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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages:_a_fortress_on_the_frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages:_a_fortress_on_the_frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Middle Ages: a fortress on the frontier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages:_a_fortress_on_the_frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1700s_and_1800s:_the_"Paris_of_the_north"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1700s_and_1800s:_the_"Paris_of_the_north""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1700s and 1800s: the "Paris of the north"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1700s_and_1800s:_the_"Paris_of_the_north"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_1900s:_exploration_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1900s:_exploration_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early 1900s: exploration and war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_1900s:_exploration_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Municipal history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Light_and_darkness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_and_darkness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Light and darkness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_and_darkness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bus_and_taxi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_and_taxi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bus and taxi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_and_taxi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Boat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Car" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Car</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Tromsø (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tromsø (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tromsø" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%87" title="ترومسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترومسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumse" title="Trumse – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trumse" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tromsø" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87)" title="ترومسو (مدينه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ترومسو (مدينه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BD" title="トロムソ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロムソ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(by)" title="Tromsø (by) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tromsø (by)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tromsø" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(cidade)" title="Tromsø (cidade) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tromsø (cidade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%91_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Тромсё (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тромсё (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tromsø (city)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B6" title="Tromsö – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tromsö" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%9A%86%E7%91%9F" title="特隆瑟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特隆瑟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42328401#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&params=69_39_6_N_18_57_20_E_region:NO_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">69°39′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°57′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">69.65167°N 18.95556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">69.65167; 18.95556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in Tromsø Municipality, Norway</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city of Tromsø located within <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø Municipality</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tromsø (disambiguation)">Tromsø (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town/City in Northern Norway, Norway</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Tromsø</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se">Romsa</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami language">Northern Sami</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Kven-language text"><i lang="fkv">Tromssa</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Town/City</a><sup id="cite_ref-town_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Troms%C3%B8_sentrum_(5835702754).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the town"><img alt="View of the town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Troms%C3%B8_sentrum_%285835702754%29.jpg/250px-Troms%C3%B8_sentrum_%285835702754%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Troms%C3%B8_sentrum_%285835702754%29.jpg/375px-Troms%C3%B8_sentrum_%285835702754%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Troms%C3%B8_sentrum_%285835702754%29.jpg/500px-Troms%C3%B8_sentrum_%285835702754%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View of the town</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_9e010b23d6075791073591362092414b95f9b639"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Troms%C3%B8_%28city%29&revid=1257031765&groups=_9e010b23d6075791073591362092414b95f9b639" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Troms%C3%B8_%28city%29&revid=1257031765&groups=_9e010b23d6075791073591362092414b95f9b639 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_Troms_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tromsø is located in Troms"><img alt="Tromsø is located in Troms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Norway_Troms_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Norway_Troms_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Norway_Troms_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Norway_Troms_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Norway_Troms_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Norway_Troms_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="587" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.56%;left:46.784%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tromsø"><img alt="Tromsø" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Tromsø</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Troms</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tromsø is located in Norway"><img alt="Tromsø is located in Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/250px-Norway_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/375px-Norway_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/500px-Norway_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2353" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.297%;left:54.02%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tromsø"><img alt="Tromsø" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Tromsø</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Norway</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&params=69_39_6_N_18_57_20_E_region:NO_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">69°39′6″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°57′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">69.65167°N 18.95556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">69.65167; 18.95556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Norway">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">Northern Norway</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Norway" title="Districts of Norway">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Midt-Troms" class="mw-redirect" title="Midt-Troms">Midt-Troms</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø Municipality</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established as</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8pstad" title="Kjøpstad">Kjøpstad</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1794</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-ssb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13.79 km<sup>2</sup> (5.32 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 m (16 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-ssb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">41,915</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,040/km<sup>2</sup> (7,900/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tromsøværing</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Post Code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">9008 Tromsø</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><b>Tromsø</b></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈtrʊ̂msœ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/Tromso.ogg\/Tromso.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tromso.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Tromso.ogg/Tromso.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tromso.ogg" title="File:Tromso.