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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sanhedrin (disambiguation)">Sanhedrin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> The Sanhedrin (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Aramaic">Middle Aramaic</a> סַנְהֶדְרִין, a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: Συνέδριον, romanized: <a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">synedrion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 'assembly,' 'sitting together,' hence '<a href="/wiki/Deliberative_assembly" title="Deliberative assembly">assembly</a>' or 'council') was a legislative and judicial assembly of either 23 or 70 elders, existing at both a local and central level in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanhedrin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/220px-Sanhedrin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/330px-Sanhedrin1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sanhedrin1.jpg/440px-Sanhedrin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="2272"></a><figcaption>The Sanhedrin, from an 1883 encyclopedia</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> There were two classes of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinite courts</a> called sanhedrins: Greater and Lesser. A lesser Sanhedrin of 23 judges was appointed to sit as a tribunal in each city. There was only one Great Sanhedrin of 70 judges, which, among other roles, acted as a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a>, taking appeals from cases that lesser courts decided. In general usage, the Sanhedrin without qualifier usually refers to the Great Sanhedrin, which was presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a>, who functioned as its head or representing president, and was a member of the court; the <a href="/wiki/Av_Beit_Din" title="Av Beit Din">Av Beit Din</a> or the chief of the court, who was second to the nasi and 69 general members. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, the Great Sanhedrin met in the Temple in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, in a building called the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a>. The Great Sanhedrin convened every day except <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Holidays">festivals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">sabbath</a> day (<a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>). After the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> and the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>, the Great Sanhedrin moved to Galilee, which became part of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>. In this period, the Sanhedrin was sometimes called the Galilean Patriarchate or Patriarchate of Palaestina, the governing legal body of Galilean Jewry. In the late 200s CE, to avoid persecution, the name Sanhedrin was dropped and its decisions were issued under the name of Beit HaMidrash (house of learning). The last universally binding decision of the Great Sanhedrin appeared in 358 when the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> was established. The Great Sanhedrin was finally disbanded in 425. Over the centuries, attempts have been made to revive the institution, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Sanhedrin" title="Grand Sanhedrin">Grand Sanhedrin</a> convened by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_attempts_to_revive_the_Sanhedrin" title="Modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin">modern attempts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Hebrew_Bible">1 Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_Sanhedrin">2.1 Early Sanhedrin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_trial_of_Jesus,_and_early_Christianity">2.2 The trial of Jesus, and early Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#During_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_Wars">2.3 During Jewish–Roman Wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#After_Bar_Kokhba_Revolt">2.4 After Bar Kokhba Revolt</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Powers">3 Powers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Function_and_procedures">3.1 Function and procedures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Summary_of_Patriarchal_powers">3.2 Summary of Patriarchal powers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Archaeological_findings">3.3 Archaeological findings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Nasi_(president)">4 Nasi (president)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Revival_attempts">5 Revival attempts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Napoleon_Bonaparte's_%22Grand_Sanhedrin%22">5.1 Napoleon Bonaparte's "Grand Sanhedrin"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and the Israelites were commanded by God to establish courts of judges.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> They were also commanded to establish a "supreme court" located at the central sanctuary (after arriving in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>), to handle cases too difficult for local courts.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> When Moses declared that the task of leading the people was too difficult for him, God had him appoint 70 elders (zekenim) to share the burden of leadership with him.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, these 70 elders plus Moses himself are the source for the 71 judges of the "Great Sanhedrin".<a href="#cite_note-m16-5">[5]</a> These elders are described as "the elders of the people and its officers",<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> according to a <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a>, they were the same officers who were beaten in Egyptian slavery for failing to meet Pharaoh's quota of bricks, and after the Exodus were rewarded with membership on the first Sanhedrin.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The 23 judges of the "Lesser Sanhedrin" are derived from the following <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>: it must be possible for a "<a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">community</a>" to vote for both conviction and exoneration (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0435.htm#24">35:24–5</a>). The minimum size of a "community" is 10 men,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> thus 10 vs 10. One more is required to achieve a majority (11 vs. 10), but a simple majority cannot convict (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0223.htm#2">23:2</a>), and so an additional judge is required (12 vs. 10). Finally, a court should have an odd number of judges to prevent deadlocks; thus 23 rather than 22.