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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paleogeography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_sea_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_sea_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate and sea level</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate_and_sea_level-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate and sea level subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_sea_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perturbations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perturbations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Perturbations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perturbations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silurian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluur" title="Siluur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siluur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="العصر السيلوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر السيلوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%BAricu" title="Silúricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Silúricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Silur dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Silur dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সিলুরিয়ান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিলুরিয়ান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Silurian" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silures-k%C3%AD" title="Silures-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Silures-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Сілурскі перыяд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сілурскі перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Сылюрскі пэрыяд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сылюрскі пэрыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Силур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Силур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Silurian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluri%C3%A0" title="Silurià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Silurià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silwraidd" title="Silwraidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Silwraidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σιλούρια περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιλούρια περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%BArico" title="Silúrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Silúrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurio" title="Silurio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silurio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluriar" title="Siluriar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siluriar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیلورین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیلورین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurien" title="Silurien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Silurien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tr%C3%A9imhse_Shiol%C3%BArach" title="An Tréimhse Shiolúrach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tréimhse Shiolúrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%BArico" title="Silúrico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Silúrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%A3%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EA%B8%B0" title="실루리아기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실루리아기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սիլուրի ժամանակաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիլուրի ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="सिल्यूरियाई कल्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिल्यूरियाई कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADl%C3%BArt%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Sílúrtímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sílúrtímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluriano" title="Siluriano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Siluriano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סילור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סילור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სილურული სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სილურული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Силур кезеңі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Силур кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Силур мезгили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Силур мезгили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurium" title="Silurium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Silurium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C5%ABrs" title="Silūrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Silūrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C5%ABras" title="Silūras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Silūras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluur" title="Siluur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Siluur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Silurian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.siluren._cedran." title=".siluren. cedran. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title=".siluren. cedran." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szilur" title="Szilur – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szilur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Силур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Силур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیلورین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیلورین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9-l%C3%A0u-g%C4%AB" title="Cé-làu-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cé-làu-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluur" title="Siluur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Siluur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="प्रवालयुग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रवालयुग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%E7%B4%80" title="シルル紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シルル紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur_davri" title="Silur davri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Silur davri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیلورین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیلورین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluran" title="Siluran – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Siluran" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylur" title="Sylur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sylur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluriano" title="Siluriano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Siluriano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Silurian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Силурийский период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Силурийский период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Silurian" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silurian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%BAr" title="Silúr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Silúr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluriyaan" title="Siluriyaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Siluriyaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Силур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Силур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluurikausi" title="Siluurikausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siluurikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluriyano" title="Siluriyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Siluriyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிலுரியக் காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலுரியக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ยุคไซลูเรียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคไซลูเรียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%BCriyen" title="Silüriyen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Silüriyen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Силурійський період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Силурійський період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سلوری دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلوری دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B7_Silur" title="Kỷ Silur – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỷ Silur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silur" title="Silur – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Silur" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Silurian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%BA%AA" title="志留纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="志留纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_S%C3%ADl%C3%BAr%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Ìgbà Sílúríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Sílúríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="志留紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="志留紀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Third period of the Paleozoic Era, 443–419 million years ago</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Silurian_(Doctor_Who)" title="Silurian (Doctor Who)">Silurian (<i>Doctor Who</i>)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Silurian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Silurian (disambiguation)">Silurian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(179,225,182);">Silurian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">443.8 ± 1.5 – 419.2 ± 3.2 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:70.790769230769px; width:6.3261538461539px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth,_430_Ma_(Homerian_Age).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_430_Ma_%28Homerian_Age%29.png/250px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_430_Ma_%28Homerian_Age%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_430_Ma_%28Homerian_Age%29.png/375px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_430_Ma_%28Homerian_Age%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_430_Ma_%28Homerian_Age%29.png/500px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_430_Ma_%28Homerian_Age%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of Earth as it appeared 430 million years ago during the Silurian Period, Wenlock Epoch</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:26.65em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:34em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−444 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−442 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.67em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−440 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.99em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−438 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−436 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.07em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−434 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.84em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.61em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−432 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−430 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−428 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.47em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.24em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−426 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−424 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−422 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.10em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.87em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−420 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.41em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−418 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:10.5em;height:34em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:34.000em;left:0.000em;width:1.050em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-17.