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), <span title="Northern Sami-language text"><i lang="se"><b>Romsa</b></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami language">Northern Sami</a>)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Kven-language text"><i lang="fkv"><b>Tromssa</b></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Tromssa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Tromsö</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">city</a><sup id="cite_ref-town_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø Municipality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> county, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. The city is the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a> of the municipality as well as the administrative centre of <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> county. The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Nord-H%C3%A5logaland" title="Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland">Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> are based at the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Cathedral" title="Tromsø Cathedral">Tromsø Cathedral</a> in the city. The city is located on the island of <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ya" title="Tromsøya">Tromsøya</a> which sits in the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ysundet" title="Tromsøysundet">Tromsøysundet</a> strait, just off the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">Northern Norway</a>. The mainland suburb of <a href="/wiki/Tromsdalen" title="Tromsdalen">Tromsdalen</a> is connected to the city centre on Tromsøya by the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Bridge" title="Tromsø Bridge">Tromsø Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ysund_Tunnel" title="Tromsøysund Tunnel">Tromsøysund Tunnel</a>. The suburb of <a href="/wiki/Kval%C3%B8ysletta" title="Kvaløysletta">Kvaløysletta</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kval%C3%B8ya_(Troms%C3%B8)" title="Kvaløya (Tromsø)">Kvaløya</a> is connected to the city centre by the <a href="/wiki/Sandnessund_Bridge" title="Sandnessund Bridge">Sandnessund Bridge</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troms%C3%B8_tettsted_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Troms%C3%B8_tettsted_2015.png/220px-Troms%C3%B8_tettsted_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Troms%C3%B8_tettsted_2015.png/330px-Troms%C3%B8_tettsted_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Troms%C3%B8_tettsted_2015.png/440px-Troms%C3%B8_tettsted_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Map of the major areas of the city of Tromsø (coloured) and portions of the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø Municipality</a> (white), in the central part of the large municipality.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 13.79-square-kilometre (3,410-acre) town has a population (2023) of 41,915 and a <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> of 3,040 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,900/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-ssb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mainland suburb of the city, <a href="/wiki/Tromsdalen" title="Tromsdalen">Tromsdalen</a>, has a population of 18,202 and the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Kval%C3%B8ysletta" title="Kvaløysletta">Kvaløysletta</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kval%C3%B8ya_(Troms%C3%B8)" title="Kvaløya (Tromsø)">Kvaløya</a> has a population of 8,868. This give the Tromsø metropolitan area a population of nearly 69,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-ssb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most populous town in Norway located north of Tromsø is <a href="/wiki/Alta_(town)" title="Alta (town)">Alta</a>, with a population of 15,931 (2023), making Tromsø a very large city for this vast rural northern part of Norway. It is also the northernmost city in the world with a population exceeding 20,000. It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the third largest north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> anywhere in the world (following <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>). </p><p>The city's largest workplaces are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8" title="University of Tromsø">University of Tromsø</a> (UiT) and <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_North_Norway" title="University Hospital of North Norway">University Hospital of North Norway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a> also has its headquarters in Tromsø. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Lights_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Lights Observatory (page does not exist)">Northern Lights Observatory</a> was established in 1928, and two companies affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_Gruppen" title="Kongsberg Gruppen">Kongsberg Gruppen</a> collect satellite data from space using the observatory. The <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> is very important. Norway's <a href="/wiki/Norges_R%C3%A5fisklag" title="Norges Råfisklag">Norges Råfisklag</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norges_sj%C3%B8matr%C3%A5d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norges sjømatråd (page does not exist)">Norges sjømatråd</a> (seafood council) both have their headquarters in Tromsø. <a href="/wiki/Sparebanken_Nord-Norge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparebanken Nord-Norge">Sparebanken Nord-Norge</a> also has its headquarters in the city. Furthermore, "Skatt nord", an agency of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Tax_Administration" title="Norwegian Tax Administration">Norwegian Tax Administration</a> is based here too. </p><p>The city is warmer than most other places located on the same latitude, due to the warming effect of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. Tromsø is even milder than places much farther south of it elsewhere in the world, such as on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Far East Russia">Far East Russia</a>, with the warm-water current allowing for both relatively mild winters and <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree growth</a> in spite of its very high latitude. </p><p>The city centre of Tromsø contains the highest number of old wooden houses in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">Northern Norway</a>, the oldest house dating from 1789. The city is a cultural centre for its region, with several festivals taking place in the summer. Torbjørn Brundtland and Svein Berge of the electronica duo <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6yksopp" title="Röyksopp">Röyksopp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lene_Marlin" title="Lene Marlin">Lene Marlin</a> grew up and started their careers in Tromsø. Noted electronic musician <a href="/wiki/Geir_Jenssen" class="mw-redirect" title="Geir Jenssen">Geir Jenssen</a> also hails from Tromsø. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Tromsø is named after the <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ya" title="Tromsøya">Tromsøya</a>, on which it stands. The last element of the city's name comes from the word for "island" (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">øy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: ø), but the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the first element is uncertain. Several theories exist. One theory holds "Troms-" to derive from the old (uncompounded) name of the island (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>: <i>Trums</i>). Several islands and rivers in Norway have the name <i>Tromsa</i>, and the names of these are probably derived from the word <i>straumr</i> which means "(strong) current". (The original form must then have been <i>Strums</i>, for the missing <i>s</i> see <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_s-mobile" title="Indo-European s-mobile">Indo-European s-mobile</a>.) Another theory holds that Tromsøya was originally called <i>Lille Tromsøya</i> (Little Tromsøya), because of its proximity to the much bigger island today called <a href="/wiki/Kval%C3%B8ya_(Troms%C3%B8)" title="Kvaløya (Tromsø)">Kvaløya</a>, that according to this theory was earlier called "Store Tromsøya" due to a characteristic mountain known as <i>Tromma</i> (the Drum). The mountain's name in <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami</a> (or Sámi), <i>Rumbbučohkka</i>, is identical in meaning, and it is said to have been a sacred mountain for the Sámi in pre-Christian times. </p><p>The Sámi name of the island, <i>Romsa</i>, is assumed to be a loan from Norse – but according to the phonetical rules of the Sami language the frontal <i>t</i> has disappeared from the name. However, an alternative form – <i>Tromsa</i> – is in informal use. There is a theory that holds the Norwegian name of Tromsø derives from the Sámi name, though this theory lacks an explanation for the meaning of <i>Romsa</i>. A common misunderstanding is that Tromsø's Sámi name is <i>Romssa</i> with a double "s". This, however, is the accusative and <a href="/wiki/Genitive_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive form">genitive form</a> of the noun used when, for example, writing "Tromsø Municipality" (Roms<i>s</i>a Suohkan). In Finnish, however, the word is written with a double "s": <i>Tromssa</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area has been inhabited since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>. Archeological excavations in <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B8nsvika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tønsvika (page does not exist)">Tønsvika</a>, just outside the city limits, have turned up artifacts and remains of buildings estimated to be 9,000 to 10,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages:_a_fortress_on_the_frontier">Middle Ages: a fortress on the frontier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages: a fortress on the frontier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tromso_burial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tromso_burial.JPG/220px-Tromso_burial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tromso_burial.JPG/330px-Tromso_burial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tromso_burial.JPG/440px-Tromso_burial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Burial" title="Tromsø Burial">Hoard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a> jewellery found in Tromsø dating from 7–8th centuries AD now in the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The area's rich <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sámi</a> heritage is well documented. The Norse chieftain <a href="/wiki/Ohthere_from_H%C3%A5logaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohthere from Hålogaland">Ohthere</a>, who lived during the 890s, is assumed to have inhabited the southernmost reaches of today's Tromsø municipality. He described himself as living "furthest to the North of all Norwegians" with areas