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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="إنديورانس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنديورانس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergant%C3%ADn_Endurance" title="Bergantín Endurance – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bergantín Endurance" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(1912)" title="Endurance (1912) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Endurance (1912)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Endurance" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Endurance" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Endurance" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(barco)" title="Endurance (barco) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Endurance (barco)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(%C5%9Dipo)" title="Endurance (ŝipo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Endurance (ŝipo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(itsasontzia)" title="Endurance (itsasontzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Endurance (itsasontzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_(%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B2)" title="اندجورنس (کشتی ۱۹۱۲) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندجورنس (کشتی ۱۹۱۲)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(bateau)" title="Endurance (bateau) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Endurance (bateau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%93%80%EC%96%B4%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_(1912%EB%85%84_%EB%B0%B0)" title="인듀어런스 (1912년 배) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인듀어런스 (1912년 배)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(kapal_1912)" title="Endurance (kapal 1912) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Endurance (kapal 1912)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(nave)" title="Endurance (nave) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Endurance (nave)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94,_1912)" title="אנדיורנס (אונייה, 1912) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדיורנס (אונייה, 1912)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(haj%C3%B3)" title="Endurance (hajó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Endurance (hajó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(schip,_1912)" title="Endurance (schip, 1912) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Endurance (schip, 1912)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%ABEndurance%C2%BB" title="«Endurance» – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="«Endurance»" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%ABEndurance%C2%BB" title="«Endurance» – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="«Endurance»" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(statek)" title="Endurance (statek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Endurance (statek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(navio)" title="Endurance (navio) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Endurance (navio)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_(%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE)" title="Эндьюранс (экспедиционное судно) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эндьюранс (экспедиционное судно)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Endurance (1912 ship)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Endurance" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(fartyg)" title="Endurance (fartyg) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Endurance (fartyg)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_(gemi,_1912)" title="Endurance (gemi, 1912) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endurance (gemi, 1912)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%27%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_1912)" title="Енд'юренс (корабель, 1912) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енд'юренс (корабель, 1912)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Endurance_(1912_ship)&params=69_44_21_S_52_19_47_W_">69°44′21″S 52°19′47″W / 69.73917°S 52.32972°W / -69.73917; -52.32972</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ernest Shackleton's ship, 1914–1917</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/300px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/450px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg/600px-Endurance_under_full_sail_Frank_Hurley_State_Library_NSW_a090012h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="3912" /></a><div>Endurance under steam and sail trying to break through pack ice in the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a>, 1915 <a href="/wiki/Paget_process" title="Paget process">Paget colour photograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a>.</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td>Endurance</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Owner</td><td>Ernest Shackleton</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td><a href="/wiki/Framn%C3%A6s_shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Framnæs shipyard">Framnæs shipyards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandefjord" title="Sandefjord">Sandefjord</a>, Norway</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>17 December 1912; 112 years ago (17 December 1912)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In service</td><td>1912–1915</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Out of service</td><td>27 October 1915; 109 years ago (27 October 1915)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Sank following crush by pack ice on 21 November 1915</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Notes</td><td>Location: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Endurance_(1912_ship)&params=69_44_21_S_52_19_47_W_">69°44′21″S 52°19′47″W / 69.73917°S 52.32972°W / -69.73917; -52.32972</a></td></tr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wreck discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">5 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tonnage</td><td>350 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">GRT</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>144 ft (44 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>25 ft (7.6 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>350 hp (260 kW) Coal-fired steam and sail</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td>10.2 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (18.9 km/h; 11.7 mph)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>28</td></tr> </tbody></table> Endurance was the three-masted <a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">barquentine</a> in which Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> and a crew of 27 men sailed for the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> on the 1914–1917 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a>. The ship, originally named Polaris, was built at <a href="/wiki/Framn%C3%A6s_shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Framnæs shipyard">Framnæs shipyard</a> and launched in 1912 from <a href="/wiki/Sandefjord" title="Sandefjord">Sandefjord</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. When one of her commissioners, the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">Adrien de Gerlache</a>, went bankrupt, the remaining one sold the ship for less than the shipyard had charged – but as <a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Lars Christensen</a> was the owner of Polaris, there was no hardship involved. The ship was bought by Shackleton in January 1914 for the expedition, which would be her first voyage. A year later, she became trapped in <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a> and finally sank in the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> off <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> on 21 November 1915. All of the crew survived her sinking and were eventually rescued in 1916 after using the <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_boat" title="Ship's boat">ship's boats</a> to travel to <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a> and Shackleton, the ship's captain <a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Frank Worsley</a>, and four others <a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">made a voyage to seek help</a>. The wreck of Endurance was discovered on 5 March 2022, nearly 107 years after she sank, by the search team Endurance22. She lies 3,008 metres (9,869 ft; 1,645 fathoms) deep, and is in "a brilliant state of preservation".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The wreck is designated as a protected historic site and monument under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and construction">edit</a>]</div> Designed by <a href="/wiki/Ole_Aanderud_Larsen" title="Ole Aanderud Larsen">Ole Aanderud Larsen</a>, Endurance was built at the <a href="/wiki/Framn%C3%A6s_shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Framnæs shipyard">Framnæs shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sandefjord" title="Sandefjord">Sandefjord</a>, Norway. She was built under the supervision of master wood shipbuilder Christian Jacobsen, who was renowned for insisting that all men in his employment were not just skilled shipwrights but also experienced in seafaring aboard <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> or sealing ships. Every detail of her construction had been scrupulously planned to ensure maximum durability: for example, every joint and fitting was cross-braced for maximum strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195919–20-2">[2]</a> The ship was launched on 17 December 1912<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195919-3">[3]</a> and was initially christened Polaris after <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">the North Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195914-4">[4]</a> She was 144 ft (44 m) long, with a 25 ft (7.6 m) beam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel19998-5">[5]</a> and measured 350 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">tons gross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel198918-6">[6]</a> Her original purpose was to provide luxurious accommodation for small tourist and hunting parties in the Arctic as an ice-capable <a href="/wiki/Steam_yacht" title="Steam yacht">steam yacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As launched she had 10 passenger cabins, a spacious dining saloon and galley (with accommodation for two cooks), a smoking room, a <a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">darkroom</a> to allow passengers to develop photographs, electric lighting and even a small bathroom.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> Though her hull looked from the outside like that of any other vessel of comparable size, it was not. She was designed for polar conditions with very sturdy construction. Her keel members were four pieces of solid oak, one above the other, adding up to a thickness of 85 in (2,200 mm), while her sides were between 30 in (760 mm) and 18 in (460 mm) thick, with twice as many frames as normal and the frames being of double thickness. She was built of planks of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> up to 30 in (760 mm) thick, sheathed in <a href="/wiki/Chlorocardium_rodiei" title="Chlorocardium rodiei">greenheart</a>, an exceptionally strong and heavy wood. The bow, which was designed to meet the ice head-on, had been given special attention. Each timber had been made from a single oak tree chosen so that its natural shape followed the curve of the ship's design. When put together, these pieces had a thickness of 52 in (1,300 mm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195919-3">[3]</a> Of her three <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">masts</a>, the foremast was <a href="/wiki/Square-rigged" class="mw-redirect" title="Square-rigged">square-rigged</a>, the mainmast and mizzenmast were both fore-and-aft rigged, making her a <a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a>. As well as sails, Endurance had a 350 hp (260 kW) coal-fired <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, making the ship capable of speeds up to 10.2 kn (18.9 km/h; 11.7 mph).