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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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Prehistory </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prehistory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early Bronze Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canaanite_Ashkelon_(1800_–_1170_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canaanite_Ashkelon_(1800_–_1170_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Canaanite Ashkelon (1800 – 1170 BCE) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canaanite_Ashkelon_(1800_–_1170_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Canaanite Ashkelon (1800 – 1170 BCE) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Canaanite_Ashkelon_(1800_–_1170_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Middle Bronze Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age_(Egyptian_rule)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze_Age_(Egyptian_rule)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Late Bronze Age (Egyptian rule) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze_Age_(Egyptian_rule)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_decades_of_Egyptian_rule_(15th_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_decades_of_Egyptian_rule_(15th_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Early decades of Egyptian rule (15th century BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_decades_of_Egyptian_rule_(15th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amarna_period_(14th_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amarna_period_(14th_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Amarna period (14th century BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amarna_period_(14th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_of_Egyptian_rule_(late_13th_century_–_1170_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_of_Egyptian_rule_(late_13th_century_–_1170_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Final years of Egyptian rule (late 13th century – 1170 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_of_Egyptian_rule_(late_13th_century_–_1170_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philistine_Ashkelon_(1170_–_604_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philistine_Ashkelon_(1170_–_604_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Philistine Ashkelon (1170 – 604 BCE) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philistine_Ashkelon_(1170_–_604_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philistine Ashkelon (1170 – 604 BCE) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philistine_Ashkelon_(1170_–_604_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assyrian_vassal_and_(734_–_c._620_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_vassal_and_(734_–_c._620_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Assyrian vassal and (734 – c. 620 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_vassal_and_(734_–_c._620_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Egypt_and_the_Babylonian_destruction_(c._620_–_604_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Egypt_and_the_Babylonian_destruction_(c._620_–_604_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Under Egypt and the Babylonian destruction (c. 620 – 604 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Egypt_and_the_Babylonian_destruction_(c._620_–_604_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_and_Hellenistic_periods_(520_–_37_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_and_Hellenistic_periods_(520_–_37_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods (520 – 37 BCE) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Achaemenid_and_Hellenistic_periods_(520_–_37_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods (520 – 37 BCE) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_and_Hellenistic_periods_(520_–_37_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phoenician_settlement_(520_–_290_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoenician_settlement_(520_–_290_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Phoenician settlement (520 – 290 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoenician_settlement_(520_–_290_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period_(290_–_37_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period_(290_–_37_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Hellenistic period (290 – 37 BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period_(290_–_37_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(37_BCE_–_641_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(37_BCE_–_641_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Roman and Byzantine periods (37 BCE – 641 CE) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(37_BCE_–_641_CE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Roman and Byzantine periods (37 BCE – 641 CE) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(37_BCE_–_641_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Roman period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Byzantine period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic_period_(641_–_1099)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic_period_(641_–_1099)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Early Islamic period (641 – 1099) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic_period_(641_–_1099)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_period_(1099_–_1270)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_period_(1099_–_1270)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Crusader period (1099 – 1270) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crusader_period_(1099_–_1270)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Crusader period (1099 – 1270) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Crusader_period_(1099_–_1270)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatimid-Crusader_hostilities_(1101_–_1153)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatimid-Crusader_hostilities_(1101_–_1153)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Fatimid-Crusader hostilities (1101 – 1153) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatimid-Crusader_hostilities_(1101_–_1153)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_siege_and_rule_(1153_–_1187)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_siege_and_rule_(1153_–_1187)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Crusader siege and rule (1153 – 1187) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_siege_and_rule_(1153_–_1187)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayyubid_destruction_and_Third_Crusade_(1187_–_1191)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayyubid_destruction_and_Third_Crusade_(1187_–_1191)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Ayyubid destruction and Third Crusade (1187 – 1191) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayyubid_destruction_and_Third_Crusade_(1187_–_1191)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_restoration_to_final_destruction_(1229_–_1270)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_restoration_to_final_destruction_(1229_–_1270)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Crusader restoration to final destruction (1229 – 1270) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_restoration_to_final_destruction_(1229_–_1270)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period_(1516_-_1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period_(1516_-_1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ottoman period (1516 - 1917) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period_(1516_-_1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ascalon&params=31_39_43_N_34_32_46_E_type:landmark">31°39′43″N 34°32′46″E / 31.66194°N 34.54611°E / 31.66194; 34.54611</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Levantine city and Crusade-era fortress</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient city and archaeological site. For the modern Israeli city, see <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ascalon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ascalon (disambiguation)">Ascalon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ascalon</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">𐤀𐤔𐤒𐤋𐤍 אַשְׁקְלוֹן Ἀσκάλων عَسْقَلَان</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:71-7100-100_-_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1_-_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8_(3).jpg" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/71-7100-100_-_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1_-_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8_%283%29.jpg/488px-71-7100-100_-_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1_-_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/71-7100-100_-_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1_-_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8_%283%29.jpg/650px-71-7100-100_-_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F_-_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1_-_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4349" data-file-height="3245" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Remains of the Church of Santa Maria Viridis</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ascalon is located in Israel"><img alt="Ascalon is located in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.763%;left:32.543%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Ascalon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ascalon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Israel</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ascalon&params=31_39_43_N_34_32_46_E_type:landmark">31°39′43″N 34°32′46″E / 31.66194°N 34.54611°E / 31.66194; 34.54611</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 2000 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">1270 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> to <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1815, 1920-1922, 1985-2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Hester_Stanhope" title="Lady Hester Stanhope">Lady Hester Stanhope</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Garstang" title="John Garstang">John Garstang</a>, W. J. Phythian-Adams, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stager" title="Lawrence Stager">Lawrence Stager</a>, Daniel Master</td></tr></tbody></table> Ascalon (<a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a>: 𐤀𐤔𐤒𐤋𐤍, romanized: *ʾAšqalōn;<a href="#cite_note-Huehnergard-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אַשְׁקְלוֹן, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: ʾAšqəlōn; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: Ἀσκάλων, romanized: Askálōn; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Ascalon; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عَسْقَلَان, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ʿAsqalān) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> port city on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a> of high historical significance, including early on as a major <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistine</a> city, and later as a much contested stronghold during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. Its importance diminished after the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluks</a> destroyed its fortifications and port in 1270 in order to prevent any future military and logistical use by the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>. Traces of settlement in the area around Ascalon exist from the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a>, with evidence of city fortifications emerging in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>, Ashkelon was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Empire</a>, before becoming one of the five cities of the <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistine pentapolis</a> following the migration of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>. The city was later destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonians</a> but was subsequently rebuilt. Ascalon remained a major metropolis throughout antiquity and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>, before becoming a highly contested fortified foothold on the coast during the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusades</a>, when it became the site of two significant Crusader battles: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">Battle of Ascalon</a> in 1099, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a> in 1153. The Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> ordered the destruction (<a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighting</a>) of the city fortifications and the harbour in 1270 to prevent any further military use, though structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Shrine of Husayn's Head</a> survived. The nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Majdal,_Askalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Majdal, Askalan">al-Majdal</a> was established in the same period. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">tax records</a> attest the existence of the village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jura" title="Al-Jura">Al-Jura</a> adjacent to citadel walls from at least 1596.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulfattah_1977,_p._150-2">[2]</a> That residual settlement survived until its depopulation in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli War of Independence">1948</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> takes its name from the ancient city. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> Ascalon has been known by many variations of the same basic name over the millennia. It is speculated that the name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> root Ṯ-Q-L, meaning "to weigh", which is also the root of "<a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> The settlement is first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Execration_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Execration Texts">Execration Texts</a> from the 18th-19th centuries BC as Asqalānu.