north of this being populated by Sámi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Icelandic source (<i>Rimbegla</i>) from the 12th century also describes the fjord <a href="/wiki/Malangen_(fjord)" title="Malangen (fjord)">Malangen</a> in the south of today's Tromsø municipality as a border between Norse and Sámi coastal settlements during that part of the Middle Ages. There has also been extensive Sámi settlement on the coast south of this 'border' as well as scattered Norse settlements north of Malangen—for example, both Sámi and Norse Iron Age (0–1050 AD) remains have been found on southern <a href="/wiki/Kval%C3%B8ya_(Troms%C3%B8)" title="Kvaløya (Tromsø)">Kvaløya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-regjeringen.no_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regjeringen.no-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first church on the island of Tromsøya was erected in 1252. <i>Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae de Trums juxta paganos</i> ("The Church of Saint Mary in Troms near the Heathens"—the eponymous "heathens" being the Sámi), was built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">King Hákon Hákonarson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, it was the northernmost church in the world. Around the same time a turf <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">rampart</a> was built to protect the area against raids from <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>Tromsø was not just a Norwegian outpost in an area mainly populated by the Sámi, but also a frontier city towards Russia; the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod republic">Novgorod state</a> had the right to tax the Sámi along the coast to <a href="/wiki/Lyngen_Municipality" title="Lyngen Municipality">Lyngstuva</a> and inland to the <a href="/wiki/Skibotn" title="Skibotn">Skibotn River</a> or possibly the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5lselva" title="Målselva">Målselv River</a>, whereas Norway was allowed to tax areas east to – and including – the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-regjeringen.no_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regjeringen.no-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next five hundred years Norway's border with Russia and the limits of Norwegian settlement would be pushed eastwards to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Varanger_Municipality" title="Sør-Varanger Municipality">Sør-Varanger Municipality</a>, making Tromsø lose its character as a "frontier town".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1700s_and_1800s:_the_"Paris_of_the_north""><span id="1700s_and_1800s:_the_.22Paris_of_the_north.22"></span>1700s and 1800s: the "Paris of the north"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1700s and 1800s: the "Paris of the north""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 17th century, while Denmark–Norway was solidifying its claim to the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and during this period a <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubt</a>, <i>Skansen</i>, was built. Despite only being home to around 80 people, Tromsø was declared a <a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8pstad" title="Kjøpstad">kjøpstad</a> and issued its city charter in 1794 by <a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VII of Denmark">King Christian VII</a>. This coincided with, and was a direct consequence of, the abolition of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>'s centuries-old monopoly on the trade in cod. Tromsø quickly rose in importance. The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Diocese of Hålogaland">Diocese of Hålogaland</a> was created in 1804, with the first bishop being <a href="/wiki/Mathias_Bonsak_Krogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathias Bonsak Krogh">Mathias Bonsak Krogh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haalogaland_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haalogaland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was established as <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø Municipality</a> 1 January 1838 (see <a href="/wiki/Formannskapsdistrikt" title="Formannskapsdistrikt">formannskapsdistrikt</a>), but at that time it was a very small size in area. Over time the municipality grew much larger in area by merging with neighboring areas (especially during the 1960s). </p><p>Arctic hunting, from <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, started up around 1820. By 1850, Tromsø was the major centre of Arctic hunting, overtaking the former centre of <a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a>, and the city was trading from <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1848, the teacher training college was also moved from <a href="/wiki/Trondenes" title="Trondenes">Trondenes</a> (near current-day <a href="/wiki/Harstad_(town)" title="Harstad (town)">Harstad</a>) to Tromsø, with part of its mission being to educate Sámi scholars – there was a quota ensuring that Sámi gained access.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teacher college was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Museum">Tromsø Museum</a> in 1872,<sup id="cite_ref-tromsoemuseum_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tromsoemuseum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Mack_Brewery" title="Mack Brewery">Mack Brewery</a> in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-mack_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mack-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, Tromsø became known as the "Paris of the North". How this nickname came into being is uncertain, but the reason is generally assumed to be that people in Tromsø appeared far more sophisticated than visitors from the south typically expected.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_1900s:_exploration_and_war">Early 1900s: exploration and war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 1900s: exploration and war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troms%C3%B8_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Troms%C3%B8_1900.jpg/220px-Troms%C3%B8_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Troms%C3%B8_1900.jpg/330px-Troms%C3%B8_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Troms%C3%B8_1900.jpg/440px-Troms%C3%B8_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption>Photochrom print from Tromsø, 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 19th century, Tromsø had become a major <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> trade centre from which many Arctic expeditions originated. Explorers like <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Umberto Nobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> made use of the know-how in Tromsø on the conditions in the Arctic, and often recruited their crews in the city. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">Northern lights</a> observatory was founded in 1927. </p><p>When Germany invaded Norway in 1940, Tromsø served briefly as the seat of the Norwegian government. General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Fleischer" title="Carl Gustav Fleischer">Carl Gustav Fleischer</a> arrived in Tromsø on 10 April 1940 after flying in terrible conditions. From Tromsø he issued orders for total civilian and military mobilisation and declared Northern Norway a theatre of war. Fleischer's strategic plan was to first wipe out the German forces at <a href="/wiki/Narvik_(town)" title="Narvik (town)">Narvik</a> and then transfer his division to <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a> to meet a German advance from <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a>. The Germans eventually captured all of Norway, after allied support had been withdrawn, although they encountered fierce resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Alta_Battalion" title="Alta Battalion">Alta Battalion</a> at Narvik. Tromsø escaped the war unscathed, although the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz">German battleship <i>Tirpitz</i></a> was sunk by the <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> off the Tromsøy island on 12 November 1944, killing close to 1,000 German sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirpitz_altafjord_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Tirpitz_altafjord_2.jpg/220px-Tirpitz_altafjord_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Tirpitz_altafjord_2.jpg/330px-Tirpitz_altafjord_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Tirpitz_altafjord_2.jpg/440px-Tirpitz_altafjord_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz">German battleship <i>Tirpitz</i></a> was bombed and sunk off Tromsø island in 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the war, the city received thousands of refugees from <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> county and the northern areas of <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> – areas which had been devastated by German forces using <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics in expectation of a <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive">offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_history">Municipal history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Municipal history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Tromsø was established as an independent municipality on 1 January 1838 (see <a href="/wiki/Formannskapsdistrikt" title="Formannskapsdistrikt">formannskapsdistrikt</a> law). The city was completely surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ysund_Municipality" title="Tromsøysund Municipality">Tromsøe landdistrikt</a> (the rural municipality of Tromsø / later renamed <i>Tromsøysund Municipality</i>), but they were governed separately. As the city grew in size, areas were added to the city from the rural district.