up">"structural Marxism"</a>. In Ronald John Johnston; Derek Gregory; Geraldine Pratt; Michael Watts (eds.). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 795–797. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20561-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20561-6"><bdi>978-0-631-20561-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=structural+Marxism&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Human+Geography&rft.pages=795-797&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20561-6&rft.au=Derek+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofhuma0000unse_w3r7%2Fpage%2F795%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-GeorgeScanlan1975-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GeorgeScanlan1975_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_T._De_GeorgeJames_Patrick_Scanlan1975" class="citation book cs1">Richard T. De George; James Patrick Scanlan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgO_mQQU8-GIC%26pg%3DPA20">Marxism and religion in Eastern Europe: papers presented at the Banff International Slavic Conference, September 4–7, 1974</a>. Springer. p. 20. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-0636-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-0636-2"><bdi>978-90-277-0636-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617023911/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DgO_mQQU8-GIC%26pg%3DPA20">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+religion+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+papers+presented+at+the+Banff+International+Slavic+Conference%2C+September+4%E2%80%937%2C+1974&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-277-0636-2&rft.au=Richard+T.+De+George&rft.au=James+Patrick+Scanlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgO_mQQU8-GIC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 320.</li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life, p. 347.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973345-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973345_159-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 345.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007[httpswebarchiveorgweb20130616235612httpbooksgooglecombooksid4rbH49xtcpkCpgPA269_267]-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007%5Bhttpswebarchiveorgweb20130616235612httpbooksgooglecombooksid4rbH49xtcpkCpgPA269_267%5D_160-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007">Nicolaievsky & Maenchen-Helfen 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616235612/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D4rbH49xtcpkC%26pg%3DPA269">267</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-JessopWheatley1999-526-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-JessopWheatley1999-526_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_JessopRussell_Wheatley1999" class="citation book cs1">Bob Jessop; Russell Wheatley (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dvz-4LDWCnlAC%26pg%3DPA526">Karl Marx's social and political thought</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> US. p. 526. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19327-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19327-6"><bdi>978-0-415-19327-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617103720/http://books.google.com/books?id%3Dvz-4LDWCnlAC%26pg%3DPA526">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%27s+social+and+political+thought&rft.pages=526&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+US&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19327-6&rft.au=Bob+Jessop&rft.au=Russell+Wheatley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvz-4LDWCnlAC%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis1997-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Curtis1997_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1997" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Michael (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhRdyY2f8UcUC%26pg%3DPA291">Marxism: the inner dialogues</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transaction_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 291. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-945-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-945-0"><bdi>978-1-56000-945-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220111/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DhRdyY2f8UcUC%26pg%3DPA291">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism%3A+the+inner+dialogues&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-945-0&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRdyY2f8UcUC%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> Karl Marx, "The Civil War in France" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 22 (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 307–59.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220_164-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCalhoun2002">Calhoun 2002</a>, p. 20.</li> <li id="cite_note-Segrest2002-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Segrest2002_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMab_Segrest2002" class="citation book cs1">Mab Segrest (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgOmpSMh3y3YC%26pg%3DPA232">Born to belonging: writings on spirit and justice</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 232. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3101-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3101-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-3101-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616220203/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DgOmpSMh3y3YC%26pg%3DPA232">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+to+belonging%3A+writings+on+spirit+and+justice&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3101-4&rft.au=Mab+Segrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgOmpSMh3y3YC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> Karl Marx, "Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 28 (International Publishers: New York, 1986) pp. 5–537.</li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">^</a> Karl Marx, "Economic Manuscripts of 1857–1858" contained in the Preparatory Materials section of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29 (International Publishers: New York, 1987) pp. 421–507.</li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">^</a> Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 29, pp. 257–417.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostone199354–55,_173,_192-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPostone199354%E2%80%9355,_173,_192_169-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPostone1993">Postone 1993</a>, pp. 54–55, 173, 192.</li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx" class="citation web cs1">Marx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm%23205">"Economic Manuscripts: Appendix I: Production, Consumption, Distribution, Exchange"</a>. www.marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208230946/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm%23205">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2002. Retrieved 28 March 2022. <q>[...] The solitary and isolated hunter or fisherman, who serves Adam Smith and Ricardo as a starting point, is one of the unimaginative fantasies of eighteenth-century romances a la Robinson Crusoe; and despite the assertions of social historians, these by no means signify simply a reaction against over-refinement and reversion to a misconceived natural life. [...] This is an illusion and nothing but the aesthetic illusion of the small and big Robinsonades. It is, on the contrary, the anticipation of "bourgeois society," which began to evolve in the sixteenth century and in the eighteenth century made giant strides towards maturity. The individual in this society of free competition seems to be rid of natural ties, etc., which made him an appurtenance of a particular, limited aggregation of human beings in previous historical epochs. The prophets of the eighteenth century, on whose shoulders Adam Smith and Ricardo were still wholly standing, envisaged this 18th-century individual – a product of the dissolution of feudal society on the one hand and of the new productive forces evolved since the sixteenth century on the other – as an ideal whose existence belonged to the past. They saw this individual not as an historical result, but as the starting point of history [...] Labour seems to be a very simple category. The notion of labour in this universal form, as labour in general, is also extremely old. Nevertheless "labour" in this simplicity is economically considered just as modern a category as the relations which give rise to this simple abstraction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Economic+Manuscripts%3A+Appendix+I%3A+Production%2C+Consumption%2C+Distribution%2C+Exchange&rft.au=Marx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1859%2Fcritique-pol-economy%2Fappx1.htm%23205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-171">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_171-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_171-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCalhoun2012">Calhoun 2012</a>, p. 138: "Marx used social criticism as his standard form of social analysis. Marx defined criticism as the "radical negation of social reality.""</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973318-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedoseyev1973318_172-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFedoseyev1973">Fedoseyev 1973</a>, p. 318.</li> <li id="cite_note-Rockmore2002-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rockmore2002_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Rockmore2002" class="citation book cs1">Tom Rockmore (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DFkMgeGZuCOwC%26pg%3DPA128">Marx after Marxism: the philosophy of Karl Marx</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 128. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23189-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23189-9"><bdi>978-0-631-23189-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233929/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DFkMgeGZuCOwC%26pg%3DPA128">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+after+Marxism%3A+the+philosophy+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23189-9&rft.au=Tom+Rockmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkMgeGZuCOwC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BrewerMarx1984-15-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BrewerMarx1984-15_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewerMarx1984" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, Anthony; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRyQ4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA15">A guide to Marx's Capital</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP Archive</a>. p. 15. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25730-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25730-5"><bdi>978-0-521-25730-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722090920/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DRyQ4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA15">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+Marx%27s+Capital&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25730-5&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Marx%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyQ4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostone2006190,_26–27._135,_374–75-175">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPostone2006190,_26%E2%80%9327._135,_374%E2%80%9375_175-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPostone2006190,_26%E2%80%9327._135,_374%E2%80%9375_175-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPostone2006">Postone 2006</a>, pp. 190, 26–27. 135, 374–75.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2012-176">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2012_176-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2012_176-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCalhoun2012">Calhoun 2012</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPepperell2010104–105-177">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPepperell2010104%E2%80%93105_177-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPepperell2010104%E2%80%93105_177-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPepperell2010">Pepperell 2010</a>, pp. 104–105.</li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> Karl Marx, "Capital II: The Process of Circulation of Capital" embodying the whole volume of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 36 (International Publishers: New York, 1997).</li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-179">^</a> Karl Marx, "Capital III: The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole" embodying the whole volume of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 37 (International Publishers: New York, 1998).</li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">^</a> Karl Marx, "Theories of Surplus Value" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30 (International Publishers: New York, 1988) pp. 318–451.</li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-181">^</a> Karl Marx, "Theories of Surplus Value" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 31 (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–580.</li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">^</a> Karl Marx, "Theories of Surplus Value" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 32 (International Publishers: New York, 1989) pp. 5–543.</li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm">"Economic Works of Karl Marx 1861–1864"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716154952/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1864/economic/introduction.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Economic+Works+of+Karl+Marx+1861%E2%80%931864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1864%2Feconomic%2Fintroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-184">^</a> See note 228 on p. 475 of the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 30.</li> <li id="cite_note-CGP_P1-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CGP_P1_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1875" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm">"Part I"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226042725/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I&rft.btitle=Critique+of+the+Gotha+Program&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1875%2Fgotha%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-186">^</a> Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works Volume 46 (International Publishers: New York, 1992) p. 71.</li> <li id="cite_note-k72-187">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-k72_187-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-k72_187-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-k72_187-2">c</a> Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works Volume 46 (International Publishers: New York, 1992) p. 72.