<a href="#cite_note-Huehnergard-1">[1]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350 BC), there are seven letters to and from King <a href="/wiki/Yidya" title="Yidya">Yidya</a> of Ašqaluna and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> (c. 1208 BC) of the <a href="/wiki/19th_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="19th dynasty">19th dynasty</a> recounts the Pharaoh putting down a rebellion at Asqaluna.<a href="#cite_note-Redford1986-4">[4]</a> The settlement is then mentioned eleven times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as ʾAšqəlōn.<a href="#cite_note-Huehnergard-1">[1]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, Askálōn emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> name for the city,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> persisting through the <a href="/wiki/Roman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman period">Roman period</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine period">Byzantine period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Palestine_region#Early_Islamic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Palestine region">Early Islamic period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> form became ʿAsqalān.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960710-9">[9]</a> The medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusaders</a> called it Ascalon. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a> it is known as Ashkelon. Today, Ascalon is a designated archaeological area known as Tel Ashkelon ("<a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Mound</a> of Ascalon") and administered as <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_National_Park" title="Ashkelon National Park">Ashkelon National Park</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_setting">Geographical setting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical setting">edit</a>]</div> Ascalon lies on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast, 16 km. north of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a> and 14 km. south of <a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashdod-Yam" title="Ashdod-Yam">Ashdod-Yam</a>. Around 15 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a>, a river flowed from inland to the sea here. It was later covered by <a href="/wiki/Kurkar" title="Kurkar">fossilized sandstone ridges (kurkar)</a>, formed by sand that was washed to the shores from the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. The river became an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">underground water source</a>, which was later exploited by Ascalon's residents for the constructions of wells. The oldest well found at Ascalon dates around 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> The remains of prehistoric activity and settlement at Ashkelon were revealed in <a href="/wiki/Rescue_archaeology" title="Rescue archaeology">salvage excavations</a> prior to urban development in the Afridar and Marina neighborhoods of modern Ashkelon, some 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) north of Tel Ashkelon. The fieldwork was conducted in the 1950s under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrot" title="Jean Perrot">Jean Perrot</a> and in 1997-1998 under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Garfinkel" title="Yosef Garfinkel">Yosef Garfinkel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The earliest traces of human activity include some 460 <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microlithic</a> tools dated to the <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a> period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 23,000 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10,000 BCE). These come along wide evidence for <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> exploitation in the southern coastal plain in that time. This activity come to hiatus during the early periods of <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and resumed only during the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">pre-pottery C</a> phase of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7000–6400 BCE). Jean Perrot's excavation revealed eight dwelling pits, along with <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silos</a> and installations, while Garfinkel's excavations revealed numerous pits, <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearths</a> and animal bones.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze_Age">Early Bronze Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Bronze Age">edit</a>]</div> During the Early Bronze Age I period (EB I, 3700–2900 BCE), human settlement thrived in Ashkelon. The central site was in Afridar, situated between two long and wide <a href="/wiki/Kurkar" title="Kurkar">kurkar</a> ridges. This area had unique ecological conditions, offering an abundance of goundwater, fertile soils and varied flora and fauna. Two other settlements existed at Tel Ashkelon itself, and in the Barnea neighborhood of modern Ashkelon. The site of Afridar is one of the most extensive and most excavated settlements of the EB I period, with over two dozen dig sites, excavated by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA). The flourishment of EB I Ashkelon has also been linked to trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a>. The site of Afridar was abandoned at the start of the EB II period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900 BCE). It was suggested that the cause for the abandonment was a climate change causing increased precipitation, which destroyed the ecological condition that had served the locals for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the EB II-III (2900–2500 BCE), the site of Tel Ashkelon served as an important seaport for the trade route between the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>. Excavations at the northern side of the mound revealed a mudbrick structure and numerous olive-oil jars.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> This port was abandoned with the deurbanization of Canaan during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC (Intermediate Bronze Age). At that time, the center of settlement moved to the unwalled rural settlement at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barne%27a_archaeological_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barne'a archaeological site (page does not exist)">Barne'a</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagerSchloenVoss20185-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canaanite_Ashkelon_(1800_–_1170_BCE)">Canaanite Ashkelon (1800 – 1170 BCE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canaanite Ashkelon (1800 – 1170 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze_Age">Middle Bronze Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze Age">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_Canaanite_city_gate_of_Ashkelon_(14341997262).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Restored_Canaanite_city_gate_of_Ashkelon_%2814341997262%29.jpg/250px-Restored_Canaanite_city_gate_of_Ashkelon_%2814341997262%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Restored_Canaanite_city_gate_of_Ashkelon_%2814341997262%29.jpg/375px-Restored_Canaanite_city_gate_of_Ashkelon_%2814341997262%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Restored_Canaanite_city_gate_of_Ashkelon_%2814341997262%29.jpg/500px-Restored_Canaanite_city_gate_of_Ashkelon_%2814341997262%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption>Restored Canaanite city gate<a href="#cite_note-gate-15">[15]</a> (2014)</figcaption></figure> Ashkelon was resettled in the Middle Bronze Age on the background of country-wide urban renaissance, linked to the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> people from the north, as well as the revival of trade relations between <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager2011119*-16">[16]</a> It soon become the fortified center of a city-kingdom, as evidenced by both historical records and archaeology. Ashkelon first mention in historical records is in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Execration_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Execration Texts">Execration Texts</a> from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a> (20th–19th centuries BCE). These texts were written on red pots, which were broken as part of a cursing ritual against Egypt's enemies. Ashkelon appears three times under the name Asqanu (ꜥIsqꜥnw), along with three of its rulers ḫꜥykm (or Khalu-Kim), ḫkṯnw and Isinw.<a href="#cite_note-Huehnergard-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> These names of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a> origin, are identified as <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>. Scholars have suggested Ashkelon was one of many Levantine city-states established by Amorites in the early second millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke2008126-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagerSchloenVoss20183-19">[19]</a> The most distinctive feature of the site of Ashkelon is its fortifications, consisting of free-standing earthen <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">ramparts</a> which were erected as early as around 1800 BCE. In the excavations of the northern slope of the ramparts, archaeologists detected five phases of construction including city gates, <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moats</a>, guard towers and in a later phase, a sanctury right after the entrance to the city. The material culture and especially Egyptian-style pottery showed that Middle Bronze Ashkelon lasted until around 1560 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager2011125*-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze_Age_(Egyptian_rule)">Late Bronze Age (Egyptian rule)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late Bronze Age (Egyptian rule)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_decades_of_Egyptian_rule_(15th_century_BCE)">Early decades of Egyptian rule (15th century BCE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early decades of Egyptian rule (15th century BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashkelon_-_jsqAr(w)ny.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ashkelon_-_jsqAr%28w%29ny.gif/250px-Ashkelon_-_jsqAr%28w%29ny.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ashkelon_-_jsqAr%28w%29ny.gif/375px-Ashkelon_-_jsqAr%28w%29ny.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ashkelon_-_jsqAr%28w%29ny.gif/500px-Ashkelon_-_jsqAr%28w%29ny.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>"'Asqaluni" written on the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a></figcaption></figure> Ashkelon came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> in the time of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(15th_century_BC)" title="Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)">Battle of Megiddo</a> (1457 BCE). During the Late Bronze Age, its territory stretched across the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a>, bordering <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lachish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-Amarna_Tablets-21">[21]</a> The ties between Ashkelon and Egypt in the late 15h century are documented in Papyrus Hermitage 1116A, which is dated to the time of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> (1427–1401 BCE). It includes list compiled by an Egyptian official detailing rations of breed and beer, that were provided to envoys of noble chariot warriors (<a href="/wiki/Maryannu" title="Maryannu">Maryannu</a>) from 12 Canaanite cities, including Ashkelon. It is believed that these envoys were securing the caravans that carried tribute to the Egyptian king, and that they served as his loyal ambassadors.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amarna_period_(14th_century_BCE)">Amarna period (14th century BCE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amarna period (14th century BCE)">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a> (mid-14th century BCE, mostly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>), Ashkelon maintained its ties to Egypt. Over a dozen letters inscribed in clay that were found in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> are linked to Ashkelon. A <a href="/wiki/Petrography" title="Petrography">petrographic</a> analysis of the clay used in five letters sent by a ruler named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubandu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubandu (page does not exist)">Shubandu</a> have supported the hypothesis that he ruled Ashkelon.<a href="#cite_note-Amarna_Tablets-21">[21]</a> After Shubandu, Ashkelon was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Yidya" title="Yidya">Yidya</a>. Seven of his letters were identified (letters no. 320–326, 370). In these he expressed his loyalty to the king and assured he will provision the Egyptian troops with bread, beer, oil, grain and cattle. In another letter sent to the king (no. 287) <a href="/wiki/Abdi-Heba" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Heba</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, accuses Yidya, as well as the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lachish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a> of provisioning the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a>, who were adversaries of the Egyptian empire. In another letter, Yidya is asked to send glass ingots to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_years_of_Egyptian_rule_(late_13th_century_–_1170_BCE)">Final years of Egyptian rule (late 13th century – 1170 BCE)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final years of Egyptian rule (late 13th century – 1170 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1208 BCE, commemorates the victory of <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> against the rebellious Ashkelon, <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenoam" title="Yenoam">Yenoam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Redford1986-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philistine_Ashkelon_(1170_–_604_BCE)">Philistine Ashkelon (1170 – 604 BCE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philistine Ashkelon (1170 – 604 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> The founding of <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> Ashkelon, on top of the Egyptian-ruled Canaanite city, was dated by the site's excavators to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1170 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Their earliest pottery, types of structures and inscriptions are similar to the early Greek urbanised centre at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Greece">mainland Greece</a>, adding evidence to the conclusion that they were one of the "<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>" that upset cultures throughout the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> at that time.