<sup id="cite_ref-dag_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dag-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 January 1861, an area of <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ysund_Municipality" title="Tromsøysund Municipality">Tromsøysund Municipality</a> (population: 110) was transferred to the city of Tromsø. On 1 January 1873, an unpopulated area of Tromsøysund was transferred to the city. On 1 July 1915, another area of Tromsøysund (population: 512) was merged into the city of Tromsø. On 1 January 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Bjerkaker" title="Bjerkaker">Bjerkaker</a> area on the island of <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ya" title="Tromsøya">Tromsøya</a> (population: 1,583) was transferred from Tromsøysund to the city of Tromsø.<sup id="cite_ref-dag_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dag-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the <a href="/wiki/Schei_Committee" title="Schei Committee">Schei Committee</a>. On 1 January 1964, the city of Tromsø (population: 12,602), all of <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ysund_Municipality" title="Tromsøysund Municipality">Tromsøysund Municipality</a> (population: 16,727), most of <a href="/wiki/Ullsfjord_Municipality" title="Ullsfjord Municipality">Ullsfjord Municipality</a> except for the Svendsby area (population: 2,019), and most of <a href="/wiki/Hilles%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Hillesøy Municipality">Hillesøy Municipality</a> except for the parts on the island of <a href="/wiki/Senja" title="Senja">Senja</a> (population: 1,316) were all merged to form a new, larger <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø Municipality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dag_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dag-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tromsø's climate is a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> with long, cold winters and short, mild summers. (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Dfc) </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:95%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tromsø, Norway 1981 - 2010, sunshine 1961 - 1990, extremes 1920 - present (100 m) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(63) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9<br />(21.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.3<br />(−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.4<br />(−1.1) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.0<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.3<br />(6.3) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6<br />(14.7) </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.2<br />(6.4) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.8<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.4<br />(−1.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.4<br />(4.43) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.4<br />(3.76) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.7<br />(2.82) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.1<br />(2.60) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.4<br />(2.26) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.8<br />(3.06) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.6<br />(3.41) </td> <td style="background: #54FF54; color:#000000;" class="notheme">110.9<br />(4.37) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.9<br />(5.35) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.3<br />(3.87) </td> <td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.3<br />(4.42) </td> <td style="background: #76FF76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,080.8<br />(42.55) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.7 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">160.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #050505; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #404040; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #B2B275; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92 </td> <td style="background: #595959; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #0B0B0B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #000000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #B0B082; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,265 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Meteorological_Institute" title="Norwegian Meteorological Institute">Met Norway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eklima_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eklima-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Weather Network,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Météo climat stats<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas <sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (UV index) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:95%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tromsø </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#4E4EFF;color:#FFFFFF;">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background:#4545FF;color:#FFFFFF;">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF;">4.2<br />(39.5) </td> <td style="background:#4545FF;color:#FFFFFF;">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background:#5D5DFF;color:#FFFFFF;">6.2<br />(43.1) </td> <td style="background:#8484FF;color:#000000;">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background:#A2A2FF;color:#000000;">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background:#A9A9FF;color:#000000;">11.3<br />(52.4) </td> <td style="background:#9797FF;color:#000000;">10.1<br />(50.3) </td> <td style="background:#7C7CFF;color:#000000;">8.3<br />(47.0) </td> <td style="background:#7171FF;color:#000000;">7.6<br />(45.6) </td> <td style="background:#6060FF;color:#FFFFFF;">6.4<br />(43.6) </td> <td style="background:#6E6EFF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">7.3<br />(45.2) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas <sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_and_darkness">Light and darkness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Light and darkness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> occurs from about 18 May to 26 July, but the mountains in the north block the view of it for a few days, meaning that one can see the midnight sun from about 21 May to 21 July. Owing to Tromsø's high latitude, twilight is long, meaning there is no real darkness between late April and mid-August. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ss_aurora_lights.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ss_aurora_lights.JPG/220px-Ss_aurora_lights.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ss_aurora_lights.JPG/330px-Ss_aurora_lights.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ss_aurora_lights.JPG/440px-Ss_aurora_lights.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Northern Lights near Tromsø.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tromssa_and_mountains_in_midnight_sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tromssa_and_mountains_in_midnight_sun.jpg/220px-Tromssa_and_mountains_in_midnight_sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tromssa_and_mountains_in_midnight_sun.jpg/330px-Tromssa_and_mountains_in_midnight_sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tromssa_and_mountains_in_midnight_sun.jpg/440px-Tromssa_and_mountains_in_midnight_sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tromsø in midnight sun in July.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sun remains below the horizon during the <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a> from about 26 November to 15 January, but owing to the mountains, the sun is not visible from 21 November to 21 January. The return of the sun is an occasion for celebration. However, because of the twilight, there is some daylight for a couple of hours even around midwinter, often with bluish light. The nights shorten quickly. By 21 February the sun is above the horizon from 7:45 am to 4:10 pm, and by 1 April it is above the horizon from 5:50 am to 7:50 pm (daylight saving time). If we include astronomical twilight as "not night", then Tromso only has 14 hours of night on the winter solstice. </p><p>The combination of snow cover and sunshine often creates intense light conditions from late February until the snow melts in the lowland (usually late April), and <a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a> are essential when <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>. Because of these diametrically different light conditions in winter, Norwegians often divide it into two seasons: <i>Mørketid</i> (polar night) and <i>Seinvinter</i> (late winter). </p><p>It is possible to observe <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurora borealis</a> (northern lights) from Tromsø, as northern Norway is located in the auroral zone. As it is always light in the summer, no aurora is visible between late April and mid August. Additionally, due to the coastal location, Tromsø is often subject to cloudy conditions which prevents aurora being seen, even if they are present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The compact city centre has the biggest concentration of historic wooden houses north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, and they co-exist with modern architecture. The houses date from 1789 to 1904, when building wooden houses was banned in the city centre, as in several other Norwegian cities. The oldest house in Tromsø is <i>Skansen</i>, built in 1789 on the remains of a 13th-century turf <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">rampart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Storgata,_Troms%C3%B8,_Noruega,_2019-09-04,_DD_69.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Calle_Storgata%2C_Troms%C3%B8%2C_Noruega%2C_2019-09-04%2C_DD_69.jpg/220px-Calle_Storgata%2C_Troms%C3%B8%2C_Noruega%2C_2019-09-04%2C_DD_69.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Calle_Storgata%2C_Troms%C3%B8%2C_Noruega%2C_2019-09-04%2C_DD_69.jpg/330px-Calle_Storgata%2C_Troms%C3%B8%2C_Noruega%2C_2019-09-04%2C_DD_69.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Calle_Storgata%2C_Troms%C3%B8%2C_Noruega%2C_2019-09-04%2C_DD_69.jpg/440px-Calle_Storgata%2C_Troms%C3%B8%2C_Noruega%2C_2019-09-04%2C_DD_69.