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195919-3">[3]</a> At the time of her launch in 1912 Endurance was arguably the strongest wooden ship ever built with the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a>, the vessel used by <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>. There was one major difference between the ships. Fram was bowl-bottomed, which meant that if the ice closed in against her, the ship would be squeezed up and out and not be subject to the pressure of the compressing ice. Endurance, on the other hand, was not intended to be frozen into heavy pack ice, and so was not designed to rise out of a crush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195920-9">[9]</a> It was observed on the expedition that she instead tended to resist being crushed by floes until the ice cracked to relieve the pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199972-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195954-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shackleton_purchase">Shackleton purchase</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shackleton purchase">edit</a>]</div> Polaris was originally built for the Belgian explorer <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">Adrien de Gerlache</a> and the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Lars Christensen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195914-4">[4]</a> Financial problems led to Gerlache pulling out of their partnership,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195914-4">[4]</a> leaving Christensen unable to pay the Framnæs yard the final amounts to hand over and outfit the ship. For over a year, Christensen attempted unsuccessfully to sell the ship, since her unique design as an ice-capable passenger-carrying ship, with relatively little space for stores and no cargo hold, made her useless to the whaling or sealing industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaughman200953-12">[12]</a> Meanwhile, she was too big, slow and uncomfortable to be a private steam yacht.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996370-13">[13]</a> In the event, Christensen was happy to sell the ship to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> in January 1914 for £14,000,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxiii-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996370-13">[13]</a> which represented a significant loss to Christensen as it barely covered the outstanding payments to Framnæs, let alone the ship's total build costs. Author <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lansing" title="Alfred Lansing">Alfred Lansing</a> reports that he was happy "to take the loss in order to further the plans of an explorer of Shackleton's stature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195914-4">[4]</a> Shackleton did not have the money at the time, but Christensen was eager for him to purchase the ship and paid the deposit himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxiii-14">[14]</a> After Shackleton purchased the ship, she was rechristened Endurance after the Shackleton family motto, Fortitudine vincimus ("By endurance we conquer").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195914-4">[4]</a> The ship was originally projected ready by mid-May, but completion was delayed for a month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996376-15">[15]</a> Shackleton had the ship relocated from Norway to London. She arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Millwall_Dock" title="Millwall Dock">Millwall Dock</a> in the spring of 1914,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnett201525-16">[16]</a> and Shackleton gathered equipment, stores, finances, and crew until the end of July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxv–xxvi-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195917-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)#Tween_deck" title="Deck (ship)">'tween deck</a> was converted into a cargo hold, and the crew made their quarters in the <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195943-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199950-20">[20]</a> The darkroom remained, abaft of the boiler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199966-21">[21]</a> The refit also saw the ship repainted from white and gilt to black.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199915-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996378_&_383-23">[23]</a> She retained the large five-pointed star on her stern that had referred to her original name.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Her new equipment included three <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_boat" title="Ship's boat">ship's boats</a>. Two were 21 ft (6.4 m) transom-built rowing <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">cutters</a> purchased secondhand from the whaling industry. The third was a 22.5 ft (6.9 m) double-ended rowing <a href="/wiki/Whaleboat" title="Whaleboat">whaleboat</a> built for the expedition to specifications drawn up by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Frank Worsley</a>, Endurance's new captain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing1959143-25">[25]</a> After her refit, Endurance began the short coastal journey to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> on 1 August 1914, the day that Germany declared war on Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxv–xxvii-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199910-27">[27]</a> To find crew for the Endurance, Shackleton reportedly placed an advertisement in The Times, reading: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Men wanted for hazardous journey. Small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in case of success.<a href="#cite_note-Discerning_History-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[a]</a></blockquote> Voyages to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> in the 16 years prior to Endurance's purchase had been almost uniformly successful with only one vessel, the 30-year-old whaler Antarctic, having been crushed in the ice. With it being felt that little harm could come to a purpose-built ship in a sea in which ice halted all waves, Endurance became the first ship to be insured for her journey. All previous examples had their insurance end at the last port of call before their journey into the ice. <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a> and the Indemnity Marine Insurance Company underwrote Endurance at the value of £15,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeacox199995–96-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voyage">Voyage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Voyage">edit</a>]</div> Embarking on her maiden voyage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199989-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996415-36">[35]</a> Endurance sailed from Plymouth on 8 August 1914 and set course for <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, under Worsley's command. Shackleton remained in Britain, finalising the expedition's organization and attending to some last-minute fundraising. This was Endurance's first major voyage following her completion and amounted to a <a href="/wiki/Shakedown_cruise" title="Shakedown cruise">shakedown</a> voyage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeacox199956-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195918-38">[37]</a> Built for the ice, her hull was considered by many of her crew too rounded for the open ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195920-9">[9]</a> Shackleton took a steamer to Buenos Aires and caught up with his expedition a few days after Endurance's arrival.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> On 26 October 1914, Endurance sailed from Buenos Aires to what would be her last port of call,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195922-39">[38]</a> the whaling station at <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a>, where she arrived on 5 November. She left Grytviken on 5 December 1914, heading for the southern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195924-25-40">[39]</a> Two days after leaving South Georgia, Endurance encountered polar <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a> and progress slowed to a crawl. For weeks Endurance worked her way through the pack, averaging less than 30 nmi (60 km) per day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195926-27-41">[40]</a> By 15 January 1915, Endurance was within 200 nmi (370 km) of her destination, <a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Bay" title="Vahsel Bay">Vahsel Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> By the following morning, heavy pack ice was sighted and in the afternoon a gale developed. Under these conditions it was soon evident that progress could not be made, and Endurance took shelter under the lee of a large grounded iceberg. During the next two days, Endurance moved back and forth under the sheltering protection of the berg. On 18 January, the gale began to moderate and Endurance set the topsail with the engine at slow. The pack had blown away. Progress was made slowly, until hours later Endurance encountered the pack once more. It was decided to move forward and work through the pack, and at 5:00 pm Endurance entered it. This ice was different from what had been encountered before, and the ship was soon amongst thick but soft brash ice, and became beset. The gale increased in intensity and kept blowing for another six days from a northerly direction towards land. By 24 January, the wind had completely compressed the ice in the Weddell Sea against the land, leaving Endurance icebound as far as the eye could see in every direction. All that could be done was to wait for a southerly gale to start pushing in the other direction, which would decompress and open the ice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195928-30-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWordie1918217-43">[42]</a> In the early morning of 24 January, a wide crack appeared in the ice 50 yards (46 m) ahead of the ship. Initially 15 ft (4.6 m) across but 1 mi (1.6 km) long, by mid-morning the next day the break was over 0.25 mi (0.40 km) wide, giving the men on the Endurance hope that the ice was breaking up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199934-44">[43]</a> But the break never reached the ship itself, and despite three hours under full sail and full speed on the engine, the ship did not budge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199941-45">[44]</a> Over the next days, the crew waited for the southerly gale to release the pressure on the ice, but while the wind backed to the hoped-for south/southwest direction, it remained light and erratic. Unseasonably low temperatures of around −2 °F (−19 °C) additionally kept the ice together. Occasional breaks in the ice were spotted, but none reached the ship and all closed up within a few hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199935–36-46">[45]</a> On 14 February, an open channel of water opened up 0.25 mi (0.40 km) ahead of the ship and dawn showed the Endurance was afloat in a pool of soft, young ice no more than 2 ft (0.61 m) thick, but the pool was surrounded by solid pack ice of 12–18 ft (3.7–5.5 m) in thickness, blocking the path to the open lead. A day's continual work by the crew saw them hack a clear channel 150 yd (140 m) long. This work continued through the following day (15 February) and, with steam raised, the Endurance was backed up within her pool as far as possible to allow the ship to ram her way through the channel. As the ship went astern for successive attempts, lines were attached from the bow to loosened blocks of ice, estimated to weigh 20 tons (18 tonnes), in order to clear the path. The pool proved too small for the ship to gain enough momentum to successfully ram her way clear and by the end of the day the ice began to freeze up again. By 3:00 pm, the Endurance had made 200 yd (180 m) of distance through the ice, with 400 yd (370 m) still to go to clear water. Shackleton decided that the consumption of coal and manpower, and the risk of damage to the ship, was too great and called a halt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195932–33-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drift">Drift</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drift">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endurance_night_1915_SLNSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Endurance_night_1915_SLNSW.jpg/220px-Endurance_night_1915_SLNSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Endurance_night_1915_SLNSW.jpg/330px-Endurance_night_1915_SLNSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Endurance_night_1915_SLNSW.jpg/440px-Endurance_night_1915_SLNSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="3502" /></a><figcaption>Shackleton’s ship Endurance illuminated at night, 1915</figcaption></figure> After this frustration, Endurance's boilers were extinguished, committing the ship to drift with the ice until released naturally. On 17 February, the sun dipped below the horizon at midnight, showing the