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(0,146,112);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:32.111em;height:1.889em;left:1.155em;width:9.345em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.944em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,225,182);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.889em;height:30.122em;left:1.155em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.061em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silurian</a></span></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(203,140,55);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.889em;left:1.155em;width:9.345em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.944em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:34.000em;left:0.000em;width:10.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-17.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,215,179);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:19.334em;height:12.677em;left:2.415em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.338em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,225,194);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.963em;height:7.371em;left:2.415em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.686em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(191,230,207);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.557em;height:5.306em;left:2.415em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.653em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(230,245,225);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.889em;height:4.668em;left:2.415em;width:8.085em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.334em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Přídolí</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:34.000em;left:0.000em;width:10.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-17.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(166,220,181);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:28.425em;height:3.586em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.793em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Rhuddanian" title="Rhuddanian">Rhuddanian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,225,194);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.600em;height:2.826em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.413em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Aeronian" title="Aeronian">Aeronian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(191,230,207);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:19.334em;height:6.166em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.083em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Telychian" title="Telychian">Telychian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(191,230,195);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:15.771em;height:3.563em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.781em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Sheinwoodian" title="Sheinwoodian">Sheinwoodian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(204,235,209);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.963em;height:3.808em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.904em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Homerian" title="Homerian">Homerian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(204,236,221);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:9.752em;height:2.111em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.056em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Gorstian" title="Gorstian">Gorstian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(217,240,223);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.557em;height:3.194em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.597em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Ludfordian" title="Ludfordian">Ludfordian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:15.771em;height:0.061em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.031em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.557em;height:0.061em;left:2.415em;width:8.085em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.031em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.889em;height:0.061em;left:1.155em;width:9.345em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.031em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:34.000em;left:10.395em;width:0.105em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-17.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.889em;height:30.222em;left:2.310em;width:0.105em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.111em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.557em;height:25.554em;left:3.570em;width:0.105em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-12.777em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:34em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.786em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Lau_event" title="Lau event">Lau event</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:11.472em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Mulde_event" title="Mulde event">Mulde event</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jeppsson2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeppsson2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:19.334em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ireviken_event" title="Ireviken event">Ireviken event</a><sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:23.5em"><b>Subdivision of the Silurian according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2023.</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Synonym(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Gotlandian</b><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">System</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">First proposed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a>, 1835</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Graptolite" title="Graptolite">Graptolite</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akidograptus_ascensus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akidograptus ascensus (page does not exist)">Akidograptus ascensus</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dob%27s_Linn" title="Dob's Linn">Dob's Linn</a>, Moffat, United Kingdom<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silurian&params=55.4400_N_3.2700_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°26′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°16′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.4400°N 3.2700°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.4400; -3.2700</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1984<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">FAD of the Graptolite <i><a href="/wiki/Monograptus" title="Monograptus">Monograptus uniformis</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Klonk" title="Klonk">Klonk</a>, Czech Republic<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silurian&params=49.8550_N_13.7920_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°51′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°47′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.8550°N 13.7920°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.8550; 13.7920</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1972<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Atmospheric and climatic data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Sea level above present day</th><td class="infobox-data">Around 180 m, with short-term negative excursions<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Silurian</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/lj/: 'l' in 'lute'">lj</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">sih-<span style="font-size:90%">LURE</span>-ee-ən, sy-</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">geologic period and system</a> spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> Period, at 443.8 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Mya</a>), to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> Period, 419.2 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Silurian is the third and shortest period of the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> Era, and the third of twelve periods of the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> Eon. As with other <a href="/wiki/Geologic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic period">geologic periods</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by a few million years. The base of the Silurian is set at a series of major <a href="/wiki/Ordovician%E2%80%93Silurian_extinction_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician–Silurian extinction events">Ordovician–Silurian extinction events</a> when up to 60% of marine genera were wiped out. </p><p>One important event in this period was the initial establishment of terrestrial life in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Silurian-Devonian_Terrestrial_Revolution" title="Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution">Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> emerged from more primitive land plants,<sup id="cite_ref-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dikarya" title="Dikarya">dikaryan</a> fungi started expanding and diversifying along with <a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">glomeromycotan</a> fungi,<sup id="cite_ref-LutzoniEtAl2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LutzoniEtAl2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three groups of arthropods (<a href="/wiki/Myriapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriapods">myriapods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arachnids" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnids">arachnids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a>) became fully terrestrialized.<sup id="cite_ref-Garwood_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garwood-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another significant evolutionary milestone during the Silurian was the diversification of <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">jawed fish</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Placoderm" title="Placoderm">placoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acanthodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodian">acanthodians</a> (which gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous fish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteichthyan">osteichthyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a>, further divided into <a href="/wiki/Lobe-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobe-finned fish">lobe-finned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fishes</a>)，<sup id="cite_ref-Brazeau-Friedman-2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazeau-Friedman-2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this corresponded to sharp decline of <a href="/wiki/Jawless_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless fish">jawless fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">ostracoderms</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_study">History of study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Life timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_timeline" title="Template talk:Life timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:49.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:46.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.43em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:44.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:39.92em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e5cc7f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:50.000em;left:0.910em;width:12.090em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-25.