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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audiencias_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiencias_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Audiencias</i> in Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiencias_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reial_audi%C3%A8ncia" title="Reial audiència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reial audiència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencie" title="Audiencie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Audiencie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Real Audiencia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Real Audiencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_(juridiction)" title="Audience (juridiction) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Audience (juridiction)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Real Audiencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%EC%8B%AC%EB%AC%B8%EC%9B%90" title="왕립심문원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왕립심문원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Real Audiencia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="アウディエンシア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウディエンシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audi%C3%AAncia" title="Real Audiência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Real Audiência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевская аудиенсия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевская аудиенсия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AF%A9%E5%95%8F%E9%99%A2" title="皇家審問院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皇家審問院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1695783#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern court, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audience_Nacional_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audience Nacional of Spain (page does not exist)">Audience Nacional of Spain</a>.</div> <p> A <i><b>Real Audience</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[reˈal<span class="wrap"> </span>awˈðjenθja]</a></span>), or simply an <i><b>Audience</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">Reial Audiència, Audiència Reial, or Audiència</i>), was an <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">its empire</a>. The name of the institution literally translates as <b>Royal Audience</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional designation <i><b>chancillería</b></i> (or <i>cancillería</i>, Catalan: <i>cancelleria</i>, English: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chancellery" class="extiw" title="wikt:chancellery">chancellery</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was applied to the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate courts</a> in early modern Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot86_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot86-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <i>audiencia</i> had <i><a href="/wiki/Oidor" title="Oidor">oidores</a></i> (Spanish: judges, literally, "hearers"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audiencias_in_Spain"><i>Audiencias</i> in Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_Audiencia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Audiencias in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <i>audiencia</i> was founded in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> in 1371 at <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_and_Chanciller%C3%ADa_of_Valladolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia and Chancillería of Valladolid">Valladolid Audiencia</a> functioned as the highest court in Castile for the next two centuries. Appeals from the Castilian <i>audiencias</i> could only be made to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Castile" title="Council of Castile">Council of Castile</a> after its creation in 1480. </p><p>After the union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a> and the subsequent conquest of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> in 1492, the <i>audiencia</i> was divided in two, with the Audiencia of Valladolid taking cases originating north of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus River</a>, and the Royal Audiencia of <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a> (1494) taking cases from south of the river. The second <i>audiencia</i> was moved to <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> in 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot86_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot86-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, the <i>audiencia</i> system was extended first in Spain proper, with the Royal Audiencia of Aragon (1528) and then to the rest of the Spanish Empire. <i>Audiencias</i> in cities and provinces that belong to Spain today included <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> (1566), <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas</a> (1568), <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> (1571), <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> (1717), and <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> (1790). The <i>audiencias</i> and viceroys of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> were overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Aragon" title="Council of Aragon">Council of Aragon</a>, which had been established in 1494. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POMA0488.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POMA0488.jpg/275px-POMA0488.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POMA0488.jpg/413px-POMA0488.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/POMA0488.jpg/550px-POMA0488.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <i>Real Audiencia</i> of Lima, the <i>presidente</i>, <i>alcaldes de corte</i>, <i>fiscal</i> and <i>alguacil mayor</i>. (<a href="/wiki/Nueva_Cr%C3%B3nica_y_Buen_Gobierno" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno">Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno</a>, p. 488)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audiencias_in_the_Americas_and_the_Philippine_Islands"><i>Audiencias</i> in the Americas and the Philippine Islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_Audiencia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Audiencias in the Americas and the Philippine Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Americas">the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, the two institutions were also united, but with a different power relationship. The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> early on introduced the <i>audiencia</i> into the Americas as part of its campaign to bring the area and its Spanish