end of the Antarctic summer. On 24 February, regular watches on the ship were cancelled, with the Endurance now functioning as a shore station. The ship had slowly drifted south and at this point was within 60 mi (97 km) of the intended landing point at <a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Bay" title="Vahsel Bay">Vahsel Bay</a>. But the icy terrain between the ship and the shore was too arduous to travel while carrying the materials and supplies needed for the overland expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195933–34-48">[47]</a> By March, navigational observation showed that the ship (and the mass of pack ice that contained her) was still moving, but now swinging towards the west-northwest and increasing in the speed of its drift, moving 130 mi (210 km) between the start of March and 2 May, when the sun disappeared below the horizon and the dark Antarctic winter began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195937-49">[48]</a> On 14 July 1915, Endurance was swept by a southwest gale, with wind speeds of 112 km/h (31 m/s; 70 mph), a <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a> reading of 28.88 inHg (978 hPa) and temperatures falling to −33 °F (−36 °C). The blizzard continued until 16 July. This broke up the pack ice into smaller, individual floes, each of which began to move semi-independently under the force of the weather, while also clearing water in the north of the Weddell Sea. This provided a long <a href="/wiki/Fetch_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetch (geography)">fetch</a> for the south-setting wind to blow over and then for the broken ice to pile up against itself while individual parts moved in different directions. This caused regions of intense localised pressure in the ice field. The ice began "working", with sounds of breaking and colliding ice audible to those on the ship through the next day. Breaks in the ice were spotted but none approached the ice holding the Endurance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195946–48-50">[49]</a> During July the ship drifted a further 160 mi (260 km) to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195951-51">[50]</a> On the morning of 1 August, a pressure wave passed through the floe holding the ship, lifting the 400-ton Endurance bodily upwards and heeling the ship sharply to her port side before she dropped into a pool of water, afloat again for the first time in nearly six months. The broken sections of floe closed in around the ship on all sides, jarring the Endurance forward, backwards and sideways in violent fashion against the other slabs of ice. After over a quarter of an hour, a force from astern pushed the ship's bow up onto the floe, lifting the hull out of the pressure and with a list of five degrees to her port side. A gale overnight further disturbed the floe, driving it against the starboard side of the hull and forcing a sheet of ice upwards at a 45-degree angle until it reached the level of the <a href="/wiki/Scupper" title="Scupper">scuppers</a>. Despite the ordeal of the past few days, the ship remained undamaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195948–49-52">[51]</a> Two pressure waves struck the ship on 29 August without incident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195953-53">[52]</a> On the evening of 31 August, a slow-building pressure gripped the Endurance, causing her hull and timbers to creak and shudder continuously. The ice around the ship moved and broke throughout the night, battering the port side of the hull.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195951-51">[50]</a> All was quiet again until the afternoon of 30 September, by which time there were signs of spring with ten hours of sunlight per day and occasional temperature readings above freezing. A large floe was swept against the Endurance's port bow and then gripped that side of the ship against the built-up ice and snow on her starboard beam. The ship's structure groaned and wracked under the strain. Carpenter <a href="/wiki/Harry_McNish" title="Harry McNish">Harry McNish</a> noted that the solid oak beams supporting the upper deck were being visibly bent "like a piece of cane". On deck the ship's masts were whipping back and forth as their stepping points on the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> were distorted. Despite these disconcerting signs, Worsley noted that the strength of the ship's structure was causing the ice itself to break up as it piled against the hull—"just as it appears she can stand no more, the huge floe weighing possibly a million tons or more yields to our little ship by cracking across ... and so relieves the pressure. The behaviour of our ship in the ice has been magnificent. Undoubtedly she is the finest little wooden vessel ever built". Despite this, the ship's decks were permanently buckled following this ordeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195953–54-54">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endurance_heeled_to_port_by_the_ice_(4793353650).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Endurance_heeled_to_port_by_the_ice_%284793353650%29.jpg/220px-Endurance_heeled_to_port_by_the_ice_%284793353650%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Endurance_heeled_to_port_by_the_ice_%284793353650%29.jpg/330px-Endurance_heeled_to_port_by_the_ice_%284793353650%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Endurance_heeled_to_port_by_the_ice_%284793353650%29.jpg/440px-Endurance_heeled_to_port_by_the_ice_%284793353650%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4776" data-file-height="3713" /></a><figcaption>Endurance listing badly</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_destruction">Final destruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final destruction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg/220px-Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg/330px-Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg/440px-Endurance_Final_Sinking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Endurance's final sinking, November 1915</figcaption></figure> By October, temperatures of up to nearly 29 °F (−2 °C) were recorded and the ice showed further signs of opening up. The floe against the ship's starboard broke up on 14 October, casting the Endurance afloat in a pool of open water for the first time in nine months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195954-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199983-55">[54]</a> On 16 October, Shackleton ordered steam to be raised so the ship could take advantage of any openings in the ice. It took nearly four hours for the boilers to be filled with freshwater melted from ice, and then a leak was discovered in one of the fittings and they had to be pumped out, repaired and then refilled. The following day a lead of open water was seen ahead of the ship. Only one boiler had been lit and there was insufficient steam to use the engine, so all the sails were set to try to force the ship into the loosening pack ice, but without success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195955-56">[55]</a> In the late afternoon of 18 October, the ice closed in around the Endurance once again. In just five seconds the ship was canted over to port by 20 degrees, and the list continued until she rested at 30 degrees, with the port <a href="/wiki/Bulwark_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulwark (nautical)">bulwark</a> resting on the pack and the boats on that side nearly touching the ice as they hung in their davits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195955-56">[55]</a> After four hours in this position, the ice drew apart and the ship returned to a level keel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195956-57">[56]</a> The ice was relatively still for the rest of the month. On 20 October, steam was raised again and the engines tested. On 22 October, the temperature dropped sharply from 10 °F (−12 °C) to −14 °F (−26 °C) and the wind veered from southwest to northeast,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195956-57">[56]</a> and the next day, pressure ridges could be seen forming in the ice and moving near the ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199978-58">[57]</a> On 24 October, the damaged ship was wracked by further pressure waves, pinning her between both floes. A large mass of ice slammed into the stern, tearing the <a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">sternpost</a> away from the hull planking. Around the same time, the bow planking was stove in, causing simultaneous flooding in the engine room and the forward hold. Despite using both the portable manual pumps and getting up steam to drive the main bilge pumps, the water level continued to rise. The main man-powered deck pumps did not work, as their intakes had frozen and could only be restored by pouring buckets of boiling water onto the pump pipes from inside the coal bunkers and then playing a <a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">blowtorch</a> over the intake valve. McNish constructed a <a href="/wiki/Cofferdam" title="Cofferdam">cofferdam</a> in the shaft tunnel to seal off the damaged stern area while the crew were arranged in spells of 15 minutes on, 15 minutes off on the main pump. After 28 hours of continuous work, the inflow of water had only been arrested—the ship was still badly flooded. At 9:00 pm, Shackleton ordered the ship's boats, stores and essential equipment to be moved onto the surrounding ice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195957–59-59">[58]</a> The footplates in the engine room were pushed up and would no longer sit in place as the compartment was compressed. The planking of the ship's port side was bowing inwards by up to 6 in (15 cm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing19593-60">[59]</a> Amid temperatures from −8.5 °F (−22.5 °C) in the morning to −16 °F (−27 °C) in the evening, Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship on 27 October at about 5:00 pm. The position at abandonment was 69° 05'S, 51° 30'W.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199974–77-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> During the course of the next day, parties were sent back to the ship to recover more supplies and stores. They found that the entire port side of the Endurance had been driven inwards and compressed, and the ice had entirely filled the bow and stern sections; only one of the six cabins had not been pierced by the floes. Shackleton wrote that the entire aft of the ship "had been crushed <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a> fashion", the forward motor engine was pushed into the <a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">galley</a>, and gasoline cans stacked on deck were pushed through the deckhouse wall halfway into the wardroom. The ship's <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ensign" title="Blue Ensign">Blue Ensign</a> was hoisted up her <a href="/wiki/Mizzen_mast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizzen mast">mizzen mast</a> so that she would, in Shackleton's word's, "go down with colours flying".