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In this period, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> presents Ashkelon as one of the five Philistine cities that are constantly warring with the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Onomasticon_of_Amenope" title="Onomasticon of Amenope">Onomasticon of Amenope</a>, dated to the early 11th century BCE, mentioned Ashkelon along with <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a> as cities of the Philistines.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> In 2012, an Iron Age IIA Philistine cemetery was discovered outside the city. In 2013, 200 of the cemetery's estimated 1,200 graves were excavated. Seven were stone-built tombs.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> One ostracon and 18 jar handles were found to be inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypro-Minoan script">Cypro-Minoan script</a>. The ostracon was of local material and dated to 12th to 11th century BC. Five of the jar handles were manufactured in coastal Lebanon, two in Cyprus, and one locally. Fifteen of the handles were found in an Iron I context and the rest in Late Bronze Age context.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_vassal_and_(734_–_c._620_BCE)">Assyrian vassal and (734 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 620 BCE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assyrian vassal and (734 – c. 620 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> By 734 BCE, Ashkelon was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a>. Following the Assyrian campaign, Ashkelon, along with other southern Levantine kingdoms, paid tribute to Assyria, and thus became a vassal kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich1996-29">[29]</a> A year later, while the Assyrians were preoccupied fighting Damascus, king <a href="/wiki/Mitinti" title="Mitinti">Mitinti I</a> of Ashkelon joined <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and Arab tribes in a revolt against Assyrian hegemony. The revolt failed and Mitinti I was killed and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Rukibtu" title="Rukibtu">Rukibtu</a>. The identity of Rukibtu is unknown. It has been conjectured that he was the son of Mitinti I. Otherwise it was suggested that he was a usurper, either one who was installed by the Assyrians, or one who usurped the throne on his own behalf, and secured his rule through accepting Assyrian subjugation. Either way, after Rukibu's ascension, Ashkelon resumed paying annual tributes to Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich19962-30">[30]</a> Somewhere towards the end of the 8th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Sidqa" title="Sidqa">Sidqa</a> userped the throne, and joined the rebellion instigated by king <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, along with other Levantine kings. Together, they deposed king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padi_(king)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padi (king) (page does not exist)">Padi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a> who remained loyal to Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> The rebellion, which was launched shortly after <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>'s was suppressed during his third campaign In 701 BCE, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Taylor Prism</a>. At that time, Ashkelon controlled several cities in the <a href="/wiki/Yarkon_River" title="Yarkon River">Yarkon River</a> basin (near modern <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Beth_Dagon" title="Beth Dagon">Beth Dagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beneberak" title="Beneberak">Beneberak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azor" title="Azor">Azor</a>). These were seized and sacked during the Assyrian campaign. Sidqa himself was exiled with all of his family and was replaced <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arru-lu-dari" title="Šarru-lu-dari">Šarru-lu-dari</a>, the son of Rukibtu, who resumed paying tribute to Assyria. During most of the 7th century BCE, Ashkelon was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Mitinti" title="Mitinti">Mitinti II</a>, the son of Sidqa, who was a vassal to <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Egypt_and_the_Babylonian_destruction_(c._620_–_604_BCE)">Under Egypt and the Babylonian destruction (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 620 – 604 BCE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Under Egypt and the Babylonian destruction (c. 620 – 604 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> Close connections between Ashkelon and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> developed in the days of pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a>, after Egypt filled the <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> due to the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian empire</a> from the West.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> This is demonstrated by the discovery of multiple Egyptian trade items, such as barrel-jars and <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripods</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> clay, a jewelry box made of <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> shell together with a necklace of <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>. Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cultic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive</a> items, <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">statuettes</a> and offering tables were likewise discovered, demonstrating a religious influence as well.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (c.484–c.425 BC), the city's temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Urania" title="Aphrodite Urania">Aphrodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Derketo</a>) was the oldest of its kind, imitated even in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and he mentions that this temple was pillaged by marauding <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> during the time of their sway over the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> (653–625 BCE).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the end of the 7th century BCE, Ashkelon's populated is estimated to have been 10,000–12,000. It had fortifications which integrated and developed the Canaanite ramparts, in addition to an estimated 50 protective towers.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Industry in included wine and olive oil production and export and possibly textile weaving.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Together with <a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a>, it is the site most abundant with <a href="/wiki/African_red_slip_ware" title="African red slip ware">Red-Slipped ware</a>, both imported and locally made, which decreases greatly further inland.<a href="#cite_note-Stager_1996.67-36">[36]</a> Imports further included <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a>, elegant bowls and cups, "<a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> ware", and red and cream polished <a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">tableware</a> from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, together with amphorae and decorated fine-ware from <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Greek islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stager_1996.67-36">[36]</a> The history of Philistine Ashkelon came to an end when the last of the Philistine cities to hold out against <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>. By the month of <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a> 604 BCE, the city was burnt, destroyed and its king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aga%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aga' (page does not exist)">Aga'</a> taken into exile.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> Its destruction came one year after the Assyrian-Egyptian defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">battle of Carchemish</a>. Concern over the strong Egyptian influence on Ashkelon, and possibly its direct rule, are possbibly what brought <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> to reduce Ashkelon to rubble, ahead of the failed Babylonian invasion of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> With the Babylonian destruction, the Philistine era was over. After its destruction, Ashkelon remained desolate for seventy years, until the <a href="/wiki/Persian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian period">Persian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achaemenid_and_Hellenistic_periods_(520_–_37_BCE)">Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods (520 – 37 BCE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods (520 – 37 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoenician_settlement_(520_–_290_BCE)">Phoenician settlement (520 – 290 BCE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phoenician settlement (520 – 290 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_dog_cemetery" title="Ashkelon dog cemetery">Ashkelon dog cemetery</a></div> Following the Babylonian destruction, Ashkelon was deserted for about 80 years. Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> took over, Ashkelon was rebuilt around 520–510 BCE (based on ceramic evidence). It was one of the first coastal sites to be established the by <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, and in Ashkelon's case, by <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_Pseudo-Scylax" title="Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax">Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax</a> from the mid-4th century, the final decades of the Achaemenid rule, calls it "Ashkelon, the city of Tyre's people".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Many inscriptions in the Phoenician language were found across the site, including <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostraca</a> bearing Phoenician names from the late 6th to late 4th centuries BCE, and one <a href="/wiki/East_Greek_vase_painting" title="East Greek vase painting">East Greek vase</a> with the Phoenician word for "cake" inscribed on it. The cult of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a> was present at Ashkelon by that period. The city minted its own coins, with the abbreviation <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Aleph</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a> referring to its name.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> The archaeological excavations revealed remains of the Achaemenid (Persian) period in three main locations (Grids 38, 50 and 57). The city features monumental structures constructed of <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar stone</a> foundations and <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a> <a href="/wiki/Superstructure" title="Superstructure">superstructures</a>. It had a city plan of streets with workshops and large warehouses by the shore. In these warehouses, many imported vessels and raw materials from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> were discovered. The origin of these imports is primarily <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and the Greek regions of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_Egypt" title="History of Persian Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Among those findings are luxury items such as <a href="/wiki/Aryballos" title="Aryballos">aryballoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure pottery</a>, Ionian cups, athenian owl cups and a figurine of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian</a> god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. These were dated to the entire span of the period and attest to Ashkelon's role as a major sea port.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> A unique discovery in the archaeology of Ashkelon is the large <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_dog_cemetery" title="Ashkelon dog cemetery">dog cemetery</a>, located within a prime location in the center of the city. Archaeologists excavated over 800 dog burials, dated between early 5th and late 4th centuries BCE. It was suggested that the inhabitants of Ashkelon viewed the dogs as sacred animals. The dogs were given special treatment in their burial, with each being interred in a shallow pit and their bones were always found in the same position. The dogs of the <a href="/wiki/Canaan_Dog" title="Canaan Dog">Canaan Dog</a> breed, were both male and female, the majority were puppies but also matures. It is evident they died of natural causes, without human intervention or epidemic. Dogs played a role in <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> society and religion in that time.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a> Archaeological investigation showed that the city was violently destroyed by fire around 290 BCE, some decades after the conquest of the region by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. This destruction took place during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> consolidated its rule over the Levant. Evidence of this destruction was found in all excavation areas. The structures were found collapsed and burnt. Two hoards of silver coins were found in the destruction layers, one of them apparently buried by one of the inhabitants prior to the destruction.