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6964" data-file-height="4643" /></a><figcaption>Storgata Tromsø</figcaption></figure> <p>The Polar Museum, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarmuseet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarmuseet (page does not exist)">Polarmuseet</a>, situated in a wharf house from 1837, presents Tromsø's past as a centre for Arctic hunting and starting point for <a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic expeditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Cathedral" title="Tromsø Cathedral">Tromsø Cathedral</a>, Norway's only wooden cathedral, built in 1861, is located in the middle of the city, and so is the small Catholic church <i>Vår Frue</i> ("Our Lady"). Northern Europe's oldest <a href="/wiki/Cinema_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema (place)">cinema</a> still in use, <i>Verdensteatret</i>, was built in 1915–16. The cinema has large wall paintings, made by the local artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverre_Mack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverre Mack (page does not exist)">Sverre Mack</a> in 1921, which picture scenes from Norwegian folk lore and fairy tales. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cathedral" title="Arctic Cathedral">Arctic Cathedral</a>, a modern church built in 1965, is situated on the mainland, facing the sound and city centre. The church, in reality a parish church and not a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a>, was drawn by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Inge_Hovig" title="Jan Inge Hovig">Jan Inge Hovig</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Polaria" title="Polaria">Polaria</a> aquarium and experience centre from 1998 is a short walk south from the city centre. The <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Museum">Tromsø Museum</a> is a university museum, presenting culture and nature of <a href="/wiki/North_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="North Norway">North Norway</a>. The museum also displays the <a href="/wiki/Arctic-alpine_botanic_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic-alpine botanic garden">Arctic-alpine botanic garden</a>, the world's northernmost botanical garden. A cable car goes up to mount <a href="/w/index.php?title=Storsteinen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storsteinen (page does not exist)">Storsteinen</a>, 420 metres (1,380 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>, with a panoramic view over Tromsø. The mountain <a href="/wiki/Tromsdalstinden" title="Tromsdalstinden">Tromsdalstinden</a>, 1,238 metres (4,062 ft), on the mainland, which is easily spotted from the city centre, is also a major landmark. At the top of Tromsøya is a lake called <i><a href="/wiki/Prestvannet" title="Prestvannet">Prestvannet</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_and_taxi">Bus and taxi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bus and taxi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The public transport service in Tromsø is dominated by bus,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily by Troms fylkestrafikk. A private airport shuttle named the Airport Express Coach runs from the <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Airport,_Langnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Airport, Langnes">airport</a> to the city centre in around 15 minutes. An alternative option is to use the local bus routes 40 and 42, which stop just a few minutes walk from the terminal, and are considerably cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a taxi rank outside the airport terminal as well as several taxi ranks in downtown Tromsø. The taxi fare from the airport to the city centre during the daytime on weekdays is approximately NOK 200.<sup id="cite_ref-vistrom_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistrom-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buses run from early morning to late night Mon-Fri, with a less frequent service at weekends. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">night bus service</a> on Friday and Saturday nights from the city centre to select parts of the city suburbs. District buses run within the municipality of Tromsø and depart from Prostneset, the main bus station in Tromsø, which is located beside the main Tourist Information Office.<sup id="cite_ref-vistrom_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistrom-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Airport" title="Tromsø Airport">Tromsø Airport</a> is approximately 4.5km from downtown. Its most common destination is smaller towns in Troms, Finnmark and <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a>, served by <a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e" title="Widerøe">Widerøe</a>; as of December 2023, competing airlines and foreign airlines offer longer direct flights to southern Norway, <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luton_Airport" title="Luton Airport">Luton Airport</a>, and north and central Europe (including <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boat">Boat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Boat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3 express boat lines lead to and from <a href="/wiki/Harstad_(town)" title="Harstad (town)">Harstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skjerv%C3%B8y_(village)" title="Skjervøy (village)">Skjervøy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysnes">Lysnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Coastal_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Coastal Express">Norwegian Coastal Express</a> also docks in Tromsø. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train">Train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preliminary plans for a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway_Line" title="Northern Norway Line">Northern Norway Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fauske_(town)" title="Fauske (town)">Fauske</a> (east of Bodø) to Tromsø have been brought up from time to time since 1968, but none have begun construction. The most common official reasons for not starting construction have been high costs, in part as a result of very difficult terrain; a report in October 2023 estimated a project cost of 281 billion NOK,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 24.1 billion <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euros</a> at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Car">Car</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Car"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tromsø is served by <a href="/wiki/European_route_E8" title="European route E8">European route E8</a>, which connects to Norway's main north-south route <a href="/wiki/European_route_E6" title="European route E6">European route E6</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nordkjosbotn" title="Nordkjosbotn">Nordkjosbotn</a> approximately 80km south of Tromsø. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TromsoJumpingHill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TromsoJumpingHill.jpg/220px-TromsoJumpingHill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TromsoJumpingHill.jpg/330px-TromsoJumpingHill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TromsoJumpingHill.jpg/440px-TromsoJumpingHill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Ski jump in Tromsø</figcaption></figure> <p>Tromsø is the home of many football clubs, of which the three most prominent are <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_IL" title="Tromsø IL">Tromsø IL</a>, which plays in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Premier League">Norwegian Premier League</a> and is the world's <a href="/wiki/The_world%27s_most_northern" class="mw-redirect" title="The world's most northern">northernmost</a> Premier League football team, <a href="/wiki/I.F._Fl%C3%B8ya" class="mw-redirect" title="I.F. Fløya">I.F. Fløya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_First_Division_(women)" title="Norwegian First Division (women)">Norwegian First Division (women)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tromsdalen_U.I.L." class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsdalen U.I.L.">Tromsdalen U.I.L.</a>, playing in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_First_Division" title="Norwegian First Division">Adeccoliga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Midnight_Sun_Marathon" title="Tromsø Midnight Sun Marathon">Tromsø Midnight Sun Marathon</a> is arranged every year in June and recently also a <a href="/wiki/Polar_Night_Halfmarathon" title="Polar Night Halfmarathon">Polar Night Halfmarathon</a> in January. The city is home to many clubs in the top division in various sports. Most notably <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>-outfit <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Storm" title="Tromsø Storm">Tromsø Storm</a> in the <a href="/wiki/BLNO" class="mw-redirect" title="BLNO">BLNO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BK_Troms%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BK Tromsø (page does not exist)">BK Tromsø</a> in the top <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> league for men, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_Volley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tromsø Volley (page does not exist)">Tromsø Volley</a> in the top volleyball league for women.