settlers and <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquerors</a> under royal control. With the vast conquests on the American mainland, which began in the 1520s, it became clear that the <i>audiencia</i> system would not be sufficient to effectively run the overseas government. Viceroys were therefore introduced, but without the judicial powers the office had enjoyed under the Aragonese Crown. In the New World, instead, the <i>audiencias</i> were given a consultative and quasi-legislative role in the administration of the territories. Both viceroys and <i>audiencias</i> were ultimately overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the laws dealing with the establishment of the 16th- and 17th-century audiencias can be found in Book II, Title XV of the <i>Recopilación de <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias</a></i> issued in 1680. </p><p>The first <i>audiencia</i> in the Americas was established at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>) in 1511 with jurisdiction over the Caribbean islands and the adjacent mainland. It was quickly suppressed due to opposition by the Spanish settlers, but was re-established permanently in 1526. </p><p>As the Spanish conquest of the continent continued, more <i>audiencias</i> were founded in the new areas of settlement. The first mainland <i>audiencia</i> was set up in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico City</a> in 1527, just six years after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">fall of Tenochtitlan</a>, which had jurisdiction over most of what is now <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. </p><p>This audiencia was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Panama">Audiencia of Panama</a>, 1538, overseeing Central America and the littoral regions of northern South America until its abolishment in 1543. It later was reestablished with jurisdiction only over <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> proper in 1564, which functioned until 1751. </p><p>In 1543 with the abolition of the first Audiencia of Panama, two audiencias were established in its place: one in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a> with jurisdiction over Central America and another in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a> with jurisdiction over the newly settled areas of South America, which had been gained by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">conquest of Peru</a> and surrounding regions. <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, settled earlier, remained under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> in the early 18th century. </p><p>By the end of the 16th century six more audiencias had been established in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a>), 1548, covering what is now northern Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Santa Fe de Bogotá (Nueva Granada)</a>, 1548, overseeing most of modern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Charcas" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a>), 1559</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a>, 1565, with jurisdiction over most of modern <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n_Province,_Peru" title="Jaén Province, Peru">Jaén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbes_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbes Region">Tumbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n_Province" title="Popayán Province">Popayán</a> provinces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Concepción">Concepcíon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>), 1565, but which was abolished in 1575</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a> in 1583 overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li></ul> <p>In the 17th century two new <i>audiencias</i> were created in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a>, 1609, replacing the one in Concepción</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, which only operated from 1661 to 1672.</li></ul> <p>The last colonial audiencias were created under the Bourbon kings as part of their <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">administrative reforms</a>, which also involved setting up new viceroyalties. The new dynasty found no need for the second Audiencia of Panama and abolished it in 1751, transferring its jurisdiction to the one in Bogotá. New audiencias were established in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a>, 1786</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a> (Peru), 1787</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, 1783.</li></ul> <p>This meant that at the moment of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American independence</a> in the early 19th century, the overseas possessions of the Spanish Monarchy were overseen by twelve <i>audiencias.</i> After the loss of Santo Domingo to the French in 1795, the Audiencia of Santo Domingo was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and renamed the Audiencia of Puerto Príncipe. In 1838 a second Cuban <i>audiencia</i> was established in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, and from 1831 to 1853 Puerto Rico had its own <i>audiencia</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duties_and_composition">Duties and composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_Audiencia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Duties and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike their peninsular counterparts, the overseas <i>audiencias</i> had legislative and executive functions in addition to their judicial ones, and thus represented the king in his role as maker of laws and dispenser of justice, as evidenced by the fact that, as <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chanceries</a> (<i>chancillerías</i>, modern Spanish: <i>cancillerías</i>), they alone had the <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">royal seal</a>. Their importance in handling the affairs of state is reflected in the fact that many of the modern countries of Spanish-speaking South America and Panama have boundaries that are roughly the same as those of the former <i>audiencias</i>. <i>Audiencias</i> shared many government duties with the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">governors-captains generals</a> of the regions they oversaw, and so they served as a check on the authority of the latter. </p><p>An <i>audiencia</i> could issue local <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ordinance" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ordinance">ordinances</a> and served as a "<a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy council</a>" to the viceroy or governor-captain general. In this function it often met weekly and was called by the term <i>real acuerdo</i>. An <i>audiencia</i> also oversaw the royal treasury, and when