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:4.537em;left:1.040em;width:11.960em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.269em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Water</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:44.053em;left:1.040em;width:0.130em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-22.026em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:38.546em;height:5.507em;left:1.170em;width:11.830em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.546em;left:1.170em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.273em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.128em;height:15.419em;left:1.430em;width:11.570em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.709em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:23.128em;left:1.430em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.564em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.621em;height:5.507em;left:1.690em;width:11.310em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:17.621em;left:1.690em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.811em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:11.663em;left:1.950em;width:11.050em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.831em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:1.950em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.982em;height:7.379em;left:2.210em;width:1.170em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.689em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;">P<br />l<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />s</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.210em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.203em;height:3.756em;left:3.380em;width:9.620em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.878em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffff00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.470em;width:3.510em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.53em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Evolutionary_history" title="Flowering plant">Flowers</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.721em;height:2.583em;left:3.380em;width:5.070em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.291em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:8.580em;width:4.420em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.606em;height:1.597em;left:8.450em;width:4.290em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.15em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.798em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.333em;left:5.980em;width:2.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.225em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.666em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffbbbb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.606em;left:8.710em;width:4.030em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.303em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#993c00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:5.947em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.974em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.80em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:#ffffff;">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.533em;height:16.520em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.2em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.260em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><br /><br /><br />A<br />r<br />c<br />h<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:21.575em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.787em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">P<br />h<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:8.260em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.130em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth formed</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.568em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Earliest water</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:47.907em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:44.053em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest fossils</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.952em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB meteorites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:38.546em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.278em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:25.330em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.780em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.026em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.621em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Earliest multicellular life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.520em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.361em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Earliest plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.260em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.489em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.993em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.958em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.15em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.956em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.075em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Earliest tetrapods</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:3.304em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Karoo ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.275em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Earliest apes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.018em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div><div style="float:right;font-size:95%;">*<i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Ice Ages</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Silurian system was first identified by the Scottish geologist <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a>, who was examining fossil-bearing sedimentary rock <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> in south <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in the early 1830s. He named the sequences for a <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribe of Wales, the <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a>, inspired by his friend <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>, who had named the period of his study the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name for Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the British rocks now identified as belonging to the Silurian System and the lands now thought to have been inhabited in antiquity by the Silures show little correlation (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cf" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cf"><abbr title="compare">cf</abbr></a>. <a href="/wiki/File:Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg" title="File:Geologic map Wales & SW England EN.svg">Geologic map of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Wales.pre-Roman.jpg" title="File:Wales.pre-Roman.jpg">Map of pre-Roman tribes of Wales</a>), Murchison conjectured that their territory included <a href="/wiki/Caer_Caradoc" title="Caer Caradoc">Caer Caradoc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Edge" title="Wenlock Edge">Wenlock Edge</a> exposures - and that if it did not there were plenty of Silurian rocks elsewhere 'to sanction the name proposed'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835 the two men presented a joint paper, under the title <i>On the Silurian and Cambrian Systems, Exhibiting the Order in which the Older Sedimentary Strata Succeed each other in England and Wales,</i> which was the germ of the modern <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological time scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was first identified, the "Silurian" series when traced farther afield quickly came to overlap Sedgwick's "Cambrian" sequence, however, provoking furious disagreements that ended the friendship. </p><p>The English geologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapworth" title="Charles Lapworth">Charles Lapworth</a> resolved the conflict by defining a new <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> system including the contested beds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative name for the Silurian was <i>"Gotlandian"</i> after the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Gotland" title="Geology of Gotland">strata of the Baltic island of Gotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French geologist <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Barrande" title="Joachim Barrande">Joachim Barrande</a>, building on Murchison's work, used the term <i>Silurian</i> in a more comprehensive sense than was justified by subsequent knowledge. He divided the Silurian rocks of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> into eight stages.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His interpretation was questioned in 1854 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Forbes" title="Edward Forbes">Edward Forbes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the later stages of Barrande; F, G and H have since been shown to be Devonian. Despite these modifications in the original groupings of the strata, it is recognized that Barrande established Bohemia as a classic ground for the study of the earliest Silurian fossils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subdivisions of the Silurian period </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Epoch</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">Age</a></th> <th>Start<br />(mya)</th> <th>Etymology of<br />Epochs and Stages</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhuddanian" title="Rhuddanian">Rhuddanian</a></td> <td>443.8</td> <td>Cefn-Rhuddan Farm, <a href="/wiki/Llandovery" title="Llandovery">Llandovery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>, Wales</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeronian" title="Aeronian">Aeronian</a></td> <td>440.8</td> <td>Cwm Coed-Aeron Farm, Wales</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trefawr_Track" title="Trefawr Track">Trefawr Track</a> near the farm is the site of the GSSP </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telychian" title="Telychian">Telychian</a></td> <td>438.5</td> <td>Pen-lan-Telych Farm, Llandovery, Wales</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_(Silurian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenlock (Silurian)">Wenlock</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheinwoodian" title="Sheinwoodian">Sheinwoodian</a></td> <td>433.4</td> <td>Sheinwood village, <a href="/wiki/Much_Wenlock" title="Much Wenlock">Much Wenlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Edge" title="Wenlock Edge">Wenlock Edge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, England</td> <td rowspan="2">During the Wenlock, the oldest-known <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">tracheophytes</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cooksonia" title="Cooksonia">Cooksonia</a></i>, appear. The complexity of slightly later <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> plants like <i><a href="/wiki/Baragwanathia" title="Baragwanathia">Baragwanathia</a></i>, which resembled a modern clubmoss, indicates a much longer history for vascular plants, extending into the early Silurian or even <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first terrestrial animals also appear in the Wenlock, represented by air-breathing <a href="/wiki/Millipedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Millipedes">millipedes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Selden&Read_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selden&Read-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Homerian" title="Homerian">Homerian</a></td> <td>430.5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homer,_Shropshire" title="Homer, Shropshire">Homer, Shropshire</a>, England </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Group" title="Ludlow Group">Ludlow</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorstian" title="Gorstian">Gorstian</a></td> <td>427.4</td> <td>Gorsty village near <a href="/wiki/Ludlow" title="Ludlow">Ludlow</a>, Shropshire, England</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludfordian" title="Ludfordian">Ludfordian</a></td> <td>425.6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludford,_Shropshire" title="Ludford, Shropshire">Ludford, Shropshire</a>, England</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADdol%C3%AD_Epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Přídolí Epoch">Přídolí</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>423.0</td> <td>Named after a locality at the <i>Homolka a Přídolí</i> nature reserve near the <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Slivenec" title="Slivenec">Slivenec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.