<a href="#cite_note-m16-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Sanhedrin">Early Sanhedrin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Sanhedrin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The first historic mention of a <a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Συνέδριον) occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a> (17:49), a Jewish religious book translated into Greek. The Hasmonean court in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, presided over by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a>, until 76 BCE, followed by his wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>, was called Synhedrion or Sanhedrin.<a href="#cite_note-Wanderings_p._191-9">[9]</a> The exact nature of this early Sanhedrin is not clear. It may have been a body of sages or priests, or a political, legislative and judicial institution. The first historical record of the body was during the administration of <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius" title="Aulus Gabinius">Aulus Gabinius</a>, who, according to Josephus, organized five synedra in 57 BCE as Roman administration was not concerned with religious affairs unless sedition was suspected.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Only after the destruction of the Second Temple was the Sanhedrin made up only of sages.<a href="#cite_note-Wanderings_p._191-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> describes a synhedrion for the first time in connection with the decree of the Roman governor of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius" title="Aulus Gabinius">Aulus Gabinius</a> (57 BCE), who abolished the constitution and the then existing form of government of Judea and divided the country into five provinces, at the head of each of which a synhedrion was placed; Jerusalem was the seat of one of these.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Later, Josephus describes <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> (at the time governor of Galilee) as being summoned before the synhedrion, led by High Priest <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, due to having executed alleged criminals without permission from the synhedrion.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Eventually, though, Herod would go on to kill many members of this synhedrion.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> describes the Sanhedrin in this period further. The Great Sanhedrin met in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a> in the Temple in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. It convened every day except <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Holidays">festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. Its members included <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a>, and ordinary Jews whose families had a pure lineage such that their daughters were allowed to marry priests.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_trial_of_Jesus,_and_early_Christianity">The trial of Jesus, and early Christianity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The trial of Jesus, and early Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin trial of Jesus</a></div> A Synhedrion is mentioned 22 times in the Greek <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, including in the Gospels in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">trial of Jesus</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, which mentions a "Great Synhedrion" in chapter 5 where rabbi <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a> appeared, and also in chapter 7 in relation to the stoning death of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a>. This body is described as a court led by the High Priest or leading priests, as well as the "elders" and/or <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grabbe-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Jewish–Roman_Wars">During Jewish–Roman Wars</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During Jewish–Roman Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, the Sanhedrin was re-established in <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavneh</a>, with reduced authority, by agreement between <a href="/wiki/Yochanan_ben_Zakai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yochanan ben Zakai">Yochanan ben Zakai</a> and Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. Vespasian agreed in part due to the perception that the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> had not participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">first revolt</a> to the extent that other groups had. Thus the Sanhedrin in Yavneh was comprised almost exclusively of <a href="/wiki/Pharisaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisaic">pharisaic</a> scholars. The imperial Roman government recognized the Sanhedrin. They regarded the <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">head of the Sanhedrin</a> as their own paid government official with the status of a <a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">prefect</a>. Roman legislation severely reduced the scope of its authority, but confirmed the body's ultimate authority in religious matters. In an attempt to quash revolutionary elements, Rome in effect declared one form of Judaism to be the only recognized form of religion. This led to persecution of sectarian groups, and attempts by these groups to find fault with the Sanhedrin before the Roman government. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The seat of the Patriarchate moved to <a href="/wiki/Usha_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usha (ancient)">Usha</a> under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_II" title="Gamaliel II">Gamaliel II</a> in 80 CE. In 116 it moved back to Yavneh, and then again back to Usha. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Bar_Kokhba_Revolt">After Bar Kokhba Revolt</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After Bar Kokhba Revolt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Galilee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/220px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="516"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 289px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/220px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/330px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">late antiquity</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rabbinic texts indicate that following the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> became the seat of rabbinic learning in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. This region was the location of the court of the Patriarch which was situated first at <a href="/wiki/Usha_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usha (city)">Usha</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/Bet_Shearim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet Shearim">Bet Shearim</a>, later at <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> and finally at <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LightstoneReligion2002-16">[16]</a> The