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195964-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199986-87-64">[63]</a> After a failed attempt to man-haul the boats and stores overland on sledges, Shackleton realised the effort was much too intense and that the party would have to camp on the ice until it carried them to the north and broke up. More parties were sent back to the Endurance, still with her masts and rigging intact and all but her bow above the ice, to salvage any remaining items. By then, two days after abandoning her, the ship was submerged up to the <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195966–68-65">[64]</a> A large portion of the provisions had been left on the submerged lower deck. The only way to retrieve them was to cut through the main deck, which was more than a foot thick in places and itself under three feet of water. Some crates and boxes floated up once a hole had been cut, while others were retrieved with a <a href="/wiki/Grapple_(tool)" title="Grapple (tool)">grapple</a>. In total, nearly 3.5 tons of stores were recovered from the wrecked ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195971-66">[65]</a> The party was still camped under 2 mi (3.2 km) from the remains of the Endurance on 8 November when Shackleton returned to the ship to consider further salvage. By now the ship had sunk a further 18 in (46 cm) into the ice and the upper deck was now almost level with the ice. The interior of the ship was almost full of compacted ice and snow, making further work impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195975-67">[66]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKMw3jX2asI">The end of Endurance, 1915</a>, YouTube video</td></tr></tbody></table> On 13 November, a new pressure wave swept through the pack ice. The forward topgallant mast and topmasts collapsed as the bow was finally crushed. These moments were recorded on film by expedition photographer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a>. The mainmast was split near its base and shortly afterwards the mainmast and the mizzen mast broke and collapsed together, with this also filmed by Hurley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195979-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In the late afternoon of 21 November,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeacox1999108-70">[69]</a> movement of the remaining wreckage was noticed as another pressure wave hit. Within the space of a minute, the stern of the Endurance was lifted clear of the ice as the floes moved together and then, as the pressure passed and they moved apart, the entire wreck fell into the ocean. The ice surrounding the spot where the Endurance had sunk immediately moved together again, obliterating any trace of the wreck. Worsley recorded the position as 68°39′30″ S, 52°26′30″ W but had been unable to obtain a sextant sight at the time and based the position on that of Ocean Camp at noon the following day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergmanStuart2019-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">Voyage of the James Caird</a></div> The crew <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition#Camping_on_the_ice" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">remained camped on the ice</a> in the hopes that the floe would bring them closer to one of various islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing1959107–138-72">[71]</a> In April 1916, they set off in the Endurance's three ship's boats and eventually landed on <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing1959140–175-73">[72]</a> Because the island was remote and rarely visited, Shackleton decided that help needed to be sought. On 24 April, he, Worsley, and four others began a <a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">voyage in a ship's boat</a>, named James Caird, for South Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing1959186–187-74">[73]</a> After reaching South Georgia, Shackleton worked on arranging a rescue mission for those left on Elephant Island. Shackleton and Worsley made three voyages in different vessels that were unable to get through the ice to reach them. The fourth attempt, in the <a href="/wiki/Yelcho" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelcho">Yelcho</a> (lent by the Chilean government) was successful, and all of the twenty-two members of the crew who had remained on Elephant Island were safely rescued on 30 August 1916 – 128 days after Shackleton had left in James Caird. The actual retrieval of the men from the beach was done as quickly as possible, before the ice closed in again. But, even in that haste, care was taken to collect all the records and photographs of the expedition, as these gave the only hope of Shackleton paying the expenses of the failed expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing1959278–280-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorsley1999163–180-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wreck">Wreck</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wreck">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipwreck_of_Endurance_1912_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Shipwreck_of_Endurance_1912_ship.jpg/360px-Shipwreck_of_Endurance_1912_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5a/Shipwreck_of_Endurance_1912_ship.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Endurance as found by Endurance22</figcaption></figure> In 1998, wreckage found at Stinker Point on the southwestern side of <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a> was incorrectly identified as <a href="/wiki/Flotsam_and_jetsam" class="mw-redirect" title="Flotsam and jetsam">flotsam</a> from the ship. It instead was from the 1877 wreck of the Connecticut sealing ship Charles Shearer.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In 2001, wreck hunter <a href="/wiki/David_Mearns" title="David Mearns">David Mearns</a> unsuccessfully planned an expedition to find the wreck of Endurance.<a href="#cite_note-outsideonline.com-78">[77]</a> By 2003, two rival groups were making plans for an expedition to find the wreck,<a href="#cite_note-outsideonline.com-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> but no expedition was mounted at the time. In 2010, Mearns announced a new plan to search for the wreck. The plan was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> but was subject to finding sponsorship for the balance of the US$10 million estimated cost.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> A 2013 study by Adrian Glover of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, London correctly suggested the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> could preserve the wreck on the seabed by keeping wood-boring "ship worms" away.<a href="#cite_note-jon-82">[81]</a> A Weddell Sea Expedition to locate and possibly photograph the wreck using long-range <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">autonomous underwater vehicles</a> (AUVs) was underway in the Antarctic summer of 2018–2019.<a href="#cite_note-wse-83">[82]</a> This expedition failed when the researchers' AUV was lost to the ice.<a href="#cite_note-auv_lost-84">[83]</a> Having examined <a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Frank Worsley</a>'s original log books housed at the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand, and closely studied his navigational methods, Lars Bergman and Robin Stuart published an analysis of the wreck's likely position relative to the position given in the log.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergmanStuart2019-71">[70]</a> Experts speculated that the wreck rested on flat terrain at around 3,000 metres (9,800 ft; 1,600 fathoms), undisturbed by massive sediment deposition and little to no erosion.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo-85">[84]</a> According to Julian Dowdeswell of the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute" title="Scott Polar Research Institute">Scott Polar Research Institute</a>, the known conditions on the sea bed suggested that Endurance should not be damaged and that she would likely be in the same state as she was when she sank in the pack ice in 1915. He also noted that any future attempts at finding the Endurance would be "add-ons" to other main scientific expeditions to the area, such as the one in 2019, which was launched chiefly to study the melting and retreat of the Larsen ice shelves.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo-85">[84]</a> In July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_Maritime_Heritage_Trust" title="Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust">Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust</a> announced Endurance22, a new expedition to search for the wreck of Endurance that would launch in early 2022 using <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">Saab</a> submersible technology.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-87">[86]</a> If found, the wreck would not be disturbed, but instead <a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">scanned in 3D</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2202042-88">[87]</a> On 7 February 2022 Lars Bergman, <a href="/wiki/David_Mearns" title="David Mearns">David Mearns</a> and Robin Stuart released a preprint of their paper on the navigation of Endurance, which had been previously submitted to the Journal of Navigation in July 2021. The paper was based upon a re-analysis of the original lunar occultation timings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergmanStuart2018-89">[88]</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Frank Worsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">Reginald W. James</a>, the expedition physicist, using modern lunar <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemerides</a> and catalogues of star positions, which allowed the authors to refine the predicted sinking position of Endurance. According to the authors their latest paper is "a more complete, accurate and reliable basis for determining the most probable sinking location of Endurance".<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Mearns" title="David Mearns">David Mearns</a> delivered the 2022 EGR Taylor Lecture<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> on their analysis and the final paper appeared online on 21 February 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergmanMearnsStuart2022-92">[91]</a> Bergman, Mearns and Stuart were awarded a special Certificate of Achievement by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Navigation" title="Royal Institute of Navigation">Royal Institute of Navigation</a> "in recognition of their pioneering data analysis and modelling leading to the successful location of Endurance's wreck". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Lost_Antarctic_shipwreck_from_1915_Shackleton_expedition,_Endurance,_rediscovered" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Lost Antarctic shipwreck from 1915 Shackleton expedition, Endurance, rediscovered"> Lost Antarctic shipwreck from 1915 Shackleton expedition, Endurance, rediscovered</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Endurance (1912 ship) is located in Antarctica"><img alt="Endurance (1912 ship) is located in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/300px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/450px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctica_location_map.svg/600px-Antarctica_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.334%;left:23.124%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Endurance (1912 ship)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_location_map.svg" title="File:Antarctica location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Discovery site of Endurance</div></div></div> The wreck of Endurance was discovered on 5 March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:0-93">[92]</a> Endurance22 announced, in a 9 March 2022 press release, that they had found the wreck in the Weddell Sea at a depth of 3,008 metres (9,869 ft; 1,645 fathoms). Although the wreck's position was initially described as being about 4 miles (6.4 km; 3.5 nmi) south of Worsley's original calculated location,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Da_Silva_Chantal-95">[94]</a> the true position was later revealed<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> to be 68°44′21″ S, 52°19′47″ W which is 4.9 nautical miles (5.6 mi; 9.1 km) South, 2.4 nautical miles (2.8 mi; 4.4 km) East (5.4 nautical miles (6.2 mi; 10.0 km) total distance) of the position given in the log. <a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a>, the expedition's director of exploration, said that Worsley's navigational skills had helped the expedition find the wreck; his historic "detailed records were invaluable".<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Additionally, sea ice, which covers the Weddell Sea year-round and has historically been so thick as to make underwater exploration nearly impossible, was recorded as being at <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">its lowest levels around Antarctica</a> since space satellite records began being kept in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The discoverers on board the South African research vessel <a href="/wiki/S._A._Agulhas_II" title="S. A. Agulhas II">S. A. Agulhas II</a> said that the wreck was in remarkably good condition, and that they had filmed and photographed it extensively, including with <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">ultra-high-definition</a> 3D scanning.<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[98]</a> The name Endurance on the stern remains clearly legible.<a href="#cite_note-Da_Silva_Chantal-95">[94]</a> In keeping with the team's promise, they did not salvage any part of the wreck or of its contents, as the ship came under the definition of a protected historic site and monument as set forth in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2022-03-0932-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> A legal protection perimeter around the wreck is being widened from 500m to 1,500m.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The search for the Endurance and its discovery were able to be followed by students around the world, thanks to the efforts of the expedition's educational partner, Reach the World.