</td> <td><i>Přídolí</i> is the old name of a <a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">cadastral</a> field area.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeography">Paleogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paleogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg/220px-Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg/330px-Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg/440px-Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>-Silurian boundary on <a href="/wiki/Hoved%C3%B8ya" title="Hovedøya">Hovedøya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, showing brownish late Ordovician <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a> and later dark deep-water Silurian <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>. The layers have been overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> covering the equator and much of the southern hemisphere, a large ocean occupied most of the northern half of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high sea levels of the Silurian and the relatively flat land (with few significant mountain belts) resulted in a number of island chains, and thus a rich diversity of environmental settings.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian icecaps were less extensive than those of the late-Ordovician glaciation. The southern continents remained united during this period. The melting of icecaps and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> contributed to a rise in sea level, recognizable from the fact that Silurian sediments overlie eroded Ordovician sediments, forming an <a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">unconformity</a>. The continents of <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">drifted</a> together near the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, starting the formation of a second <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a>. </p><p>When the proto-Europe collided with North America, the collision folded coastal sediments that had been accumulating since the Cambrian off the east coast of North America and the west coast of Europe. This event is the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a>, a spate of mountain building that stretched from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York State</a> through conjoined Europe and Greenland to Norway. At the end of the Silurian, sea levels dropped again, leaving telltale basins of <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a> extending from Michigan to West Virginia, and the new mountain ranges were rapidly eroded. The <a href="/wiki/Teays_River" title="Teays River">Teays River</a>, flowing into the shallow mid-continental sea, eroded Ordovician Period strata, forming deposits of Silurian strata in northern Ohio and Indiana. </p><p>The vast ocean of <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa</a> covered most of the northern hemisphere. Other minor oceans include two phases of the Tethys, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tethys_Ocean" title="Proto-Tethys Ocean">Proto-Tethys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo-Tethys</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rheic_Ocean" title="Rheic Ocean">Rheic Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a> (a narrow seaway between Avalonia and Laurentia), and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Ural_Ocean" title="Ural Ocean">Ural Ocean</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_silurian_sea_bed_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Late_silurian_sea_bed_arp.jpg/220px-Late_silurian_sea_bed_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Late_silurian_sea_bed_arp.jpg/330px-Late_silurian_sea_bed_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Late_silurian_sea_bed_arp.jpg/440px-Late_silurian_sea_bed_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Fossils of the late Silurian sea bed, England</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_sea_level">Climate and sea level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate and sea level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Silurian period was once believed to have enjoyed relatively stable and warm temperatures, in contrast with the extreme glaciations of the Ordovician before it and the extreme heat of the ensuing Devonian; however, it is now known that the global climate underwent many drastic fluctuations throughout the Silurian,<sup id="cite_ref-Yan2022EarlySilurianClimateChange_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yan2022EarlySilurianClimateChange-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GambacortaMenichettiTrinciantiTorricelli_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GambacortaMenichettiTrinciantiTorricelli-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> evidenced by numerous major carbon and oxygen isotope excursions during this geologic period.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungEtAl2020PPP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungEtAl2020PPP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TrotterEtAl2016PPP_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrotterEtAl2016PPP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea levels rose from their <a href="/wiki/Hirnantian" title="Hirnantian">Hirnantian</a> low throughout the first half of the Silurian; they subsequently fell throughout the rest of the period, although smaller scale patterns are superimposed on this general trend; fifteen high-stands (periods when sea levels were above the edge of the continental shelf) can be identified, and the highest Silurian sea level was probably around 140 metres (459 ft) higher than the lowest level reached.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> entered a warm <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> phase, supported by high CO<sub>2</sub> levels of 4500 ppm, and warm shallow seas covered much of the equatorial land masses.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaloner2003_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaloner2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the Silurian, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> retreated back into the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> until they almost disappeared in the middle of Silurian.<sup id="cite_ref-GambacortaMenichettiTrinciantiTorricelli_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GambacortaMenichettiTrinciantiTorricelli-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Layers of broken shells (called <a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">coquina</a>) provide strong evidence of a climate dominated by violent storms generated then as now by warm sea surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perturbations">Perturbations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Perturbations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> appear to be rather unsettled during the Silurian, which had a higher frequency of isotopic excursions (indicative of climate fluctuations) than any other period.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ireviken_event" title="Ireviken event">Ireviken event</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulde_event" title="Mulde event">Mulde event</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lau_event" title="Lau event">Lau event</a> each represent isotopic excursions following a minor mass extinction<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and associated with rapid sea-level change. Each one leaves a similar signature in the geological record, both geochemically and biologically; pelagic (free-swimming) organisms were particularly hard hit, as were <a href="/wiki/Brachiopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopods">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corals" class="mw-redirect" title="Corals">corals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trilobites" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobites">trilobites</a>, and extinctions rarely occur in a rapid series of fast bursts.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TrotterEtAl2016PPP_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrotterEtAl2016PPP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate fluctuations are best explained by a sequence of glaciations, but the lack of <a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">tillites</a> in the middle to late Silurian make this explanation problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-Calner2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calner2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silurian-Devonian_Terrestrial_Revolution" title="Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution">Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution</a></div> <p>The Silurian period has been viewed by some palaeontologists as an extended recovery interval following the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">Late Ordovician mass extinction</a> (LOME), which interrupted the cascading increase in biodiversity that had continuously gone on throughout the Cambrian and most of the Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Silurian was the first period to see megafossils of extensive terrestrial biota in the form of <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>-like miniature forests along lakes and streams and networks of large, mycorrhizal <a href="/wiki/Nematophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematophytes">nematophytes</a>, heralding the beginning of the Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the land fauna did not have a major impact on the Earth until it diversified in the Devonian.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diorama_of_a_Silurian_seafloor_-_cephalopod,_trilobites,_fish,_crinoids,_gastropods,_corals,_algae,_starfish,_brachiopods,_bryozoans_(44982225194).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Diorama_of_a_Silurian_seafloor_-_cephalopod%2C_trilobites%2C_fish%2C_crinoids%2C_gastropods%2C_corals%2C_algae%2C_starfish%2C_brachiopods%2C_bryozoans_%2844982225194%29.jpg/220px-Diorama_of_a_Silurian_seafloor_-_cephalopod%2C_trilobites%2C_fish%2C_crinoids%2C_gastropods%2C_corals%2C_algae%2C_starfish%2C_brachiopods%2C_bryozoans_%2844982225194%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Diorama_of_a_Silurian_seafloor_-_cephalopod%2C_trilobites%2C_fish%2C_crinoids%2C_gastropods%2C_corals%2C_algae%2C_starfish%2C_brachiopods%2C_bryozoans_%2844982225194%29.jpg/330px-Diorama_of_a_Silurian_seafloor_-_cephalopod%2C_trilobites%2C_fish%2C_crinoids%2C_gastropods%2C_corals%2C_algae%2C_starfish%2C_brachiopods%2C_bryozoans_%2844982225194%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Diorama_of_a_Silurian_seafloor_-_cephalopod%2C_trilobites%2C_fish%2C_crinoids%2C_gastropods%2C_corals%2C_algae%2C_starfish%2C_brachiopods%2C_bryozoans_%2844982225194%29.jpg/440px-Diorama_of_a_Silurian_seafloor_-_cephalopod%2C_trilobites%2C_fish%2C_crinoids%2C_gastropods%2C_corals%2C_algae%2C_starfish%2C_brachiopods%2C_bryozoans_%2844982225194%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Diorama of a Silurian seafloor</figcaption></figure> <p>The first fossil records of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, that is, land plants with tissues that carry water and food, appeared in the second half of the Silurian Period.<sup id="cite_ref-DonRittnerEncyclopaedia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DonRittnerEncyclopaedia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest-known representatives of this group are <i><a href="/wiki/Cooksonia" title="Cooksonia">Cooksonia</a></i>. Most of the sediments containing <i>Cooksonia</i> are marine in nature. Preferred habitats were likely along rivers and streams. <i><a href="/wiki/Baragwanathia" title="Baragwanathia">Baragwanathia</a></i> appears to be almost as old, dating to the early Ludlow (420 million years)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="after revisions of the ICS geologic time scale, early Ludlow is defined now as more like c. 427 to c. 426 million years ago; 420 million years ago would now be regarded as late Pridoli (July 2024)">needs update?