</li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-188">^</a> K. Marx, First draft of the letter to Vera Zasulich [1881]. In Marx-Engels 'Collected Works', Volume 24, p. 346.</li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Singer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Singer">Singer, Peter</a> (2000). Marx: A very short introduction. Oxford: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285405-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285405-4"><bdi>0-19-285405-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%3A+A+very+short+introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-285405-4&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafargue1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Lafargue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue, Paul</a> (1972). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx%E2%80%93Engels%E2%80%93Lenin_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute">Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm">Reminiscences of Marx (September 1890)</a>. Progress Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133812/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1890/xx/marx.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020. <q>He was a loving, gentle and indulgent father. [...] There was never even a trace of the bossy parent in his relations with his daughters, whose love for him was extraordinary. He never gave them an order, but asked them to do what he wished as a favour or made them feel that they should not do what he wanted to forbid them. And yet a father could seldom have had more docile children than he.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+Marx+%28September+1890%29&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lafargue&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flafargue%2F1890%2Fxx%2Fmarx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Montefiore-191">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Montefiore_191-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Montefiore_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Montefiore, Simon Sebag</a> (23 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html">"The Means of Reproduction"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926042626/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/love-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Means+of+Reproduction&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F25%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Flove-and-capital-by-mary-gabriel-book-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001173-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001173_192-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 173.</li> <li id="cite_note-Carver,_1991-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Carver,_1991_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarver1991" class="citation book cs1">Carver, Terrell (1991). "Reading Marx: Life and Works". In Carver, Terrell (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF">The Cambridge Companion to Marx</a>. Cambridge: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36694-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36694-6"><bdi>978-0-521-36694-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608131100/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-marx/C8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2020. <q>this [claim] is not well founded on the documentary materials available</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+Marx%3A+Life+and+Works&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Marx&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36694-6&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=Terrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-companion-to-marx%2FC8B7D6342B659E2AA6203BA970A791DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/family/demuth/obitry.htm">"Helene Demuth Obituary"</a>. www.marxists.org. Retrieved 8 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Helene+Demuth+Obituary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fbio%2Ffamily%2Fdemuth%2Fobitry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001152-195">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001152_195-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001152_195-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. 152.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg200098-196">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg200098_196-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg200098_196-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBlumenberg2000">Blumenberg 2000</a>, p. 98.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg2000100-197">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg2000100_197-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg2000100_197-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBlumenberg2000">Blumenberg 2000</a>, p. 100.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg200099–100-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumenberg200099%E2%80%93100_198-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBlumenberg2000">Blumenberg 2000</a>, pp. 99–100.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigel1978494-199"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeigel1978494_199-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSeigel1978">Seigel 1978</a>, p. 494.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigel1978495–496-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeigel1978495%E2%80%93496_200-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSeigel1978">Seigel 1978</a>, pp. 495–496.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster20081–2-201">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShuster20081%E2%80%932_201-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShuster20081%E2%80%932_201-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFShuster2008">Shuster 2008</a>, pp. 1–2.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster20083-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShuster20083_202-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFShuster2008">Shuster 2008</a>, p. 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-stateless-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-stateless_203-0">^</a> McLellan 1973, p. 541</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheen2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA382_382]-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheen2001%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid3KOyuSakn80CpgPA382_382%5D_204-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWheen2001">Wheen 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3KOyuSakn80C%26pg%3DPA382">382</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-GouldMcGarr2007-205">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GouldMcGarr2007_205-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GouldMcGarr2007_205-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GouldMcGarr2007_205-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GouldMcGarr2007_205-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GouldMcGarr2007_205-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GouldMcGarr2007_205-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GouldMcGarr2007_205-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Jay_GouldPaul_McGarrSteven_Peter_Russell_Rose2007" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Jay Gould; Paul McGarr; Steven Peter Russell Rose (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul">The richness of life: the essential Stephen Jay Gould</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/richnessoflifees0000goul/page/167">167</a>–168. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06498-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06498-8"><bdi>978-0-393-06498-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+richness+of+life%3A+the+essential+Stephen+Jay+Gould&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06498-8&rft.au=Stephen+Jay+Gould&rft.au=Paul+McGarr&rft.au=Steven+Peter+Russell+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichnessoflifees0000goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">^</a> John Shepperd, 'Who was really at Marx's funeral?', in "Friends of Highgate Cemetery Newsletter ", April (2018), pp. 10–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf">https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204074940/https://highgatecemetery.org/uploads/2018-04_Newsletter_final_web.pdf">Archived</a> 4 February 2020 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> 'Dr Karl Marx', in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Sunday_People?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday People">The People</a>, 25 March 1883, p.3.</li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">^</a> 'Dr Karl Marx' in The Graphic, 31 March 1883, pp. 319, 322</li> <li id="cite_note-1883:_The_death_of_Karl_Marx-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1883:_The_death_of_Karl_Marx_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm">"1883: The death of Karl Marx"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104114229/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/death/dersoz1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1883%3A+The+death+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1883%2Fdeath%2Fdersoz1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-probate-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-probate_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807135123/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/">"Marx, Karl"</a>. probatesearchservice.gov. UK Government. 1883. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk">the original</a> on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=probatesearchservice.gov&rft.atitle=Marx%2C+Karl&rft.date=1883&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprobatesearch.service.gov.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883">"£250 in 1883 → 2024 | UK Inflation Calculator"</a>. www.in2013dollars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128173620/https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1883">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.in2013dollars.com&rft.atitle=%C2%A3250+in+1883+%E2%86%92+2024+%7C+UK+Inflation+Calculator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in2013dollars.com%2Fuk%2Finflation%2F1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-auto-212"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956">"Marx monument unveiled in Highgate cemetery – archive, 15 March 1956"</a>. The Guardian. 15 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227094820/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/karl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Marx+monument+unveiled+in+Highgate+cemetery+%E2%80%93+archive%2C+15+March+1956&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fmar%2F15%2Fkarl-marx-monument-highgate-cemetery-archive-1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wh1-213">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wh1_213-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wh1_213-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wh1_213-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Wheen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Wheen">Wheen, Francis</a> (2002). Karl Marx: A Life. New York: Norton. Introduction.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=Introduction&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Norton&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wheen&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hob11">Hobsbawm 2011</a>. pp. 3–4.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220–23-215">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200220%E2%80%9323_215-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCalhoun2002">Calhoun 2002</a>, pp. 20–23.</li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman1995-216">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sherman1995_216-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sherman1995_216-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sherman1995_216-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sherman1995_216-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sherman1995_216-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1995" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Howard J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher">Reinventing marxism</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/reinventingmarxi0000sher/page/5">5</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5077-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5077-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-5077-6</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 7 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour%27s+Utopias%3A+Bolshevism%2C+Fabianism+and+Social+Democracy&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09680-5&rft.aulast=Beilharz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJc9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark199857–59-219">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359_219-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359_219-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359_219-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359_219-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359_219-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359_219-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359_219-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark199857%E2%80%9359_219-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFClark1998">Clark 1998</a>, pp. 57–59.</li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-220">^</a> Eagleton, Terry. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Why_Marx_Was_Right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Why Marx Was Right">Why Marx Was Right</a>. Yale University Press, 2011, p. 158</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigel1978112–119-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeigel1978112%E2%80%93119_221-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSeigel1978">Seigel 1978</a>, pp. 112–119.</li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-222">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated2_222-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated2_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeocleous" class="citation web cs1">Neocleous, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf">"The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205331/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Dead%3A+Marx%27s+Vampires&rft.aulast=Neocleous&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricardo.ecn.wfu.edu%2F~cottrell%2FOPE%2Farchive%2F0604%2Fatt-0138%2F01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold" class="citation web cs1">Leopold, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69">"Marx, Engels, and Some (Non-Foundational) Arguments against Utopian Socialism"</a>. ORA - Oxford University Research Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822025856/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272/files/m1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORA+-+Oxford+University+Research+Archive&rft.atitle=Marx%2C+Engels%2C+and+Some+%28Non-Foundational%29+Arguments+against+Utopian+Socialism&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Aba0c49a8-6592-4961-9d54-3a805c564272%2Ffiles%2Fm1c8aee21e160b7ea7c6e728719ba7a69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Levine-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Levine_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2006" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Norman (2006). Divergent Paths: The Hegelian foundations of Marx's method. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lexington_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divergent+Paths%3A+The+Hegelian+foundations+of+Marx%27s+method&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated144-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated144_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperber" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonathan_Sperber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonathan Sperber">Sperber, Jonathan</a>. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+A+Nineteenth-Century+Life&rft.pages=144&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBannerji200127-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBannerji200127_226-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBannerji2001">Bannerji 2001</a>, p. 27.</li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolucci2015" class="citation journal cs1">Paolucci, Paul (2015). "Marx's scientific and political criticism: The internal relation". Capital & Class. 39: 65–78. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F0309816814564657">10.1177/0309816814564657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capital+%26+Class&rft.atitle=Marx%27s+scientific+and+political+criticism%3A+The+internal+relation&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=65-78&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0309816814564657&rft.aulast=Paolucci&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annelien_de_Dijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annelien de Dijn">Annelien de Dijn</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Da3SFelqBLw8C">French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915142405/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Da3SFelqBLw8C%26dq%3D">Archived</a> 15 September 2015 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 152.</li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-229">^</a> Karl Marx. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, vol. 1, trans. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Moore_(translator_of_Das_Kapital)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Moore (translator of Das Kapital)">Samuel Moore</a> and Edward Aveling (New York: Modem Library, 1906), 440.</li> <li id="cite_note-Ollman1973-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ollman1973_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertell_Ollman1973" class="citation book cs1">Bertell Ollman (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8Ac4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA81">Alienation: Marx's conception of man in capitalist society</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP Archive</a>. p. 81. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-001-33135-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-001-33135-5"><bdi>978-1-001-33135-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622092831/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D8Ac4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA81">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alienation%3A+Marx%27s+conception+of+man+in+capitalist+society&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1-001-33135-5&rft.au=Bertell+Ollman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Ac4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Marx_labour-231">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_labour_231-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_labour_231-1">b</a> Marx K (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm">"The labour-process and the process of producing surplus-value".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018135115/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm">Archived</a> 18 October 2010 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In K Marx, Das Kapital (Vol. 1, Ch. 7). Marxists.org. Retrieved 20 October 2010. Original work published 1867.</li> <li id="cite_note-Marx_critique-232">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_critique_232-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_critique_232-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_critique_232-2">c</a> See Marx K (1997). "Critique of Hegel's dialectic and philosophy in general". In K Marx, Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society (LD Easton & KH Guddat, Trans.), pp. 314–47. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Original work published 1844.</li> <li id="cite_note-Lefever-233"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lefever_233-0">^</a> See also Lefever DM; Lefever JT (1977). "Marxian alienation and economic organisation: An alternate view". The American Economist (21) 2, pp. 40–48.</li> <li id="cite_note-Holland_desire-234">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Holland_desire_234-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Holland_desire_234-1">b</a> See also Holland EW (2005). "Desire". In CJ Stivale (Ed.), Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts, pp. 53–62. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.</li> <li id="cite_note-Marx_objects-235">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_objects_235-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_objects_235-1">b</a> Marx (1997), p. 325, emphasis in original.</li> <li id="cite_note-Marx_work-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_work_236-0">^</a> Marx (1997), p. 321, emphasis in original.</li> <li id="cite_note-Marx_spiritual-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marx_spiritual_237-0">^</a> Marx (1997), p. 324.</li> <li id="cite_note-MarxEngels2009pp5-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MarxEngels2009pp5_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels2009" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpC1RMZh4iC0C%26pg%3DPA5">The Communist Manifesto</a>. Echo Library. p. 5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4068-5174-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4068-5174-8"><bdi>978-1-4068-5174-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912161744/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpC1RMZh4iC0C%26pg%3DPA5">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Manifesto&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Echo+Library&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4068-5174-8&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpC1RMZh4iC0C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222-239">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222_239-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222_239-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222_239-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222_239-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200222_239-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCalhoun2002">Calhoun 2002</a>, p. 22.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMészáros200696-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros200696_240-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFM%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros2006">Mészáros 2006</a>, p. 96.</li> <li id="cite_note-Balibar1995-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Balibar1995_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalibar1995" class="citation book cs1">Balibar, Étienne (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHBw-U1tSZoMC%26pg%3DPA56">The philosophy of Marx</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verso_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. p. 56. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-951-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-951-4"><bdi>978-1-85984-951-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617021319/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DHBw-U1tSZoMC%26pg%3DPA56">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+Marx&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-951-4&rft.aulast=Balibar&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBw-U1tSZoMC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-KołakowskiFalla2005-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ko%C5%82akowskiFalla2005_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowskiFalla2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski, Leszek</a>; Falla, Paul Stephen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqUCxpznbkaoC%26pg%3DPA226">Main currents of Marxism: the founders, the golden age, the breakdown</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton & Company">W.W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 226. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06054-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06054-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06054-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233048/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DqUCxpznbkaoC%26pg%3DPA226">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+currents+of+Marxism%3A+the+founders%2C+the+golden+age%2C+the+breakdown&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06054-6&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft.au=Falla%2C+Paul+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUCxpznbkaoC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hernadi1989-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hernadi1989_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hernadi1989" class="citation book cs1">Paul Hernadi (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyNGAg_yK6R4C%26pg%3DPA137">The Rhetoric of interpretation and the interpretation of rhetoric</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 137. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0934-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0934-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-0934-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215140/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DyNGAg_yK6R4C%26pg%3DPA137">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+interpretation+and+the+interpretation+of+rhetoric&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0934-5&rft.au=Paul+Hernadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNGAg_yK6R4C%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1990-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Thompson1990_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Thompson1990" class="citation book cs1">John B. Thompson (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dql5Ab8OXiPMC%26pg%3DPA37">Ideology and modern culture: critical social theory in the era of mass communication</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 37–38. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1846-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1846-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-1846-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620184832/http://books.google.com/books?id%3Dql5Ab8OXiPMC%26pg%3DPA37">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+modern+culture%3A+critical+social+theory+in+the+era+of+mass+communication&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1846-2&rft.au=John+B.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dql5Ab8OXiPMC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> Karl Marx: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512102215/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/intro.htm">Archived</a> 12 May 2019 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, in: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsch-Franz%C3%B6sische_Jahrb%C3%BCcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher">Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher</a>, February 1844</li> <li id="cite_note-MarxO'Malley1977-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MarxO'Malley1977_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxO'Malley1977" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marx, Karl</a>; O'Malley, Joseph (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Duxg4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA131">Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy of right'</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP Archive</a>. p. 131. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29211-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29211-5"><bdi>978-0-521-29211-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617004239/http://books.google.com/books?id%3Duxg4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA131">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Hegel%27s+%27Philosophy+of+right%27&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29211-5&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=O%27Malley%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duxg4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-SwatosKivisto1998-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SwatosKivisto1998_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._SwatosPeter_Kivisto1998" class="citation book cs1">William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6TMFoMFe-D8C%26pg%3DPA499">Encyclopedia of religion and society</a>. Rowman Altamira. pp. 499–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-8956-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620152445/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D6TMFoMFe-D8C%26pg%3DPA499">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+religion+and+society&rft.pages=499-&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1&rft.au=William+H.+Swatos&rft.au=Peter+Kivisto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TMFoMFe-D8C%26pg%3DPA499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>, Part II:Proletariats and Communist and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital,_Volume_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume I">Capital, Volume I</a>, Part III</li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Marx1864" class="citation speech cs1">Karl Marx (1864). Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association (Speech).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inaugural+Address+of+the+International+Working+Men%27s+Association&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Karl+Marx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-250">^</a> Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "The Communist Manifesto", page 55, translation made by Samuel Moore in 1888</li> <li id="cite_note-Turner2005-251">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Turner2005_251-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Turner2005_251-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Turner2005_251-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Turner2005_251-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Turner2005_251-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_H._Turner2005" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan H. Turner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D90vMAAAACAAJ">Sociology</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pearson_Prentice_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. pp. 17–18. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-113496-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-113496-6"><bdi>978-0-13-113496-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172806/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D90vMAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-113496-6&rft.au=Jonathan+H.+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90vMAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-252">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_252-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx" class="citation web cs1">Marx, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm">"Grundrisse 06"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121201428/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021. <q>the demand that wage labour be continued but capital suspended is self-contradictory, self-dissolving.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Grundrisse+06&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1857%2Fgrundrisse%2Fch06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert2010-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gilbert2010_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Gilbert2010" class="citation book cs1">Dennis Gilbert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D4JyQus8r9JYC%26pg%3DPA6">The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality</a>. Pine Forge Press. pp. 6–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7965-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7965-8"><bdi>978-1-4129-7965-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221658/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D4JyQus8r9JYC%26pg%3DPA6">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Class+Structure+in+an+Age+of+Growing+Inequality&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Pine+Forge+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7965-8&rft.au=Dennis+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4JyQus8r9JYC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223-254">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223_254-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223_254-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223_254-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223_254-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun200223_254-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCalhoun2002">Calhoun 2002</a>, p. 23.</li> <li id="cite_note-Elster1985-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Elster1985_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Elster1985" class="citation book cs1">Jon Elster (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DI14p3dFLerYC%26pg%3DPA217">Making sense of Marx</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 217. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29705-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29705-9"><bdi>978-0-521-29705-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617012124/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DI14p3dFLerYC%26pg%3DPA217">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+sense+of+Marx&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29705-9&rft.au=Jon+Elster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI14p3dFLerYC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Karl_Marx:Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme-256"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Karl_Marx:Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Marx1970" class="citation book cs1">Karl Marx (1970) [1875]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm">"Critique of the Gotha Programme, Part IV"</a>. Marx/Engels Selected Works. Vol. 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 13–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702071606/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019 – via marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Critique+of+the+Gotha+Programme%2C+Part+IV&rft.btitle=Marx%2FEngels+Selected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=13-30&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Karl+Marx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1875%2Fgotha%2Fch04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm">La Liberté Speech</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716015355/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm">Archived</a> 16 July 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> delivered by Karl Marx on 8 September 1872, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. "You know that the institutions, mores, and traditions of various countries must be taken into consideration, and we do not deny that there are countries – such as America, England, and if I were more familiar with your institutions, I would perhaps also add Holland – where the workers can attain their goal by peaceful means. This being the case, we must also recognise the fact that in most countries on the Continent the lever of our revolution must be force; it is force to which we must some day appeal to erect the rule of labour."</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649–239-258">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649%E2%80%93239_258-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649%E2%80%93239_258-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649%E2%80%93239_258-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201649%E2%80%93239_258-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAnderson2016">Anderson 2016</a>, pp. 49–239.</li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-259">^</a> Cited in: B. Hepner, "Marx et la puissance russe," in: K. Marx, La Russie et l'Europe, Paris, 1954, p. 20. Originally published in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neue_Rheinische_Zeitung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neue Rheinische Zeitung">Neue Rheinische Zeitung</a>, no. 223, 16 February 1849.</li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-260">^</a> Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to the Chairman of the Slavonic Meeting, 21 March 1881. Source: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1975).</li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-261">^</a> Speech delivered in London, probably to a meeting of the International's General Council and the Polish Workers Society on 22 January 1867, text published in Le Socialisme, 15 March 1908; Odbudowa Polski (Warsaw, 1910), pp. 119–23; Mysl Socjalistyczna, May 1908. From Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The Russian Menace to Europe, edited by Paul Blackstock and Bert Hoselitz, and published by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Allen_and_Unwin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen and Unwin">George Allen and Unwin</a>, London, 1953, pp. 104–08.</li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-262">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/01/archives/karl-marx-and-the-irish.html">Karl Marx and the Irish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509153123/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/01/archives/karl-marx-and-the-irish.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. December 1971.</li> <li id="cite_note-alahram-263">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-alahram_263-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-alahram_263-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-alahram_263-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/24784.aspx">"Marx in Algiers"</a>. Al-Ahram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810144250/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/24784.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram&rft.atitle=Marx+in+Algiers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F24784.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/">"Colonialism"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611042603/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonialism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcolonialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/marx-on-india-under-the-british/article3209143.ece">"Marx on India under the British"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Hindu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 13 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630051005/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/marx-on-india-under-the-british/article3209143.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Marx+on+India+under+the+British&rft.date=2006-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-bookreview%2Fmarx-on-india-under-the-british%2Farticle3209143.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheen2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Wheen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Wheen">Wheen, Francis</a> (17 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718233606/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html">"Why Marx is man of the moment"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Observer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Why+Marx+is+man+of+the+moment&rft.date=2005-07-17&rft.aulast=Wheen&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C1530250%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Allan2010-267"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Allan2010_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2010" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Kenneth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKEgg5g0d-fgC%26pg%3DPA68">The Social Lens: An Invitation to Social and Sociological Theory</a>. Pine Forge Press. p. 68. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7834-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7834-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-7834-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622084122/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DKEgg5g0d-fgC%26pg%3DPA68">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013. 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Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20240526001335/https://www.webcitation.org/67z4lyOlO?url%3Dhttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2024. 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Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Tasks+of+the+Proletariat+in+the+Present+Revolution&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1917%2Fapr%2F04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm">"Glossary of People – Ma"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060241/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+People+%E2%80%93+Ma&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fglossary%2Fpeople%2Fm%2Fa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavioli1961" class="citation web cs1">Savioli, Arminio (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm">"L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907221742/https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Unita+Interview+with+Fidel+Castro%3A+The+Nature+of+Cuban+Socialism&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Savioli&rft.aufirst=Arminio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fcuba%2Farchive%2Fcastro%2F1961%2F02%2F01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllende1970" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salvador_Allende?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salvador Allende">Allende, Salvador</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm">"First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044153/http://marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+speech+to+the+Chilean+parliament+after+his+election&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Allende&rft.aufirst=Salvador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fallende%2F1970%2Fseptember%2F20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroz_Tito1959" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Josip Broz Tito">Broz Tito, Josip</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm">"Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426215819/https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Development+in+the+World+Will+Move+Towards+the+Strengthening+of+Socialism&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Broz+Tito&rft.aufirst=Josip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftito%2F1959%2F04%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNkrumah1967" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah, Kwame</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm">"African Socialism Revisited"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212248/https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Socialism+Revisited&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Nkrumah&rft.aufirst=Kwame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fafrica%2Fnkrumah%2F1967%2Fafrican-socialism-revisited.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226013014/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece">"Nehru's economic philosophy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Hindu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 27 May 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece">the original</a> on 26 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Nehru%27s+economic+philosophy&rft.date=2017-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fnehrus-economic-philosophy%2Farticle18589548.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-291">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/">Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509223406/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/">Archived</a> 9 May 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The South African. 6 November 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-euronews-292"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-euronews_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurm2018" class="citation news cs1">Churm, Philip Andrew (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx">"Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euronews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403030931/https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Juncker+opens+exhibition+to+Karl+Marx&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Churm&rft.aufirst=Philip+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2018%2F05%2F04%2Fjuncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarsch2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Harsch, Ernest (20 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination/">"Resurrecting Thomas Sankara"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023094513/https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Resurrecting+Thomas+Sankara&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.aulast=Harsch&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fthomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2012" class="citation news cs1">Jeffries, Stuart (4 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism">"Why Marxism is on the rise again"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108185759/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2015. 