Great Sanhedrin moved in 140 to <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefaram</a> under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Gamliel_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimon ben Gamliel II">Shimon ben Gamliel II</a>, and subsequently to <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_(Roman-era_Jewish_village)" title="Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village)">Beit She'arim</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>, under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a> (165–220). Finally, it moved to <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> in 220, under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_III" title="Gamaliel III">Gamaliel III</a> (220–230), a son of Judah ha-Nasi, where it became more of a consistory, but still retained, under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Judah_II" title="Judah II">Judah II</a> (230–270), the power of excommunication. During the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_IV" title="Gamaliel IV">Gamaliel IV</a> (270–290), due to Roman persecution, it dropped the name Sanhedrin; and its authoritative decisions were subsequently issued under the name of <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Beth HaMidrash</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the year 363, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> (r. 355–363 CE), an apostate from Christianity, ordered the Temple rebuilt.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The project's failure has been ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_363" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 363">Galilee earthquake of 363</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>' ambivalence about the project. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-18">[18]</a> As a reaction against Julian's pro-Jewish stance, the later emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (r. 379–395 CE) forbade the Sanhedrin to assemble and declared <a href="/wiki/Semicha" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicha">ordination</a> illegal. Capital punishment was prescribed for any Rabbi who received ordination, as well as complete destruction of the town where the ordination occurred.<a href="#cite_note-A_History-19">[19]</a> However, since the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> was based on witnesses' testimony, which had become far too dangerous to collect, rabbi <a href="/wiki/Hillel_II" title="Hillel II">Hillel II</a> recommended change to a mathematically based calendar that was adopted at a clandestine, and maybe final, meeting in 358 CE. This marked the last universal decision made by the Great Sanhedrin. <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_VI" title="Gamaliel VI">Gamaliel VI</a> (400–425) was the Sanhedrin's last president. With his death in 425, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> outlawed the title of <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a>, the last remains of the ancient Sanhedrin. An imperial decree of 426 diverted the patriarchs' tax (post excessum patriarchorum) into the imperial treasury.<a href="#cite_note-A_History-19">[19]</a> The exact reason for the abrogation of the patriarchate is not clear,<a href="#cite_note-LangeGerber1997-20">[20]</a> though Gamaliel VI, the last holder of the office who had been for a time elevated by the emperor to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911attribution-21">[21]</a> may have fallen out with the imperial authorities.<a href="#cite_note-LangeGerber1997-20">[20]</a> Thereafter, Jews were gradually excluded from holding public office.<a href="#cite_note-Edersheim1856-22">[22]</a> A law dated to 429, however, refers to the existence of a Sanhedrin in each of the Eastern Roman provinces of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levine2018-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Powers">Powers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Powers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The Talmud tractate <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> identifies two classes of rabbinical courts called Sanhedrin, a Great Sanhedrin (בית דין הגדול) and a Lesser Sanhedrin (בית דין הקטן). Each city could have its own lesser Sanhedrin of 23 judges, but there could be only one greater Sanhedrin of 71, which among other roles acted as the Supreme Court, taking appeals from cases decided by lesser courts. The uneven numbers of judges were predicated on eliminating the possibility of a tie, and the last to cast his vote was the head of the court. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function_and_procedures">Function and procedures</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Function and procedures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Sanhedrin as a body claimed powers that lesser Jewish courts did not have. As such, they were the only ones who could try the king, extend the boundaries of the Temple and Jerusalem, and were the ones to whom all questions of law were finally put. Moreover, the lesser Sanhedrin of 23 judges was the only juridical body in Israel having the statutory and constitutional authority and power to render a verdict of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> to would-be offenders,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and the greater Sanhedrin of 71 judges was solely authorized to send forth the people to a <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_war" title="Voluntary war">battle waged of free choice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Before 191 BCE the <a href="/wiki/Kohen_Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohen Gadol">High Priest</a> acted as the ex officio head of the Sanhedrin,<a href="#cite_note-ArtScroll-26">[26]</a> but in 191 BCE, when the Sanhedrin lost confidence in the High Priest, the office of <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a> was created. After the time of <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a> (late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE), the Nasi was almost invariably a descendant of Hillel. The second highest-ranking member of the Sanhedrin was called the <a href="/wiki/Av_Beit_Din" title="Av Beit Din">Av Beit Din</a>, or 'Head of the Court' (literally, Av Beit Din means 'father of the house of judgment'), who presided over the Sanhedrin when it sat as a criminal court.