<a href="#cite_note-Excavations-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period_(290_–_37_BCE)">Hellenistic period (290 – 37 BCE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period (290 – 37 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> It had mostly friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean kingdom">Hasmonean kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. In a significant case of an early <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunt</a>, during the reign of the Hasmonean queen <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>, the court of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Shetach" title="Simeon ben Shetach">Simeon ben Shetach</a> sentenced to death eighty women in Ashkelon who had been charged with <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">sorcery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_and_Byzantine_periods_(37_BCE_–_641_CE)">Roman and Byzantine periods (37 BCE – 641 CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Roman and Byzantine periods (37 BCE – 641 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Roman period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ask_Sarcopag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ask_Sarcopag.jpg/250px-Ask_Sarcopag.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ask_Sarcopag.jpg/375px-Ask_Sarcopag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ask_Sarcopag.jpg/500px-Ask_Sarcopag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Roman sarcophagus in Ashkelon</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, who became a <a href="/wiki/Client_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Client king">client king</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, ruling over Judea and its environs in 30 BCE, had not received Ashkelon, yet he built monumental buildings there: bath houses, elaborate fountains and large colonnades.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A discredited tradition suggests Ashkelon was his birthplace.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 6 CE, when a <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman imperial province</a> was set in Judea, overseen by a lower-rank governor, Ashkelon was moved directly to the higher jurisdiction of the governor of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria province</a>. Roman era fortifications, faced with stone, followed the same footprint as the earlier Canaanite settlement, forming a vast semicircle protecting the settlement on the land side. On the sea it was defended by a high natural bluff. A roadway more than six metres (20 ft) in width ascended the rampart from the harbor and entered a gate at the top. The city remained loyal to Rome during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Revolt</a>, 66–70 CE. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Byzantine period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madaba_map_Mediterranean_Sea_1354_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Madaba_map_Mediterranean_Sea_1354_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Madaba_map_Mediterranean_Sea_1354_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Madaba_map_Mediterranean_Sea_1354_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Madaba_map_Mediterranean_Sea_1354_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Madaba_map_Mediterranean_Sea_1354_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Madaba_map_Mediterranean_Sea_1354_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="3395" /></a><figcaption>ΑϹΚΑΛ[ⲰΝ] / ASKAL[ŌN] on the <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a></figcaption></figure> The city of Ascalon appears on a fragment of the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The bishops of Ascalon whose names are known include Sabinus, who was at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325, and his immediate successor, Epiphanius. Auxentius took part in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381, Jobinus in a synod held in Lydda in 415, Leontius in both the <a href="/wiki/Robber_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Robber Council of Ephesus">Robber Council of Ephesus</a> in 449 and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451. Bishop Dionysius, who represented Ascalon at <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem_(536)" title="Council of Jerusalem (536)">a synod in Jerusalem in 536</a>, was on another occasion called upon to pronounce on the validity of a <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> with sand in waterless desert. He sent the person to be baptized in water.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> No longer a residential bishopric, Ascalon is today listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Islamic_period_(641_–_1099)">Early Islamic period (641 – 1099)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Early Islamic period (641 – 1099)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Palestine">Muslim conquest of Palestine</a> started in 634. Islamic historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> recounts that Ascalon (ʿAsḳalân in Arabic) was one of the last Byzantine cities in the region to fall. It may have been temporarily occupied by <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>, but definitively surrendered after a siege to <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> (who later founded the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>) not long after he captured the Byzantine district capital of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima"> Caesarea</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 640. Mu'awiya turned the town into a fortified garrison, settling cavalry there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960710-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199564-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Baladhuri_1912-51">[51]</a> During '<a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>'s and '<a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>'s rule (634–644 and 644–656, respectively), tracts of land in Ascalon were awarded to Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> During the Muslim civil war of 680–692 (<a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a>), the south of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> came under the military rule of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>'s caliphate. By that time, the Byzantines reoccupied Asqalan, razed the city and deported its inhabitants. While in the time of <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a> the region came back to Umayyad hands, the Byzantines either left Ascalon or were forced out only after Marwan's son, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 685–705) won the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960710-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199564-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Baladhuri_1912-51">[51]</a> Ascalon enjoyed an era of prosperity after Abd al-Malik rebuilt and fortified it. Despite it not being a good harbor, the city enjoyed its position between Syria and Egypt and their fertile lands. Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> called it "the Bride of Syria". From the year 712 Ascalon began minting its own <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> coins, with the Arabic inscription "Struck in Filastin, Askalan".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A son of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 715–717), whose family resided in <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Palestine</a>, was buried in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecker198935,_note_109-54">[54]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid period</a>, the power center of the caliphate shifted from Syria to Iraq. An inscription found by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau" title="Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau">Charles Clermont-Ganneau</a> in the 19th century indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a> ordered the construction of a mosque with a <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> in Asqalan in 772.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960710-9">[9]</a> Towards the end of the 9th century Abbasid rule in Syria dwindled. By 878 it was effectively under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a> of Egypt, who developed the coastal cities such as <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> and probably also Ascalon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199565-55">[55]</a> In 969, the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> general <a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Jawhar</a> captured Syria and Palestine[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and annexed the territory to the Fatimid Caliphate of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. Ascalon prospered during the ensuing period. Islamic geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqdisi" title="Al-Maqdisi">Al-Maqdisi</a> (945 – 991) described Ascalon, admiring its fortifications, garrison, mosque and fruits, but also recounted that its port was unsafe. A similar description was given by Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> who visited Palestine in 1047. The absence of a port[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ascalon#Absence??!!_Being_a_port_city_was_its_raison_d'etre!" title="Talk:Ascalon">discuss</a>] was recounted also by later scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad">Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad</a> (1217–1285) and <a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">Abulfeda</a> (1273 – 1331). It was cited as one of the reason why Ascalon was one of the last coastal cities to stand against the Crusaders[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ascalon#NO,_being_a_port_city_allowed_it_to_withstand_Crusader_attacks,_as_it_could_be_resupplied_from_Egypt_by_sea." title="Talk:Ascalon">discuss</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199565-55">[55]</a> In the 1070s, along with a few other coastal towns in Palestine, it remained in Fatimid hands when most of Syria was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuks</a>. Fatimid rule over Ascalon was nevertheless loosened, with the governor often exercising a greater latitude of authority over the city than the nominal authority of the Egyptian caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960710-9">[9]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sey%27d_Hussein_Shrine1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sey%27d_Hussein_Shrine1a.jpg/250px-Sey%27d_Hussein_Shrine1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sey%27d_Hussein_Shrine1a.jpg/375px-Sey%27d_Hussein_Shrine1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sey%27d_Hussein_Shrine1a.jpg/500px-Sey%27d_Hussein_Shrine1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>The shrine of Husayn during the annual festival</figcaption></figure> In 1091, a couple of years after a campaign by <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a> to reestablish Fatimid control over the region, the head of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> (a grandson of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) was "rediscovered", prompting Badr to order the construction of a new mosque and <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">mashhad</a> (shrine or mausoleum) to hold the relic, known as the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Shrine of Husayn's Head</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> According to another source, the shrine was built in 1098 by the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Fatimid vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960711-58">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crusader_period_(1099_–_1270)">Crusader period (1099 – 1270)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Crusader period (1099 – 1270)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Ascalon-engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battle_of_Ascalon-engraving.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Ascalon-engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battle_of_Ascalon-engraving.jpg/375px-Battle_of_Ascalon-engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Battle_of_Ascalon-engraving.jpg/500px-Battle_of_Ascalon-engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">Battle of Ascalon</a>, 1099. Engraving after <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, Ascalon was an important city due to its location near the coast and between the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a> and Egypt. It remained the last major Fatimid stronghold for over half a century. Negotiations over Jerusalem between the crusaders and the Fatimids, who had recently gained control of the city from the Seljuks, broke down in May 1099 during the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France358-59">[59]</a> This led to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">siege and eventual capture of Jerusalem</a> on 15 July.<a href="#cite_note-Clifford-60">[60]</a> The remnants of the Fatimid army retreated to Ascalon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199565-55">[55]</a> After negotiations ended in May, the Fatimids had begun raising an army at Ascalon, ready to raise the siege of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-France358-59">[59]</a> In August, an army of about 10,000 crusaders marched on Ascalon to meet the army being raised. They surprised the Fatimids <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">in battle</a> on 12 August just north of the city of Ascalon. While the crusader army defeated the Fatimid force of around 20,000,<a href="#cite_note-Clifford-60">[60]</a> the city itself was not captured and remained in Fatimid hands, serving as a base for military activity against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> After the Crusader conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, the six elders of the <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> Jewish community in Ascalon contributed to the ransoming of captured Jews and holy relics from Jerusalem's new rulers. The <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_Karaite_elders_of_Ascalon" title="Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon">Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon</a>, which was sent to the Jewish elders of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, describes their participation in the ransom effort and the ordeals suffered by many of the freed captives.