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The oldest sports club in Tromsø is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_Turnforening&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tromsø Turnforening (page does not exist)">Tromsø Turnforening</a>, a gymnastics club founded in 1862, that also was the cradle of the before mentioned football club <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_IL" title="Tromsø IL">Tromsø IL</a>. </p><p>Tromsø was selected by the Norwegian National Olympic Committee as Norway's candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a>. This would have made Tromsø the first city north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> to host the games. There were plans to use ships as the media village. In October 2008 the NOC suspended Tromsø's bid, citing excessive costs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the southern to the northern tip of the island <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ya" title="Tromsøya">Tromsøya</a>, there is a floodlit <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross country</a> ski track. A <a href="/wiki/Ski_jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski jump">ski jump</a> is also situated on the island, close to the university. As of the spring in 2010, the city's first ice rink has been open and is home to <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Hockey" title="Tromsø Hockey">Tromsø Hockey</a>, which plays in the Swedish Ice Hockey Association's League 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">List of towns and cities in Norway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troms%C3%B8_(city)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-town-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-town_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-town_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Norwegian language, the word <i>by</i> can be translated as "town" or "city".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStatistisk_sentralbyrå2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistisk sentralbyrå</a> (23 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/tettsteders-befolkning-og-areal">"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203140543/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/tettsteders-befolkning-og-areal">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+settlements.+Population+and+area%2C+by+municipality&rft.date=2023-12-23&rft.au=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Fbefolkning%2Ffolketall%2Fstatistikk%2Ftettsteders-befolkning-og-areal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yr.no/nb/v%C3%A6rvarsel/daglig-tabell/1-305409/Norway/Troms/Troms%C3%B8/Troms%C3%B8">"Tromsø, Troms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yr.no" title="Yr.no">yr.no</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240711194449/https://www.yr.no/nb/v%C3%A6rvarsel/daglig-tabell/1-305409/Norway/Troms/Troms%C3%B8/Troms%C3%B8">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Troms%C3%B8%2C+Troms&rft.pub=yr.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yr.no%2Fnb%2Fv%25C3%25A6rvarsel%2Fdaglig-tabell%2F1-305409%2FNorway%2FTroms%2FTroms%25C3%25B8%2FTroms%25C3%25B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erroneously, the Sámi name is often believed to be "Romssa". This is because "Tromsø Municipality" is "Roms<b>s</b>a Suohkan". Romssa, however is the <i>genitive case</i>, so that "Roms<b>s</b>a Suohkan" translates to "the Municipality <b>of</b> Romsa".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stadnamn.kartverket.no/fakta/503295">"Informasjon om stadnamn"</a>. <i>Norgeskart</i> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Mapping_Authority" title="Norwegian Mapping Authority">Kartverket</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009182920/https://stadnamn.kartverket.no/fakta/503295">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norgeskart&rft.atitle=Informasjon+om+stadnamn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.kartverket.no%2Ffakta%2F503295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettersenStavMyreng2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pettersen, Egil; Stav, Torill; Myreng, Kent-Einar (27 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nordnytt/unike-steinalderfunn-1.7729694">"Unike steinalderfunn"</a> (in Norwegian Bokmål). nrk.no. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416115604/http://www.nrk.no/nordnytt/unike-steinalderfunn-1.7729694">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unike+steinalderfunn&rft.pub=nrk.no&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.aulast=Pettersen&rft.aufirst=Egil&rft.au=Stav%2C+Torill&rft.au=Myreng%2C+Kent-Einar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnordnytt%2Funike-steinalderfunn-1.7729694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=31638&plaA=31638-3-1">"British Museum – Collection online – Search: Tromso"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116060522/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?place=31638&plaA=31638-3-1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=British+Museum+%E2%80%93+Collection+online+%E2%80%93+Search%3A+Tromso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fsearch.aspx%3Fplace%3D31638%26plaA%3D31638-3-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagbladet.no/magasinet/2007/12/04/520192.html">"Ottar fortalte om det ukjente "Norge" – Magasinet"</a>. Dagbladet.no. 18 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805080837/http://www.dagbladet.no/magasinet/2007/12/04/520192.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottar+fortalte+om+det+ukjente+%22Norge%22+%E2%80%93+Magasinet&rft.pub=Dagbladet.no&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2Fmagasinet%2F2007%2F12%2F04%2F520192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regjeringen.no-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regjeringen.no_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regjeringen.no_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/nouer/2007/nou-2007-14/67.html?id=584636">"2 Samisk tilstedeværelse..."</a> regjeringen.no. 3 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009180750/http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/nouer/2007/nou-2007-14/67.html?id=584636">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Samisk+tilstedev%C3%A6relse...&rft.pub=regjeringen.no&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fnb%2Fdep%2Fjd%2Fdok%2Fnouer%2F2007%2Fnou-2007-14%2F67.html%3Fid%3D584636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501010953/http://loype.kulturminneaaret2009.no/kulturminneloyper/soer-kvaloeya-fornminner">"Sør-Kvaløya – fornminner — Kulturminneaaret 2009"</a> (in Norwegian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8r-Kval%C3%B8ya+%E2%80%93+fornminner+%E2%80%94+Kulturminneaaret+2009&rft.pub=Loype.kulturminneaaret2009.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floype.kulturminneaaret2009.no%2Fkulturminneloyper%2Fsoer-kvaloeya-fornminner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=114&s=100&str=sancte%20Marie%20de%20Trums%20%20iuxta%20paganos">"Diplomatarium Norvegicum b.1 nr.112, the Papal letter (in Latin) first referring to <i>Troms</i>"</a>. Dokpro.uio.no. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017011840/http://www.dokpro.uio.no/perl/middelalder/diplom_vise_tekst.prl?b=114&s=100&str=sancte%20Marie%20de%20Trums%20%20iuxta%20paganos">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diplomatarium+Norvegicum+b.1+nr.112%2C+the+Papal+letter+%28in+Latin%29+first+referring+to+Troms&rft.pub=Dokpro.uio.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dokpro.uio.no%2Fperl%2Fmiddelalder%2Fdiplom_vise_tekst.prl%3Fb%3D114%26s%3D100%26str%3Dsancte%2520Marie%2520de%2520Trums%2520%2520iuxta%2520paganos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haalogaland-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haalogaland_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009035803/http://www.kirken.no/nord-haalogaland/tekstsider.cfm?id=110781">"Biskoper i Hålogaland bispedømme 1804–1952"</a>. <i>Den Norske Kirke</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Den+Norske+Kirke&rft.atitle=Biskoper+i+H%C3%A5logaland+bisped%C3%B8mme+1804%E2%80%931952&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirken.no%2Fnord-haalogaland%2Ftekstsider.cfm%3Fid%3D110781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statsarkivet i Tromsø 1992: Arkivkatalog TROMSØ OFFENTLIGE LÆRERSKOLE, page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tromsoemuseum-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tromsoemuseum_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103085936/http://uit.no/tmu/152">"Om museet"</a> (in Norwegian). Universitet i Tromsø. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uit.no/tmu/152/">the original</a> on 3 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Om+museet&rft.pub=Universitet+i+Troms%C3%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuit.no%2Ftmu%2F152%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mack-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mack_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mack.no/index.php?cat=16535">"Fra ølvogn til mikrobryggeri"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fra+%C3%B8lvogn+til+mikrobryggeri&rft.pub=Macks+%C3%98lbryggeri+AS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mack.no%2Findex.php%3Fcat%3D16535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009002440/http://www.destinasjontromso.no/english/useful_info.html">"Destinasjon Tromsø – Facts about Tromsø"</a>. Destinasjontromso.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destinasjontromso.no/english/useful_info.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Destinasjon+Troms%C3%B8+%E2%80%93+Facts+about+Troms%C3%B8&rft.pub=Destinasjontromso.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destinasjontromso.no%2Fenglish%2Fuseful_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/tirpitz.html">"Bomber Command: Tirpitz 12 November 1944"</a>. <i>RAF History Bomber Command 60th Anniversary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/tirpitz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAF+History+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=Bomber+Command%3A+Tirpitz+12+November+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Ftirpitz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">617 Squadron – The Operational Record Book 1943 – 1945 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206073909/http://www.dambusters.org.uk/docs/recordbook.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dambusters.org.uk/docs/recordbook.