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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Occurrence and nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_composition_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_composition_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Molecular composition and size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_composition_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Topology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deoxyribonucleic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deoxyribonucleic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Deoxyribonucleic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deoxyribonucleic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ribonucleic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ribonucleic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ribonucleic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ribonucleic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_nucleic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_nucleic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Artificial nucleic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_nucleic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nucleic acid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="حمض نووي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض نووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_nucleico" title="Ácidu nucleico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu nucleico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklein_tur%C5%9Fular%C4%B1" title="Nuklein turşuları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nuklein turşuları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="নিউক্লিক অ্যাসিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউক্লিক অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%CC%8Dt-sng" title="Hu̍t-sng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hu̍t-sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Нуклеин кислоталары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нуклеин кислоталары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Нуклеінавыя кіслоты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нуклеінавыя кіслоты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нуклійныя кісьлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нуклійныя кісьлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleyikong_asido" title="Nukleyikong asido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nukleyikong asido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нуклеинова киселина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нуклеинова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinske_kiseline" title="Nukleinske kiseline – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nukleinske kiseline" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_nucleic" title="Àcid nucleic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid nucleic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Nukleová kyselina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_niwcl%C3%ABig" title="Asid niwclëig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asid niwclëig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinsyre" title="Nukleinsyre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nukleinsyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleins%C3%A4uren" title="Nukleinsäuren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nukleinsäuren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleiinhapped" title="Nukleiinhapped – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nukleiinhapped" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Νουκλεϊκά οξέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νουκλεϊκά οξέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_nucleico" title="Ácido nucleico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido nucleico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleata_acido" title="Nukleata acido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nukleata acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_nukleiko" title="Azido nukleiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido nukleiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نوکلئیک اسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوکلئیک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_nucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide nucléique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide nucléique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_n%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asach" title="Aigéad núicléasach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad núicléasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_nucleico" title="Ácido nucleico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido nucleico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85" title="Нуклеина цӀалх – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нуклеина цӀалх" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%82%B0" title="핵산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핵산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Նուկլեինաթթու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նուկլեինաթթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="नाभिकीय अम्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाभिकीय अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinske_kiseline" title="Nukleinske kiseline – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nukleinske kiseline" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleik-acido" title="Nukleik-acido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nukleik-acido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam nukleat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isimunyundeni" title="Isimunyundeni – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isimunyundeni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjarns%C3%BDra" title="Kjarnsýra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjarnsýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidi_nucleici" title="Acidi nucleici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acidi nucleici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F" title="חומצת גרעין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצת גרעין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asem_nukl%C3%A9yat" title="Asem nukléyat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asem nukléyat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2" title="ನ್ಯೂಕ್ಲಿಯಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯೂಕ್ಲಿಯಿಕ್ ಆಮ್ಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ნუკლეინის მჟავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნუკლეინის მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Нуклеин қышқылдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нуклеин қышқылдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_nikleyik" title="Asid nikleyik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asid nikleyik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Нуклеин кислоталары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нуклеин кислоталары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_nucleicum" title="Acidum nucleicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum nucleicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukle%C4%ABnsk%C4%81bes" title="Nukleīnskābes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nukleīnskābes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinsaier" title="Nukleinsaier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nukleinsaier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleino_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Nukleino rūgštis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nukleino rūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinsavak" title="Nukleinsavak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nukleinsavak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нуклеинска киселина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нуклеинска киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂക്ലിക്ക് ആസിഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂക്ലിക്ക് ആസിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاحماض النوويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاحماض النوويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_nukleik" title="Asid nukleik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid nukleik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Нуклейн хүчил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нуклейн хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucle%C3%AFnezuur" title="Nucleïnezuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nucleïnezuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="核酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinsyre" title="Nukleinsyre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nukleinsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinsyre" title="Nukleinsyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nukleinsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_nucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid nucleïc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid nucleïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklein_kislotalar" title="Nuklein kislotalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nuklein kislotalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%89" title="نوکلیک اسیډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوکلیک اسیډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85" title="អាស៊ីតនុយក្លេអ៊ិច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាស៊ីតនុយក្លេអ៊ិច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwasy_nukleinowe" title="Kwasy nukleinowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwasy nukleinowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_nucleico" title="Ácido nucleico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido nucleico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_nucleic" title="Acid nucleic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid nucleic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Нуклеовы квасы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нуклеовы квасы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Нуклеиновая кислота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нуклеиновая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleins%C3%BC%C3%BCren" title="Nukleinsüüren – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nukleinsüüren" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidi_nukleik" title="Acidi nukleik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Acidi nukleik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80citu_nucl%C3%A8icu" title="Àcitu nuclèicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àcitu nuclèicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="නියුක්ලෙයික් අම්ලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නියුක්ලෙයික් අම්ලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nucleic acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Nukleová kyselina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinska_kislina" title="Nukleinska kislina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nukleinska kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8E%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترشی نووکلێیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترشی نووکلێیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нуклеинске киселине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нуклеинске киселине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinska_kiselina" title="Nukleinska kiselina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nukl%C3%A9at" title="Asam nukléat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asam nukléat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleiinihappo" title="Nukleiinihappo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nukleiinihappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleinsyra" title="Nukleinsyra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nukleinsyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidong_nukleyiko" title="Asidong nukleyiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asidong nukleyiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கருவமிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருவமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดนิวคลีอิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดนิวคลีอิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg/220px-Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg/330px-Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg/440px-Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Nucleic acids <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nucleic acids</b> are large <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a> that are crucial in all cells and viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-genome_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genome-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are composed of <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a>, which are the <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> components: a <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">5-carbon sugar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate group">phosphate group</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenous_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogenous base">nitrogenous base</a>. The two main classes of nucleic acids are <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleic acid">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> (DNA) and <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonucleic acid">ribonucleic acid</a> (RNA). If the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> is RNA; if the sugar is <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a>, a variant of ribose, the polymer is DNA. </p><p>Nucleic acids are chemical compounds that are found in nature. They carry information in cells and make up genetic material. These acids are very common in all living things, where they create, encode, and store information in every living cell of every <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_life_forms" title="Outline of life forms">life-form</a> on Earth. In turn, they send and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus. From the inner workings of the cell to the young of a living thing, they contain and provide information via the <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">nucleic acid sequence</a>. This gives the RNA and DNA their unmistakable 'ladder-step' order of nucleotides within their molecules. Both play a crucial role in directing <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">protein synthesis</a>. </p><p>Strings of nucleotides are bonded to form spiraling backbones and assembled into chains of bases or base-pairs selected from the five <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">primary, or canonical, nucleobases</a>. RNA usually forms a chain of single bases, whereas DNA forms a chain of base pairs. The bases found in RNA and DNA are: <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>. Thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil only in RNA. Using <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein synthesis">protein synthesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the specific sequence in DNA of these <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">nucleobase-pairs</a> helps to keep and send <a href="/wiki/Code#Genetic_code" title="Code">coded</a> instructions as <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>. In RNA, base-pair sequencing helps to make new proteins that determine most chemical processes of all life forms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Miescher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Friedrich_Miescher.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Miescher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Friedrich_Miescher.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Miescher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Friedrich_Miescher.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Miescher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher" title="Friedrich Miescher">Friedrich Miescher</a> discovered the "nuclein", in 1868. Later, he raised the idea that it could be involved in <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Nucleic acid was, partially, first discovered by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher" title="Friedrich Miescher">Friedrich Miescher</a> in 1869 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>, Germany. He discovered a new substance, which he called <b>nuclein</b> and which - depending on how his results are interpreted in detail - can be seen in modern terms either as a nucleid acid-<a href="/wiki/Histone" title="Histone">histone</a> complex or as the actual nucleid acid. Phoeber Aaron Theodor Levene, an American biochemist determined the basic structure of nucleic acids.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a> further purified the nucleid acid substance and discovered its highly acidic properties. He later also identified the <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobases</a>. In 1889 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Altmann" title="Richard Altmann">Richard Altmann</a> created the term nucleic acid – at that time DNA and RNA were not differentiated.