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> During the Second Temple period, the Sanhedrin met in a building known as the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a> (Lishkat ha-Gazit), which has been placed by the Talmud and many scholars as built into the northern wall of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, half inside the sanctuary and half outside, with doors providing access variously to the Temple and to the outside. The name presumably arises to distinguish it from the buildings in the Temple complex used for ritual purposes, which could not be constructed of stones hewn by any <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> implement. In some cases, it was necessary only for a 23-member panel (functioning as a Lesser Sanhedrin) to convene. In general, the full panel of 71 judges was convened only on matters of national significance (e.g., a declaration of war) or when the 23-member panel failed to reach a conclusive verdict.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> By the end of the Second Temple period, the Sanhedrin reached its pinnacle of importance, legislating all aspects of Jewish religious and political life within parameters laid down by Biblical and Rabbinic tradition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_Patriarchal_powers">Summary of Patriarchal powers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Summary of Patriarchal powers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following is a summary of the powers and responsibilities of the Patriarchate from the onset of the third century, based on rabbinic sources as understood by L.I. Levine:<a href="#cite_note-LightstoneReligion2002p.189-29">[29]</a> <ol><li>Representative to Imperial authorities;</li> <li>Focus of leadership in the Jewish community: <ol><li>Receiving daily visits from prominent families;</li> <li>Declaration of public fast days;</li> <li>Initiating or abrogating the ban (<a href="/wiki/Herem_(war_or_property)" title="Herem (war or property)">herem</a>);</li></ol></li> <li>Appointment of judges to Jewish courts in the Land of Israel;</li> <li>Regulation of the calendar;</li> <li>Issuing enactments and decrees with respect to the applicability or release from legal requirements, e.g.: <ol><li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">sabbatical year</a> produce and applicability of sabbatical year injunctions;</li> <li>Repurchase or redemption of formerly Jewish land from gentile owners;</li> <li>Status of Hellenistic cities of the Land of Israel re: purity, tithing, sabbatical year;</li> <li>Exemptions from tithing;</li> <li>Conditions in divorce documents;</li> <li>Use of oil produced by gentiles;</li></ol></li> <li>Dispatching emissaries to diaspora communities;</li> <li>Taxation: both the power to tax and the authority to rule/intervene on the disposition of taxes raised for local purposes by local councils.</li></ol> Up to the middle of the fourth century, the Patriarchate retained the prerogative of determining the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> and guarded the intricacies of the needed calculations, in an effort to constrain interference by the Babylonian community. Christian persecution obliged <a href="/wiki/Hillel_II" title="Hillel II">Hillel II</a> to fix the calendar in permanent form in 359 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911attribution-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-TausGarber2008-30">[30]</a> This institution symbolized the passing of authority from the Patriarchate to the <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Academies_in_Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Academies in Babylonia">Babylonian Talmudic academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Landman1941-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_findings">Archaeological findings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archaeological findings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2004, excavations in Tiberias conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> uncovered a structure dating to the 3rd century CE that may have been the seat of the Sanhedrin when it convened in that city. At the time it was called Beit Hava'ad.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Nasi_(president)">Nasi (president)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nasi (president)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></div> Before 191 BCE the <a href="/wiki/Kohen_Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohen Gadol">High Priest</a> acted as the ex officio head of the Sanhedrin,<a href="#cite_note-ArtScroll-26">[26]</a> but in 191 BCE, when the Sanhedrin lost confidence in the High Priest, the chair passed to the new office of the <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a>. The Sanhedrin was headed by the chief scholars of the great <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Academies_in_the_Land_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Academies in the Land of Israel">Talmudic Academies in the Land of Israel</a>, and with the decline of the Sanhedrin, their spiritual and legal authority was generally accepted, the institution itself being supported by voluntary contributions by Jews throughout the ancient world. Being a member of the house of <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel</a> and thus a descendant of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a> (prince), who was the chairman of the assembly, enjoyed almost royal authority. His functions were political rather than religious, though the office’s influence was not limited to the secular realm.<a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911attribution-21">[21]</a> The Patriarchate attained its zenith under <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a>, who compiled the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911attribution-21">[21]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>President</th> <th colspan="2">Term in office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yose_ben_Yoezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yose ben Yoezer">Yose ben Yoezer</a></td> <td>170 BCE</td> <td>140 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Perachyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua ben Perachyah">Joshua ben Perachyah</a></td> <td>140 BCE</td> <td>100 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Shetach" title="Simeon ben Shetach">Simeon ben Shetach</a></td> <td>100 BCE</td> <td>60 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shmaya_(tanna)" title="Shmaya (tanna)">Shmaya</a></td> <td>65 BCE</td> <td>c. 31 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a></td> <td>c. 31 BCE</td> <td>9 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabban <a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Hillel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimon ben Hillel">Shimon ben Hillel</a></td> <td>9</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabban <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Hazaken" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamaliel Hazaken">Gamaliel the Elder</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabban <a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Gamliel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimon ben Gamliel">Shimon ben