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Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/">the original</a> on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Left+is+trying+to+rehabilitate+Karl+Marx.+Let%27s+remind+them+of+the+millions+who+died+in+his+name&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftimstanley%2F100244023%2Fthe-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbe2013" class="citation web cs1">Elbe, Indigo (21 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108194200/https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/">"Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory"</a>. Viewpoint Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/">the original</a> on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Viewpoint+Magazine&rft.atitle=Between+Marx%2C+Marxism%2C+and+Marxisms+%E2%80%93+Ways+of+Reading+Marx%27s+Theory&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.aulast=Elbe&rft.aufirst=Indigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviewpointmag.com%2F2013%2F10%2F21%2Fbetween-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipow1991" class="citation book cs1">Lipow, Arthur (1991). Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07543-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07543-6"><bdi>978-0-520-07543-6</bdi></a>. <q>'We are not among those communists who are out to destroy personal liberty, who wish to turn the world into one huge barrack or into a gigantic workhouse. There certainly are some communists who, with an easy conscience, refuse to countenance personal liberty and would like to shuffle it out of the world because they consider that it is a hindrance to complete harmony. But we have no desire to exchange freedom for equality. We are convinced ... that in no social order will freedom be assured as in a society based upon communal ownership.' Thus wrote the editors of the Journal of the Communist League in 1847, under the direct influence of the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authoritarian+Socialism+in+America%3A+Edward+Bellamy+and+the+Nationalist+Movement&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07543-6&rft.aulast=Lipow&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html">"Где находится Екатериненштадт? Города России"</a>. Ижевский новостной сайт (in Russian). 29 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142040/http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%3F+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwm-izhevsk.com%2Fturizm%2F14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf">Chemnitzer Tourismus-Broschüre, Herausgeber: City-Management und Tourismus Chemnitz GmbH, 4. Jahrgang • Ausgabe 12 • Sommer 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826225659/http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf">Archived</a> 26 August 2010 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/de/stadt_chemnitz/geschichte/stadtarchiv/downloads/q_bildarchiv.pdf">O-Ton-Nachweis im Chemnitzer Stadtarchiv</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-independent-300"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-independent_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2018" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Jon (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html">"'Today he stands for things which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx's legacy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Independent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424005321/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27Today+he+stands+for+things+which+is+he+not+responsible+for%27%3A+EU+president+Juncker+defends+Karl+Marx%27s+legacy&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fkarl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621">"Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622182403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Karl+Marx+statue+from+China+adds+to+German+angst&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-44009621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2018" class="citation news cs1">Scott, A. O. (22 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html">"Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507004940/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review%3A+In+%27The+Young+Karl+Marx%2C%27+a+Scruffy+Specter+Haunts+Europe&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=A.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F22%2Fmovies%2Fthe-young-karl-marx-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420103907/http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/">"English translation online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/marx/works/1841/dr-theses/">the original</a> on 20 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+translation+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxistsfr.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1841%2Fdr-theses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenKaspersen2000" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Heine; Kaspersen, Lars Bo (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_PeGtsC2Hp4C%26pg%3DPA123">Classical and modern social theory</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21288-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21288-1"><bdi>978-0-631-21288-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617000227/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D_PeGtsC2Hp4C%26pg%3DPA123">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+and+modern+social+theory&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21288-1&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Heine&rft.au=Kaspersen%2C+Lars+Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PeGtsC2Hp4C%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2016" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Kevin B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTxCZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239">Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34570-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34570-3"><bdi>978-0-226-34570-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+at+the+Margins%3A+On+Nationalism%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Non-Western+Societies&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-226-34570-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kevin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxCZCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannerji2001" class="citation book cs1">Bannerji, Himani (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DrQqos58kEPwC%26pg%3DPA27">Inventing subjects: studies in hegemony, patriarchy and colonialism</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Anthem_Press&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Anthem Press (page does not exist)">Anthem Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-072-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-072-3"><bdi>978-1-84331-072-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617014040/http://books.google.com/books?id%3DrQqos58kEPwC%26pg%3DPA27">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+subjects%3A+studies+in+hegemony%2C+patriarchy+and+colonialism&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-072-3&rft.aulast=Bannerji&rft.aufirst=Himani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQqos58kEPwC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin, Isaiah</a> (1963). Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+His+Life+and+Environment&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Blumenberg, Werner (2000). Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography. Translated by Scott, Douglas. London; New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verso_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-254-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-254-6"><bdi>978-1-85984-254-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+An+Illustrated+Biography&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-254-6&rft.aulast=Blumenberg&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Craig_Calhoun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Craig Calhoun">Calhoun, Craig J.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6mq-H3EcUx8C">Classical Sociological Theory</a>. Oxford: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21348-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21348-2"><bdi>978-0-631-21348-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912174103/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6mq-H3EcUx8C">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Sociological+Theory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21348-2&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mq-H3EcUx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2012" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, Craig J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqlmBgDM-shoC">Classical sociological theory</a> (3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65567-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65567-2"><bdi>978-0-470-65567-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794037359">794037359</a>. Retrieved 5 October 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+sociological+theory&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794037359&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65567-2&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqlmBgDM-shoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1998" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Barry Stewart (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3bJHvA1H-2kC%26pg%3DPA57">Political economy: a comparative approach</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ABC-CLIO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96370-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96370-5"><bdi>978-0-275-96370-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620161105/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D3bJHvA1H-2kC%26pg%3DPA57">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+economy%3A+a+comparative+approach&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96370-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Barry+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bJHvA1H-2kC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedoseyev1973" class="citation book cs1">Fedoseyev, Petr Nikolaevich (1973). Karl Marx: A Biography. Moscow: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Progress_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1365346">1365346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1365346&rft.aulast=Fedoseyev&rft.aufirst=Petr+Nikolaevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Heinrich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich, Michael</a> (2019). Karl Marx and the Birth of Modern Society: The Life of Marx and the Development of His Work. Volume I: 1818–1841. New York: Monthly Review P. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-735-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-735-3"><bdi>978-1-58367-735-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Society%3A+The+Life+of+Marx+and+the+Development+of+His+Work.+Volume+I%3A+1818%E2%80%931841&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+P.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-735-3&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hob11" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm, Eric</a> (2011). How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism. London: Little, Brown. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0287-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0287-1"><bdi>978-1-4087-0287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Change+the+World%3A+Tales+of+Marx+and+Marxism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4087-0287-1&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_McLellan_(political_scientist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David McLellan (political scientist)">McLellan, David</a> (2006). Karl Marx: A Biography (4th ed.). Hampshire: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave MacMillan">Palgrave MacMillan</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9730-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9730-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-9730-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-9730-2&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMészáros2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros, István</a> (2006) [1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5lckAQAAIAAJ">Marx's Theory of Alienation</a>. Merlin Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-554-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-554-2"><bdi>978-0-85036-554-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616233058/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D5lckAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%27s+Theory+of+Alienation&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85036-554-2&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lckAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Nicolaevsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris Nicolaevsky">Nicolaievsky, Boris</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto</a> (1976) [1936]. Karl Marx: Man and Fighter. Translated by David, Gwenda; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Mosbacher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Mosbacher">Mosbacher, Eric</a>. Harmondsworth and New York: Pelican. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2703-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2703-6"><bdi>978-1-4067-2703-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+Man+and+Fighter&rft.place=Harmondsworth+and+New+York&rft.pub=Pelican&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-2703-6&rft.aulast=Nicolaievsky&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Maenchen-Helfen%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaievskyMaenchen-Helfen2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Nicolaevsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris Nicolaevsky">Nicolaievsky, Boris</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Maenchen-Helfen, Otto</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D4rbH49xtcpkC%26pg%3DPA192">Karl Marx: Man and Fighter</a>. Read Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2703-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2703-6"><bdi>978-1-4067-2703-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083426/http://books.google.com/books?id%3D4rbH49xtcpkC%26pg%3DPA192">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+Man+and+Fighter&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-2703-6&rft.aulast=Nicolaievsky&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Maenchen-Helfen%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4rbH49xtcpkC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepperell2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Pepperell, Nicole (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rtheory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/disassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf">Disassembling Capital</a> (PDF) (PhD). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RMIT_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">RMIT University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331022416/https://rtheory.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/disassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Disassembling+Capital&rft.inst=RMIT+University&rft.date=2010-04&rft.aulast=Pepperell&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frtheory.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fdisassembling-capital-n-pepperell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilling1980" class="citation book cs1">Pilling, Geoff (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/pilling/works/capital/index.htm">Marx's Capital, Philosophy and Political Economy</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Keagan Paul. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-87410-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-87410-7"><bdi>978-1-138-87410-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110212321/https://www.marxists.org/archive/pilling/works/capital/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2021 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%27s+Capital%2C+Philosophy+and+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Keagan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-138-87410-7&rft.aulast=Pilling&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fpilling%2Fworks%2Fcapital%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostone1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moishe_Postone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moishe Postone">Postone, Moishe</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570926">Time labour and social domination</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FCBO9780511570926">10.1017/CBO9780511570926</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-57092-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-57092-6"><bdi>978-0-511-57092-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051213/https://doi.org/10.1017%252FCBO9780511570926">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+labour+and+social+domination&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511570926&rft.isbn=978-0-511-57092-6&rft.aulast=Postone&rft.aufirst=Moishe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511570926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostone2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moishe_Postone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moishe Postone">Postone, Moishe</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/475188205">Time, labor, and social domination: a reinterpretation of Marx's critical theory</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56540-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56540-0"><bdi>978-0-521-56540-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475188205">475188205</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005101422/https://www.worldcat.org/title/time-labor-and-social-domination-a-reinterpretation-of-marxs-critical-theory/oclc/475188205">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+labor%2C+and+social+domination%3A+a+reinterpretation+of+Marx%27s+critical+theory&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475188205&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56540-0&rft.aulast=Postone&rft.aufirst=Moishe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F475188205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzschild1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leopold_Schwarzschild?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leopold Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild, Leopold</a> (1986) [1948]. The Red Prussian: Life and Legend of Karl Marx. Pickwick Books Ltd. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948859-00-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948859-00-7"><bdi>978-0-948859-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Prussian%3A+Life+and+Legend+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=Pickwick+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-948859-00-7&rft.aulast=Schwarzschild&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeigel1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerrold_Seigel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerrold Seigel">Seigel, Jerrold</a> (1978). Marx's fate: the shape of a life. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00935-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00935-7"><bdi>0-271-00935-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx%27s+fate%3A+the+shape+of+a+life&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-271-00935-7&rft.aulast=Seigel&rft.aufirst=Jerrold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuster2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shuster, Sam (January 2008). "The nature and consequence of Karl Marx's skin disease". British Journal of Dermatology. 158 (1): 071106220718011––. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1365-2133.2007.08282.x">10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08282.x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17986303">17986303</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40843002">40843002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=The+nature+and+consequence+of+Karl+Marx%27s+skin+disease&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=071106220718011--&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40843002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17986303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2007.08282.x&rft.aulast=Shuster&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Singer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Singer">Singer, Peter</a> (1980). Marx. Oxford: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-287510-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-287510-5"><bdi>978-0-19-287510-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-287510-5&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperber2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonathan_Sperber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonathan Sperber">Sperber, Jonathan</a> (2013). Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-467-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-467-1"><bdi>978-0-87140-467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+A+Nineteenth-Century+Life&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-467-1&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSplichal2002" class="citation book cs1">Splichal, Slavko (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Du8fO_b0lxDAC%26pg%3DPA115">Principles of publicity and press freedom</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 115. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1615-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1615-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-1615-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617083504/http://books.google.com/books?id%3Du8fO_b0lxDAC%26pg%3DPA115">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+publicity+and+press+freedom&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1615-1&rft.aulast=Splichal&rft.aufirst=Slavko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du8fO_b0lxDAC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStedman_Jones2016" class="citation book cs1">Stedman Jones, Gareth (2016). Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion. London: Allen Lane. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9904-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9904-4"><bdi>978-0-7139-9904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+Greatness+and+Illusion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9904-4&rft.aulast=Stedman+Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2004" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Philip (2004). Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers. Kettering: Index Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-572-02935-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-572-02935-7"><bdi>978-0-572-02935-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy%3A+100+Essential+Thinkers&rft.place=Kettering&rft.pub=Index+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-572-02935-7&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVygodsky1973" class="citation book cs1">Vygodsky, Vitaly (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm">The Story of a Great Discovery: How Karl Marx wrote "Capital"</a>. Verlag Die Wirtschaft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121940/https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygodsky/1965/discovery.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+a+Great+Discovery%3A+How+Karl+Marx+wrote+%22Capital%22&rft.pub=Verlag+Die+Wirtschaft&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Vygodsky&rft.aufirst=Vitaly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fvygodsky%2F1965%2Fdiscovery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheen2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Wheen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Wheen">Wheen, Francis</a> (2001). Karl Marx. London: Fourth Estate. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85702-637-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85702-637-5"><bdi>978-1-85702-637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85702-637-5&rft.aulast=Wheen&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biographies_of_Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biographies of Karl Marx">Biographies of Karl Marx</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li>Barnett, Vincent. Marx (Routledge, 2009)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin, Isaiah</a>. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1963) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-520052-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-520052-7">0-19-520052-7</a></li> <li>Gemkow, Heinrich. Karl Marx: A Biography. Dresden: Verlag Zeit im Bild. 1968.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hobsbawm, E.J. (2004). "Marx, Karl Heinrich". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fref%253Aodnb%252F39021">10.1093/ref:odnb/39021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marx%2C+Karl+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39021&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe%23public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, Vladimir</a> (1967) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm">Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism</a>. Peking: Foreign Languages Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702055230/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2011 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+A+Brief+Biographical+Sketch+with+an+Exposition+of+Marxism&rft.place=Peking&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1914%2Fgranat%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Liedman, Sven-Eric. A World to Win: The Life and Works of Karl Marx. [2015] Jeffrey N. Skinner, trans. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verso_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>, 2018.</li> <li>McLellan, David. Karl Marx: his Life and Thought Harper & Row, 1973 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012829-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012829-6">978-0-06-012829-6</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Mehring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Mehring">Mehring, Franz</a>. Karl Marx: The Story of His Life (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2003)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_McLellan_(academic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="David McLellan (academic)">McLellan, David</a>. Marx before Marxism (1980), Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27882-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27882-6">978-0-333-27882-6</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomad1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Nomad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Nomad">Nomad, Max</a> (1961) [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrevolu00noma/page/83/">"The Teacher: Karl Marx, Who Sowed Dragon's Teeth"</a>. Apostles of Revolution. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crowell-Collier_Publishing_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crowell-Collier Publishing Company">Collier Books</a>. pp. 83–150. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lccn.loc.gov/61018566">61018566</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/984463383">984463383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Teacher%3A+Karl+Marx%2C+Who+Sowed+Dragon%27s+Teeth&rft.btitle=Apostles+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83-150&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F984463383&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F61018566&rft.aulast=Nomad&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapostlesofrevolu00noma%2Fpage%2F83%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maximilien_Rubel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maximilien Rubel">Rubel, Maximilien</a>. Marx Without Myth: A Chronological Study of his Life and Work (Blackwell, 1975) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-15780-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-15780-8">0-631-15780-8</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angelo_Segrillo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angelo Segrillo">Segrillo, Angelo</a>. Two Centuries of Karl Marx Biographies: An Overview (LEA Working Paper Series, nº 4, March 2019).</li> <li>Sperber, Jonathan. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.</li> <li>Stedman Jones, Gareth. Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (Allen Lane, 2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9904-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9904-4">978-0-7139-9904-4</a>.</li> <li>Walker, Frank Thomas. Karl Marx: a Bibliographic and Political Biography. (bj.publications), 2009.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Wheen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Wheen">Wheen, Francis</a>. Karl Marx: A Life, (Fourth Estate, 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85702-637-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85702-637-3">1-85702-637-3</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Commentaries_on_Marx">Commentaries on Marx</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Althusser,_Louis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Althusser, Louis">Althusser, Louis</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/For_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="For Marx">For Marx</a>. London: Verso, 2005.