meeting in this capacity with the royal treasurer, it was referred to as a <i>junta de hacienda</i> (literally, "finance board"). The crown attorney (<i>fiscal</i>) also had the right to correspond directly with the crown, especially on treasury issues and <i>acuerdo</i> decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, in the viceregal capitals of Spanish America, such as Mexico and Lima, the viceroy himself served as a <i>presidente</i> (president) of the audiencia. Likewise the governor-captain general served in this function in the various audiencias located in the capital of a captaincy general. In both cases the president had no vote in judicial matters, unless he was a trained lawyer, and only oversaw the administration of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>audiencias</i> with a viceroy or captain general in charge were referred to as <i>audiencias pretoriales</i> ("praetorial <i>audiencias</i>"), or occasionally <i>audiencias virreinales</i> ("viceregal <i>audiencias</i>"), in the case of the former. In the remaining audiencias, such as in Quito, where there was no viceroy or captain general, the president of the <i>audiencia</i> served as the main governor of the <i>audiencia</i> district and the region was often referred to as a "presidency," (e.g., the Presidency of Quito). The viceroy retained the right to oversee the administration of these <i>audiencia</i> districts, but could not interfere in judicial matters. These <i>audiencias</i> were referred to as <i>audiencias subordinadas</i> ("subordinate <i>audiencias</i>", although this did not imply that the <i>audiencias pretoriales</i> had the right to hear appeals). </p><p><i>Audiencia</i> officials, especially the president, were subject to two forms of review. At the end of the president's term, a <i><a href="/wiki/Juicio_de_residencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicio de residencia">juicio de residencia</a></i> (literally, "judgement of the period in office") was carried out, which reviewed the president's performance on the job and collected interviews many people affected by the <i>audiencia's</i> performance. Unscheduled inspections, called <i>visitas</i> (literally, "visits"), were also carried out if the crown felt it was needed. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a>, further limits were placed on viceroys and captains general. The office of <i>regente</i>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">chief justice</a>, was created which removed most of the administrative functions from the viceroy or captain general. Their role as <i>audiencia</i> president became honorary.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A viceroy or captain general, as the president of the <i>audiencia</i>, was charged by law with corresponding with the <i>audiencia</i> in writing, not in verbal commands. This created a record that could be checked later. <i>Audiencias</i> were <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">styled</a>, as a body, "<i>vuestra merced</i>" ("your grace", in the singular) and addressed directly as "<i>señores</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size and composition of an <i>audiencia</i> varied over time and place. For example, the first <i>audiencia</i> of Mexico had four <i>oidores</i>, one president and a <i>fiscal</i>, or crown attorney, meeting as only one chamber overseeing both civil and criminal cases. By the 17th century it had grown to two chambers handling civil and criminal cases separately. The civil chamber had eight <i>oidores</i> and one <i>fiscal</i>. The criminal chamber had four <i>alcaldes del crimen</i> (the chamber's equivalent of an <i>oidor</i>) and its own <i>fiscal</i>. In addition the <i>audiencia</i> had sundry other officers such as notaries, bailiffs, and the equivalent of modern <a href="/wiki/Public_defender" title="Public defender">public defenders</a>. The smallest overseas <i>audiencias</i> had a composition similar to the early Mexican one. </p><p>In their judicial function, an <i>audiencia</i> heard appeals from cases initially handled by justices of first instance, which could be, among others, <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> courts, <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">corregidores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde"><i>alcaldes ordinarios</i></a>. (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">Fuero</a></i>.) The <i>audiencia</i> also served as the court of first instance for crimes committed in the immediate jurisdiction of the city that served as the <i>audiencia'</i>s seat and any case involving crown officials. In criminal cases the <i>audiencia</i> was the court of final appeal. Only civil cases involving more than 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">silver pesos</a> could be appealed to the Council of the Indies, and only then within a statute of limitation of one year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that Audiencia presidents were not necessarily magistrates or lawyers, but men "clad in sword and cape", meant that they did not have any vote in court cases, and the court was not bound to submit to their authority, deferring ultimately to the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-virrey2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the authority of the president, when he was not a magistrate, was void in judicial matter and merely signed the verdicts.<sup id="cite_ref-virrey3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Audiencias chaired by the viceroy were called viceregal Audiencias,<sup id="cite_ref-virrey4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the chaired ones by a governor-captain general were the pretorial Audiencias.<sup id="cite_ref-virrey5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the pretorial Audiencias were chaired by a governor-captain general, this situation caused to appear the post of president-governor of major districts, with direct rule over a province and superior control of other provinces included inside the territorial district of the Audiencia, so that they exercised functions similar to the viceroys.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, another administrative division appeared: while the territories in charge of a governor were the minor provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the juridisdiccional scope of the Audiencias constituted the major provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MexCity-palacio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MexCity-palacio.jpg/220px-MexCity-palacio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MexCity-palacio.jpg/330px-MexCity-palacio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MexCity-palacio.jpg/440px-MexCity-palacio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Former Viceregal Palace and seat of the Audiencia of Mexico, since independence in 1821, the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">National Palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The members (<i>oidores</i>) of the Audiencia met with the president in a committee called royal agreement (<i>real acuerdo</i>), to take measurements for the government concerning the review of bylaws, appointments of commissioners (<i>jueces pesquisidores</i>), or retention of bulls, but the advice did not correspond to the Audiencia as institution but to its members as reputable people.