Gamliel</a></td> <td>50</td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabban <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a></td> <td>70</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabban <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_II" title="Gamaliel II">Gamaliel II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>118 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Azariah" title="Eleazar ben Azariah">Eleazar ben Azariah</a></td> <td>118</td> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>)</td> <td>120</td> <td>142 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabban <a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Gamliel_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimon ben Gamliel II">Shimon ben Gamliel II</a></td> <td>142</td> <td>165 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah I">Judah I</a> HaNasi (ThePresident)</td> <td>165</td> <td>220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_III" title="Gamaliel III">Gamaliel III</a></td> <td>220</td> <td>230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judah_II" title="Judah II">Judah II</a> Nesi'ah</td> <td>230</td> <td>270 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_IV" title="Gamaliel IV">Gamaliel IV</a></td> <td>270</td> <td>290 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judah_III" title="Judah III">Judah III</a> Nesi'ah</td> <td>290</td> <td>320 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillel_II" title="Hillel II">Hillel II</a></td> <td>320</td> <td>365 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_V" title="Gamaliel V">Gamaliel V</a></td> <td>365</td> <td>385 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judah_IV" title="Judah IV">Judah IV</a></td> <td>385</td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_VI" title="Gamaliel VI">Gamaliel VI</a></td> <td>c. 400</td> <td>425 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Revival_attempts">Revival attempts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revival attempts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon_Bonaparte's_"Grand_Sanhedrin"">Napoleon Bonaparte's "Grand Sanhedrin"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Napoleon Bonaparte's "Grand Sanhedrin"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte%27s_%22Grand_Sanhedrin%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte's "Grand Sanhedrin"">Napoleon Bonaparte's "Grand Sanhedrin"</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleonic_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Napoleonic_Medal.jpg/220px-Napoleonic_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Napoleonic_Medal.jpg/220px-Napoleonic_Medal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Napoleonic_Medal.jpg/330px-Napoleonic_Medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Napoleonic_Medal.jpg/440px-Napoleonic_Medal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Medallion struck in honor of the "Grand Sanhedrin" convened by Emperor Napoleon I of France. In the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a>.</figcaption></figure> The "Grand Sanhedrin" was a Jewish high court convened by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> to give legal sanction to the principles expressed by the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Notables" title="Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a> in answer to the twelve questions submitted to it by the government. It did not follow the halakhic procedures of the traditional Sanhedrin. On 6 October 1806, the Assembly of Notables issued a proclamation to all the Jewish communities of Europe, inviting them to send delegates to the Sanhedrin, to convene on 20 October. This proclamation, written in Hebrew, French, German, and Italian, speaks in extravagant terms of the importance of this revived institution and of the greatness of its imperial protector. While the action of Napoleon aroused in many Jews of Germany the hope that, influenced by it, their governments also would grant them the rights of citizenship, others looked upon it as a political contrivance. When in the war against Prussia (1806–07) the emperor invaded Poland and the Jews rendered great services to his army, he remarked, laughing, "The sanhedrin is at least useful to me."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> David Friedländer and his friends in Berlin described it as a spectacle that Napoleon offered to the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisians</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanhedrin_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sanhedrin_ceremony.jpg/220px-Sanhedrin_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sanhedrin_ceremony.jpg/220px-Sanhedrin_ceremony.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Sanhedrin_ceremony.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Inauguration of the Sanhedrin in 2004</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_attempts_to_revive_the_Sanhedrin" title="Modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin">Modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin</a></div> Since the dissolution of the Sanhedrin in or around 358 CE, there have been several attempts to re-establish it. There are records of what may have been attempts to reform the Sanhedrin in Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-conquest-34">[34]</a> in Jerusalem under the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-conquest-34">[34]</a> and in Babylon (Iraq),<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> but none of these attempts were given attention by later rabbinic authorities and little information is available about them. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204) proposed a rationalist solution for achieving the goal of re-establishing semikhah and the Sanhedrin.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There have been several attempts to implement Maimonides' recommendations by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Berab" title="Jacob Berab">Jacob Berab</a> in 1538, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Shklover" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisroel Shklover">Yisroel Shklover</a> in 1830, Rabbi Aharon Mendel haCohen in 1901, Rabbi Zvi Kovsker in 1940, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Leib_Maimon" title="Yehuda Leib Maimon">Yehuda Leib Maimon</a> in 1949, and <a href="/wiki/2004_attempt_to_revive_the_Sanhedrin" title="2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin">a group of Israeli rabbis in 2004</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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similar body in medieval <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a>, a general term for judiciary organs of Greek and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">city states</a> and treaty organisations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Sanhedrin" title="Tombs of the Sanhedrin">Tombs of the Sanhedrin</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/strongs.pl?strongs=4892">"Greek Lexicon :: G4892 (KJV)"</a>. Blue Letter Bible.