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclein_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclein-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938 <a href="/wiki/William_Astbury" title="William Astbury">Astbury</a> and Bell published the first X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Avery%E2%80%93MacLeod%E2%80%93McCarty_experiment" title="Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment">Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment</a> showed that DNA is the carrier of genetic information and in 1953 <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a> <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid" title="Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid">proposed the double-helix structure of DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experimental studies of nucleic acids constitute a major part of modern <a href="/wiki/Biological_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological research">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a>, and form a foundation for <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IHGSC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHGSC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venter_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budowle_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budowle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_nomenclature">Occurrence and nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occurrence and nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>nucleic acid</i> is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a type of <i><a href="/wiki/Polynucleotide" title="Polynucleotide">polynucleotide</a></i>. Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although first discovered within the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> (There is debate as to <a href="/wiki/Life#"At_the_edge_of_life":_viruses" title="Life">whether viruses are living or non-living</a>). All living cells contain both DNA and RNA (except some cells such as mature red blood cells), while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but usually not both.<sup id="cite_ref-Brock,_Thomas_D.;_Madigan,_Michael_T._2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brock,_Thomas_D.;_Madigan,_Michael_T._2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic component of biological nucleic acids is the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a>, each of which contains a <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">pentose sugar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> group, and a <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nucleic acids are also generated within the laboratory, through the use of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DNA and RNA polymerases) and by <a href="/wiki/Solid-phase_synthesis" title="Solid-phase synthesis">solid-phase chemical synthesis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_composition_and_size">Molecular composition and size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Molecular composition and size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules. Indeed, DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known. Well-studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides (<a href="/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA" title="Small interfering RNA">small interfering RNA</a>) to large chromosomes (<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1" title="Chromosome 1">human chromosome 1</a> is a single molecule that contains 247 million <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In most cases, naturally occurring DNA molecules are <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">double-stranded</a> and RNA molecules are single-stranded.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous exceptions, however—some viruses have genomes made of <a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">double-stranded RNA</a> and other viruses have <a href="/wiki/M13_bacteriophage" title="M13 bacteriophage">single-stranded DNA</a> genomes,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in some circumstances, nucleic acid structures with <a href="/wiki/Triple-stranded_DNA" title="Triple-stranded DNA">three</a> or <a href="/wiki/G-quadruplex" title="G-quadruplex">four</a> strands can form.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10454599_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10454599-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nucleic acids are linear <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> (chains) of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidine</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a> (sometimes termed <i>nitrogenous base</i> or simply <i>base</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">pentose</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> group which makes the molecule acidic. The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleoside</a>. Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides–DNA contains 2'-<a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a> while RNA contains <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a> (where the only difference is the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">hydroxyl group</a>). Also, the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different: <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> are found in both RNA and DNA, while <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a> occurs in DNA and <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a> occurs in RNA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids are connected to each other in an alternating chain (sugar-phosphate backbone) through <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiester" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphodiester">phosphodiester</a> linkages.<sup id="cite_ref-Stryer_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stryer-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acid nomenclature">conventional nomenclature</a>, the carbons to which the phosphate groups attach are the 3'-end and the 5'-end carbons of the sugar. This gives nucleic acids <a href="/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">directionality</a>, and the ends of nucleic acid molecules are referred to as 5'-end and 3'-end. The nucleobases are joined to the sugars via an <i>N</i>-glycosidic linkage involving a nucleobase ring nitrogen (<i>N</i>-1 for pyrimidines and <i>N</i>-9 for purines) and the 1' carbon of the pentose sugar ring. </p><p>Non-standard nucleosides are also found in both RNA and DNA and usually arise from modification of the standard nucleosides within the DNA molecule or the primary (initial) RNA transcript. <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">Transfer RNA</a> (tRNA) molecules contain a particularly large number of modified nucleosides.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topology">Topology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Topology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Double-stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences, in which extensive <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">Watson-Crick base pairing</a> results in a highly repeated and quite uniform nucleic acid <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">double-helical</a> three-dimensional structure.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix, and can adopt <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_tertiary_structure" title="Nucleic acid tertiary structure">highly complex three-dimensional structures</a> that are based on short stretches of intramolecular base-paired sequences including both Watson-Crick and noncanonical base pairs, and a wide range of complex tertiary interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example, bacterial chromosomes, <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a>, and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules, while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double-stranded DNA molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Brock,_Thomas_D.;_Madigan,_Michael_T._2009_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brock,_Thomas_D.;_Madigan,_Michael_T._2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most RNA molecules are linear, single-stranded molecules, but both circular and branched molecules can result from <a href="/wiki/RNA_splicing" title="RNA splicing">RNA splicing</a> reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total amount of pyrimidines in a double-stranded DNA molecule is equal to the total amount of purines. The diameter of the helix is about 20 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">Å</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequences">Sequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">Nucleic acid sequence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></div> <p>One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">sequence of nucleotides</a>. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior. Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">sequenced</a> daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide. In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deoxyribonucleic_acid">Deoxyribonucleic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deoxyribonucleic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></div> <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The chemical DNA was discovered in 1869, but its role in genetic inheritance was not demonstrated until 1943. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes. Other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. DNA consists of two long polymers of <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands are oriented in opposite directions to each other and are, therefore, <a href="/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)" title="Antiparallel (biochemistry)">antiparallel</a>. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes genetic information. This information specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins according to the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a>. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells, DNA is organized into long sequences called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ribonucleic_acid">Ribonucleic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ribonucleic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a></div> <p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA include transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">Messenger RNA</a> acts to carry genetic sequence information between DNA and ribosomes, directing protein synthesis and carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to ribosome . <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">Ribosomal RNA</a> reads the DNA sequence, and catalyzes peptide bond formation. <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">Transfer RNA</a> serves as the carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis, and is responsible for decoding the mRNA. In addition, many other <a href="/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA">classes of RNA</a> are now known.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_nucleic_acid">Artificial nucleic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Artificial nucleic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogue" title="Nucleic acid analogue">Nucleic acid analogue</a></div> <p>Artificial <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogue" title="Nucleic acid analogue">nucleic acid analogues</a> have been designed and synthesized.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include <a href="/wiki/Peptide_nucleic_acid" title="Peptide nucleic acid">peptide nucleic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morpholino" title="Morpholino">morpholino</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Locked_nucleic_acid" title="Locked nucleic acid">locked nucleic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycol_nucleic_acid" title="Glycol nucleic acid">glycol nucleic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Threose_nucleic_acid" title="Threose nucleic acid">threose nucleic acid</a>. Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecules.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_nucleic_acid_simulation_software" title="Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software">Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">History of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">History of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" title="History of RNA biology">History of RNA biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a> – Branch of biology that studies biological systems at the molecular level</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_methods" title="Nucleic acid methods">Nucleic acid methods</a> – Techniques used to study nucleic acids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">Nucleic acid metabolism</a> – Process<span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure" title="Nucleic acid structure">Nucleic acid structure</a> – Biomolecular structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_thermodynamics" title="Nucleic acid thermodynamics">Nucleic acid thermodynamics</a> – Study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligonucleotide_synthesis" title="Oligonucleotide synthesis">Oligonucleotide synthesis</a> – Chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantification_of_nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantification of nucleic acids">Quantification of nucleic acids</a> – Process in molecular biology<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-genome-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genome_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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"Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid". <i>Nature</i>. <b>171</b> (4356): 737–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054692">13054692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253007">4253007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+nucleic+acids%3B+a+structure+for+deoxyribose+nucleic+acid&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=737-8&rft.date=1953-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4253007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054692&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..737W&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Crick%2C+FH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerré-D'AmaréDoudna1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ferré-D'Amaré AR, Doudna JA (1999). "RNA folds: insights from recent crystal structures". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Biophysics_and_Biomolecular_Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure">Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure</a></i>. <b>28</b>: 57–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biophys.28.1.57">10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.57</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10410795">10410795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biophysics+and+Biomolecular+Structure&rft.atitle=RNA+folds%3A+insights+from+recent+crystal+structures&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=57-73&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biophys.28.1.57&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10410795&rft.aulast=Ferr%C3%A9-D%27Amar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Doudna%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts,_Bruce2008" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Bruce (2008). <i>Molecular biology of the cell</i>. New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4105-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-4105-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+biology+of+the+cell&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4105-5&rft.au=Alberts%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Walter G. 1980. DNA Sequencing and Gene Structure (Nobel Lecture) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.html">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanger, Frederick. 1980. Determination of Nucleotide Sequences in DNA (Nobel Lecture) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.html">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNCBI_Resource_Coordinators2014" class="citation journal cs1">NCBI Resource Coordinators (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965057">"Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i>. <b>42</b> (Database issue): D7-17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt1146">10.1093/nar/gkt1146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3965057">3965057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24259429">24259429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Database+resources+of+the+National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=Database+issue&rft.pages=D7-17&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3965057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24259429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt1146&rft.au=NCBI+Resource+Coordinators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3965057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermaEckstein1998" class="citation journal cs1">Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99">"Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Biochemistry" title="Annual Review of Biochemistry">Annual Review of Biochemistry</a></i>. <b>67</b>: 99–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99">10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9759484">9759484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Modified+oligonucleotides%3A+synthesis+and+strategy+for+users&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=99-134&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9759484&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Eckstein%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wolfram Saenger, <i>Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure</i>, 1984, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.