</li> <li>Althusser, Louis and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balibar,_%C3%89tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Balibar, Étienne">Balibar, Étienne</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reading_Capital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a>. London: Verso, 2009.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Attali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques Attali">Attali, Jacques</a>. Karl Marx or the thought of the world. 2005</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shlomo Avineri">Avineri, Shlomo</a>. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge University Press, 1968) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09619-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09619-7">0-521-09619-7</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shlomo Avineri">Avineri, Shlomo</a>. Karl Marx: Philosophy and Revolution (Yale University Press, 2019) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21170-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21170-2">978-0-300-21170-2</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kostas_Axelos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kostas Axelos">Axelos, Kostas</a>. Alienation, Praxis, and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx (translated by Ronald Bruzina, University of Texas Press, 1976).</li> <li>Blackledge, Paul. Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History (Manchester University Press, 2006)</li> <li>Blackledge, Paul. Marxism and Ethics (SUNY Press, 2012)</li> <li>Bottomore, Tom, ed. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallinicos2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alex_Callinicos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alex Callinicos">Callinicos, Alex</a> (2010) [1983]. The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx. Bloomsbury; London: Bookmarks. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905192-68-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905192-68-7"><bdi>978-1-905192-68-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+Ideas+of+Karl+Marx&rft.place=Bloomsbury%3B+London&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-905192-68-7&rft.aulast=Callinicos&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_Cleaver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver, Harry</a>. Reading Capital Politically (AK Press, 2000)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerald_Cohen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Cohen">G.A. Cohen</a>. Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1978) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07068-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07068-7">0-691-07068-7</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Collier_(philosopher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Collier (philosopher)">Collier, Andrew</a>. Marx (Oneworld, 2004)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hal_Draper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hal Draper">Draper, Hal</a>, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution (4 volumes) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monthly_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a> Press</li> <li>Duncan, Ronald and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colin_Wilson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson, Colin</a>. (editors) Marx Refuted, (Bath, UK, 1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906798-71-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-906798-71-X">0-906798-71-X</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eagleton,_Terry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagleton, Terry">Eagleton, Terry</a>. Why Marx Was Right (New Haven & London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 2011).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Fine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Fine">Fine, Ben</a>. Marx's Capital. 5th ed. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluto_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>, 2010.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster, John Bellamy</a>. Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a>. A Darwinian Gentleman at Marx's Funeral – E. Ray Lankester, p. 1, Find Articles.com (1999)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Harvey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Harvey">Harvey, David</a>. A Companion to Marx's Capital. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verso_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>, 2010.</li> <li>Harvey, David. The Limits of Capital. London: Verso, 2006.</li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Henry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Henry">Henry, Michel</a>. Marx I and Marx II. 1976</li> <li>Holt, Justin P. The Social Thought of Karl Marx. Sage, 2015.</li> <li>Iggers, Georg G. "Historiography: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge."(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>, 1997, 2005)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski, Leszek</a>. Main Currents of Marxism Oxford: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clarendon_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>, OUP, 1978</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Kurz_(philosopher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kurz (philosopher)">Kurz, Robert</a>. Read Marx: The most important texts of Karl Marx for the 21st Century (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8218-1644-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-8218-1644-9">3-8218-1644-9</a></li> <li>Little, Daniel. The Scientific Marx, (University of Minnesota Press, 1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1505-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1505-5">0-8166-1505-5</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_Mandel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel, Ernest</a>. Marxist Economic Theory. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.</li> <li>Mandel, Ernest. The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.</li> <li>Miller, Richard W. Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power, and History. Princeton, N.J: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1984.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murray_Rothbard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray</a>. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought Volume II: Classical Economics (Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-48-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-48-X">0-945466-48-X</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfredo_Saad-Filho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfredo Saad-Filho">Saad-Filho, Alfredo</a>. The Value of Marx: Political Economy for Contemporary Capitalism. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2002.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kohei_Saito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kohei Saito">Saito, Kohei</a>. Karl Marx's Ecosocialism: Capital, Nature, and the Unfinished Critique of Political Economy, Monthly Review Press 2017.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Schmidt, Alfred</a>. The Concept of Nature in Marx. London: NLB, 1971.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeigel1973" class="citation journal cs1">Seigel, J.E. (1973). "Marx's Early Development: Vocation, Rebellion and Realism". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 3 (3): 475–508. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F202551">10.2307/202551</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/202551">202551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Marx%27s+Early+Development%3A+Vocation%2C+Rebellion+and+Realism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-508&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F202551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F202551%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Seigel&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Strathern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Strathern">Strathern, Paul</a>. "Marx in 90 Minutes", (Ivan R. Dee, 2001)</li> <li>Thomas, Paul. Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kozo_Uno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kozo Uno">Uno, Kozo</a>. Principles of Political Economy. Theory of a Purely Capitalist Society, Brighton, Sussex: Harvester; Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities, 1980.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fernando_Vianello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fernando Vianello">Vianello</a>, F. [1989], "Effective Demand and the Rate of Profits: Some Thoughts on Marx, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piero_Sraffa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a>", in: Sebastiani, M. (ed.), Kalecki's Relevance Today, London, Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02411-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02411-6">978-0-312-02411-6</a>.</li> <li>Wendling, Amy. Karl Marx on Technology and Alienation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)</li> <li>Wheen, Francis. Marx's Das Kapital, (Atlantic Books, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84354-400-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-84354-400-8">1-84354-400-8</a></li> <li>Wilson, Edmund. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/To_the_Finland_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="To the Finland Station">To the Finland Station</a>: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1940</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fiction_works">Fiction works</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jason_Barker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jason Barker">Barker, Jason</a> (2018). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marx_Returns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marx Returns">Marx Returns</a>. Winchester, UK: Zero Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78535-660-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78535-660-5"><bdi>978-1-78535-660-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+Returns&rft.place=Winchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78535-660-5&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Karl_Marx" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/46">Works by Karl Marx</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Project_Gutenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/search.php?query%3D%2528%2528subject%253A%2522Marx%252C%2520Karl%2522%2520OR%2520subject%253A%2522Karl%2520Marx%2522%2520OR%2520creator%253A%2522Marx%252C%2520Karl%2522%2520OR%2520creator%253A%2522Karl%2520Marx%2522%2520OR%2520creator%253A%2522Marx%252C%2520K%252E%2522%2520OR%2520title%253A%2522Karl%2520Marx%2522%2520OR%2520description%253A%2522Marx%252C%2520Karl%2522%2520OR%2520description%253A%2522Karl%2520Marx%2522%2529%2520OR%2520%2528%25221818-1883%2522%2520AND%2520Marx%2529%2529%2520AND%2520%2528-mediatype:software%2529">Works by or about Karl Marx</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://librivox.org/author/2426">Works by Karl Marx</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LibriVox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/">"Karl Marx"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karl+Marx&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmarx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://marxists.org/archive/marx">Karl Marx</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx_and_Engels1973" class="citation book cs1">Marx and Engels (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels1">Selected Works</a>. Vol. 1. Moscow: Progress Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Marx+and+Engels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswmarxengels1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx_and_Engels1973" class="citation book cs1">Marx and Engels (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels2">Selected Works</a>. Vol. 2. Moscow: Progress Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Marx+and+Engels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswmarxengels2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx_and_Engels1973" class="citation book cs1">Marx and Engels (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/swmarxengels3">Selected Works</a>. Vol. 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Marx+and+Engels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswmarxengels3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx_and_Engels1982" class="citation book cs1">Marx and Engels (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/selectedcorrespondencemarxengels">Selected Correspondence</a> (3rd rev. ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Correspondence&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Marx+and+Engels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectedcorrespondencemarxengels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Marxism-Leninism_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union1989" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/KarlMarxABiography">Karl Marx: a Biography</a> (4th ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+a+Biography&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Institute+of+Marxism-Leninism+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKarlMarxABiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrader1974" class="citation book cs1">Krader, Lawrence, ed. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf">The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Assen: Van Gorcum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020025302/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/ethnographical-notebooks/notebooks.