</span></a></i>]</sup> and has branching stems and needle-like leaves of 10–20 centimetres (3.9–7.9 in). The plant shows a high degree of development in relation to the age of its fossil remains. Fossils of this plant have been recorded in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-RickardsBaragwanathia2000_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RickardsBaragwanathia2000-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lang_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-Hueber1983_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hueber1983-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Eohostimella" title="Eohostimella">Eohostimella</a> heathana</i> is an early, probably terrestrial, "plant" known from compression fossils<sup id="cite_ref-Niklas1976_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niklas1976-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Early Silurian (Llandovery) age.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemistry of its fossils is similar to that of fossilised vascular plants, rather than algae.<sup id="cite_ref-Niklas1976_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niklas1976-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossils that are considered as terrestrial animals are also known from the Silurian. The definitive oldest record of <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipede</a> ever known is <i><a href="/wiki/Kampecaris" title="Kampecaris">Kampecaris obanensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Archidesmus" title="Archidesmus">Archidesmus</a></i> sp. from the late Silurian (425 million years ago) of <a href="/wiki/Kerrera" title="Kerrera">Kerrera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookfield-2021_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookfield-2021-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also other millipedes, <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trigonotarbida" title="Trigonotarbida">trigonotarbid arachnoids</a> known from <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow</a> (420 million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-Brookfield-2021_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookfield-2021-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predatory <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> would indicate that simple <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a> were in place that included non-predatory prey animals. Extrapolating back from <a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early Devonian</a> biota, Andrew Jeram <i>et al.</i> in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested a food web based on as-yet-undiscovered <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a> and grazers on micro-organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-DiMicheleBookSilurian_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiMicheleBookSilurian-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millipedes from <a href="/wiki/Cowie_Formation" title="Cowie Formation">Cowie Formation</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cowiedesmus" title="Cowiedesmus">Cowiedesmus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pneumodesmus" title="Pneumodesmus">Pneumodesmus</a></i> were considered as the oldest millipede from the middle Silurian at 428–430 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Selden&Read_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selden&Read-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the age of this formation is later reinterpreted to be from the early <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> instead by some researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, <i>Pneumodesmus</i> is still an important fossil as the oldest definitive evidence of <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a> to breath in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Brookfield-2021_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookfield-2021-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_restoration_of_Sparalepis_tingi.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Life_restoration_of_Sparalepis_tingi.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Life_restoration_of_Sparalepis_tingi.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Life_restoration_of_Sparalepis_tingi.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Life_restoration_of_Sparalepis_tingi.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Life_restoration_of_Sparalepis_tingi.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Life_restoration_of_Sparalepis_tingi.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Life restoration of <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcopterygian">sarcopterygian</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparalepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparalepis (page does not exist)">Sparalepis tingi</a></i> and other fauna from the Silurian of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first bony fish, the <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a>, appeared, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodians</a> covered with bony scales. Fish reached considerable diversity and developed movable <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a>, adapted from the supports of the front two or three <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a> arches. A diverse fauna of <a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">eurypterids</a> (sea scorpions)—some of them several meters in length—prowled the shallow Silurian seas and lakes of North America; many of their <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> have been found in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York state</a>. Brachiopods were abundant and diverse, with the taxonomic composition, ecology, and biodiversity of Silurian brachiopods mirroring Ordovician ones.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brachiopods that survived the LOME developed novel adaptations for environmental stress,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they tended to be endemic to a single palaeoplate in the mass extinction's aftermath, but expanded their range afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most abundant brachiopods were atrypids and pentamerides;<sup id="cite_ref-HuangJinRong2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuangJinRong2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atrypids were the first to recover and rediversify in the Rhuddanian after LOME,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while pentameride recovery was delayed until the Aeronian.<sup id="cite_ref-HuangJinRong2018_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuangJinRong2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoans</a> exhibited significant degrees of endemism to a particular shelf.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also developed symbiotic relationships with cnidarians<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stromatolites.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">bivalve</a> fossils have also been found in Silurian deposits,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first deep-boring bivalves are known from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a> saw a peak in diversity during the middle of the Silurian.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hederellid" title="Hederellid">Hederelloids</a> enjoyed significant success in the Silurian, with some developing symbioses with the colonial rugose coral <i>Entelophyllum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HederelloidRugosanSymbiosis_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HederelloidRugosanSymbiosis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Silurian was a heyday for <a href="/wiki/Tentaculita" title="Tentaculita">tentaculitoids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which experienced an evolutionary radiation focused mainly in Baltoscandia,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with an expansion of their geographic range in the Llandovery and Wenlock.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trilobites" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobites">Trilobites</a> started to recover in the Rhuddanian,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they continued to enjoy success in the Silurian as they had in the Ordovician despite their reduction in clade diversity as a result of LOME.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Early Silurian was a chaotic time of turnover for <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoids</a> as they rediversified after LOME.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of Flexibilia, which were minimally impacted by LOME, took on an increasing ecological prominence in Silurian seas.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monobathrid camerates, like flexibles, diversified in the Llandovery, whereas cyathocrinids and dendrocrinids diversified later in the Silurian.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scyphocrinoid loboliths suddenly appeared in the terminal Silurian, shortly before the Silurian-Devonian boundary, and disappeared as abruptly as they appeared very shortly after their first appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-ZongGong-ZongAndGong_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZongGong-ZongAndGong-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endobiotic symbionts were common in the corals and stromatoporoids.<sup id="cite_ref-VinnWilsonMotus2014_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VinnWilsonMotus2014-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VinnMotus2008_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VinnMotus2008-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rugose corals especially were colonised and encrusted by a diverse range of epibionts,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including certain hederelloids as aforementioned.<sup id="cite_ref-HederelloidRugosanSymbiosis_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HederelloidRugosanSymbiosis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Photosymbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosymbiotic">Photosymbiotic</a> scleractinians made their first appearance during the Middle Silurian.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reef abundance was patchy; sometimes, fossils are frequent, but at other points, are virtually absent from the rock record.