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Greek+Lexicon+%3A%3A+G4892+%28KJV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstrongs.pl%3Fstrongs%3D4892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0218.htm#21">Exodus 18:21–22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0501.htm#15">Deuteronomy 1:15–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0517.htm#9">Deuteronomy 17:9–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0411.htm#16">Numbers 11:16–17,24–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-m16-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m16_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m16_5-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, Sanhedrin 1:6 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0411.htm#16">Numbers 11:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.alhatorah.org/Dual/Rashi/Shemot/5.14#m7e3n7">Rashi, Exodus 5:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The Hebrew term "community" appears in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0414.htm#27">14:27</a>; i.e., the 10 spies who had spread a bad report about the land, thus a "community" is 10 men. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wanderings_p._191-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wanderings_p._191_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wanderings_p._191_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaim_Potok1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Potok" title="Chaim Potok">Chaim Potok</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wanderingschaimp0000poto">Wanderings: Chaim Potok's History of the Jews</a>. Knopf. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50110-9"><bdi>978-0-394-50110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wanderings%3A+Chaim+Potok%27s+History+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50110-9&rft.au=Chaim+Potok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwanderingschaimp0000poto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Mantel, Hugo. (1972) "Sanhedrin". in Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jerusalem: Macmillan. 14, p. 836 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Antiquities 14:5 § 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Antiquities 14:167-180 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Antiquities 14:175 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> 4:2 </li> <li id="cite_note-grabbe-15"><a href="#cite_ref-grabbe_15-0">^</a> Grabbe, Lester L. "Sanhedrin, Sanhedriyyot, or Mere Invention?" Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period 39, no. 1 (2008): 1–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24670033">http://www.jstor.org/stable/24670033</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LightstoneReligion2002-16"><a href="#cite_ref-LightstoneReligion2002_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_N._LightstoneCanadian_Corporation_for_Studies_in_Religion2002" class="citation book cs1">Jack N. Lightstone; Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion (13 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s42kv4NGBU4C&pg=PA192">Mishnah and the social formation of the early Rabbinic Guild: a socio-rhetorical approach</a>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-375-4"><bdi>978-0-88920-375-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishnah+and+the+social+formation+of+the+early+Rabbinic+Guild%3A+a+socio-rhetorical+approach&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2002-05-13&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-375-4&rft.au=Jack+N.+Lightstone&rft.au=Canadian+Corporation+for+Studies+in+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds42kv4NGBU4C%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 23.1.2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_18-0">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html">"Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html">"Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051020130904/http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html">Archived</a> 2005-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-A_History-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_History_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_History_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayim_Ben-Sasson1985" class="citation book cs1">Hayim Ben-Sasson (October 15, 1985). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.au=Hayim+Ben-Sasson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LangeGerber1997-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LangeGerber1997_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LangeGerber1997_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Robert_Michael_De_LangeJane_S._Gerber1997" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Robert Michael De Lange; Jane S. Gerber (15 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00dela">The illustrated history of the Jewish people</a>. Harcourt Brace. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00dela/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100302-0"><bdi>978-0-15-100302-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+illustrated+history+of+the+Jewish+people&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1997-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-15-100302-0&rft.au=Nicholas+Robert+Michael+De+Lange&rft.au=Jane+S.+Gerber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedhisto00dela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chisholm1911attribution-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911attribution_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911attribution_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911attribution_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911attribution_21-3">d</a> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Abrahams, Israel</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jews" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jews">Jews</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 487–410, see page 403. <q>III.—From the Dispersion to Modern Times</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E410%2C+see+page+403&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edersheim1856-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Edersheim1856_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Edersheim1856" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Edersheim (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXQpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA551">History of the Jewish nation after the destruction of Jerusalem under Titus</a>. T. Constable and co. p. 551. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jewish+nation+after+the+destruction+of+Jerusalem+under+Titus&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=T.+Constable+and+co.&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Alfred+Edersheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXQpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine2018-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Levine2018_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_I._Levine2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lee I. Levine (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8133">"The Jewish patriarchate"</a>. In Tim Whitmarsh (ed.). Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.8133">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+patriarchate&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.8133&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.au=Lee+I.+Levine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.8133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanby1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Danby, H.</a>, ed. (1977), <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">The Mishnah</a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DanbyMishnah/page/383/mode/1up">383</a> (Sanhedrin 1:4), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X"><bdi>0-19-815402-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mishnah&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=383+%28%27%27Sanhedrin%27%27+1%3A4%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-19-815402-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanby1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Danby, H.</a>, ed. (1977), <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">The Mishnah</a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DanbyMishnah/page/383/mode/1up">383</a> (Sanhedrin 1:5), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X"><bdi>0-19-815402-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mishnah&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=383+%28%27%27Sanhedrin%27%27+1%3A5%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-19-815402-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtScroll-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArtScroll_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtScroll_26-1">b</a> Goldwurm, Hersh and Holder, Meir, History of the Jewish People, I "The Second Temple Era" (<a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">Mesorah Publications</a>: 1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89906-454-X">0-89906-454-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519083636/http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/sanhedrin.htm">"Sanhedrin"</a>. CUNY. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/sanhedrin.htm">the original</a> on 2006-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanhedrin&rft.pub=CUNY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Feconomic%2Ffriedman%2Fsanhedrin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Babylonian Talmud: Sanhedrin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.e-daf.com/DafImg.asp?ID=3613&size=1">2a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LightstoneReligion2002p.189-29"><a href="#cite_ref-LightstoneReligion2002p.189_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_N._LightstoneCanadian_Corporation_for_Studies_in_Religion2002" class="citation book cs1">Jack N. Lightstone; Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion (13 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s42kv4NGBU4C&pg=PA189">Mishnah and the social formation of the early Rabbinic Guild: a socio-rhetorical approach</a>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-375-4"><bdi>978-0-88920-375-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishnah+and+the+social+formation+of+the+early+Rabbinic+Guild%3A+a+socio-rhetorical+approach&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2002-05-13&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-375-4&rft.au=Jack+N.+Lightstone&rft.au=Canadian+Corporation+for+Studies+in+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds42kv4NGBU4C%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TausGarber2008-30"><a href="#cite_ref-TausGarber2008_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsther_Rogoff_TausZev_Garber2008" class="citation book cs1">Esther Rogoff Taus; Zev Garber (28 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASsHZFokICsC&pg=PA97">Torah for Today</a>. University Press of America. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3635-3"><bdi>978-0-7618-3635-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torah+for+Today&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3635-3&rft.au=Esther+Rogoff+Taus&rft.au=Zev+Garber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASsHZFokICsC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landman1941-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Landman1941_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac_Landman1941" class="citation book cs1">Isaac Landman (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrttAAAAMAAJ">The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: an authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times</a>. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, inc. p. 399. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Jewish+Encyclopedia%3A+an+authoritative+and+popular+presentation+of+Jews+and+Judaism+since+the+earliest+times&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=The+Universal+Jewish+Encyclopedia%2C+inc.&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Isaac+Landman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOrttAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/researchers-say-tiberias-basilica-may-have-housed-sanhedrin-1.117483">"Researchers say Tiberias basilica may have housed Sanhedrin"</a>. Haaretz. 22 March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Researchers+say+Tiberias+basilica+may+have+housed+Sanhedrin&rft.date=2004-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fresearchers-say-tiberias-basilica-may-have-housed-sanhedrin-1.117483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13180-sanhedrin-french">"SANHEDRIN, FRENCH - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2025-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=SANHEDRIN%2C+FRENCH+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13180-sanhedrin-french&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conquest-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conquest_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conquest_34-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alsadiqin.org/history/The%20Persian%20conquest%20of%20Jerusalem%20in%20614CE%20compared%20with%20Islamic%20conquest%20of%20638CE.pdf">The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Sefer Yuchsin, cf. Yarchei Kallah, Rabbi Nassan describes "the seventy judges who comprise the Sanhedrin". </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1965). <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah, with Maimonides' Commentary (Seder Nezīqīn)</a> (in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>. p. 102 (<a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> 1:3). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233308346">233308346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishnah%2C+with+Maimonides%27+Commentary+%28Seder+Nez%C4%ABq%C4%ABn%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=102+%28%27%27Sanhedrin+%28tractate%29%7CSanhedrin%27%27+1%3A3%29&rft.pub=Mossad+Harav+Kook&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233308346&rft.au=Maimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Sefer Mishneh Torah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)</a> (in Hebrew), Hil. Sanhedrin 4:11 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Cohen, S.J.D., "Patriarchs and Scholarchs," PAAJR 48 (1981), 57–85.</li> <li>Goodman, M., "The Roman State and the Jewish Patriarch in the Third Century," in L.I. Levnie (ed.), The Galilee in late Antiquity (New York, 1992), 127.39.</li> <li>Habas (Rubin), E., "Rabban Gamaliel of Yavneh and his Sons: The Patriarchate before and after the Bar Kokhva Revolt," JJS 50 (1999), 21–37.</li> <li>Levine, L.I., "The Patriarch (Nasi) in Third-Century Palestine," ANRW 2.19.2 (1979), 649–88.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Synedrium" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Synedrium">Synedrium</a>".</div></div> </div> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Abrahams, Israel</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jews" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jews">Jews</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 487–410, see page 403. <q>III.—From the Dispersion to Modern Times</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E410%2C+see+page+403&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Sanhedrin" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesanhedrin.org/en/main/history.html">Secular and religious history of the Jewish Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesanhedrin.org/en">English web site of the re-established Jewish Sanhedrin in Israel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jl/m/pm/48936377.html">The Jewish Court System</a> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=229&letter=S">Jewish Encyclopedia: "Sanhedrin"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sanhedrin">"Sanhedrin" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sanhedrin&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanhedrin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&oldid=1275986857">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&oldid=1275986857</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 06:45 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سنهدرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سنهدرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سنهدرین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنهدرین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="সানহেদ্রিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সানহেদ্রিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Сінедрыён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінедрыён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Синедрион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синедрион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanedr%C3%AD" title="Sanedrí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sanedrí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Σανχεντρίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σανχεντρίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanedr%C3%ADn" title="Sanedrín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sanedrín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinedrio" title="Sinedrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinedrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanedrin" title="Sanedrin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sanedrin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سنهدرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنهدرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanh%C3%A9drin" title="Sanhédrin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sanhédrin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%97%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%B0" title="산헤드린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산헤드린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinedrio" title="Sinedrio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinedrio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סנהדרין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנהדרין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrinas" title="Sanhedrinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sanhedrinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanedrina" title="Sanedrina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sanedrina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="السنهدرين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السنهدرين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin_(gerechtshof)" title="Sanhedrin (gerechtshof) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sanhedrin (gerechtshof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%98%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="サンヘドリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンヘドリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedryn" title="Sanhedryn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sanhedryn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A9drio" title="Sinédrio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinédrio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinedriu" title="Sinedriu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinedriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Синедрион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синедрион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سەنھێدرین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەنھێدرین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யூத தலைமைச் சங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூத தலைமைச் சங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanhedrin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Синедріон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синедріон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سنہدرین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنہدرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סנהדרין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סנהדרין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83" title="猶太公會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猶太公會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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