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Reach the World conducted live streams,<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> created educational resources,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> and published informational updates at regular intervals before, during, and after the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew">Crew</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crew">edit</a>]</div> The crew of Endurance on her final voyage was made up of the 28 men, including Sir Ernest Shackleton, listed below.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> They were accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Mrs_Chippy" title="Mrs Chippy">Mrs Chippy</a>, a male <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_cat" title="Ship's cat">ship's cat</a>, and originally sixty-nine <a href="/wiki/Sled_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sled dogs">sledge dogs</a> with additional litters of puppies born during the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195936-108">[107]</a> After the Endurance became trapped in pack ice and was destroyed, Shackleton decided that Mrs Chippy and some of the younger dogs would not survive and had to be shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199989-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195965-110">[109]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>, expedition leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a>, second-in-command</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Frank Worsley</a>, captain and navigator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Greenstreet" title="Lionel Greenstreet">Lionel Greenstreet</a>, first officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Tom Crean</a>, second officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cheetham" title="Alfred Cheetham">Alfred Cheetham</a>, third officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hudson" title="Hubert Hudson">Hubert Hudson</a>, navigator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Rickinson" title="Lewis Rickinson">Lewis Rickinson</a>, engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerr" title="Alexander Kerr">Alexander Kerr</a>, engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macklin" title="Alexander Macklin">Alexander Macklin</a>, surgeon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McIlroy_(surgeon)" title="James McIlroy (surgeon)">James McIlroy</a>, surgeon</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Wordie" title="James Wordie">James Wordie</a>, geologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hussey" title="Leonard Hussey">Leonard Hussey</a>, meteorologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">Reginald James</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clark_(zoologist)" title="Robert Clark (zoologist)">Robert Clark</a>, biologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a>, photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Marston_(artist)" title="George Marston (artist)">George Marston</a>, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Orde-Lees" title="Thomas Orde-Lees">Thomas Orde-Lees</a>, motor expert and storekeeper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_McNish" title="Harry McNish">Harry "Chippy" McNish</a>, carpenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Green_(cook)" title="Charles Green (cook)">Charles Green</a>, cook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_How" title="Walter How">Walter How</a>, able seaman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lincoln_Bakewell" title="William Lincoln Bakewell">William Bakewell</a>, able seaman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McCarthy_(sailor)" title="Timothy McCarthy (sailor)">Timothy McCarthy</a>, able seaman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McLeod_(sailor)" title="Thomas McLeod (sailor)">Thomas McLeod</a>, able seaman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(sailor)" title="John Vincent (sailor)">John Vincent</a>, boatswain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Holness" title="Ernest Holness">Ernest Holness</a>, stoker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson_(sailor)" title="William Stephenson (sailor)">William Stephenson</a>, stoker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perce_Blackborow" title="Perce Blackborow">Perce Blackborow</a>, steward</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Two <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> patrol ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> have been named Endurance in honour of Shackleton's ship. The first <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endurance_(1967)" title="HMS Endurance (1967)">HMS Endurance</a>, launched in May 1956 and given the pennant number A171 sometime later, served as an ice patrol and <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographic</a> survey ship until 1986.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrellCapparell2001ix-111">[110]</a> The second <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endurance_(A171)" title="HMS Endurance (A171)">HMS Endurance</a> was bought from Norway in 1991, where she had been named MV Polar Circle. After initially keeping that name, she was renamed Endurance, serving as an icebreaker.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endurance" title="Crew Dragon Endurance">Crew Dragon Endurance</a> was named in part in honour of the ship.<a href="#cite_note-SFN20211008-113">[112]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Lindblad_Expeditions" title="Lindblad Expeditions">Lindblad Expeditions</a> in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> launched the Endurance, a polar cruise ship named in honour of Shackleton's voyage.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/LEGO" class="mw-redirect" title="LEGO">LEGO</a> released a set based on the Endurance for <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a>, 29 November 2024.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_exploration_ships_from_the_Heroic_Age,_1897%E2%80%931922" title="List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922">List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_citations">Notes and citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes and citations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> When discussing the advertisement in his 1944 book Quit You Like Men, Carl Hopkins Elmore quoted Shackleton as saying that "so overwhelming was the response to his appeal that it seemed as though all the men of Great Britain were determined to accompany him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmore194453-30">[30]</a> Although the advertisement was listed in Julian Watkins' The 100 Greatest Advertisements: 1852–1958, no trace has been found to date. Many sources have concluded that the story of Shackleton's advertisement is likely apocryphal.<a href="#cite_note-Discerning_History-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The crew did receive the recognition the supposed advertisement promised; in 2003 <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine deemed their voyage "the most storied epic of survival".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://endurance22.org/endurance-is-found">"Endurance is Found"</a>. Endurance 22. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endurance+22&rft.atitle=Endurance+is+Found&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fendurance22.org%2Fendurance-is-found&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195919–20-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195919–20_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195919-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195919_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195919_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195919_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195914-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195914_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195914_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195914_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195914_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195914_4-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel19998-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimmel19998_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimmel1999">Kimmel 1999</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel198918-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel198918_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBickel1989">Bickel 1989</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shipstamps.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=8164&start=0">"Endurance (Shackleton) – shipstamps.co.uk"</a>. shipstamps.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330090131/http://www.shipstamps.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=8164&start=0">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shipstamps.co.uk&rft.atitle=Endurance+%28Shackleton%29+%E2%80%93+shipstamps.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshipstamps.co.uk%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D2%26t%3D8164%26start%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/antarctic_ships/endurance.php">"The Endurance – Sir Ernest Shackleton's Ship"</a>. www.coolantarctica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309211315/https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/antarctic_ships/endurance.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.coolantarctica.com&rft.atitle=The+Endurance+%E2%80%93+Sir+Ernest+Shackleton%27s+Ship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coolantarctica.com%2FAntarctica%2520fact%2520file%2FHistory%2Fantarctic_ships%2Fendurance.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195920-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195920_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195920_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199972-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton199972_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton1999">Shackleton 1999</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195954-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195954_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195954_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaughman200953-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaughman200953_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaughman2009">Baughman 2009</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996370-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996370_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996370_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford1996">Huntford 1996</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxiii-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxiii_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxiii_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton1999">Shackleton 1999</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996376-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996376_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford1996">Huntford 1996</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnett201525-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnett201525_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunnett2015">Dunnett 2015</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxv–xxvi-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxv–xxvi_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton1999">Shackleton 1999</a>, pp. xxv–xxvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195917-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195917_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195943-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195943_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199950-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander199950_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1999">Alexander 1999</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199966-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander199966_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1999">Alexander 1999</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199915-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander199915_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1999">Alexander 1999</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996378_&_383-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntford1996378_&_383_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntford1996">Huntford 1996</a>, pp. 378 & 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountain2022" class="citation news cs1">Fountain, Henry (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/endurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html">"At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309070507/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/endurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+the+Bottom+of+an+Icy+Sea%2C+One+of+History%27s+Great+Wrecks+Is+Found&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F09%2Fclimate%2Fendurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing1959143-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing1959143_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxv–xxvii-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton1999xxv–xxvii_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton1999">Shackleton 1999</a>, pp. xxv–xxvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander199910-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander199910_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1999">Alexander 1999</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Discerning_History-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discerning_History_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discerning_History_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discerninghistory.com/2013/05/shackletons-ad-men-wanted-for-hazerdous-journey/">"Shackleton's Ad – Men Wanted for Hazardous Journey"</a>. Discerning History. 