<a href="#cite_note-Carmel-62">[62]</a> In 1100, Ascalon was among the Fatimid coastal cities (along with <a href="/wiki/Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Arsuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>) that paid tribute to the crusaders, as part of a short truce. In 1101, Caesarea and Arsuf were captured by the Crusaders, and their people fled to Ascalon. To protect the influx of Islamic population, military reinforcements were sent from Egypt, who provided the city with supplies and maintained its garrison. Ascalon thus became a major Fatimid frontier post. It was subjected to a Crusader blockade, often blocking the land route from Egypt, making it only accessible through the sea. The trade between Ascalon and Crusader Jerusalem resumed by that time, though the inhabitants of Ascalon regularly struggled with shortages in food and supplies. This necessitated the provisions from Egypt on several occasions each year. According to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, the entire civilian population of the city was included in the Fatimid army registers. Fatimid ruler <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Al-Hafiz</a> dispatched between 300 and 600 horesmen to protect Ascalon. Each company had 100 troops and was commanded by an <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a>. A general was put in charge of all companies. They were paid 100 <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinars</a> for each emir, and 30 dinars for every horsemen. The Fatimids then used it to launch raids into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960711-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199566-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960710–711-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatimid-Crusader_hostilities_(1101_–_1153)">Fatimid-Crusader hostilities (1101 – 1153)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fatimid-Crusader hostilities (1101 – 1153)">edit</a>]</div> In July 1101, two years after the battle of Ascalon, Fatimid vizier <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">Al-Afdal Shahanshah</a> launched an offensive from Ascalon to recapture <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. By 7 September, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I</a> defeated the Fatimid troops, and a year later besieged the city, destroying its rural hinterlands. Ascalon was further isolated by the fall of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> in 1104, but kept serving as a Fatimid base. In August 1105, Al-Afdal launched yet another failed attack from Ascalon, the most serious of his campaigns using both naval and ground forces. The Franks won the land battle and it has been recounted that when they encountered the Fatimid fleet in Jaffa, they threw the head of the defeated governor of Ascalon on board of the Egyptian ships, to inform them of the Crusader victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199566-63">[63]</a> After the Fatimid defeat in 1105, they no longer posed immediate threat to the Crusaders. And yet, Ascalon was deemed impregnable, and its proximities to Egyptian ports made it a primary concern for their Crusader army, as it continued to serve from time to time as base for small-scale incursions. In 1124 <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> fell to the Crusaders, making Ascalon the last Fatimid stronghold on the Levantine coast. <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II of Jerusalem</a> led an attack against Ascalon in 1125, that repelled by the Muslims, who continued their incursions. In 1134, the Crusader count of Jaffa, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_II_of_Jaffa" title="Hugh II of Jaffa">Hugh II</a>, rebelled against King <a href="/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem" title="Fulk, King of Jerusalem">Fulk</a>, who accused him of conspiring against his realm, and of intimate relations with his wife. Hugh II rode to Ascalon to seek help, and the Muslim troops were happy to contribute to the internal feud among the Crusader. Troops left Ascalon to Jaffa and raided the <a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon plain</a>, until Fulk's forces repelled them. Later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960711-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199567-65">[65]</a> A year later, Fatimid vizier <a href="/wiki/Ridwan_ibn_Walakhshi" title="Ridwan ibn Walakhshi">Ridwan ibn Walakhshi</a> was appointed governor of Ascalon and the western <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. Ridwan found refuge in Ascalon during his conflict with <a href="/wiki/Bahram_al-Armani" title="Bahram al-Armani">Bahram al-Armani</a> in 1138–9.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199569-66">[66]</a> In the time of Fulk, three fortresses were erected around the city, in order to address the threats it imposed on Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin#Crusader_and_Mamluk_eras" title="Bayt Jibrin">Beth Gibelin</a> (1135–6), <a href="/wiki/Yibna#Crusader,_Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods" title="Yibna">Ibelin</a> (1140) and <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi#Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period" title="Tell es-Safi">Blanchgard</a> (1142). The failure of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a> in Syria motivated <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III of Jerusalem</a> in 1150 to begin preparations to capture Ascalon once and for all. He fortified <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, which concerned the Fatimids in Egypt, who requested a pre-emptive strike by the Zengids from the north. These refused, but sent Zengid prince <a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a>, who stayed there for four months and helped reinforce Ascalon's fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960711-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199567-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_siege_and_rule_(1153_–_1187)">Crusader siege and rule (1153 – 1187)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Crusader siege and rule (1153 – 1187)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">County of Jaffa and Ascalon</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Ascalon_(1153).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Siege_of_Ascalon_%281153%29.jpg/300px-Siege_of_Ascalon_%281153%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Siege_of_Ascalon_%281153%29.jpg/450px-Siege_of_Ascalon_%281153%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Siege_of_Ascalon_%281153%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>The siege of Ascalon by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, miniature from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Mamerot" title="Sébastien Mamerot">Sébastien Mamerot</a>'s book "<a href="/wiki/Passages_d%27outremer" title="Passages d'outremer">Passages d'outremer</a>" (1474)</figcaption></figure>In January 1153, crusader king <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III</a> recruited almost all land and naval forces at disposal and laid siege to Ascalon. The siege lasted seven months, during which the city was bombarded by Crusader siege weapons. The Franks found a well prepared city, with strong walls and ample supply of provisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199568-68">[68]</a> The Fatimids manage to send over seventy ships with resources to the city during the siege. In his recount of the conquest of Ascalon, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> described the city from the Crusader point of view: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The whole city lies in a kind of basin which is tilted down toward the sea. It is girded round with artificial mounds on which are walls, studded with towers. It is solidly fashioned and its stones are held together by cement which is as hard as stone. The walls are of a proper thickness and as high as is proportionally fitting. Even the outer fortifications which circle around the city are constructed with the same solidity and are diligently fortified. There are no springs within the circuit of the walls nor are there any nearby, but wells both outside and within the city supply an abundance of delicious drinking water. As a further precaution the citizens have built within the city several cisterns to collect rain water. There are four gates in the circuit of the walls. These are most carefully fortified with high, solid towers.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William of Tyre, History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea: XVII, 22-25</cite></div></blockquote> Much to the disadvantage of the Muslim garrison in Ascalon, internal conflicts within the Fatimid court and military led to the assassination of Fatimid vizier and general <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_ibn_al-Sallar" title="Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar">Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar</a>, while preparing the Fatimid fleet for a counterattack. His stepson <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abi_al-Futuh" title="Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh">Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh</a> who was involved in his murder then went back to Egypt to be appointed a vizier in his stead, leaving Ascalon without his troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199569-66">[66]</a> In July 1153, six months after the start of the siege, there was a breach in the wall followed by a failed attack by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templars</a>. By that point the siege was almost abandoned, but <a href="/wiki/Raymond_du_Puy" title="Raymond du Puy">Raymond du Puy</a> convinced the king to resume. On 19 August, Ascalon's anchorage was taken and its defenders were subdued by the Crusaders. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a> recorded that upon the city's surrender, all Muslims with the means to do so emigrated from the city. The Fatimids secured the head of Husayn from <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">its mausoleum outside the city</a> and transported it to their capital <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmannLewis1960711-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199568-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> A year after the conquest, Muslim geographer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> described the city's markets and fortifications, but also the destrcution of its environs, caused by its siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199565-55">[55]</a> Ascalon became a crusader lordship and was granted to <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">count of Jaffa</a> and Baldwin III's brother, who later succeeded him as king. Together the two formed the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">County of Jaffa and Ascalon</a>, which became one of the four major seigneuries of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. The great mosque was turned into a church - the Cathedral of St. Paul and the city was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> directly under the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Patriarch of Jerusalem</a>. Eventually a decision from Rome subordinated it to the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199568-68">[68]</a> The Fatimid dynasty continued to disintegrate due to internal conflicts and could not retake Ascalon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayyubid_destruction_and_Third_Crusade_(1187_–_1191)">Ayyubid destruction and Third Crusade (1187 – 1191)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ayyubid destruction and Third Crusade (1187 – 1191)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> which abolished the Fatimid state, marched on Ascalon by September 1187, as part of his conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>. He took with him the crusader prisoners, King <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> and Templar Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Ridefort" title="Gerard of Ridefort">Gerard of Ridefort</a>. The prisoners were promised liberty should the city surrender under their command, but the Christian troops at Ascalon did not obey their captured king's commands. The city surrendered after a brief, yet harsh battle. The Cristian population was deported to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and from there to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199570-71-71">[71]</a> The Ayyubid rule of Ascalon was short-lived. In 1191, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, Saladin ordered to methodically demolish the city because of its potential strategic importance to the crusaders. This is captured in an anecdote in which a reluctant Saladin is reported to have exclaimed: "Wallah, I would rather see my children perish than lose Ascalon!"<a href="#cite_note-Alb22-72">[72]</a> The destruction of the city and the deportation of its inhabitants is well described in Islamic sources. Some Muslim scholars including <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a> have recounted that the destruction of Ascalon was forced upon him by his emirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199571-73">[73]</a> A few hundred Jews, Karaites and Rabbanites, were living in Ascalon in the second half of the 12th century, but moved to Jerusalem following its destruction.<a href="#cite_note-Carmel-62">[62]</a> In January 1192, crusade leader <a href="/wiki/King_Richard_the_Lionheart" class="mw-redirect" title="King Richard the Lionheart">King Richard the Lionheart</a> of England, proceeded to reconstruct Ascalon's fortifications, an endeavor that lasted four months. It thus became the most formidable fortress along the Mediterranean coast. This fact hampered the negotiations between Richard and Saladin in 1192, as Saladin demanded its destruction. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1192)">peace was signed in Jaffa</a> and the city's recently constructed fortifications were destroyed yet again by September 1192.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199571-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_restoration_to_final_destruction_(1229_–_1270)">Crusader restoration to final destruction (1229 – 1270)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Crusader restoration to final destruction (1229 – 1270)">edit</a>]</div> In 1229, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1229)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1229)">Treaty of Jaffa</a>, which concluded the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusade</a>, brought Ascalon back to Crusader hands. And yet, because of internal strife among the crusaders, the city remained in ruins until the Ayyubids made it a frontal post to their base in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>. In 1239, the <a href="/wiki/Barons%27_Crusade" title="Barons' Crusade">Barons' Crusade</a> was launched, led by <a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I of Navarre</a> who planned an assault on Ayyubid forces in Egypt. He encamped in the ruins of Ascalon, later abandoning it after one of his men, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Bar" title="Henry II, Count of Bar">Henry II</a>, disobeyed his orders and led a failed assault on Gaza. The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> signed a peace agreement with the Ayyubids and Ascalon was given to the Crusaders, who were permitted to reconstruct its fortifications. The work on Ascalon's fortifications was first overseen by Theobald I until his depart to Europe. After him, it was <a href="/wiki/Hugh_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy</a> who replaced him and ultimately, <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a> oversaw its completion in April 1241, again becoming one of the strongest strongholds in the Mediterranean, with a double wall and series of towers. In a letter, Richard described Ascalon as the "key" to both land and sea, and as a permanent threat to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199572-74">[74]</a> During Sultan <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">As-Salih Ayyub</a>'s conflict against the crusaders, he exploited crusader defeats in Jerusalem to march on Ascalon. In 1244, the Egyptian army headed by <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a>, defeated the Hospitaller troops at Gaza and blockaded Ascalon. The city's garrison managed to hold against the Egyptian troops. In June 1247, after capturing Damascus, the Egyptians dedicated all of the military efforts to Ascalon, and the city fell on 15 October 1247, after an assault headed by <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_ibn_al-Shaykh" title="Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh">Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh</a>. Afterwards, As-Salih Ayyub ordered again the dismantling of the walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199573-75">[75]</a> The ancient and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval history</a> of Ascalon was brought to an end in 1270, when the then Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> ordered the citadel and harbour at the site to be destroyed as part of a wider decision to destroy the Levantine coastal towns in order to forestall future Crusader invasions. Some monuments, like the shrine of Sittna Khadra and <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Shrine of Husayn's Head</a> survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199573-75">[75]</a> This event irreversibly changed the settlement patterns in the region. As a substitute for ‘Asqalān, Baybars established <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon#Ottoman_period" title="Ashkelon">Majdal ‘Asqalān</a>, 3 km inland, and endowed it with a magnificent Friday Mosque, a marketplace and religious shrines.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_period_(1516_-_1917)">Ottoman period (1516 - 1917)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ottoman period (1516 - 1917)">edit</a>]</div> In the first Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">tax register</a> of 1526/7 Ascalon (still referred to as Asqalān) and its surrounding environs were recorded as being unpopulated.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> By 1596 CE, the village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jura" title="Al-Jura">Al-Jura</a>, then named as Jawrat al-Hajja, was founded just outside the northeastern perimeter of Ascalon's still mounded ramparts.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulfattah_1977,_p._150-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascalon_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the ruins of the ancient city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ascalon_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/220px-Ascalon_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ascalon_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/330px-Ascalon_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ascalon_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg/440px-Ascalon_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="3125" /></a><figcaption>Map of the ruins of the ancient city, from the 1871-77 <a href="/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">PEF Survey of Palestine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in the 18th century, the site was visited, and occasionally drawn, by a number of adventurers and tourists. It was also often scavenged for building materials. The first known excavation occurred in 1815. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Hester_Stanhope" title="Lady Hester Stanhope">Lady Hester Stanhope</a> dug there for two weeks using 150 workers. No real records were kept.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In the 1800s some classical pieces from Ascalon (though long thought to be from Thessaloniki) were sent to the Ottoman Museum.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> By the time of the commissioning of the <a href="/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine" title="PEF Survey of Palestine">PEF Survey of Palestine</a> in 1871–77, the interior of Ascalon's ruined perimeter was divided into cultivated fields, interspersed with wells.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> From 1920 to 1922 <a href="/wiki/John_Garstang" title="John Garstang">John Garstang</a> and W. J. Phythian-Adams excavated on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. They focused on two areas, one Roman and the other Philistine/Canaanite.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Over the more recent decades a number of salvage excavations were carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashkelon_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ashkelon_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C_site.jpg/200px-Ashkelon_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ashkelon_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C_site.jpg/300px-Ashkelon_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ashkelon_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C_site.jpg/400px-Ashkelon_Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological site with artifacts from the Neolithic era</figcaption></figure> Modern excavation began in 1985 with the Leon Levy Expedition. Between then and 2006, seventeen seasons of work took place, led by Lawrence Stager of Harvard University.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 1991 the ruins of a small ceramic tabernacle was found, containing a finely cast bronze statuette of a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_bull" title="Sacred bull">bull</a> calf, originally silvered, ten centimetres (4 in) long.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1997 season a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> table fragment was found, being a lexical list containing both Sumerian and Canaanite language columns. It was found in a Late Bronze Age II context, about 13th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William Albright</a> said of the city: "Ascalon is a name to conjure with. Few cities in the Old World had a more romantic history than this, from the time when its fleets according to Greek tradition, held the thalassocracy of the eastern Mediterranean to its romantic destruction by its own suzerain, Saladin, who thus avoided its impending capture by the Lion Heart."<a href="#cite_note-Alb22-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallot</a> are both types of onion named after ancient Ascalon. The name "scallion" is derived from the Old French escaloigne, by way of the Vulgar Latin escalonia, from the Latin Ascalōnia caepa or onion of Ascalon.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> "Shallot" is also derived from escaloigne, but by way of the 1660s diminutive form eschalotte.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The derivative "<a href="/wiki/Im_schwarzen_Walfisch_zu_Askalon" title="Im schwarzen Walfisch zu Askalon">Im schwarzen Walfisch zu Askalon</a>" (In the Black Whale of Ascalon) is a German <a href="/wiki/Commercium_song" title="Commercium song">commercium song</a> historically sung in German universities. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Victor_von_Scheffel" title="Joseph Victor von Scheffel">Joseph Victor von Scheffel</a> provided the lyrics under the title Altassyrisch (Old Assyrian) in 1854, while the melody is from 1783 or earlier.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> Chronologically by death year: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus of Ascalon</a> (125 – 68 BC), Platonic philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidorus_of_Ascalon" title="Artemidorus of Ascalon">Artemidorus of Ascalon</a> (d. 46 BCE), Hellenistic philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristus_of_Ascalon" title="Aristus of Ascalon">Aristus of Ascalon</a> (c. 120/110 – 46/45 BC), Hellenistic philosopher, brother of Antiochus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutocius_of_Ascalon" title="Eutocius of Ascalon">Eutocius of Ascalon</a> (c. 480s – c. 520s), Byzantine philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Al-Hafiz</a> (c. 1045 – 1149), Fatimid caliph</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Huehnergard-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huehnergard_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huehnergard_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huehnergard_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huehnergard_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved 20 May 2021. <q>I am willing to state flatly that the Sea Peoples, including the Philistines, were Mycenaean Greeks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Philistines+Were+Cultured+After+All%2C+Say+Archeologists&rft.date=1992-09-29&rft.au=John+Noble+Wilford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F09%2F29%2Fscience%2Fphilistines-were-cultured-after-all-say-archeologists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossStager2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, Frank Moore; Stager, Lawrence E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27927139">"Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions Found in Ashkelon"</a>. Israel Exploration Journal. 56 (2): 129–159. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059">0021-2059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27927139">27927139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=Cypro-Minoan+Inscriptions+Found+in+Ashkelon&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-159&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27927139%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-2059&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rft.au=Stager%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27927139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasterAja2017" class="citation journal cs1">Master, Daniel M.; Aja, Adam J. (2017). "The Philistine Cemetery of Ashkelon". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 377: 135–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.377.0135">10.5615/bullamerschoorie.377.0135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164842977">164842977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Philistine+Cemetery+of+Ashkelon&rft.volume=377&rft.pages=135-59&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.377.0135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164842977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Master&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rft.au=Aja%2C+Adam+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossStager2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, Frank Moore; Stager, Lawrence E. (2006). "Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions Found in Ashkelon". Israel Exploration Journal. 56 (2): 129–159. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27927139">27927139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=Cypro-Minoan+Inscriptions+Found+in+Ashkelon&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-159&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27927139%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rft.au=Stager%2C+Lawrence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrlich1996-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich1996_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_S._Ehrlich1996" class="citation book cs1">Carl S. Ehrlich (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2eNV68WU3YC&pg=PA100">The Philistines in Transition: A History from Ca. 1000-730 B.C.E.</a> BRILL. pp. 89–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10426-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10426-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10426-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1014512115">1014512115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philistines+in+Transition%3A+A+History+from+Ca.+1000-730+B.C.E.