<sup id="cite_ref-virrey2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decisions of the royal agreement were established in the concerted writs (<i>autos accordados</i>), nevertheless, there were matters as dispatching the issues of government, in which the Audiencia could not interfere either with the viceroy or the president-governor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This way, the control of the Audiencias over the viceroys enabled to the Crown to control the functions of government of the viceroys.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the viceregal and pretorial Audiencias were chaired by men clad in sword and cape, the presidents of the subordinated Audiencias were magistrates,<sup id="cite_ref-virrey4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that, in the juridisdiccional scope of the subordinated Audiencias, the functions of government, Treasury and war belonged to the viceroy.<sup id="cite_ref-virrey3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-virrey5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in these sections of the viceroyalties there were no governors-captains general but Audiencias, and the presidency gave them the name, for example in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Charcas" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there were accumulated in the same person the offices of viceroy, governor, captain general and president of the Audiencia, each of them had different jurisdictional areas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurisdiction of the viceregal Audiencia, whose president was the viceroy, ended face up to the jurisdiction of other Audiencias inside the same viceroyalty: as the pretorial Audiencias chaired by a governor-captain general, who had administrative, political and military authority, as the subordinated Audiencias, whose president did not have this administrative, political and military authority.<sup id="cite_ref-virrey5_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virrey5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, as governor, the direct administration of the province where was placed the viceregal capital belonged to the viceroy; nevertheless, with respect to the other governorates of the viceroyalty, his function was mere oversight or general inspection over the management of political affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imprecision in defining the powers of the viceroy and those of the provincial governors allowed the Crown to control their officials.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the viceroyalty of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Audiencia of Mexico</a>, chaired by the viceroy, ended its jurisdiction face up to the jurisdiction of other Audiencias of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (1543–1563; 1568-), of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audience_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audience of Manila">Manila</a> (1583–1589; 1595-), of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> (established in <a href="/wiki/Compostela,_Nayarit" title="Compostela, Nayarit">Compostela</a> in 1548 and transferred in 1560 to <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Jalisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Jalisco">Guadalajara</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> (1526-). The viceroy of New Spain as governor only had jurisdiction over a more reduced governorate of New Spain, and as captain general his authority did not comprise either the captaincies of <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a> or the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it comprised the military command over the governorate of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a territory under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, until in 1708 the captaincy general was attached to the governor of this province of Nueva Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">viceroyalty of Peru</a>, the viceroy presided the Audiencia of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a> (1542-), and the jurisdiction of this Audiencia ended face up to the jurisdictions of the pretorial Audiencias of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a> (1538–1543; 1563–1717), of <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Santa Fe de Bogotá</a> (1547-), of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago de Chile</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> between 1565 and 1575, and in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> de Chile since 1605), and that of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> (1661–1672), whose presidents were also both governors and captains general, and in addition to these Audiencias, the viceroyalty comprised the subordinated Audiencias of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Charcas" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (La Plata; 1559-) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a> (1563-).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audiencias_in_Italy"><i>Audiencias</i> in Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_Audiencia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Audiencias in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <i>Audiencia</i> in Sardinia, see <a href="/wiki/Reale_Udienza" title="Reale Udienza">Reale Udienza</a>.