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dambusters.org.uk%2Fdocs%2Frecordbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dambusters.org">http://www.dambusters.org</a> with additional information by Tobin Jones; Binx Publishing, Pevensey House, Sheep Street, Bicester. OX26 6JF. Acknowledgement is given to <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a> as holders of the copyright on the Operational Record Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry,_T.K.1972" class="citation book cs1">Derry, T.K. (1972). <i>A History of Modern Norway: 1814—1972</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Meteorological+Institute%27s+eklima+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsharki.oslo.dnmi.no%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D73%2C39035%2C73_39049%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214124022/http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Troms/Troms%C3%B8/Troms%C3%B8_observation_site/statistics.html">"Tromsø (Troms)"</a>. June 2013. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Troms%C3%B8+%28Troms%29&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yr.no%2Fplace%2FNorway%2FTroms%2FTroms%25C3%25B8%2FTroms%25C3%25B8_observation_site%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/c00008">"Climate Statistics for Tromsø, Norway (1961–1990)"</a>. November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Statistics+for+Troms%C3%B8%2C+Norway+%281961%E2%80%931990%29&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweathernetwork.com%2Fstatistics%2Fc00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-2-p159.php">"Moyennes 1981–2010 Norvége"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809133123/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-2-p159.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moyennes+1981%E2%80%932010+Norv%C3%A9ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Flistenormale-1981-2010-2-p159.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weather_Atlas-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/norway/tromso-climate">"Tromsø, Norway – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data"</a>. Weather Atlas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124092146/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/norway/tromso-climate">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Troms%C3%B8%2C+Norway+%E2%80%93+Monthly+weather+forecast+and+Climate+data&rft.pub=Weather+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fnorway%2Ftromso-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vg.no/reise/artikkel.php?artid=525004">"Tromsø er "djevelsk stygg" – VG Nett om Reiselivsnyheter"</a> (in Norwegian). Vg.no. 21 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824084338/http://www.vg.no/reise/artikkel.php?artid=525004">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Troms%C3%B8+er+%22djevelsk+stygg%22+%E2%80%93+VG+Nett+om+Reiselivsnyheter&rft.pub=Vg.no&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg.no%2Freise%2Fartikkel.php%3Fartid%3D525004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarina_Hansen2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carina Hansen (27 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719220253/http://www.itromso.no/nyheter/article360981.ece">"Forfall i hele byen – iTromsø"</a> (in Norwegian). Itromso.no. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itromso.no/nyheter/article360981.ece">the original</a> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forfall+i+hele+byen+%E2%80%93+iTroms%C3%B8&rft.pub=Itromso.no&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.au=Carina+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itromso.no%2Fnyheter%2Farticle360981.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitnordic.com/en/article/getting-around-in-tromso">"How to get around in Tromsø"</a>. visitnordic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002140332/https://www.visitnordic.com/en/article/getting-around-in-tromso">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+get+around+in+Troms%C3%B8&rft.pub=visitnordic.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitnordic.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgetting-around-in-tromso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifeinnorway.net/transport-in-tromso/">"Transport in Tromsø"</a>. lifeinnorway.net. 19 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630074534/https://www.lifeinnorway.net/transport-in-tromso/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport+in+Troms%C3%B8&rft.pub=lifeinnorway.net&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifeinnorway.net%2Ftransport-in-tromso%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vistrom-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vistrom_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vistrom_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visittromso.no/travel/getting-around">"How to get around in Tromsø and the region"</a>. visittromso.no. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525093314/https://www.visittromso.no/travel/getting-around">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+get+around+in+Troms%C3%B8+and+the+region&rft.pub=visittromso.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visittromso.no%2Ftravel%2Fgetting-around&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avinor.no/en/airport/tromso-airport/flight-times/departures/">"Departures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avinor" title="Avinor">Avinor</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Departures&rft.pub=Avinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favinor.no%2Fen%2Fairport%2Ftromso-airport%2Fflight-times%2Fdepartures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fylkestrafikk.no/menu/plan-your-journey/routes-and-travel-search/timetables/express-boat/?sprak=3">"Express boat"</a> (in English and Norwegian Bokmål). Troms fylkestrafikk. 26 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213090511/https://fylkestrafikk.no/menu/plan-your-journey/routes-and-travel-search/timetables/express-boat/?sprak=3">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Express+boat&rft.pub=Troms+fylkestrafikk&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffylkestrafikk.no%2Fmenu%2Fplan-your-journey%2Froutes-and-travel-search%2Ftimetables%2Fexpress-boat%2F%3Fsprak%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/nordland/nord-norgebanen-vil-stort-sett-besta-av-tunneler-1.16573965">"Må bygge 73 tunneler for å fullføre Nord-Norgebane: – Et enormt prosjekt"</a> (in Norwegian Bokmål). <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a>. 1 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213090510/https://www.nrk.no/nordland/nord-norgebanen-vil-stort-sett-besta-av-tunneler-1.16573965">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A5+bygge+73+tunneler+for+%C3%A5+fullf%C3%B8re+Nord-Norgebane%3A+%E2%80%93+Et+enormt+prosjekt&rft.pub=NRK&rft.date=2023-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnordland%2Fnord-norgebanen-vil-stort-sett-besta-av-tunneler-1.16573965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATroms%C3%B8+%28city%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/english/sports/article2695284.ece">Tromsø's Application Withdrawn – Aftenposten.no</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007140950/http://www.aftenposten.no/english/sports/article2695284.ece">Archived</a> 7 October 2008 at the <a 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Main article: <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a></li> <li>Capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tromsø</a></li> <li>County government: <a href="/wiki/Troms_County_Municipality" title="Troms County Municipality">Troms County Municipality</a></li> <li>County lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_County_Governors_of_Troms_og_Finnmark" class="mw-redirect" title="List of County Governors of Troms og Finnmark">County Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Troms" title="List of villages in Troms">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Nord-H%C3%A5logaland" title="List of churches in Nord-Hålogaland">Churches</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Troms_v%C3%A5pen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Troms_v%C3%A5pen.svg/80px-Troms_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Troms_v%C3%A5pen.svg/120px-Troms_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Troms_v%C3%A5pen.svg/160px-Troms_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Towns and cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tromsø</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harstad_(town)" title="Harstad (town)">Harstad</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnsnes" title="Finnsnes">Finnsnes</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardufoss" title="Bardufoss">Bardufoss</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nord-Troms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsfjord_Municipality" title="Balsfjord Municipality">Balsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5fjord_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kåfjord Municipality">Gáivuotna-Kåfjord-Kaivuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karls%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Karlsøy Municipality">Karlsøy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A6nangen_Municipality" title="Kvænangen Municipality">Kvænangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngen_Municipality" title="Lyngen Municipality">Lyngen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordreisa_Municipality" title="Nordreisa Municipality">Nordreisa-Ráisa-Raisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skjerv%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Skjervøy Municipality">Skjervøy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storfjord_Municipality" title="Storfjord Municipality">Storfjord-Omasvuotna-Omasvuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsø Municipality">Tromsø</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midt-Troms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardu_Municipality" title="Bardu