&rft.pages=89-94&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1014512115&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10426-6&rft.au=Carl+S.+Ehrlich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2eNV68WU3YC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrlich19962-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich19962_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_S._Ehrlich1996" class="citation book cs1">Carl S. Ehrlich (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2eNV68WU3YC&pg=PA100">The Philistines in Transition: A History from Ca. 1000-730 B.C.E.</a> BRILL. pp. 100–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10426-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10426-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10426-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1014512115">1014512115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philistines+in+Transition%3A+A+History+from+Ca.+1000-730+B.C.E.&rft.pages=100-102&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1014512115&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10426-6&rft.au=Carl+S.+Ehrlich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2eNV68WU3YC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOded_Borowski2018" class="citation journal cs1">Oded Borowski (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26751881">""…I besieged forty-six of his strong, walled cities… and took them…" SENNACHERIB IN JUDAH — THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF AN ASSYRIAN MILITARY CAMPAIGN"</a>. Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies. 33: 33–34. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26751881">26751881</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eretz-Israel%3A+Archaeological%2C+Historical+and+Geographical+Studies&rft.atitle=%22%E2%80%A6I+besieged+forty-six+of+his+strong%2C+walled+cities%E2%80%A6+and+took+them%E2%80%A6%22+SENNACHERIB+IN+JUDAH+%E2%80%94+THE+DEVASTATING+CONSEQUENCES+OF+AN+ASSYRIAN+MILITARY+CAMPAIGN&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=33-34&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26751881%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Oded+Borowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26751881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Stager 1996, p 71* </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Stager 1996, pp. 68*–69* </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Stager 1996, pp. 61*-62 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Stager 1996, pp. 63*–64* </li> <li id="cite_note-Stager_1996.67-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stager_1996.67_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stager_1996.67_36-1">b</a> Stager 1996, p. 67* </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Stager 1996, pp. 67*–68* </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Stager 1996, p. 62: "Only with Cyrus the Great, successor to the Babylonians, does the archaeological record begin again in Ashkelon (where Phoenicians settled; Philistines did not return from the diaspora) - as in Jerusalem and in Judah, where many Jewish exiles returned to their homeland." </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_R._S._and_Shalev,_Y.2022" class="citation book cs1">Martin, R. S. and Shalev, Y. (2022). "The Reoccupation of Southern Phoenicia in the Persian Period: Rethinking the Evidence". In Davidovich, U., Yahalom-Mack, N. and Мatskevich, S. (ed.). Material, Method, and Meaning: Papers in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology in Honor of Ilan Sharon. Zaphon. pp. 101–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96327-177-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96327-177-9"><bdi>978-3-96327-177-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reoccupation+of+Southern+Phoenicia+in+the+Persian+Period%3A+Rethinking+the+Evidence&rft.btitle=Material%2C+Method%2C+and+Meaning%3A+Papers+in+Eastern+Mediterranean+Archaeology+in+Honor+of+Ilan+Sharon&rft.pages=101-116&rft.pub=Zaphon&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-96327-177-9&rft.au=Martin%2C+R.+S.+and+Shalev%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> M. Stern, Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism, Vol. III: III. Pseudo-Scylax </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Ashkelon I, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/ochre?uuid=37398b69-d8ca-41d3-a9f7-84523ec28cc0">287</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Yerushalmi <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanhedrin (Talmud)">Sanhedrin</a>, 6:6. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904060244/http://pace-ancient.mcmaster.ca/york/york/placePopup?id=24&descOnly=">"Ashkelon"</a>. Project on Ancient Cultural Engagement/Brill. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pace-ancient.mcmaster.ca/york/york/placePopup?id=24&descOnly=">the original</a> on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashkelon&rft.pub=Project+on+Ancient+Cultural+Engagement%2FBrill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpace-ancient.mcmaster.ca%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FplacePopup%3Fid%3D24%26descOnly%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegev1976" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Negev, A (1976). Stillwell, Richard.; MacDonald, William L.; McAlister, Marian Holland (eds.). The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Negev&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/ecf/201/2010033.htm">"VI"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cushman_McGiffert" title="Arthur Cushman McGiffert">McGiffert, Arthur Cushman</a> (ed.). The Church History of Eusebius. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, series II. §2, notes 90-91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI&rft.btitle=The+Church+History+of+Eusebius&rft.series=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+series+II&rft.pages=%C2%A72%2C+notes+90-91&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fchr%2Fecf%2F201%2F2010033.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner1992" class="citation book cs1">Donner, Herbert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbGEngEACAAJ&q=Donner+%28The+Mosaic+Map+of+Madaba">The Mosaic Map of Madaba</a>. Kok Pharos Publishing House. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-3900011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-3900011-3"><bdi>978-90-3900011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosaic+Map+of+Madaba&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Kok+Pharos+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-3900011-3&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXbGEngEACAAJ%26q%3DDonner%2B%2528The%2BMosaic%2BMap%2Bof%2BMadaba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/103discuss.html">The Madaba Mosaic Map: Ascalon</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bellarmino_Bagatti" title="Bellarmino Bagatti">Bagatti</a>, Ancient Christian Villages of Judaea and Negev, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/103discuss.html">The Madaba Mosaic Map: Ascalon</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Pius Bonifacius Gams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1">Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae</a>, Leipzig 1931, p. 452 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 840 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon199564-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon199564_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon199564_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharon1995">Sharon 1995</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Baladhuri_1912-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Baladhuri_1912_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Baladhuri_1912_51-1">b</a> Al-Baladhuri, 1912, p. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Baladhuri-Hitti1916.djvu/235" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Baladhuri-Hitti1916.djvu/235">219</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner2014" class="citation book cs1">Donner, Fred M. 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"The Fund's Excavation of Ashkalon". PEFQS. 53: 12–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PEFQS&rft.atitle=The+Fund%27s+Excavation+of+Ashkalon&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=12-16&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Garstang&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> John Garstang, "The Fund's Excavation of Askalon, 1920-1921", PEFQS, vol. 53, pp. 73–75, 1921. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> John Garstang, "Askalon Reports: The Philistine Problem", PEFQS, vol. 53, pp. 162–63, 1921. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> John Garstang, "The Excavations at Ashkalon", PEFQS, vol. 54, pp. 112–19, 1922. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> John Garstang, "Ashkalon", PEFQS, vol. 56, pp. 24–35, 1924. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> W. J. Phythian-Adams, "History of Askalon", PEFQS, vol. 53, pp. 76–90, 1921. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> W. J. Phythian-Adams, "Askalon Reports: Stratigraphical Sections", PEFQS, vol. 53, pp. 163–69, 1921. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> W. J. Phythian-Adams, "Report on the Stratification of Askalon", PEFQS, vol. 55, pp. 60–84, 1923. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/org/ochre/19d19aaa-8bd4-44b5-ad9e-d09541f192a1">[1]</a> Yaakov Huster, Daniel M. Master, and Michael D. Press, "Ashkelon 5: The Land behind Ashkelon", Eisenbrauns, 2015 ISBN 978-1-57506-952-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/ochre?uuid=37398b69-d8ca-41d3-a9f7-84523ec28cc0">[2]</a> Daniel M. Master, J. David Schloen, and Lawrence E. Stager, "Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985-2006)", Eisenbrauns, 2008 ISBN 978-1-57506-929-6 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Barbara L. Johnson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/org/ochre/92608c2e-330e-492c-b761-3afd520e0c9e">"Ashkelon 2: Imported Pottery of the Roman and Late Roman Periods"</a>, Eisenbrauns, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-930-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-930-2">978-1-57506-930-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Daniel M. Master, J. David Schloen, and Lawrence E. 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Press, "Ashkelon 4: The Iron Age Figurines of Ashkelon and Philistia", Eisenbrauns, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-942-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-942-5">978-1-57506-942-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Lawrence E. Stager, J. David Schloen, and Ross J. Voss, "Ashkelon 6: The Middle Bronze Age Ramparts and Gates of the North Slope and Later Fortifications", Eisenbrauns, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-980-7">978-1-57506-980-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Lawrence E. Stager, Daniel M. 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Aja, "Ashkelon 7: The Iron Age I", Eisenbrauns, 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-090-4">978-1-64602-090-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Tracy Hoffman, "Ashkelon 8: The Islamic and Crusader Periods", Eisenbrauns, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-735-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-735-3">978-1-57506-735-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuehnergardvan_Soldt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Huehnergard, John; van Soldt, Wilfred (1999). 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Dictionary.com.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.balashon.com/2006/07/scallion_05.html?m=1">"scallion"</a>, at Balashon - Hebrew Language Detective, 5 July 2006. Accessed 28 Feb 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/shallot">Shallot (n.). Etymonline.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lieder-archiv.de/im_schwarzen_walfisch_zu_askalon-notenblatt_600700.html">"Im schwarzen Walfisch zu Askalon"</a>, lieder-archiv.de </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascalon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2008" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Aaron A. (2008). Walled Up to Heaven: The Evolution of Middle Bronze Age Fortification Strategies in the Levant. 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Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. III–329. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43588822">43588822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neolithic+Ashkelon&rft.series=Qedem&rft.pages=III-329&rft.pub=Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43588822%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Garfinkel%2C+Yosef&rft.au=Dag%2C+Doron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43588822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannLewis1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hartmann, R. & <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Askalan&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Askalan"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 710–711. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Askalan&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=710-711&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DAskalan%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman,_T2019" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, T (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenbrauns.org/books/titles/978-1-57506-735-3.html">Ashkelon 8: The Islamic and Crusader Periods</a>. Penn State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-735-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-735-3"><bdi>978-1-57506-735-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashkelon+8%3A+The+Islamic+and+Crusader+Periods&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-735-3&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisenbrauns.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitles%2F978-1-57506-735-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuster,_Y.2015" class="citation book cs1">Huster, Y. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/ochre?uuid=19d19aaa-8bd4-44b5-ad9e-d09541f192a1">Ashkelon 5: The Land behind Ashkelon</a>. Penn State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-952-4"><bdi>978-1-57506-952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashkelon+5%3A+The+Land+behind+Ashkelon&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-952-4&rft.au=Huster%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fochre.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fochre%3Fuuid%3D19d19aaa-8bd4-44b5-ad9e-d09541f192a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson_B._L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnson B. L. (2008). Stager, L. E., Schloen J. D. 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Penn State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-930-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-930-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-930-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashkelon+2%3A+Imported+Pottery+of+the+Roman+and+Late+Roman+Periods&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-930-2&rft.au=Johnson+B.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fochre.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fochre%3Fuuid%3D92608c2e-330e-492c-b761-3afd520e0c9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch,_I2021" class="citation book cs1">Koch, I (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/57259">Colonial Encounters in Southwest Canaan during the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age</a>. Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43283-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43283-3"><bdi>978-90-04-43283-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Encounters+in+Southwest+Canaan+during+the+Late+Bronze+Age+and+the+Early+Iron+Age&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43283-3&rft.au=Koch%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F57259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecker1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lecker, Michael (1989). "The Estates of 'Amr b. al-'Āṣ in Palestine: Notes on a New Negev Arabic Inscription". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 52 (1): 24–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00023041">10.1017/S0041977X00023041</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/617911">617911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163092638">163092638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Estates+of+%27Amr+b.+al-%27%C4%80%E1%B9%A3+in+Palestine%3A+Notes+on+a+New+Negev+Arabic+Inscription&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-37&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163092638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F617911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00023041&rft.aulast=Lecker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_E._F.2005" class="citation book cs1">Morris, E. 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Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14036-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14036-0"><bdi>90-04-14036-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Imperialism%3A+Military+Bases+and+the+Evolution+of+Foreign+Policy+in+Egypt%27s+New+Kingdom&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-14036-0&rft.au=Morris%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F301534722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2017" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRVBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">"Shrine of Husayn's Head"</a>. Bones of Contention: Muslim Shrines in Palestine. Heritage Studies in the Muslim World. Springer Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-6965-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-6965-9"><bdi>978-981-10-6965-9</bdi></a>. 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Penn State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-942-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-942-5"><bdi>978-1-57506-942-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashkelon+4%3A+The+Iron+Age+Figurines+of+Ashkelon+and+Philistia&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-942-5&rft.au=Press%2C+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fochre.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fochre%3Fuuid%3D7d2a5740-fdac-4422-b625-019cf96fffa6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sharon, M. 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Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies. 25: 61*–74*. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23629693">23629693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eretz-Israel%3A+Archaeological%2C+Historical+and+Geographical+Studies&rft.atitle=Ashkelon+and+the+Archaeology+of+Destruction%3A+Kislev+604+BCE&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=61%2A-74%2A&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23629693%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23629693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStager2011" class="citation journal cs1">Stager, L. E. 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E., Master D. M. and Aja, A. J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenbrauns.org/books/titles/978-1-64602-090-4.html">Ashkelon 7: The Iron Age I</a>. Penn State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-090-4"><bdi>978-1-64602-090-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashkelon+7%3A+The+Iron+Age+I&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64602-090-4&rft.au=Stager%2C+L.+E.%2C+Master+D.+M.+and+Aja%2C+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisenbrauns.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitles%2F978-1-64602-090-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStager,_L._E.,_Master_D._M._and_Schloen_J._D.2011" class="citation book cs1">Stager, L. 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E., Schloen J. D., and Master D. M., ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/ochre?uuid=37398b69-d8ca-41d3-a9f7-84523ec28cc0">Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985–2006)</a>. Penn State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-929-6"><bdi>978-1-57506-929-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashkelon+1%3A+Introduction+and+Overview+%281985%E2%80%932006%29&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-929-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fochre.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fochre%3Fuuid%3D37398b69-d8ca-41d3-a9f7-84523ec28cc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStagerSchloenVoss2018" class="citation book cs1">Stager, L. E.; Schloen, J. D.; Voss, R. J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/ochre?uuid=4274d963-2716-4da7-bdb2-73fc2ec60517">Ashkelon 6: The Middle Bronze Age Ramparts and Gates of the North Slope and Later Fortifications</a>. Penn State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-980-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-980-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashkelon+6%3A+The+Middle+Bronze+Age+Ramparts+and+Gates+of+the+North+Slope+and+Later+Fortifications&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-980-7&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rft.au=Schloen%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Voss%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fochre.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fochre%3Fuuid%3D4274d963-2716-4da7-bdb2-73fc2ec60517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Baladhuri1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> (1912). <a href="/wiki/Futuh_al-Buldan" title="Futuh al-Buldan">Kitāb Futūḥ al-Buldān</a> [The Origins of the Islamic State]. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Hitti" title="Philip K. Hitti">Hitti, P. K.</a> Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+Fut%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5+al-Buld%C4%81n&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Al-Baladhuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscalon" class="Z3988">* </li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Khana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusader_sites" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crusader_sites" title="Template:Crusader sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crusader_sites" title="Template talk:Crusader sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crusader_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles" title="List of Crusader castles">sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Sorted_by_modern_states,_with_crusader_names_in_parentheses_()">Sorted by modern states, with crusader names in parentheses ()</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Cyprus" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Egypt" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Greece" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a> (Fontenoid) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achziv</a> (Casal Imbertia) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel#Knights'_Halls" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (Saint Jean d'Acre) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Apollonia–Arsuf</a> (Arsur) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ascalon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastelet" title="Chastelet">Ateret Fortress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">siege</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazur" title="Yazur">Yazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Itab" title="Bayt 'Itab">Bayt 'Itab</a> (Bethaatap) <a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a> (Beth Gibelin) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> (Bethsan) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Castle_(Israel)" title="Belvoir Castle (Israel)">Belvoir Fortress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgata" title="Burgata">Burgata</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafarlet" title="Cafarlet">Cafarlet</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Château Pèlerin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Destroit" title="Le Destroit">Destroit</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_Ramle" title="Al-Burj, Ramle">Castle Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Hemed" title="Ein Hemed">Ein Hemed</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Crusader_period" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> (Caypha) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> (Toron) <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunin" title="Hunin">Hunin</a> (Château Neuf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a> (Castellum Regis) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Afek" title="Migdal Afek">Migdal Afek</a> (Mirabel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Castle" title="Montfort Castle">Montfort</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a> (Calanson) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaqun" title="Qaqun">Qaqun</a> (Caco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal,_Jerusalem" title="Al-Qastal, Jerusalem">Qastal</a> (Beauverium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qula" title="Qula">Qula</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> (Saphet) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibe,_Galilee" title="Taibe, Galilee">Taibe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Afek" title="Tel Afek">Tel Afek</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hanaton" title="Tel Hanaton">Tel Hanaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a> (Blanche Garde) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Tanninim" title="Tel Tanninim">Tel Tanninim (Torin Selin)</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba,_Jerusalem" title="Suba, Jerusalem">Suba</a> (Belmont) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Yokneam" title="Tel Yokneam">Tel Yokneam</a> (Caymont) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yavne</a> (Ibelin) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> (La Sephorie) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Khalid" title="Umm Khalid">Umm Khalid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Jiddin" title="Khirbat Jiddin">Khirbat Jiddin</a> (Judin) <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_(castle)" title="Montreal (castle)">Montreal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafilah" title="Tafilah">Tafilah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27ayra_Castle" title="Wu'ayra Castle">Vaux Moise</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon" title="Beaufort Castle, Lebanon">Beaufort Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Castle" title="Beirut Castle">Beirut Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belhacem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belhacem (page does not exist)">Belhacem</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_Castle" title="Byblos Castle">Byblos Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqra,_Lebanon#Doubay_or_'Qal'at_ad-Dubba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaqra, Lebanon">Dubay Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Kifa#Castle" title="Deir Kifa">Deir Kifa Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbaya#The_Citadel" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moinetre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moinetre (page does not exist)">Moinetre</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mseilha_Fort" title="Mseilha Fort">Puy du Connétable, Castrum Constabularii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Nephin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">Saint Louis Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandelion_Castle" title="Scandelion Castle">Scandelion Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Syria" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Turkey" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Associations</dt> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Order of Saint Lazarus">Order of Saint Lazarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" 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