5 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227183028/http://discerninghistory.com/2013/05/shackletons-ad-men-wanted-for-hazerdous-journey/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shackleton%27s+Ad+%E2%80%93+Men+Wanted+for+Hazardous+Journey&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscerninghistory.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fshackletons-ad-men-wanted-for-hazerdous-journey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1981290_1981354,00.html">"The Greatest Adventures of All Time – The Great Survivor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 12 September 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101033149/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1981290_1981354,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Adventures+of+All+Time+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Survivor&rft.date=2003-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1981290_1981354%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmore194453-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmore194453_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElmore1944">Elmore 1944</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2013" class="citation news cs1">Schultz, Colin (10 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/shackleton-probably-never-took-out-an-ad-seeking-men-for-a-hazardous-journey-5552379/">"Shackleton Probably Never Took Out an Ad Seeking Men for a Hazardous Journey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102173730/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/Shackleton-probably-never-took-out-an-ad-seeking-men-for-a-hazardous-journey-5552379/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Shackleton+Probably+Never+Took+Out+an+Ad+Seeking+Men+for+a+Hazardous+Journey&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fshackleton-probably-never-took-out-an-ad-seeking-men-for-a-hazardous-journey-5552379%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1981290_1981354,00.html">"The Greatest Adventures of All Time – The Great Survivor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 12 September 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101033149/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1981290_1981354,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2014. 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Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Will+anyone+ever+find+Shackleton%27s+lost+ship%3F&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fanyone-ever-shackletons-lost-ship-010022549.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2021" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (5 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57725493">"Renewed quest to find Shackleton's lost Endurance ship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705150728/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57725493">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Renewed+quest+to+find+Shackleton%27s+lost+Endurance+ship&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-57725493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-87"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberge2021" class="citation news cs1">Alberge, Dalya (5 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/05/antarctic-expedition-renew-search-shackleton-ship-endurance">"Antarctic expedition to renew search for Shackleton's ship Endurance"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705212147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/05/antarctic-expedition-renew-search-shackleton-ship-endurance">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Antarctic+expedition+to+renew+search+for+Shackleton%27s+ship+Endurance&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjul%2F05%2Fantarctic-expedition-renew-search-shackleton-ship-endurance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2202042-88"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2202042_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-60239105">"Shackleton's Endurance: The impossible search for the greatest shipwreck"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204002110/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-60239105">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Shackleton%27s+Endurance%3A+The+impossible+search+for+the+greatest+shipwreck&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-60239105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergmanStuart2018-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergmanStuart2018_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergmanStuart2018">Bergman & Stuart 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60352606">"Shackleton's Endurance: Modern star maps hint at famous wreck's location"</a>. BBC News. 13 February 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Shackleton%27s+Endurance%3A+Modern+star+maps+hint+at+famous+wreck%27s+location&rft.date=2022-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-60352606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rin.org.uk/events/EventDetails.aspx?id=1495589">"Royal Institute of Navigation"</a>. rin.org.uk/. 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rin.org.uk%2F&rft.atitle=Royal+Institute+of+Navigation&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frin.org.uk%2Fevents%2FEventDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D1495589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergmanMearnsStuart2022-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergmanMearnsStuart2022_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergmanMearnsStuart2022">Bergman, Mearns & Stuart 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-93"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60662541">"Endurance: Shackleton's lost ship is found in Antarctic"</a>. BBC News. 9 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309073415/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60662541">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Endurance%3A+Shackleton%27s+lost+ship+is+found+in+Antarctic&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-60662541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountain2022" class="citation news cs1">Fountain, Henry (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/endurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html">"At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309070507/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/endurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. 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Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Lost+in+1915%2C+Ernest+Shackleton%27s+ship+Endurance+found+off+coast+of+Antarctica&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fernest-shackletons-ship-endurance-antarctica-sea-106-years-1915-rcna19264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM44/wp/ATCM44_wp047_e.docx">"Discovery of the wreck of Endurance - Updating information for HSM 93 and Development of a Management Plan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+wreck+of+Endurance+-+Updating+information+for+HSM+93+and+Development+of+a+Management+Plan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.ats.aq%2FATCM44%2Fwp%2FATCM44_wp047_e.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/03/09/ernest-shackleton-shipwreck-endurance-found-antarctica/">"Ernest Shackleton's lost ship found a century later, nearly 10,000 feet under the Antarctic ice"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309171042/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/03/09/ernest-shackleton-shipwreck-endurance-found-antarctica/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ernest+Shackleton%27s+lost+ship+found+a+century+later%2C+nearly+10%2C000+feet+under+the+Antarctic+ice&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2022%2F03%2F09%2Fernest-shackleton-shipwreck-endurance-found-antarctica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://endurance22.org/endurance-is-found">"Endurance is Found"</a> (Press Release). Endurance22. Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust. 9 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309162909/https://endurance22.org/endurance-is-found">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endurance22&rft.atitle=Endurance+is+Found&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fendurance22.org%2Fendurance-is-found&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-99"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://endurance22.org/endurance-is-found">"Endurance is Found"</a> (Press release). Endurance22. 9 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309141414/https://endurance22.org/endurance-is-found">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endurance+is+Found&rft.pub=Endurance22&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fendurance22.org%2Fendurance-is-found&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2022-03-0932-100"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2022-03-0932_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2022" class="citation web cs1">Amos, Jonathan (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60662541">"Endurance: Shackleton's lost ship is found in Antarctic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309073415/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60662541">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Endurance%3A+Shackleton%27s+lost+ship+is+found+in+Antarctic&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-60662541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2022" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (23 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-61890273">"Endurance wreck: Nations look to protect Shackleton ship from damage"</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Endurance+wreck%3A+Nations+look+to+protect+Shackleton+ship+from+damage&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-61890273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2024" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (9 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjr48y7n1r7o">"Shackleton's Endurance ship gets extra protection"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Shackleton%27s+Endurance+ship+gets+extra+protection&rft.date=2024-07-09&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcjr48y7n1r7o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountain2022" class="citation news cs1">Fountain, Henry (15 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/15/climate/endurance-shipwreck-shackleton.html">"106 Years, 4 Weeks, 1 Wreck: How Shackleton's Ship Was Found"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=106+Years%2C+4+Weeks%2C+1+Wreck%3A+How+Shackleton%27s+Ship+Was+Found&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F15%2Fclimate%2Fendurance-shipwreck-shackleton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_oqSiyFAQikc_BeBSYJNQpPRio5hSOau">"Endurance22 Expedition – YouTube"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Endurance22+Expedition+%E2%80%93+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fplaylist%3Flist%3DPL_oqSiyFAQikc_BeBSYJNQpPRio5hSOau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explore.reachtheworld.org/resources/">"Resources"</a>. Share the Endurance22 Expedition to Antarctica with your classroom. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Share+the+Endurance22+Expedition+to+Antarctica+with+your+classroom&rft.atitle=Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplore.reachtheworld.org%2Fresources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reachtheworld.org/endurance22">"Endurance22 Expedition to Antarctica | Reach the World"</a>. reachtheworld.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reachtheworld.org&rft.atitle=Endurance22+Expedition+to+Antarctica+%7C+Reach+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freachtheworld.org%2Fendurance22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/shackletonexped/1914/team.html">"Endurance's crew"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117192354/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/shackletonexped/1914/team.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Endurance%27s+crew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fshackletonexped%2F1914%2Fteam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195936-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195936_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShackleton199989-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShackleton199989_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShackleton1999">Shackleton 1999</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELansing195965-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELansing195965_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLansing1959">Lansing 1959</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrellCapparell2001ix-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrellCapparell2001ix_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrellCapparell2001">Morrell & Capparell 2001</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523055412/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/antarctic-patrol-ship/hms-endurance/index.htm">"HMS Endurance (archived)"</a>. Royal Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/antarctic-patrol-ship/hms-endurance/index.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMS+Endurance+%28archived%29&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Foperations-and-support%2Fsurface-fleet%2Fantarctic-patrol-ship%2Fhms-endurance%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFN20211008-113"><a href="#cite_ref-SFN20211008_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2021" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (8 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/08/astronauts-choose-endurance-as-name-for-new-spacex-crew-capsule/">"Astronauts choose "Endurance" as name for new SpaceX crew capsule"</a>. Spaceflight Now. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128081521/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/08/astronauts-choose-endurance-as-name-for-new-spacex-crew-capsule/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronauts+choose+%22Endurance%22+as+name+for+new+SpaceX+crew+capsule&rft.pub=Spaceflight+Now&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2021%2F10%2F08%2Fastronauts-choose-endurance-as-name-for-new-spacex-crew-capsule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cruisecritic.com/cruise/lindblad-expeditions/national-geographic-endurance">"Expert Review of National Geographic Endurance Cruise Ship"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expert+Review+of+National+Geographic+Endurance+Cruise+Ship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cruisecritic.com%2Fcruise%2Flindblad-expeditions%2Fnational-geographic-endurance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelweekly.com/Cruise-Travel/Tech-stands-out-on-Lindblad-Endurance">"An in-depth look at Lindblad Expedition's Endurance"</a>. Travelweekly.com. Retrieved 5 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travelweekly.com&rft.atitle=An+in-depth+look+at+Lindblad+Expedition%27s+Endurance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelweekly.com%2FCruise-Travel%2FTech-stands-out-on-Lindblad-Endurance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrick_Blog2024" class="citation web cs1">Brick Blog, Jay's (9 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jaysbrickblog.com/news/lego-10335-the-endurance-ship-black-friday-2024/">"LEGO 10335 The Endurance set for a Black Friday 2024 release!"</a>. Jay's Brick Blog. Retrieved 12 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LEGO+10335+The+Endurance+set+for+a+Black+Friday+2024+release%21&rft.pub=Jay%27s+Brick+Blog&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft.aulast=Brick+Blog&rft.aufirst=Jay%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjaysbrickblog.com%2Fnews%2Flego-10335-the-endurance-ship-black-friday-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1999" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Caroline (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enduranceshackle0000alex_e0o6">The Endurance: Shackleton's legendary Antarctic expedition</a> (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375404030" title="Special:BookSources/9780375404030"><bdi>9780375404030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Endurance%3A+Shackleton%27s+legendary+Antarctic+expedition&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780375404030&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenduranceshackle0000alex_e0o6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughman2009" class="citation book cs1">Baughman, T. H. (2009). Shackleton of the Antarctic. London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1944-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1944-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-1944-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton+of+the+Antarctic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1944-1&rft.aulast=Baughman&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmanMearnsStuart2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bergman, Lars; Mearns, David L.; Stuart, Robin G. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0373463322000649/type/journal_article">"Influence of chronometer error uncertainties on the Longitude of Shackleton's vessel, Endurance"</a>. Journal of Navigation. 75 (6): 1269–1279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JNav...75.1269B">2022JNav...75.1269B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0373463322000649">10.1017/S0373463322000649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0373-4633">0373-4633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257130658">257130658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Navigation&rft.atitle=Influence+of+chronometer+error+uncertainties+on+the+Longitude+of+Shackleton%27s+vessel%2C+Endurance&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1269-%3C%2Fspan%3E1279&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0373463322000649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257130658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0373-4633&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JNav...75.1269B&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Mearns%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0373463322000649%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmanStuart2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bergman, Lars; Stuart, Robin G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cms.canterburymuseum.com/assets/Navigation-of-the-Shackleton-Expedition-on-the-Weddell-Sea-pack-ice.pdf">"Navigation of the Shackleton Expedition on the Weddell Sea pack ice"</a> (PDF). Records of the Canterbury Museum. 32: 67–98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0370-3878">0370-3878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Canterbury+Museum&rft.atitle=Navigation+of+the+Shackleton+Expedition+on+the+Weddell+Sea+pack+ice&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0370-3878&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.canterburymuseum.com%2Fassets%2FNavigation-of-the-Shackleton-Expedition-on-the-Weddell-Sea-pack-ice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmanStuart2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bergman, Lars; Stuart, Robin G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-navigation/article/abs/on-the-location-of-shackletons-vessel-endurance/5F1AD80B3445C2653F1C24EAD4B7460D">"On the Location of Shackleton's Vessel Endurance"</a>. Journal of Navigation. 72 (2): 257–268. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JNav...72..257B">2019JNav...72..257B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0373463318000619">10.1017/S0373463318000619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135258311">135258311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Navigation&rft.atitle=On+the+Location+of+Shackleton%27s+Vessel+Endurance&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135258311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0373463318000619&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JNav...72..257B&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-navigation%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fon-the-location-of-shackletons-vessel-endurance%2F5F1AD80B3445C2653F1C24EAD4B7460D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickel1989" class="citation book cs1">Bickel, Lennard (1989). The Last Antarctic Heroes. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-920108-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-920108-5"><bdi>0-04-920108-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Antarctic+Heroes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-04-920108-5&rft.aulast=Bickel&rft.aufirst=Lennard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnett2015" class="citation book cs1">Dunnett, Harding McGregor (2015). Shackleton's Boat: The Story of the James Caird. Cork: The Collins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84889-212-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84889-212-5"><bdi>978-1-84889-212-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton%27s+Boat%3A+The+Story+of+the+James+Caird&rft.place=Cork&rft.pub=The+Collins+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84889-212-5&rft.aulast=Dunnett&rft.aufirst=Harding+McGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmore1944" class="citation book cs1">Elmore, Carl Hopkins (1944). Quit You like Men. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903946983">903946983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quit+You+like+Men&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903946983&rft.aulast=Elmore&rft.aufirst=Carl+Hopkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeacox1999" class="citation book cs1">Heacox, Kim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780792275367/page/82">The Antarctic Challenge</a>. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0792275367" title="Special:BookSources/978-0792275367"><bdi>978-0792275367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antarctic+Challenge&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0792275367&rft.aulast=Heacox&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780792275367%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntford1996" class="citation book cs1">Huntford, Roland (1996). Shackleton. London: Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-10744-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-10744-0"><bdi>0-349-10744-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-349-10744-0&rft.aulast=Huntford&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmel1999" class="citation book cs1">Kimmel, Elizabeth Cody (1999). Ice Story: Shackleton's Lost Expedition. New York: Clarion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0395915244" title="Special:BookSources/0395915244"><bdi>0395915244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ice+Story%3A+Shackleton%27s+Lost+Expedition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarion+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0395915244&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Cody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansing1959" class="citation book cs1">Lansing, Alfred (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enduranceshackle0000lans">Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58059666">58059666</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6263779M">6263779M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endurance%3A+Shackleton%27s+Incredible+Voyage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6263779M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58059666&rft.aulast=Lansing&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenduranceshackle0000lans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrellCapparell2001" class="citation book cs1">Morrell, Margot; Capparell, Stephanie (2001). Shackleton's Way: Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-89196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-89196-7"><bdi>0-670-89196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton%27s+Way%3A+Leadership+Lessons+from+the+Great+Antarctic+Explorer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-670-89196-7&rft.aulast=Morrell&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Capparell%2C+Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton, Ernest</a> (1999) [1919]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southenduranceex00shac">South</a>. New York: Signet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-19880-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-451-19880-8"><bdi>0-451-19880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Signet&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-451-19880-8&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthenduranceex00shac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordie1918" class="citation journal cs1">Wordie, J. M. (April 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779354">"The Drift of the Endurance"</a>. The Geographical Journal. 