</div> <p><i>Audiencias</i> in the Spanish possessions in Europe included the Italian domains of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (1564–1714) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> (1569–1707). In Italy, the Castilian institution of the <i>audiencia</i> was united with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a> institution of the viceroy. The Aragonese viceroys were literally "vice-kings," and as such, had the power to administer justice and issue laws; therefore they were integrally involved in the judicial proceedings of the Italian <i>audiencias</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1555 a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Italy" title="Council of Italy">Council of Italy</a> was created to oversee the viceroys and <i>audiencias</i> in Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_Audiencia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/#es/en/Real%20Audiencia">"Real Audiencia"</a>. <i>Google Translate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Translate&rft.atitle=Real+Audiencia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2F%23es%2Fen%2FReal%2520Audiencia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/#es/en/Chanciller%C3%ADa">"Chancillería"</a>. <i>Google Translate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Translate&rft.atitle=Chanciller%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2F%23es%2Fen%2FChanciller%25C3%25ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliot86-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot86_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot86_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, <i>Imperial Spain</i>, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, <i>Viceregal Administration</i>, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haring, <i>The Spanish Empire in America</i>, 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haring, 120-122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-virrey2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-virrey2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-virrey2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosco_Amores2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bosco Amores, Juan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dNzKGOzbmUC&pg=PA276"><i>Historia de América</i></a> (in Spanish). Editorial Ariel. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-344-5211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-344-5211-4"><bdi>978-84-344-5211-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Editorial+Ariel&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-84-344-5211-4&rft.aulast=Bosco+Amores&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dNzKGOzbmUC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-virrey3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-virrey3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-virrey3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuro_Orejón1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muro Orejón, Antonio, ed. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_BicccJEDpQC&pg=PR32"><i>Cedulario americano del siglo XVIII: Cédulas de Luis I (1724), Cédulas de Felipe V (1724–46)</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 3. CSIC. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-03735-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-03735-2"><bdi>978-84-00-03735-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cedulario+americano+del+siglo+XVIII%3A+C%C3%A9dulas+de+Luis+I+%281724%29%2C+C%C3%A9dulas+de+Felipe+V+%281724%E2%80%9346%29&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=CSIC&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-84-00-03735-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_BicccJEDpQC%26pg%3DPR32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-virrey4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-virrey4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-virrey4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelso1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Celso, Ramón Lorenzo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qea56GOWpnEC&pg=PA28"><i>Manual de historia constitucional Argentina</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Editorial Juris. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-950-817-022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-950-817-022-4"><bdi>978-950-817-022-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+de+historia+constitucional+Argentina&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Editorial+Juris&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-950-817-022-4&rft.aulast=Celso&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n+Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqea56GOWpnEC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-virrey5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-virrey5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-virrey5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-virrey5_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridikhina2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bridikhina, Eugenia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04N-ikzU7LMC&pg=PA38"><i>Theatrum mundi: entramados del poder en Charcas colonial</i></a> (in Spanish). Plural Editores. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-080-3"><bdi>978-99954-1-080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatrum+mundi%3A+entramados+del+poder+en+Charcas+colonial&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Plural+Editores&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-99954-1-080-3&rft.aulast=Bridikhina&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04N-ikzU7LMC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmann_Villena1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lohmann Villena, Guillermo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq2DZpHvPkkC&pg=PA464">"La nueva estructura política"</a>. In Carrera Damas, Germán (ed.). <i>Historia general de América Latina</i> (in Spanish). Vol. 2. UNESCO. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-303151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-303151-7"><bdi>978-92-3-303151-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+nueva+estructura+pol%C3%ADtica&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-92-3-303151-7&rft.aulast=Lohmann+Villena&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBq2DZpHvPkkC%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Ruiz2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Ruiz, Enrique (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dUWbt0KSgYC&pg=PA188"><i>Diccionario de historia moderna de España</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Ediciones_Akal" title="Ediciones Akal">Ediciones Akal</a>. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7090-353-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7090-353-3"><bdi>978-84-7090-353-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+historia+moderna+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Ediciones+Akal&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-7090-353-3&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dUWbt0KSgYC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DWBNjs8iwEC&pg=PA611"><i>Historia general de España y América</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Ediciones Rialp. 1992. p. 611. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-321-2102-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-321-2102-9"><bdi>978-84-321-2102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+Espa%C3%B1a+y+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=611&rft.pub=Ediciones+Rialp&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-84-321-2102-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DWBNjs8iwEC%26pg%3DPA611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuro_Romero1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muro Romero, Fernando (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLfZaSvdgVMC&pg=PA103"><i>Las presidencias-gobernaciones en Indias (siglo XVI)</i></a> (in Spanish). CSIC. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-04233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-04233-2"><bdi>978-84-00-04233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+presidencias-gobernaciones+en+Indias+%28siglo+XVI%29&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=CSIC&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-84-00-04233-2&rft.aulast=Muro+Romero&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLfZaSvdgVMC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Álvarez1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRajacBoHZUC&pg=PA513"><i>España y los españoles en los tiempos modernos</i></a> (in Spanish). Universidad de Salamanca. p. 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7481-082-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7481-082-0"><bdi>978-84-7481-082-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Espa%C3%B1a+y+los+espa%C3%B1oles+en+los+tiempos+modernos&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Salamanca&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-84-7481-082-0&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRajacBoHZUC%26pg%3DPA513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridikhina2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bridikhina, Eugenia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04N-ikzU7LMC&pg=PA41"><i>Theatrum mundi: entramados del poder en Charcas colonial</i></a> (in Spanish). Plural Editores. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-080-3"><bdi>978-99954-1-080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatrum+mundi%3A+entramados+del+poder+en+Charcas+colonial&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Plural+Editores&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-99954-1-080-3&rft.aulast=Bridikhina&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04N-ikzU7LMC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinet_Plasencia1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinet Plasencia, Adela (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0L5_lzURQkC&pg=PA34"><i>La Península de Yucatán en el Archivo General de la Nación</i></a> (in Spanish). UNAM. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-36-5757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-36-5757-2"><bdi>978-968-36-5757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Pen%C3%ADnsula+de+Yucat%C3%A1n+en+el+Archivo+General+de+la+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=UNAM&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-968-36-5757-2&rft.aulast=Pinet+Plasencia&rft.aufirst=Adela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0L5_lzURQkC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGóngora1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Góngora, Mario (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dPIXTZ3xJkC&pg=PA103"><i>Estudios sobre la historia colonial de hispanoamérica</i></a> (in Spanish). p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-11-1381-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-11-1381-7"><bdi>978-956-11-1381-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudios+sobre+la+historia+colonial+de+hispanoam%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-956-11-1381-7&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3ngora&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dPIXTZ3xJkC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicente_Villarán1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vicente Villarán, Manuel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIR_AWTxpkgC&pg=PA473"><i>Lecciones de derecho constitucional</i></a> (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-132-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-42-132-7"><bdi>978-9972-42-132-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lecciones+de+derecho+constitucional&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9972-42-132-7&rft.aulast=Vicente+Villar%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIR_AWTxpkgC%26pg%3DPA473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreo_García2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andreo García, Juan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keYAW_4N_YwC&pg=PA282">"Su Majestad quiere gobernar: la Administración española en Indias durante los siglos XVI y XVII"</a>. In Juan Bautista Vilar; Antonio Peñafiel Ramón; Antonio Irigoyen López (eds.). <i>Historia y sociabilidad: homenaje a la profesora María del Carmen Melendreras Gimeno</i> (in Spanish). EDITUM. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8371-654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8371-654-0"><bdi>978-84-8371-654-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Su+Majestad+quiere+gobernar%3A+la+Administraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+en+Indias+durante+los+siglos+XVI+y+XVII&rft.btitle=Historia+y+sociabilidad%3A+homenaje+a+la+profesora+Mar%C3%ADa+del+Carmen+Melendreras+Gimeno&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=EDITUM&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-8371-654-0&rft.aulast=Andreo+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeYAW_4N_YwC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiego-Fernández2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diego-Fernández, Rafael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwFafLvE9IMC&pg=PR29">"Estudio introductorio"</a>. In Juan Bautista Vilar; Antonio Peñafiel Ramón; Antonio Irigoyen López (eds.). <i>Historia y sociabilidad: homenaje a la profesora María del Carmen Melendreras Gimeno</i> (in Spanish). EDITUM. p. xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8371-654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8371-654-0"><bdi>978-84-8371-654-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estudio+introductorio&rft.btitle=Historia+y+sociabilidad%3A+homenaje+a+la+profesora+Mar%C3%ADa+del+Carmen+Melendreras+Gimeno&rft.pages=xxix&rft.pub=EDITUM&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-8371-654-0&rft.aulast=Diego-Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwFafLvE9IMC%26pg%3DPR29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Blas2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Blas, Patricio (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiacomndeib00patr"><i>Historia común de Iberoamérica</i></a></span> (in Spanish). EDAF. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiacomndeib00patr/page/208">208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-414-0766-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-414-0766-4"><bdi>978-84-414-0766-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+com%C3%BAn+de+Iberoam%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=EDAF&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-84-414-0766-4&rft.aulast=de+Blas&rft.aufirst=Patricio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriacomndeib00patr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzászdi2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szászdi, Adam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSLB2LVrhDIC&pg=PA1709">"Virreyes y Audiencias de Indias en el reinado de don Felipe II: Algunos señalamientos necesarios"</a>. In Feliciano Barrios (ed.). <i>Derecho y administracion pub'lica en las Indias hispánicas: Actas del XII Congreso Internacional de Historia del Derecho Indiano, Toledo</i> (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha. p. 1709. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8427-180-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8427-180-2"><bdi>978-84-8427-180-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virreyes+y+Audiencias+de+Indias+en+el+reinado+de+don+Felipe+II%3A+Algunos+se%C3%B1alamientos+necesarios&rft.btitle=Derecho+y+administracion+pub%27lica+en+las+Indias+hisp%C3%A1nicas%3A+Actas+del+XII+Congreso+Internacional+de+Historia+del+Derecho+Indiano%2C+Toledo&rft.pages=1709&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Castilla+La+Mancha&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-84-8427-180-2&rft.aulast=Sz%C3%A1szdi&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSLB2LVrhDIC%26pg%3DPA1709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubio_Mañé1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rubio Mañé, Ignacio José (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPaRkqsMiVoC&pg=PA45"><i>El Virreinato</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 1. UNAM. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-16-1354-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-16-1354-9"><bdi>978-968-16-1354-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Virreinato&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=UNAM&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-968-16-1354-9&rft.aulast=Rubio+Ma%C3%B1%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ignacio+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPaRkqsMiVoC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubio_Mañé1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rubio Mañé, Ignacio José (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPaRkqsMiVoC&pg=PA50"><i>El Virreinato</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 1. UNAM. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-16-1354-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-16-1354-9"><bdi>978-968-16-1354-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Virreinato&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=UNAM&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-968-16-1354-9&rft.aulast=Rubio+Ma%C3%B1%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ignacio+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPaRkqsMiVoC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorón1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morón, Guillermo (1995). Medina, José Ramón (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5eBu6q2VXgC&pg=PA65"><i>Obra escogida</i></a> (in Spanish). Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacucho. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-276-313-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-276-313-9"><bdi>978-980-276-313-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obra+escogida&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Fundacion+Biblioteca+Ayacucho&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-980-276-313-9&rft.aulast=Mor%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5eBu6q2VXgC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinet_Plasencia1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinet Plasencia, Adela (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0L5_lzURQkC&pg=PA33"><i>La Península de Yucatán en el Archivo General de la Nación</i></a> (in Spanish). UNAM. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-36-5757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-36-5757-2"><bdi>978-968-36-5757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Pen%C3%ADnsula+de+Yucat%C3%A1n+en+el+Archivo+General+de+la+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=UNAM&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-968-36-5757-2&rft.aulast=Pinet+Plasencia&rft.aufirst=Adela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0L5_lzURQkC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaravagliaMarchena_Fernández2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garavaglia, Juan Carlos; Marchena Fernández, Juan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhPNmx3UkkQC&pg=PA267"><i>América Latina de los orígenes a la Independencia</i></a> (in Spanish). Editorial Critica. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8432-652-6"><bdi>978-84-8432-652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+de+los+or%C3%ADgenes+a+la+Independencia&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Editorial+Critica&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-84-8432-652-6&rft.aulast=Garavaglia&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Marchena+Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhPNmx3UkkQC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMéndez_Salcedo2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Méndez Salcedo, Ildefonso (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKNhXPKy0JEC&pg=PA69"><i>La Capitanía General de Venezuela, 1777–1821</i></a> (in Spanish). Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Universidad de los Andes. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-244-299-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-244-299-7"><bdi>978-980-244-299-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Capitan%C3%ADa+General+de+Venezuela%2C+1777%E2%80%931821&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+Andr%C3%A9s+Bello%2C+Universidad+de+los+Andes&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-980-244-299-7&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9ndez+Salcedo&rft.aufirst=Ildefonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKNhXPKy0JEC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornejo_Franco1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cornejo Franco, José (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkWPvT97HIgC&pg=PR8"><i>Testimonios de Guadalajara</i></a> (in Spanish). UNAM. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-36-2671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-36-2671-4"><bdi>978-968-36-2671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimonios+de+Guadalajara&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=UNAM&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-968-36-2671-4&rft.aulast=Cornejo+Franco&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkWPvT97HIgC%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Blas2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Blas, Patricio (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiacomndeib00patr"><i>Historia común de Iberoamérica</i></a></span> (in Spanish). EDAF. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiacomndeib00patr/page/210">210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-414-0766-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-414-0766-4"><bdi>978-84-414-0766-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+com%C3%BAn+de+Iberoam%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=EDAF&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-84-414-0766-4&rft.aulast=de+Blas&rft.aufirst=Patricio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriacomndeib00patr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, 165.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_Audiencia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>English</b> </p> <ul><li>Burkholder, Mark A. and D. S. Chandler. <i>Biographical Dictionary of Audiencia Ministers in the Americas</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-22038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-22038-7">0-313-22038-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkholder1977" class="citation book cs1">Burkholder, Mark A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/fromimpotencetoa00burk"><i>From Impotence to Authority : The Spanish Crown and the American Audiencias, 1687-1808</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0219-2"><bdi>978-0-8262-0219-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Impotence+to+Authority+%3A+The+Spanish+Crown+and+the+American+Audiencias%2C+1687-1808&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-0219-2&rft.aulast=Burkholder&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromimpotencetoa00burk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1919" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Charles Henry (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41443"><i>The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies as Illustrated by the Audiencia of Malina (1583-1800)</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-2863-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-2863-0"><bdi>978-0-7222-2863-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audiencia+in+the+Spanish+Colonies+as+Illustrated+by+the+Audiencia+of+Malina+%281583-1800%29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1919&rft.isbn=978-0-7222-2863-0&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F41443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1964" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, J. H. (John Huxtable) (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/imperialspain1460000elli_j8t4"><i>Imperial Spain, 1469-1716</i></a>. New York, St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Spain%2C+1469-1716&rft.pub=New+York%2C+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+%28John+Huxtable%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialspain1460000elli_j8t4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Elliott, J. H. "A Provincial Aristocracy: The Catalan Ruling Class in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" in <i>Spain and its World, 1500-1700</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04217-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04217-5">0-300-04217-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1926" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Lillian Estelle (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173023495381&view=1up&seq=11"><i>Viceregal Administration in the Spanish-American Colonies</i></a>. University of California publications in history; v. 15. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viceregal+Administration+in+the+Spanish-American+Colonies&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.series=University+of+California+publications+in+history%3B+v.+15&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Lillian+Estelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dtxu.059173023495381%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaring1947" class="citation book cs1">Haring, C. H. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haring-c.-h.-the-spanish-empire-in-america-ocr-1947-1963/mode/2up"><i>The Spanish Empire in America</i></a>. Harcourt, Brace and World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Empire+in+America&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+World&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Haring&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharing-c.-h.-the-spanish-empire-in-america-ocr-1947-1963%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1948" class="citation book cs1">Parry, J. H. (John Horace) (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/audienciaofnewga0000parr"><i>The Audiencia of New Galicia in the Sixteenth Century : a Study in Spanish Colonial Government</i></a>. Cambridge, Eng. : University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audiencia+of+New+Galicia+in+the+Sixteenth+Century+%3A+a+Study+in+Spanish+Colonial+Government&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Eng.+%3A+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+%28John+Horace%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faudienciaofnewga0000parr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReal+Audiencia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Spanish</b> </p> <ul><li>Artola, Miguel (1991) <i>Enciclopedia de Historia de España. (V. Diccionario Temático)</i>. Madrid, Alianza Editorial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-206-5294-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-206-5294-6">84-206-5294-6</a></li> <li>Coronas González, S.M. (1981), "La Audiencia y Chancilleria de Ciudad Real (1494–1505)" en <i>Cuadernos de Estudios Manchegos</i>, 11, pp. 47 – 139.</li> <li>Dougnac Rodríguez, Antonio (1994), <i>Manual de Historia del Derecho Indiano</i>, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-36-4147-4" title="Special:BookSources/968-36-4147-4">968-36-4147-4</a>.</li> <li>Sánchez Bella, Ismael; De la Hera, Alberto; y Díaz Rementeria, Carlos (1992), <i>Historia del Derecho Indiano</i>, Madrid: MAPFRE. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7100-512-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-7100-512-3">84-7100-512-3</a>.</li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1695783#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at 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