Municipality">Bardu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyr%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Dyrøy Municipality">Dyrøy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavangen_Municipality" title="Lavangen Municipality">Loabák-Lavangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5lselv_Municipality" title="Målselv Municipality">Målselv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salangen_Municipality" title="Salangen Municipality">Salangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senja_Municipality" title="Senja Municipality">Senja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rreisa_Municipality" title="Sørreisa Municipality">Sørreisa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sør-Troms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tjeldsund_Municipality" title="Tjeldsund Municipality">Dielddanuorri-Tjeldsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratangen_Municipality" title="Gratangen Municipality">Gratangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harstad_Municipality" title="Harstad Municipality">Harstad-Hárstták</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibestad_Municipality" title="Ibestad Municipality">Ibestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A6fjord_Municipality" title="Kvæfjord Municipality">Kvæfjord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Former_Municipalities_in_Troms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of former municipalities of Norway">Former Municipalities in Troms</a></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/And%C3%B8rja_Municipality" title="Andørja Municipality">Andørja</a> (1926-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astafjord_Municipality" title="Astafjord Municipality">Astafjord</a> (1926-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg_Municipality_(Troms)" title="Berg Municipality (Troms)">Berg</a> (1838-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjark%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Bjarkøy Municipality">Bjarkøy</a> (1838-2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helg%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Helgøy Municipality">Helgøy</a> (1886-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilles%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Hillesøy Municipality">Hillesøy</a> (1855-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenvik_Municipality" title="Lenvik Municipality">Lenvik</a> (1838-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangen_Municipality" title="Malangen Municipality">Malangen</a> (1871-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandtorg_Municipality" title="Sandtorg Municipality">Sandtorg</a> (1926-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nland_Municipality" title="Skånland Municipality">Skånland</a> (1926-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsken_Municipality" title="Torsken Municipality">Torsken</a> (1902-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tran%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Tranøy Municipality">Tranøy</a> (1838-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8ysund_Municipality" title="Tromsøysund Municipality">Tromsøysund</a> (1838-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondenes_Municipality" title="Trondenes Municipality">Trondenes</a> (1838-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullsfjord_Municipality" title="Ullsfjord Municipality">Ullsfjord</a> (1902-1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98verbygd_Municipality" title="Øverbygd Municipality">Øverbygd</a> (1925-1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible collapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" title="Template:Most populous urban areas of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Most populous urban areas of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous urban areas of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Most_populous_urban_areas_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Norway_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Norway by population">Most populous urban areas of Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>As of 1 January 2023, according to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistics Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> (1,082,575)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> (269,548)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stavanger_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger (city)">Stavanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sandnes_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandnes (town)">Sandnes</a> (234,757)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trondheim_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim (city)">Trondheim</a> (196,948)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Drammen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drammen (town)">Drammen</a> (122,955)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredrikstad (town)">Fredrikstad</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sarpsborg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarpsborg (town)">Sarpsborg</a> (120,332)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Porsgrunn_(town)" title="Porsgrunn (town)">Porsgrunn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Skien_(town)" title="Skien (town)">Skien</a> (95,793)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand (town)">Kristiansand</a> (66,576)</li><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tønsberg (town)">Tønsberg</a> (55,387)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund_(town)" title="Ålesund (town)">Ålesund</a> (55,386)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Moss_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss (town)">Moss</a> (49,428)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sandefjord_(town)" title="Sandefjord (town)">Sandefjord</a> (46,453)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Haugesund_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugesund (town)">Haugesund</a> (46,359)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arendal_(town)" title="Arendal (town)">Arendal</a> (44,856)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a> (42,831)</li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tromsø</a> (41,915)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamar" title="Hamar">Hamar</a> (29,605)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik_(town)" title="Gjøvik (town)">Gjøvik</a> (28,494)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Larvik_(town)" title="Larvik (town)">Larvik</a> (27,136)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Halden_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halden (town)">Halden</a> (26,126)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ask%C3%B8y" title="Askøy">Askøy</a> (24,280)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jessheim" title="Jessheim">Jessheim</a> (23,918)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsberg (town)">Kongsberg</a> (23,529)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Molde_(town)" title="Molde (town)">Molde</a> (21,854)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ski,_Norway" title="Ski, Norway">Ski</a> (21,434)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harstad_(town)" title="Harstad (town)">Harstad</a> (21,289)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_(town)" title="Lillehammer (town)">Lillehammer</a> (21,263)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Horten_(town)" title="Horten (town)">Horten</a> (20,859)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Korsvik" title="Korsvik">Korsvik</a> (19,405)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_i_Rana" title="Mo i Rana">Mo i Rana</a> (18,755)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tromsdalen" title="Tromsdalen">Tromsdalen</a> (18,202)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kristiansund_(town)" title="Kristiansund (town)">Kristiansund</a> (18,103)</li><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8nefoss" title="Hønefoss">Hønefoss</a> (16,844)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(town)" title="Alta (town)">Alta</a> (15,931)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elverum_(town)" title="Elverum (town)">Elverum</a> (15,632)</li><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5holt" title="Råholt">Råholt</a> (15,319)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Askim" title="Askim">Askim</a> (15,089)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%B8yro" title="Osøyro">Osøyro</a> (14,621)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Leirvik" title="Leirvik">Leirvik</a> (14,507)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Grimstad_(town)" title="Grimstad (town)">Grimstad</a> (14,390)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Narvik_(town)" title="Narvik (town)">Narvik</a> (14,051)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vennesla_(village)" title="Vennesla (village)">Vennesla</a> (13,803)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8bak" title="Drøbak">Drøbak</a> (13,628)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rdalshalsen" title="Stjørdalshalsen">Stjørdalshalsen</a> (13,596)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nesoddtangen" title="Nesoddtangen">Nesoddtangen</a> (13,363)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bryne" title="Bryne">Bryne</a> (13,151)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Steinkjer_(town)" title="Steinkjer (town)">Steinkjer</a> (12,929)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kongsvinger_(town)" title="Kongsvinger (town)">Kongsvinger</a> (12,338)</li></ol></div></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42328401#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42328401#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42328401#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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