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooksonia_sp._-_MUSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cooksonia, the earliest vascular plant, middle Silurian"><img alt="Cooksonia, the earliest vascular plant, middle Silurian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cooksonia_sp._-_MUSE.jpg/200px-Cooksonia_sp._-_MUSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cooksonia_sp._-_MUSE.jpg/300px-Cooksonia_sp._-_MUSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cooksonia_sp._-_MUSE.jpg/400px-Cooksonia_sp._-_MUSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cooksonia" title="Cooksonia">Cooksonia</a></i>, the earliest vascular plant, middle Silurian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrens_Nest_Fossils_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silurian sea bed fossils collected from Wren's Nest Nature Reserve, Dudley UK"><img alt="Silurian sea bed fossils collected from Wren's Nest Nature Reserve, Dudley UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wrens_Nest_Fossils_2.jpg/187px-Wrens_Nest_Fossils_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wrens_Nest_Fossils_2.jpg/281px-Wrens_Nest_Fossils_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wrens_Nest_Fossils_2.jpg/374px-Wrens_Nest_Fossils_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silurian sea bed fossils collected from <a href="/wiki/Wren%27s_Nest" title="Wren's Nest">Wren's Nest Nature Reserve</a>, Dudley UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaugatuma_Bedding_Plane_Pridoli_Estonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crinoid fragments in a Silurian (Pridoli) limestone (Saaremaa, Estonia)"><img alt="Crinoid fragments in a Silurian (Pridoli) limestone (Saaremaa, Estonia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kaugatuma_Bedding_Plane_Pridoli_Estonia.jpg/200px-Kaugatuma_Bedding_Plane_Pridoli_Estonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kaugatuma_Bedding_Plane_Pridoli_Estonia.jpg/300px-Kaugatuma_Bedding_Plane_Pridoli_Estonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kaugatuma_Bedding_Plane_Pridoli_Estonia.jpg/400px-Kaugatuma_Bedding_Plane_Pridoli_Estonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="1961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">Crinoid</a> fragments in a Silurian (Pridoli) limestone (<a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>, Estonia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrens_Nest_Fossils_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silurian sea bed fossils collected from Wren's Nest Nature Reserve, Dudley UK"><img alt="Silurian sea bed fossils collected from Wren's Nest Nature Reserve, Dudley UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wrens_Nest_Fossils_3.jpg/200px-Wrens_Nest_Fossils_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wrens_Nest_Fossils_3.jpg/300px-Wrens_Nest_Fossils_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wrens_Nest_Fossils_3.jpg/400px-Wrens_Nest_Fossils_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silurian sea bed fossils collected from Wren's Nest Nature Reserve, Dudley UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurypterus_Paleoart.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurypterus, a common Upper Silurian eurypterid"><img alt="Eurypterus, a common Upper Silurian eurypterid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Eurypterus_Paleoart.jpg/200px-Eurypterus_Paleoart.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Eurypterus_Paleoart.jpg/300px-Eurypterus_Paleoart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Eurypterus_Paleoart.jpg/400px-Eurypterus_Paleoart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Eurypterus" title="Eurypterus">Eurypterus</a></i>, a common Upper Silurian <a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">eurypterid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20201227_Pterygotus_anglicus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pterygotus was a giant eurypterid that had a nearly cosmopolitan distribution (reconstruction shown here is Devonian species P. anglicus)"><img alt="Pterygotus was a giant eurypterid that had a nearly cosmopolitan distribution (reconstruction shown here is Devonian species P. anglicus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/20201227_Pterygotus_anglicus.png/200px-20201227_Pterygotus_anglicus.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/20201227_Pterygotus_anglicus.png/300px-20201227_Pterygotus_anglicus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/20201227_Pterygotus_anglicus.png/400px-20201227_Pterygotus_anglicus.png 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pterygotus" title="Pterygotus">Pterygotus</a></i> was a giant eurypterid that had a nearly cosmopolitan distribution (reconstruction shown here is Devonian species <i>P. anglicus</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calymene_celebra_Raymond,_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trilobites were still diverse and common in the Silurian. Fossils of Calymene celebra are extremely abundant in parts of central US."><img alt="Trilobites were still diverse and common in the Silurian. Fossils of Calymene celebra are extremely abundant in parts of central US." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Calymene_celebra_Raymond%2C_1916.jpg/141px-Calymene_celebra_Raymond%2C_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Calymene_celebra_Raymond%2C_1916.jpg/212px-Calymene_celebra_Raymond%2C_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Calymene_celebra_Raymond%2C_1916.jpg/283px-Calymene_celebra_Raymond%2C_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="3087" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trilobites were still diverse and common in the Silurian. Fossils of <i>Calymene celebra</i> are extremely abundant in parts of central US.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HalysitesSilurian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halysites was a Tabulate coral, an extinct group that lived through the Paleozoic"><img alt="Halysites was a Tabulate coral, an extinct group that lived through the Paleozoic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HalysitesSilurian.jpg/186px-HalysitesSilurian.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HalysitesSilurian.jpg/280px-HalysitesSilurian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HalysitesSilurian.jpg/373px-HalysitesSilurian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Halysites" title="Halysites">Halysites</a></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Tabulata" title="Tabulata">Tabulate coral</a>, an extinct group that lived through the Paleozoic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20211029_Parioscorpio_venator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Parioscorpio was an enigmatic arthropod from the Silurian of Wisconsin"><img alt="Parioscorpio was an enigmatic arthropod from the Silurian of Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/20211029_Parioscorpio_venator.png/200px-20211029_Parioscorpio_venator.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/20211029_Parioscorpio_venator.png/300px-20211029_Parioscorpio_venator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/20211029_Parioscorpio_venator.png/400px-20211029_Parioscorpio_venator.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Parioscorpio" title="Parioscorpio">Parioscorpio</a></i> was an enigmatic arthropod from the Silurian of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalmanites_limulurus_trilobite_silurian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Dalmanites limulurus specimen from Silurian strata of New York"><img alt="A Dalmanites limulurus specimen from Silurian strata of New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dalmanites_limulurus_trilobite_silurian.jpg/163px-Dalmanites_limulurus_trilobite_silurian.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dalmanites_limulurus_trilobite_silurian.jpg/245px-Dalmanites_limulurus_trilobite_silurian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dalmanites_limulurus_trilobite_silurian.jpg/326px-Dalmanites_limulurus_trilobite_silurian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i><a href="/wiki/Dalmanites_limulurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmanites limulurus">Dalmanites limulurus</a></i> specimen from Silurian strata of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geodized_pentamerid_brachiopods_(Silurian;_Swayzee,_Indiana,_USA)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rock containing several geodized pentamerid brachiopods from strata in Indiana"><img alt="A rock containing several geodized pentamerid brachiopods from strata in Indiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Geodized_pentamerid_brachiopods_%28Silurian%3B_Swayzee%2C_Indiana%2C_USA%29_1.jpg/200px-Geodized_pentamerid_brachiopods_%28Silurian%3B_Swayzee%2C_Indiana%2C_USA%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Geodized_pentamerid_brachiopods_%28Silurian%3B_Swayzee%2C_Indiana%2C_USA%29_1.jpg/300px-Geodized_pentamerid_brachiopods_%28Silurian%3B_Swayzee%2C_Indiana%2C_USA%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Geodized_pentamerid_brachiopods_%28Silurian%3B_Swayzee%2C_Indiana%2C_USA%29_1.jpg/400px-Geodized_pentamerid_brachiopods_%28Silurian%3B_Swayzee%2C_Indiana%2C_USA%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3429" data-file-height="2503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rock containing several geodized <a href="/wiki/Pentamerida" title="Pentamerida">pentamerid</a> brachiopods from strata in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphooceras-truncatum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sphooceras was a Nautiloid cephalopod found in Silurian strata of the Czech Republic"><img alt="Sphooceras was a Nautiloid cephalopod found in Silurian strata of the Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sphooceras-truncatum.jpg/200px-Sphooceras-truncatum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sphooceras-truncatum.jpg/300px-Sphooceras-truncatum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sphooceras-truncatum.jpg/400px-Sphooceras-truncatum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="132" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Sphooceras" title="Sphooceras">Sphooceras</a></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">Nautiloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopod</a> found in Silurian strata of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamoytius_kerwoodi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jamoytius was an enigmatic vertebrate that is possibly related to Anaspid fish"><img alt="Jamoytius was an enigmatic vertebrate that is possibly related to Anaspid fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jamoytius_kerwoodi.jpg/157px-Jamoytius_kerwoodi.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jamoytius_kerwoodi.jpg/235px-Jamoytius_kerwoodi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jamoytius_kerwoodi.jpg/313px-Jamoytius_kerwoodi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Jamoytius" title="Jamoytius">Jamoytius</a></i> was an enigmatic vertebrate that is possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Anaspida" title="Anaspida">Anaspid</a> fish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poraspis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poraspis, a genus of armored jawless fish from the Late Silurian of Canada, Norway, and the U.S."><img alt="Poraspis, a genus of armored jawless fish from the Late Silurian of Canada, Norway, and the U.S." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poraspis.jpg/200px-Poraspis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poraspis.jpg/300px-Poraspis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Poraspis.jpg/400px-Poraspis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Poraspis" title="Poraspis">Poraspis</a>,</i> a genus of armored <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">jawless fish</a> from the Late Silurian of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tujiaaspis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tujiaaspis is a galeaspid agnathan from the early Silurian (Telychian) of China, showing origin of paired fins"><img alt="Tujiaaspis is a galeaspid agnathan from the early Silurian (Telychian) of China, showing origin of paired fins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tujiaaspis.jpg/200px-Tujiaaspis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tujiaaspis.jpg/300px-Tujiaaspis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tujiaaspis.jpg/400px-Tujiaaspis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tujiaaspis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tujiaaspis (page does not exist)">Tujiaaspis</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Galeaspid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeaspid">galeaspid</a> agnathan from the early Silurian (<a href="/wiki/Telychian" title="Telychian">Telychian</a>) of China, showing origin of paired fins</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qianodus_holotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qianodus[79] is a tooth-based chondrichthyan genus from the early Silurian (Aeronian) of China"><img alt="Qianodus is a tooth-based chondrichthyan genus from the early Silurian (Aeronian) of China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Qianodus_holotype.jpg/200px-Qianodus_holotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Qianodus_holotype.jpg/300px-Qianodus_holotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Qianodus_holotype.jpg/400px-Qianodus_holotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="1454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Qianodus" title="Qianodus">Qianodus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a tooth-based chondrichthyan genus from the early Silurian (<a href="/wiki/Aeronian" title="Aeronian">Aeronian</a>) of China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fanjingshania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fanjingshania, climatiid spiny shark from the lower Silurian (Aeronian) described from disarticulated dermoskeletal elements"><img alt="Fanjingshania is a climatiid chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian (Aeronian) described from disarticulated dermoskeletal elements." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fanjingshania.jpg/200px-Fanjingshania.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fanjingshania.jpg/300px-Fanjingshania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fanjingshania.jpg/400px-Fanjingshania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fanjingshania_renovata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanjingshania renovata"><i>Fanjingshania</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Climatiiformes" title="Climatiiformes">climatiid</a> <a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">spiny shark</a> from the lower Silurian (Aeronian) described from disarticulated dermoskeletal elements</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenacanthus_vermiformis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shenacanthus[80] is jawed stem-chondrichthyan genus from the early Silurian (Telychian) of China"><img alt="Shenacanthus vermiformis[69] is jawed stem-chondrichthyan genus from the early Silurian (Telychian) of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shenacanthus_vermiformis.jpg/154px-Shenacanthus_vermiformis.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shenacanthus_vermiformis.jpg/231px-Shenacanthus_vermiformis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Shenacanthus_vermiformis.jpg/308px-Shenacanthus_vermiformis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4909" data-file-height="6374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenacanthus (page does not exist)">Shenacanthus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is jawed stem-chondrichthyan genus from the early Silurian (Telychian) of China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiushanosteus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xiushanosteus[80] is the oldest known placoderm from the early Silurian (Telychian) of China"><img alt="Xiushanosteus[80] is the oldest known placoderm from the early Silurian (Telychian) of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xiushanosteus.jpg/200px-Xiushanosteus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xiushanosteus.jpg/300px-Xiushanosteus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xiushanosteus.jpg/400px-Xiushanosteus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiushanosteus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiushanosteus (page does not exist)">Xiushanosteus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the oldest known placoderm from the early Silurian (Telychian) of China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Entelognathus primordialis was a Placoderm fish from the late Silurian"><img alt="Entelognathus primordialis was a Placoderm fish from the late Silurian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png/200px-Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png/300px-Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png/400px-Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Entelognathus_primordialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Entelognathus primordialis">Entelognathus primordialis</a></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placoderm</a> fish from the late Silurian</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acacus_Sandstone" title="Acacus Sandstone">Acacus Sandstone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jeppsson2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jeppsson2007_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart+v.2015%2F01&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2015-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapelClealXueMonnet2022" class="citation journal cs1">Capel, Elliot; Cleal, Christopher J.; Xue, Jinzhuang; Monnet, Claude; Servais, Thomas; Cascales-Miñana, Borja (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104085">"The Silurian–Devonian terrestrial revolution: Diversity patterns and sampling bias of the vascular plant macrofossil record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Earth-Science_Reviews" title="Earth-Science Reviews">Earth-Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>231</b>: 104085. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESRv..23104085C">2022ESRv..23104085C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104085">10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104085</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12210%2F76731">20.500.12210/76731</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249616013">249616013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Silurian%E2%80%93Devonian+terrestrial+revolution%3A+Diversity+patterns+and+sampling+bias+of+the+vascular+plant+macrofossil+record&rft.volume=231&rft.pages=104085&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12210%2F76731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249616013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104085&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESRv..23104085C&rft.aulast=Capel&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft.au=Cleal%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Xue%2C+Jinzhuang&rft.au=Monnet%2C+Claude&rft.au=Servais%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Cascales-Mi%C3%B1ana%2C+Borja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.earscirev.2022.104085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXueHuangWangXiong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Xue, Jinzhuang; Huang, Pu; Wang, Deming; Xiong, Conghui; Liu, Le; Basinger, James F. (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825217306591">"Silurian-Devonian terrestrial revolution in South China: Taxonomy, diversity, and character evolution of vascular plants in a paleogeographically isolated, low-latitude region"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Earth-Science_Reviews" title="Earth-Science Reviews">Earth-Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>180</b>: 92–125. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ESRv..180...92X">2018ESRv..180...92X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2018.03.004">10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.004</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-011-0357-y">"Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty"</a>. <i>Evolution: Education and Outreach</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 489–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-011-0357-y">10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3A+Education+and+Outreach&rft.atitle=Early+Terrestrial+Animals%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Uncertainty&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-501&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12052-011-0357-y&rft.aulast=Garwood&rft.aufirst=Russell+J.&rft.au=Edgecombe%2C+Gregory+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12052-011-0357-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brazeau-Friedman-2015-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brazeau-Friedman-2015_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazeauFriedman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brazeau, M. D.; Friedman, M. 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Washington, D.C., U.S.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+769%3A+The+Geologic+Time+Classification+of+the+United+States+Geological+Survey+Compared+With+Other+Classifications%2C+accompanied+by+the+original+definitions+of+era%2C+period+and+epoch+terms&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+U.S.&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Wilmarth&rft.aufirst=Mary+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmy7x_PBkpm4C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurchison1835" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Murchison, Roderick (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20069#page/62/mode/thumb">"On the Silurian System of Rocks"</a>. <i>The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i>. Third Series, Vol. 7: 46–52 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+and+Edinburgh+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+Silurian+System+of+Rocks&rft.volume=Third+Series%2C+Vol.+7&rft.pages=46-52&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Murchison&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F20069%23page%2F62%2Fmode%2Fthumb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedgwickMurchison1835" class="citation journal cs1">Sedgwick; Murchison, R.I. (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/252891#page/397/mode/1up">"On the Silurian and Cambrian systems, exhibiting the order in which the older sedimentary strata succeed each other in England and Wales"</a>. <i>Report of the Fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. § Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections</i>. <b>5</b>: 59–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+of+the+Fifth+Meeting+of+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science.+%C2%A7+Notices+and+Abstracts+of+Miscellaneous+Communications+to+the+Sections.&rft.atitle=On+the+Silurian+and+Cambrian+systems%2C+exhibiting+the+order+in+which+the+older+sedimentary+strata+succeed+each+other+in+England+and+Wales&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=59-61&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Sedgwick&rft.au=Murchison%2C+R.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F252891%23page%2F397%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapworth1879" class="citation journal cs1">Lapworth, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJpZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">"On the tripartite classification of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks"</a>. <i>Geological Magazine</i>. 2nd series. <b>6</b> (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1879GeoM....6....1L">1879GeoM....6....1L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0016756800156560">10.1017/s0016756800156560</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129165105">129165105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+tripartite+classification+of+the+Lower+Palaeozoic+rocks&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129165105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0016756800156560&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1879GeoM....6....1L&rft.aulast=Lapworth&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJpZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span> From pp. 13–14: "North Wales itself – at all events the whole of the great Bala district where Sedgwick first worked out the physical succession among the rocks of the intermediate or so-called <i>Upper Cambrian</i> or <i>Lower Silurian</i> system; and in all probability much of the Shelve and the Caradoc area, whence Murchison first published its distinctive fossils – lay within the territory of the Ordovices; … Here, then, have we the hint for the appropriate title for the central system of the Lower Palaeozoics. It should be called the Ordovician System, after this old British tribe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gotlandian system was proposed in 1893 by the French geologist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Auguste_Cochon_de_Lapparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparent">Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparent</a> (1839–1908): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapparent1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lapparent, A. de (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00130906i&view=1up&seq=180"><i>Traité de Géologie</i></a> (in French). Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Paris, France: F. Savy. p. 748.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+de+G%C3%A9ologie&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=748&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=F.+Savy&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Lapparent&rft.aufirst=A.