</li> <li>Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4105-5">978-0-8153-4105-5</a>. Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4">link</a></li> <li>Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer, <i>Biochemistry</i> 5th edition, 2002, W H Freeman. Available online through the NCBI Bookshelf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=stryer">link</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstrid_SigelHelmut_SigelRoland_K._O._Sigel2012" class="citation book cs1">Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel, eds. (2012). <i>Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 10. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-2172-2">10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2171-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2171-5"><bdi>978-94-007-2171-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92951134">92951134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interplay+between+Metal+Ions+and+Nucleic+Acids&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92951134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-2172-2&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2171-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalou-MirBarceló-OliverSigel2017" class="citation book cs1">Palou-Mir J, Barceló-Oliver M, Sigel RK (2017). "Chapter 12. The Role of Lead(II) in Nucleic Acids". In Astrid S, Helmut S, Sigel RK (eds.). <i>Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. de Gruyter. pp. 403–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110434330-012">10.1515/9783110434330-012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28731305">28731305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12.+The+Role+of+Lead%28II%29+in+Nucleic+Acids&rft.btitle=Lead%3A+Its+Effects+on+Environment+and+Health&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=403-434&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110434330-012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28731305&rft.aulast=Palou-Mir&rft.aufirst=Joana&rft.au=Barcel%C3%B3-Oliver%2C+Miquel&rft.au=Sigel%2C+Roland+K.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/122">Interview with Aaron Klug, Nobel Laureate for structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic-acid protein complexes</a> provided by the Vega Science Trust.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050604014603/http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/"><i>Nucleic Acids Research</i> journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atdbio.com/nucleic-acids-book">Nucleic Acids Book (free online book on the chemistry and biology of nucleic acids)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sresearch.scienceontheweb.net/visualization.php">Visualization of nucleotide sequence</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nucleic_acids" title="Template:Nucleic acids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleic_acids" title="Template talk:Nucleic acids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleic_acids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleic acids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_nucleic_acids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">nucleic acids </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">Nucleobases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">Nucleosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">Deoxynucleotides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">Ribonucleic acids </a><br /><span class="nobold">(coding, <a href="/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA">non-coding</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/RNA#In_translation" title="RNA">Translational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">Messenger </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_transcript" title="Primary transcript">precursor, heterogenous nuclear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside-modified_messenger_RNA" title="Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA">modified Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">Transfer </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">Ribosomal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer-messenger_RNA" title="Transfer-messenger RNA">Transfer-messenger </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/RNA#Regulatory_RNAs" title="RNA">Regulatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">Interferential </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">Micro </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA" title="Small interfering RNA">Small interfering </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piwi-interacting_RNA" title="Piwi-interacting RNA">Piwi-interacting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisense_RNA" title="Antisense RNA">Antisense </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA#In_RNA_processing" title="RNA">Processual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_nuclear_RNA" title="Small nuclear RNA">Small nuclear </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_nucleolar_RNA" title="Small nucleolar RNA">Small nucleolar </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Cajal_body-specific_RNA" title="Small Cajal body-specific RNA">Small Cajal Body RNAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_RNA" title="Y RNA">Y RNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhancer_RNA" title="Enhancer RNA">Enhancer RNAs </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_RNA" title="Guide RNA">Guide </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hairpin_RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Small hairpin RNA">Small hairpin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_temporal_RNA" title="Small temporal RNA">Small temporal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-acting_siRNA" title="Trans-acting siRNA">Trans-acting small interfering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgenomic_mRNA" title="Subgenomic mRNA">Subgenomic messenger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">Deoxyribonucleic <br />acids </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organellar_DNA" title="Organellar DNA">Organellar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">Chloroplast </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_DNA" title="Complementary DNA">Complementary </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribozyme" title="Deoxyribozyme">Deoxyribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_DNA" title="Genomic DNA">Genomic </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachimoji_DNA" title="Hachimoji DNA">Hachimoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicopy_single-stranded_DNA" title="Multicopy single-stranded DNA">Multicopy single-stranded </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogue" title="Nucleic acid analogue">Analogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xeno_nucleic_acid" title="Xeno nucleic acid">Xeno </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycol_nucleic_acid" title="Glycol nucleic acid">Glycol </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose_nucleic_acid" title="Threose nucleic acid">Threose </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked_nucleic_acid" title="Locked nucleic acid">Locked </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_nucleic_acid" title="Peptide nucleic acid">Peptide </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholino" title="Morpholino">Morpholino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cloning_vector" title="Cloning vector">Cloning vectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">Lambda phage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_artificial_chromosome" title="Human artificial chromosome">Artificial chromosomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P1-derived_artificial_chromosome" title="P1-derived artificial chromosome">P1-derived </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome" title="Bacterial artificial chromosome">Bacterial </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_artificial_chromosome" title="Yeast artificial chromosome">Yeast </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_artificial_chromosome" title="Human artificial chromosome">Human</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nucleic_acids" title="Category:Nucleic acids">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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