51 (4): 216–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1779354">10.2307/1779354</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779354">1779354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Drift+of+the+Endurance&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=1918-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1779354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1779354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wordie&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1779354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorsley1999" class="citation book cs1">Worsley, Frank Arthur (1999). Endurance : an epic of polar adventure. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393319941" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393319941"><bdi>978-0393319941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endurance+%3A+an+epic+of+polar+adventure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0393319941&rft.aulast=Worsley&rft.aufirst=Frank+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Hurley, Frank</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/argonautsofsouth00hurl/">Argonauts of the South</a>. London: Butler & Tanner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argonauts+of+the+South&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Butler+%26+Tanner&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fargonautsofsouth00hurl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussey1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hussey" title="Leonard Hussey">Hussey, Leonard</a> (1949). South with Shackleton. New York: G. P. Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+with+Shackleton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Hussey&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorsley1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Worsley, Frank</a> (1939) [1931]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enduranceepicofp00wors_0/">Endurance: An Epic of Polar Adventure</a>. London: Butler & Tanner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endurance%3A+An+Epic+of+Polar+Adventure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Butler+%26+Tanner&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Worsley&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenduranceepicofp00wors_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEndurance+%281912+ship%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Endurance_(ship,_1912)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Endurance (ship, 1912)">Endurance</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Template:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Template talk:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Pardo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caird_Coast" title="Caird Coast">Caird Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave Cove">Cave Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Glacier" title="Fortuna Glacier">Fortuna Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_Bay" title="King Haakon Bay">King Haakon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_Ice_Rumples" title="McDonald Ice Rumples">McDonald Ice Rumples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Worsley" title="Mount Worsley">Mount Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggotty_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Peggotty Bluff">Peggotty Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness,_South_Georgia" title="Stromness, South Georgia">Stromness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness_Bay" title="Stromness Bay">Stromness Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personnel_of_the_Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">Aurora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Atkin</li> <li>d'Anglade</li> <li>Donnelly</li> <li>Downing</li> <li>Glidden</li> <li>Grady</li> <li>Hooke</li> <li>Kavanagh</li> <li>Larkman</li> <li>Maugher</li> <li>Mugridge</li> <li>Ninnis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Paton_(seaman)" title="James Paton (seaman)">Paton</a></li> <li>Shaw</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stenhouse" title="Joseph Stenhouse">Stenhouse</a></li> <li>Thompson</li> <li>Warren</li> <li>Wise</li> <li> Shore party: Cope</li> <li>Gaze</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hayward" title="Victor Hayward">Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keith_Jack" title="Andrew Keith Jack">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Joyce" title="Ernest Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Richards" title="Richard W. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Spencer-Smith" title="Arnold Spencer-Smith">Spencer-Smith</a></li> <li>Stevens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wild" title="Ernest Wild">Wild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Endurance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lincoln_Bakewell" title="William Lincoln Bakewell">Bakewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perce_Blackborow" title="Perce Blackborow">Blackborow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cheetham" title="Alfred Cheetham">Cheetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Selbie_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Selbie Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Green_(cook)" title="Charles Green (cook)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Greenstreet" title="Lionel Greenstreet">Greenstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Holness" title="Ernest Holness">Holness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_How" title="Walter How">How</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hudson" title="Hubert Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hussey" title="Leonard Hussey">Hussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerr" title="Alexander Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macklin" title="Alexander Macklin">Macklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Marston_(artist)" title="George Marston (artist)">Marston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McCarthy_(sailor)" title="Timothy McCarthy (sailor)">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McIlroy_(surgeon)" title="James McIlroy (surgeon)">McIlroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McLeod_(sailor)" title="Thomas McLeod (sailor)">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_McNish" title="Harry McNish">McNish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Chippy" title="Mrs Chippy">Mrs Chippy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Orde-Lees" title="Thomas Orde-Lees">Orde-Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Rickinson" title="Lewis Rickinson">Rickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson_(sailor)" title="William Stephenson (sailor)">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(sailor)" title="John Vincent (sailor)">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wordie" title="James Wordie">Wordie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Worsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Category:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_November_1915631" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:November_1915_shipwrecks" title="Template:November 1915 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:November_1915_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:November 1915 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:November_1915_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:November 1915 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_November_1915631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1915</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in November 1915">Shipwrecks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>4 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Le_Calvados" title="SS Le Calvados">Le Calvados</a></li> <li>5 Nov: <a href="/wiki/TSS_Hibernia_(1899)" title="TSS Hibernia (1899)">HMS Tara</a></li> <li>6 Nov: <a href="/wiki/HMS_E20" title="HMS E20">HMS E20</a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Clan_Macalister_(1903)" title="SS Clan Macalister (1903)">Clan Macalister</a></li> <li>7 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_France_(1896)" title="SS France (1896)">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Undine" title="SMS Undine">SMS Undine</a></li> <li>8 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Ancona" title="SS Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Wacousta" title="SS Wacousta">Wacousta</a></li> <li>9 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Californian" title="SS Californian">Californian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Mass%C3%A9na" title="French battleship Masséna">Masséna</a></li> <li>10 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SS_Bosnia_(1898)" title="SS Bosnia (1898)">Bosnia</a></li> <li>15 Nov: <a href="/wiki/TSS_Wandra_(1907)" title="TSS Wandra (1907)">Wandra</a></li> <li>17 Nov: <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Anglia" title="HMHS Anglia">HMHS Anglia</a></li> <li>21 Nov: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Endurance</a></li> <li>28 Nov: <a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Akula_(1909)" title="Russian submarine Akula (1909)">Akula</a></li> <li>29 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-13" title="SM UC-13">SM UC-13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>4 Nov: <a href="/wiki/SM_UC-8" title="SM UC-8">SM UC-8</a></li> <li>7 Nov: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Albemarle_(1901)" title="HMS Albemarle (1901)">HMS Albemarle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1914" title="List of shipwrecks in 1914">1914</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1914" title="List of shipwrecks in 1914"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in 1915">1915</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916" title="List of shipwrecks in 1916"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916" title="List of shipwrecks in 1916">1916</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in October 1915">October 1915</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in October 1915"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1915"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1915" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1915">December 1915</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911858#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1639" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911858#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1639" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911858#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158228992">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/725057/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97013546">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135727380">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135727380">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2007378622&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000160231&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007506015205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/62af6fe9-5956-4404-b7e0-f92118f07698">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k70dcd">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&oldid=1275737019">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(1912_ship)&oldid=1275737019</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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