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d00130906i%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 748: <i>"D'accord avec ces divisions, on distingue communément dans le silurien trois étages: l'étage inférieur ou </i>cambrien<i> (1); l'étage moyen ou </i>ordovicien<i> (2); l'étage supérieur ou </i>gothlandien<i> (3)."</i> (In agreement with these divisions, one generally distinguishes, within the Silurian, three stages: the lower stage or <i>Cambrian</i> [1]; the middle stage or <i>Ordovician</i> [2]; the upper stage or <i>Gotlandian</i> [3].)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrande1852" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barrande, Joachim (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210012884258&view=1up&seq=19"><i>Systême silurien du centre de la Bohême</i></a> (in French). Paris, France and Prague, (Czech Republic): (Self-published). pp. ix–x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syst%C3%AAme+silurien+du+centre+de+la+Boh%C3%AAme&rft.place=Paris%2C+France+and+Prague%2C+%28Czech+Republic%29&rft.pages=ix-x&rft.pub=%28Self-published%29&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Barrande&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.31210012884258%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1854" class="citation journal cs1">Forbes, Edward (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044102915394&view=1up&seq=50">"Anniversary Address of the President"</a>. <i>Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London</i>. <b>10</b>: xxii–lxxxi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Geological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Anniversary+Address+of+the+President&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=xxii-lxxxi&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044102915394%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span> See p. xxxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selden&Read-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selden&Read_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selden&Read_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Selden_&_Helen_Read2008" class="citation journal cs1">Paul Selden & Helen Read (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulselden.net/uploads/7/5/3/2/7532217/seldenread2008.pdf">"The oldest land animals: Silurian millipedes from Scotland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group</i>. <b>23</b>: 36–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+British+Myriapod+%26+Isopod+Group&rft.atitle=The+oldest+land+animals%3A+Silurian+millipedes+from+Scotland&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=36-37&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Paul+Selden+%26+Helen+Read&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulselden.net%2Fuploads%2F7%2F5%2F3%2F2%2F7532217%2Fseldenread2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandaFrýda2010" class="citation journal cs1">Manda, Štěpán; Frýda, Jiří (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geology.cz/bulletin/contents/art1174">"Silurian-Devonian boundary events and their influence on cephalopod evolution: evolutionary significance of cephalopod egg size during mass extinctions"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Geosciences</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 513–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1174">10.3140/bull.geosci.1174</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Silurian-Devonian+boundary+events+and+their+influence+on+cephalopod+evolution%3A+evolutionary+significance+of+cephalopod+egg+size+during+mass+extinctions&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=513-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1174&rft.aulast=Manda&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1n&rft.au=Fr%C3%BDda%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geology.cz%2Fbulletin%2Fcontents%2Fart1174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munnecke2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke2010_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunneckeCalnerHarperServais2010" class="citation journal cs1">Munnecke, Axel; Calner, Mikael; <a href="/wiki/David_Harper_(palaeontologist)" title="David Harper (palaeontologist)">Harper, David A.T.</a>; Servais, Thomas (2010). "Ordovician and Silurian sea–water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis". <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>296</b> (3–4): 389–413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PPP...296..389M">2010PPP...296..389M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.08.001">10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Ordovician+and+Silurian+sea%E2%80%93water+chemistry%2C+sea+level%2C+and+climate%3A+A+synopsis&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=389-413&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.08.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PPP...296..389M&rft.aulast=Munnecke&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft.au=Calner%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Harper%2C+David+A.T.&rft.au=Servais%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yan2022EarlySilurianClimateChange-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yan2022EarlySilurianClimateChange_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanLehnertMännikCalner2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yan, Guanzhou; Lehnert, Oliver; Männik, Peep; Calner, Mikael; Luan, Xiaocong; Gong, Fanyi; Li, Lixia; Wei, Xin; Wang, Guangxu; Zhan, Renbin; Wu, Rongchang (15 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018222004151">"The record of early Silurian climate changes from South China and Baltica based on integrated conodont biostratigraphy and isotope chemostratigraphy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>606</b>: 111245. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PPP...60611245Y">2022PPP...60611245Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111245">10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252504361">252504361</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=The+record+of+early+Silurian+climate+changes+from+South+China+and+Baltica+based+on+integrated+conodont+biostratigraphy+and+isotope+chemostratigraphy&rft.volume=606&rft.pages=111245&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252504361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111245&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PPP...60611245Y&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Guanzhou&rft.au=Lehnert%2C+Oliver&rft.au=M%C3%A4nnik%2C+Peep&rft.au=Calner%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Luan%2C+Xiaocong&rft.au=Gong%2C+Fanyi&rft.au=Li%2C+Lixia&rft.au=Wei%2C+Xin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guangxu&rft.au=Zhan%2C+Renbin&rft.au=Wu%2C+Rongchang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018222004151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GambacortaMenichettiTrinciantiTorricelli-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GambacortaMenichettiTrinciantiTorricelli_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GambacortaMenichettiTrinciantiTorricelli_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambacortaMenichettiTrinciantiTorricelli2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gambacorta, G.; Menichetti, E.; Trincianti, E.; Torricelli, S. 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(1992). <i>Planet Earth : Cosmology, Geology, & the Evolution of Life & the Environment</i>. Cambridge University Press. (Paperback Edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40949-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40949-7">0-521-40949-7</a>)</li> <li>Mikulic, DG, DEG Briggs, and J Kluessendorf. 1985. A new exceptionally preserved biota from the Lower Silurian of Wisconsin, USA. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 311B:75-86.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreBriggsBraddyAnderson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, RA; Briggs, DEG; Braddy, SJ; Anderson, LI; Mikulic, DG; Kluessendorf, J (2005). "A new synziphosurine (Chelicerata: Xiphosura) from the Late Llandovery (Silurian) Waukesha Lagerstatte, Wisconsin, USA". <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>79</b> (2): 242–250. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JPal...79..242M">2005JPal...79..242M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0022-3360%282005%29079%3C0242%3Aanscxf%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079<0242:anscxf>2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56570105">56570105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+new+synziphosurine+%28Chelicerata%3A+Xiphosura%29+from+the+Late+Llandovery+%28Silurian%29+Waukesha+Lagerstatte%2C+Wisconsin%2C+USA&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-250&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56570105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F0022-3360%282005%29079%3C0242%3Aanscxf%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JPal...79..242M&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Briggs%2C+DEG&rft.au=Braddy%2C+SJ&rft.au=Anderson%2C+LI&rft.au=Mikulic%2C+DG&rft.au=Kluessendorf%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silurian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Paleozoic#Silurian" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Paleozoic">Paleozoic#Silurian</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Silurian" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Silurian">Silurian</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716071827/http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm">Ogg, Jim (June 2004), <i>Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's)</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309135815/http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/silurian/silurian.htm">Palaeos:</a> Silurian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/silurian/silurian.html">UCMP Berkeley:</a> The Silurian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=time_space&sectionnav=period&period_id=14">Paleoportal: Silurian strata in U.S., state by state</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315141111/http://www.paleoportal.org/index.php?globalnav=time_space&sectionnav=period&period_id=14">Archived</a> 2021-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824004451/http://tapestry.usgs.gov/ages/silurdevon.html">USGS:Silurian and Devonian Rocks (U.S.)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/">"International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)"</a>. <i>Geologic Time Scale 2004</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geologic+Time+Scale+2004&rft.atitle=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy+%28ICS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilurian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo-lieven.com/erdzeitalter/silur/silur.htm">Examples of Silurian Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timescalefoundation.org/resources/geowhen/stages/Silurian.html">GeoWhen Database for the Silurian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghkclass.com/ghkC.html?silurian">Silurian (Chronostratography scale)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Silurian footer (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silurian_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silurian footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silurian_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silurian Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhuddanian" title="Rhuddanian">Rhuddanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronian" title="Aeronian">Aeronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telychian" title="Telychian">Telychian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheinwoodian" title="Sheinwoodian">Sheinwoodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homerian" title="Homerian">Homerian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorstian" title="Gorstian">Gorstian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludfordian" title="Ludfordian">Ludfordian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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