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnological+Notebooks+of+Karl+Marx&rft.place=Assen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Van+Gorcum&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1881%2Fethnographical-notebooks%2Fnotebooks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Archive of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860">Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels Papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608151012/https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00860">Archived</a> 8 June 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a></li> <li>The Collected Works of Marx and Engels, in English translation and in 50 volumes, are published in London by Lawrence & Wishart and in New York by International Publishers. (These volumes were at one time put online by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>, until the original publishers objected on copyright grounds: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm">"Marx/Engels Collected Works"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817061207/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marx%2FEngels+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2Fcw%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Marx" class="Z3988">) They are available online and searchable, for purchase or through subscribing libraries, in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory">Social Theory</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164706/https://alexanderstreet.com/products/social-theory">Archived</a> 3 March 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) collection published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://alexanderstreet-com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/page/history-imprints">Alexander Street Press</a> in collaboration with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg">"Marx"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405042734/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9jg">Archived</a> 5 April 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> discussion with Anthony Grayling, Francis Wheen & Gareth Stedman Jones (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a>, 14 July 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review%23.XtAB0mhKizk">The 1887 NY Times review of Das Kapital</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506191145/http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/article-summary/das-kapital-book-review%23.XtAB0mhKizk">Archived</a> 6 May 2020 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011971">Newspaper clippings about Karl Marx</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"> <div class="sister-bar-header"> Karl Marx at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>: </div> <ul class="sister-bar-content"> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" class="extiw" title="c:Karl Marx">Media</a> from Commons</li> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DKarl_Marx%26oldid%3D1259611864">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&oldid=1259611864</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Karl_Marx&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 02:23 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%25AB%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%258D_%25E1%2588%259B%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%258A%25AD%25E1%2588%25B5" title="ካርል ማርክስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርል ማርክስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="कार्ल मार्क्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कार्ल मार्क्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3" title="كارل ماركس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل ماركس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B2_%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B8" title="কাৰ্ল মাৰ্ক্স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্ল মাৰ্ক্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="कार्ल मार्क्स – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कार्ल मार्क्स" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marks" title="Karl Marks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Marks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="کارل مارکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارل مارکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B2_%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B8" title="কার্ল মার্ক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্ল মার্ক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="कार्ल मार्क्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्ल मार्क्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2581%25E0%25BD%25B1%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2581%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཁཱར་ལ་མར་ཁེ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁཱར་ལ་མར་ཁེ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3" title="كارل ماركس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كارل ماركس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25BB_%25CE%259C%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25BE" title="Καρλ Μαρξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρλ Μαρξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="کارل مارکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل مارکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx_frsa" title="Karl Marx frsa – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Karl Marx frsa" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%2585%258B%25E6%2580%259D" title="馬克思 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="馬克思" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="کارل مارکس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کارل مارکس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B9%25B4%25EB%25A5%25BC_%25EB%25A7%2588%25EB%25A5%25B4%25ED%2581%25AC%25EC%258A%25A4" title="카를 마르크스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 마르크스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25AC_%25D5%2584%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D6%2584%25D5%25BD" title="Կարլ Մարքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարլ Մարքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="कार्ल मार्क्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्ल मार्क्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B2_%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D" title="কার্ল মার্ক্স্ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কার্ল মার্ক্স্" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581,_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB" title="Маркс, Карл – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Маркс, Карл" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%259C_%25D7%259E%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A1" title="קרל מרקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל מרקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259A_%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="კარლ მარქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ მარქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%2584%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25A5_%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2581" title="ຄາລ ມາກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາລ ມາກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Marx" title="Carolus Marx – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Marx" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C4%2581rlis_Markss" title="Kārlis Markss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis Markss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/karl._marks" title="karl. marks – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="karl. marks" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="कार्ल मार्क्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कार्ल मार्क्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B5%25BE_%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D" title="കാൾ മാർക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൾ മാർക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="कार्ल मार्क्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्ल मार्क्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259A_%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="კარლ მარქსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარლ მარქსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3" title="كارل ماركس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل ماركس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="کارل مارکس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارل مارکس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25BA_%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B7%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ကားလ် မာ့ခ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကားလ် မာ့ခ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="कार्ल मार्क्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्ल मार्क्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2582%25B9" title="カール・マルクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・マルクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Marx" title="Carlo Marx – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Carlo Marx" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581,_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB" title="Маркс, Карл – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Маркс, Карл" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%2595%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25B2_%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%2595%25E0%25AC%25B8" title="କାର୍ଲ ମାର୍କସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାର୍ଲ ମାର୍କସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B2_%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25B8" title="ਕਾਰਲ ਮਾਰਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਲ ਮਾਰਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="کارل مارکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارل مارکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="کارل مارکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کارل مارکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2580%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%258B_%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2580%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259F" title="កាល់ ម៉ាក្ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាល់ ម៉ាក្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25BB_%25CE%259C%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25BE" title="Καρλ Μαρξ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Καρλ Μαρξ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marks" title="Karl Marks – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Karl Marks" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marks" title="Karl Marks – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Karl Marks" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581,_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB" title="Маркс, Карл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркс, Карл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-l.ma-ke-se" title="Ka-l.ma-ke-se – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ka-l.ma-ke-se" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="कार्ल मार्क्स – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्ल मार्क्स" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A0%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%259E_%25E1%25B1%25A2%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A0%25E1%25B1%25A5" title="ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marksi" title="Karl Marksi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karl Marksi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B7%258A_%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258A" title="කාල් මාක්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාල් මාක්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25AA%25D8%25B3" title="ڪارل مارڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارل مارڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25B5_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="کارڵ مارکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارڵ مارکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581" title="கார்ல் மார்க்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்ல் மார்க்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marks" title="Karl Marks – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Karl Marks" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2581%25A2%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2588" title="ၵႃးမၢၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵႃးမၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%258D_%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D" title="కార్ల్ మార్క్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్ల్ మార్క్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%25A5_%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%258C" title="คาร์ล มาคส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ล มาคส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A7%25E1%258E%25B5_%25E1%258E%25B9%25E1%258E%25A9%25E1%258F%258F" title="ᎧᎵ ᎹᎩᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᎵ ᎹᎩᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಸ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marks" title="Karl Marks – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Karl Marks" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581" title="Карл Маркс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Маркс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3" title="کارل مارکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارل مارکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3" title="كارل ماركىس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كارل ماركىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_Karl" title="Marks Karl – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Marks Karl" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxi_Karl" title="Marxi Karl – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Marxi Karl" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%2585%258B%25E6%2580%259D" title="馬克思 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬克思" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258D%25A1%25E7%2588%25BE%25C2%25B7%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%2585%258B%25E6%2580%259D" title="卡爾·馬克思 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡爾·馬克思" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%259C_%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A1" title="קארל מארקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארל מארקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258D%25A1%25E7%2588%25BE%25C2%25B7%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%2585%258B%25E6%2580%259D" title="卡爾·馬克思 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾·馬克思" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karls_Marksos" title="Karls Marksos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Karls Marksos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258D%25A1%25E5%25B0%2594%25C2%25B7%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%2585%258B%25E6%2580%259D" title="卡尔·马克思 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔·马克思" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Karl Marx" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 02:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d94db5ff4-f5b75","wgBackendResponseTime":315,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.574","walltime":"4.275","ppvisitednodes":{"value":34374,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1007221,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":203456,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":824882,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3322.005 1 -total"," 28.51% 947.007 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.18% 570.828 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 15.24% 506.285 108 Template:Cite_book"," 11.73% 389.626 121 Template:Sfn"," 8.13% 270.189 8 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 6.53% 216.830 25 Template:Cite_web"," 3.91% 129.748 1 Template:IPA"," 3.89% 129.176 1 Template:Birth_date"," 3.72% 123.527 18 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